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Chapter  viii 


Chapter  VIII 

MUSIC  —  POETRY  —  FICTION 


1604 

La  Franchise,  DE.     Le  Sievr  de  la  Franchise  av  discovrs  Dv  Sievr     1604 
Champlain.      {In  Champlain,  Samuel   de.      Des  sauvages    .    .     .    Paris,  La  Franchise 
1604.) 

It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  first  book  printed  in  Europe  which 
contains  a  reference  to  Niagara  Falls,  should  also  contain  this  sonnet 
in  which  allusion  is  made  to  the  Falls.  The  sonnet  follows  the  dedication. 
The  old  spelling  of  the  original  is  followed  in  the  quotation.  Research  has 
not  revealed  any  information  regarding  the  author. 

Mvses,  si  vous  chantez,  vrayment  le  vous  conseille 
Que  vous  louez  Champlain,  pour  estre  courageux: 
Sans  crainte  des  hasards,  il  a  veu  tant  de  lieux. 
Que  ses  relations  nous  contentment  I'oreille. 
II  a  veu  le  Perou,  Mexique  et  la  Merueille 
Du  Vulcan  infernal  qui  vomit  tant  de  feux, 
Et  les  saults  Mocosans,  qui  offensent  les  yeux 
De  ceux  qui  osent  voir  leur  cheute  nonpareille. 
II  nous  promet  encor  de  passer  plus  auant, 
Reduire  les  Gentils,  et  trouuer  le  Leuant, 
Par  le  Nort,  ou  le  Su,  pour  aller  a  la  Chine. 
C'est  charitablement  tout  pour  I'amour  de  Dieu. 
Fy  des  lasches  poltrons  qui  ne  bougent  d'vn  lieu! 
Leur  vie,  sans  mentir,  me  paroist  trop  mesquine. 

1738 

Le  Beau,  C.     Avantures  du  Sr.  C.  Le  Beau.     .     .     .     ou  voyage     1738 
curieux  et  nouveau,  parmi  les  sauvages  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.    Dans  Le  Beau 
le  quel  on  trouvera  une  description  du  Canada.     Amsterdam:    Wytwerf. 
1738.    P.  348-357. 

693 


Niagara  Falls 

1738  "  La    Chute    supremante    de    ce    Saut    est,    me   dirent    mes 

eau  Canadians,  de  plus  de  six-cens  pieds  perpendiculaires;  La  Facade 
a  cent  vingt  toises  de  large.  Elle  est  composee  de  deux  grandes 
Nappes  d'eau  de  deux  Cascades,  avec  un  Rocher  on  He  entalus 
au  milieu.  Les  eaux  qui  tombent  de  cette  grande  hauteur, 
ecument  et  bouillonment  de  la  maniere  du  monde  la  plus  terrible. 
Elles  font  un  bruit  si  epouvantable,  qu'il  est  impossible  de 
s'entendre  parlor  quand  on  en  est  bien  proche.  Forsque  le  vent 
souffle  au  Sud  on  entend  ce  bruissement  effroyable  a  plus  de 
dis-huit  lienes  loin." 

A  romantic  story  of  adventure  under  the  guise  of  description  and  travel. 
According  to  his  own  statement,  the  author  came  to  Canada  in  1  729.  He 
made  his  home  ^vith  the  Recollect  Fathers  in  Quebec  for  a  time,  then  with 
two  Indians  went  to  the  woods  in  search  of  adventures.  He  sets  the  time 
of  his  visit  to  Niagara  in  June,  1731.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  he 
really  did  visit  Canada,  and  possibly  Niagara,  but  it  is  equally  certain, 
that  when  he  came  to  write  the  story  of  his  travels,  romance  ran  away  with 
fact. 

1764 

1764  Goldsmith,  Oliver.     The  traveller,  or  a  prospect  of  society,      (/n 

Goldsmith        his  Poetical  works.     Bost. :     Houghton,  Mifflin  and  Co.     N.  d.      P.  24. 
[British  poets.]  ) 

During  the  French  and  Indian  wars,  Niagara  was  the  farthest  point 
of  English  dominion  in  the  New  World,  generally  known  in  the  Old. 
This  accounts  for  the  allusion  which  we  find  in  this  poem  of  Goldsmith's. 

Have  we  not  seen,  at  pleasure's  lordly  call, 
The  smiling,  long-frequented  village  fall? 
Beheld  the  duteous  son,  the  sire  decay'd. 
The  modest  matron,  and  the  blushing  maid, 
Forc'd  from  their  homes,  a  melancholy  train. 
To  traverse  climes  beyond  the  western  main ; 
Where  wild  Oswego  spreads  her  swamps  around 
And  Niagara  stuns  with  thundering  sound? 
Even  now,  perhaps,  as  there  some  pilgrim  strays 
Thro'  tangled  forests,  and  thro'  dangerous  ways; 
Where  beasts  with  man  divided  empire  claim, 

694 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

And  the  brown  Indian  marks  with  murderous  aim;  1764 

There,  while  above  the  giddy  tempest  flies,  °  ^"^'*^ 

And  all  around  distressful  yells  arise. 

The  pensive  exile,  bending  with  his  woe, 

To  stop  too  fearful,  and  too  faint  to  go, 

Casts  a  long  look  where  England's  glories  shine. 

And  bids  his  bosom  sympathize  with  mine. 

1767 

BiLLARDON   DE   SaUVIGNY,   Edme   LoUIS.      Hirza,   ou   Les   Illinois,      1767 
tragedie.     Representee,  pour  la  premiere  fois,  par  les  comediens  ordinaires  Billardon  de 
du  Roi,  le  mercredi  27  Mai  1  767.     Paris:     Le  veuve  Duchesne.      1  780. 
Pp.  3-4. 

This  French  tragedy  is  a  story  of  love  and  revenge  with  Niagara  as  a 
background. 

AcTE  Premier 
On  voit  dans  I'enfoncement  le  Saut  di  Niagara.  D'un  cote, 
des  rochers,  des  cabinnes  et  quelques  arbres;  de  I'autre,  un  tom- 
beau  eleve  sur  des  piliers  mataches  et  decore  de  chevelures  en 
forme  de  trophee;  an  pied  du  tombeau  est  Defunt,  ses  fleches, 
son  casse-tete  et  son  manitou.  Hiaskar  est  appuye  et  paroit  con- 
sterne;  les  autres  Guerriers,  le  Conseil  des  Vieillards,  Oukea  et 
plusieurs  Femmes  sauvages  sont  epars  ca  et  la'  dans  des  attitudes 
de  douleur  et  de  desespoir;  Hirza  est  au  milieu.  Elle  regarde 
le  tombeau  de  son  pere,  et  laisse  voir  plus  de  colere  que 
d'abbatement. 

Scene  Premiere 

Haskar,  Hirza,  Oukea  Vieillards,  Guerriers  Femmes  Sauvages 

Haskar 
Sur  ta  tombe,  O  Thomar,  les  Illinois  gemissent! 
Ces  huttes,  ces  rochers  de  leurs  cris  retentissent ! 
Et  nos  Dieux  sont  par  nous  vainment  implores! 
lis  ont  vu  les  Francois  de  ton  sang  enivres. 
Sans  pouvoir  t'arracher  a  leur  glave  homicide! 
695 


Niagara  Falls 

1767  Appui  du  Canada,  notre  Chef  intrepide, 

siuvlgiw    ^  Aussi  prompt  que  les  vents,  eut  fait  voler  la  mort 

Des  ramparts  de  Quebec  aux  monts  du  Labrador. 
C'est  du  sang  des  Francois  qu'il  cimentoit  sa  gloire; 
Et  le  nom  de  Thamar  vivra  dans  leur  memoire. 
Triste  Niagara,  sejour  crant  de  nos  Dieux, 
Vous,  rochers  menacans,  et  vous  flots  furieux. 
Qui  des  monts  inegaux  couvrant  les  vastes  cimes, 
Tombez  en  mugissant  d'abimes  en  abimes, 
Vous  avez  vu  briser  le  calvmet  de  paix, 
Par  un  monstre  anime  sous  la  main  des  Francois. 
Un  vaisseau  qui  des  flots  s'elevant  jusqu'aux  nues 
Agitoit  dans  les  airs  ses  ailes  entedues, 
De  longs  tubes  d'airain  qu'il  portoit  dans  ses  flancs 
Trappoient  d'un  bruit  affreux  les  monts  retentissans ; 
Sous  tes  pieds,  O  Thamar,  tu  sens  trembler  la  terre ; 
Tu  cours,  la  flamme  en  main,  defiant  le  tonnerre, 
Abimer  dans  les  eaux  ce  colosse  odieux. 
Qui  de  son  poids  enorme  eut  accable  des  lieux. 
Nous  etions  sous  ta  garde,  a  Tabri  des  tempetes : 
La  hache  des  Francois  vient  de  frapper  nos  tetes. 
Pleurons,  amis,  pleurons,  notre  soutien  n'est  plue; 
L'Europe  est  triomphante  et  nos  Dieux  sont  vaincus. 

1801 

1801  Chateaubriand.  Framcois  Auguste  Rene,  vkomte  de.    Atala; 

Chateaubriand  q,j^  Lgg  amours  de  deux  sauvages  dans  le  desert.     Paris:  Impr.  de  Migneret, 
anIX-1801. 

Chateaubriand  considered  himself  the  founder  of  the  French  romantic 
school.  Atala  is  a  fruit  of  his  travels  in  America  in  1791.  Recent 
investigators  have  cast  considerable  doubt  on  the  authenticity  of  many  of 
his  descriptions  of  America,  but  it  seems  reasonably  certain  that  he  did 
visit  Niagara,  even  if  he  did  not  travel  as  Vkddely  through  the  country  as 
he  claimed  to  have  done.  He  embodied  with  his  own,  descriptions  and 
observations  of  other  travellers. 

696 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1802 

Chauteaubriand,  Francois  Auguste  Rene,  vicomie  de.    Atala;    1802 

or.  The  amours  of  two  Indians  in  the  wilds  of  America.     Load.:     For  Chateaubriand 
J.  Lee.     1802.    Pp.  120-121. 

1804 

Moore,   Thomas.      To  the  honourable  W.   R.   Spencer.      (In   his     1804 
Poetical    works.       N.    Y. :    D.    Appleton    and    Co.       10   vols.       1853. '^""^^ 
2:313-319.) 

Written  from  Buffalo  and  containing  in  its  last  lines  an  allusion  to 
Niagara. 

Even  now,  as,  wandering  upon  Erie's  shore, 
I  hear  Niagara's  distant  cataract  roar, 
I  sigh  for  home, — 

Moore,  Thomas.  To  the  Lady  Charlotte  Rawdon.  (In  his  Poetical 
works.    N.  Y.:    D.  Appleton  and  Co.     10  vols.     1853.    2:325-335.) 

This  poem,  written  from  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  in  an  epistle  to 
Lady  Charlotte  Rawdon,  contains  two  beautiful  Niagara  passages  which 
are  quoted  below.  In  the  second  one,  The  Song  of  the  Spirit,  Moore 
describes  Niagara  in  wdnter,  as  told  to  him,  wandering  on  the  brink  of 
the  Falls  by  an  Indian  spirit  of  the  past. 

I  dreamt  not  then  that,  ere  the  rolHng  year 
Had  filled  its  circle,  I  should  wander  here 
In  musing  awe;  should  tread  this  wondrous  world. 
See  all  its  store  of  inland  waters  hurl'd 
In  one  vast  volume  down  Niagara's  steep; 
Or  calm  behold  them,  in  transparent  sleep. 
Where  the  blue  hills  of  old  Toronto  shed 
Their  evening  shadows  o'er  Ontario's  bed; 

Oft,  when  hoar  and  silvery  flakes 
Melt  along  the  ruffled  lakes. 
When  the  gray  moose  sheds  his  horns. 
When  the  track,  at  evening,  warns 
Weary  hunters  of  the  way 
To  the  wigwam's  cheering  ray, 
697 


Niagara  Falls 

1804  Then,  aloft  through  freezing  air, 

°°'^  With  the  snow-bird  soft  and  fair 

As  the  fleece  that  heaven  flings 

O'er  his  little  pearly  wings. 

Light  above  the  rocks  I  play. 

Where  Niagara's  starry  spray. 

Frozen  on  the  cliff,  appears 

Like  a  giant's  starting  tears. 

There,  amid  the  island-sedge. 

Just  upon  the  cataract's  edge. 

Where  the  foot  of  living  man 

Never  trod  since  time  began, 

Lone  I  sit,  at  close  of  day. 

While,  beneath  the  golden  ray. 

Icy  columns  gleam  below. 

Feathered  round  with  falling  snow. 

And  an  arch  of  glory  springs, 

Sparkling  as  the  chain  of  rings 

Round  the  neck  of  virgins  hung, — 

Virgins,  who  have  wandered  young 

O'er  the  waters  of  the  west 

To  the  land  where  spirits  rest! 

1804  Wilson,   Alexander.     The   foresters:    a  poem,   descriptive   of  a 

Wilson  pedestrian  journey  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  in  the  autumn  of  1  804,  by  the 

author  of  the  American  orniihology.     Pub.  by  Samuel  Tomlinson,  Bucks 
County,  Pa..  Phila. :     John  Boyle.      1853.     Pp.   71-78. 

A  narrative  poem  describing  a  journey  from  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill, 
through  Pennsylvania  and  New  York  to  Niagara  Falls,  published  in  the 
Portfolio  of  Philadelphia  in  1809  and  1810.  The  pages  indicated  are 
a  description  of  the  sound,  vapor  and  of  the  Falls  themselves  from  above, 
below  and  behind.  The  following  lines  show  that  Wilson's  fame  rests 
more  securely  on  an  ornithological  rather  than  on  a  poetical  basis. 

Heavy  and  slow,  increasing  on  the  ear. 

Deep  through  the  woods  a  rising  storm  we  hear, 

Th'  approaching  gust  still  loud  and  louder  grows, 

695 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 
As  when  the  strong  north-east  resistless  blows,  1804 


Wil 


son 


Or  black  tornado,  rushing  through  the  wood. 

Alarms  th'  affrighted  swains  with  uproar  rude. 

Yet  the  blue  heavens  displayed  their  clearest  sky. 

And  dead  below  the  silent  forests  lie; 

And  not  a  breath  the  slightest  leaf  assailed; 

But  all  around  tranquility  prevailed. 

"  What  noise  is  that?  "  we  ask  with  anxious  mien, 

A  dull  salt  driver  passing  with  his  team; 

"  Noise!  Noise!  —  why  nothing  that  I  hear  or  see, 

But  Niagara  falls  —  Pray,  whereabouts  live  ye?  '  " 

(Wilson,  Alexander.)  The  foresters;  a  poem,  descriptive  of  a 
pedestrian  journey  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  in  the  autumn  of  1  803.  By 
the  author  of  the  American  ornithology.  The  Portfolio.  March,  1810. 
3:182-187. 

1809 

Barlow,  Jool.    The  Columbiad.     Lond.:     1809.     P.  29.  1809 

Six  lines  of  poor  poetry  descriptive  of  the  Falls  and  the  rainbows.  Barlow 

1818 

Neal,  John.     (O'Cataract,  Jehu.)     Battle  of  Niagara,  a  poem,  with-      1818 
out  notes,  and  Goldau,  or  the  maniac  harper.     Baltimore:     N.  G.  Max-  Neal 
well.     1818.     Pp.  67,  72-73. 

John  Neal  was  of  Quaker  descent  but  was  read  out  of  the  society. 
He  was  a  pioneer  in  American  literature,  being  the  first  American  con- 
tributor to  English  and  Scotch  quarterlies.  He  was  an  artist,  a  lawyer, 
traveler,  journalist,  athlete,  and  an  advocate  of  woman  suffrage  in  1  838. 

"  The  Battle  of  Niagara  "  was  written  when  the  author  was  a  prisoner, 
so  he  informs  the  reader.  It  has  a  metrical  introduction  with  four  cantos 
which  tell  the  story  of  the  Battle  of  Niagara.  This  story  is  interspersed 
wth  various  flights  of  poetic  fancy  on  the  scenery  and  surroundings  of 
the  Falls. 

Niagara!     Niagara!     I  hear 
Thy  tumbling  waters.     And  I  see  thee  rear 
Thy  thundering  sceptre  to  the  clouded  skies: 
I  see  it  wave  —  I  hear  the  ocean  rise, 
690 


Ne 


Niagara  Falls 

1818  And  roll  obedient  to  thy  call.     I  hear 

The  tempest-hymning  of  thy  floods  in  fear: 
The  quaking  mountains  and  the  nodding  trees  — 
The  reeling  birds  and  the  careering  breeze  — 
The  tottering  hills,  unsteadied  in  thy  roar: 
Niagara !  as  thy  dark  waters  pour, 
One  everlasting  earthquake  rocks  thy  lofty  shore! 


The  cavalcade  went  by.     The  day  hath  gone ; 
And  yet  the  soldier  lives:  his  cheerful  tone 
Rises  in  boisterous  song;  while  slowly  calls 
The  monarch  spirit  of  the  mighty  falls. 
Soldiers  be  firm!  —  and  mind  your  watch  fires  well : 
Sleep  not  to-night!  —  there  comes  a  distant  swell 
Like  the  approaching  step  of  toiling  steeds 
Encountering  on  the  hills;  and  far  behind  us  speeds. 

Low  stooping  from  his  arch,  the  glorious  sun 
Hath  left  the  storm  with  which  his  course  begun ; 
And  now,  in  rolling  clouds  goes  calmly  home 
In  heavenly  pomp  a-down  the  far  blue  dome. 
In  sweet  toned  minstrelsy  is  heard  the  cry, 
All  clear  and  smooth,  along  the  echoing  sky. 
Of  many  a  fresh  blown  bugle,  full  and  strong. 
The  soldier's  instrument!  the  soldier's  song! 
Niagara  too,  is  heard:  his  thunder  comes 
Like  far-off  battle  —  hosts  of  rolling  drums. 
All  o'er  the  western  heaven  the  flaming  clouds 
Detach  themselves  and  float  like  hovering  shrouds: 
Loosely  unwoven,  and  afar  unfurled, 
A  sunset  canopy  enwraps  the  world. 
The  Vesper  hymn  grows  soft.     In  parting  day 
Wings  flit  about.     The  warblings  die  away. 
The  shores  are  dizzy,  and  the  hills  look  dim, 
The  cataract  falls  deeper  and  the  landscapes  swim. 


700 


Music  —  Poeir))  —  Fiction 

[Review   of   "  The   battle    of    Niagara,    a   poem   without    notes,    and      1818 
Goldau,  or  the  maniac  harper."]      (N.  Am.  rev.,  Dec.,  1818.     8:142— 
149.) 

According  to  the  reviewer,  the  description  is  "  of  a  singular  character, 
as  it  is  rather  telling  what  things  are  like,  than  what  they  are." 

1819 

Wakefield,   PriscillA.      Excursions  in  North   America,   described     1819 
in  letters  from  a  gentleman  and  his  young  companion,  to  their  friends  in  Wakefield 
England.      3d  ed.      Lond. :   Darton,   Harvey  and  Darton.      1819.     Pp. 
260-275. 

Interesting  for  their  account  of  the  travel  and  living  conditions  of  the 
period.  There  is  a  strongly  adjective  description  of  the  view  from  Table 
Rock  and  from  below  the  Falls.  Hunting  trips  in  the  neighborhood  with 
the  Indians  are  also  described. 

1822 

M.  A.  Niagara:  a  poem.     N.  Y. :     Seymour,  1822.  1822 

A  long  poem  in   stilted   style  on  the   grandeur  of  the  Falls,   various  M-  ''^• 
features  of  the  scenery,  and  the  superiority  of  the  Niagara  to  other  rivers. 

1823 

BRaWN,  J,  Newton.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.      {In  his  Emily,  and     1823 
other  poems.     Concord:     Boyd.      1840.     Pp.    126-129.)  Brown 

Lofty  in  tone  and  well-sustained,  consisting  of  description  of,  and 
reflections  inspired  by,  Niagara.  Written  in  Buffalo,  July  6,  1823,  and 
addressed  to  a  friend. 

1824 

Travels  in  North  America.     Dublin:     Brett  Smith.     1824.    Pp.  122-     1824 
125. 

An  imaginary  tale  of  a  young  Irishman  who  visits  the  Falls  and  goes 
to  Goat  Island  by  canoe  down  the  center  of  the  river  from  Chippewa. 
The  description  of  the  Falls  is  brief,  and  includes  an  absurd  sketch  of 
the  American  Fall. 

1825 

(Alexander.  J.  S.)     Wonders  of  the  west,  of  a  day  at  the  Falls  of     ,335 
Niagara,  in  1825.       A  poem,  by  a  Canadian.     N.  Y. :      1825.  Alexander 

A  poem  of  little  merit,  in  which  the  descriptions  of  the  scenery  at 
Niagara  are  entirely  subordinate  to  a  romantic  story  told  in  verse. 

701 


Niagara  Falls 


1826 

Breunard 


1826 

Emmont 


1826 

Brainard,  John  Gardiner  Calkins,  Poems  .  .  .  Hartford: 
Edward  Hopkins.     1842.     P.   10. 

The  editor  of  Littell's  Living  Age  in  1  874,  pronounced  this  the  finest 
poem  ever  written  on  Niagara,  and  strange  to  say,  the  author,  who  was 
the  editor  of  the  Connecticut  Mirror  from  1822  to  1827,  never  saw  the 
cataract.  It  is  said  that  one  day  while  the  printer's  devil  was  calling  for 
copy,  Brainard  was  admiring  a  picture  of  Niagara.  Its  inspiration  was 
on  him,  and  he  told  the  boy  to  return  in  fifteen  minutes.  Within  this 
time  he  dashed  off  these  nineteen  lines  which  made  him  famous. 

TRe  thoughts  are  strange  that  crowd  into  my  brain. 
While  I  look  upward  to  thee.     It  would  seem 
As  if  God  poured  thee  from  his  "  hollow  hand," 
And  hung  his  bow  upon  thine  awful  front ; 
And  spoke  in  that  loud  voice,  which  seemed  to  him 
Who  dwelt  in  Patmos  for  his  Saviour's  sake, 
"  The  sound  of  many  waters;  "  and  had  bade 
Thy  flood  to  chronicle  the  ages  back, 
And  notch  His  centVies  in  the  eternal  rocks. 

Deep  calleth  unto  deep.    And  what  are  we 

That  hear  the  question  of  that  voice  sublime? 

O !  v/hat  are  all  the  notes  that  ever  rung 

From  war's  vain  trumpet,  by  thy  thundering  side ! 

Yea,  what  is  all  the  riot  man  can  make 

In  his  short  life,  to  thy  unceasing  roar! 

And  yet,  bold  babbler,  what  art  thou  to  Him, 

Who  drowned  a  world,  and  heaped  the  waters  far 

Above  its  loftiest  mountains?  —  A  light  wave, 

That  breaks,  and  whispers  of  its  Maker's  might. 

Brainard,  John  Gardiner  Calkins.  Niagara.  (In  Church, 
F.  E.,  The  great  fall,  Niagara.     N.  Y.:      1857.     P.  3.) 

Emmons,  Richard.  The  Fredoniad  or  independence  preserved:  an 
epic  poem  on  the  late  War  of  1812.  Bost. :  William  Emmons.  1827. 
3  vols.     Also  2d  ed.,  Phila.:     William  Emmons.    1830.      1    vol. 

A  poem  in  forty  cantos  dealing  with  the  events  of  the  War  of  1812. 

702 


Music  —  Poetr]^  —  Fiction 

Some  of  the  scenes  are  laid  on  the  shores  of  the  Niagara,  at  Lewiston,      1826 
and  on  the  heights  of  Queenston,  and  contain  allusions  to  the  cataract.       Emmon* 

1828 

Park,  Rev.  RosweLL.     Niagara  Falls,     {In  his  Selections  of  juvenile     1828 
and  miscellaneous  poems.     Phila. :     Desilver,  Thomas.      1  836.     Pp.  70—  "*'■'' 
73.) 

Park,  jRev.  Roswell.  Niagara  Falls.  (In  his  Jerusalem;  and  other 
poems,  juvenile  and  miscellaneous.  .  .  .  N.  Y. :  Stanford.  1857. 
Pp.   172-175.) 

Written  in  1 828  in  remembrance  of  a  visit  made  to  Niagara  in  the 
preceding  year.  The  author  describes  the  river  and  rapids  and  relates  the 
tale  of  an  Indian  carried  over  the  Falls  while  fishing. 

1830 

DUNLAP,  William.     A  trip  to  Niagara;  or.  Travellers  in  America.      1830 
A   farce  in  three  acts.      Written   for  the   Bowery  Theatre,   New   York.  Dunlap 
N.  Y.:     E.   B.  Clayton.      1830. 

The  story  of  this  play  is  mostly  concerned  with  the  incidents  of  the 
trip  from  New  York  to  Niagara  Falls.  The  characters  are  a  disagree- 
able, disgruntled  Englishman,  his  amiable  and  well-pleased  sister  and  a 
cousin,  a  suitor  of  the  sister,  who  undertakes  to  cure  the  brother  of  his 
rudeness.  He  assumes  different  characters  in  his  efforts  to  do  tliis.  The 
last  scene  of  the  farce  has  Niagara  Falls  as  a  background. 

Hereclia,  Jose  Maria.  Address  to  the  Niagara  river.  (In  Barham,  1830 
William,  Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various  travellers.  .  .  .Hereclia 
Gravesend.     N.  d.     Pp.   174-175.) 

This  poem  may  also  be  found  in  Johnson,  R.  L.,  Niagara,  its  histor)), 
incidents  and  poetry,  pp.  48—49.  The  author  was  a  Spanish-American 
poet  and  soldier  born  in  Cuba  in  1 803  and  died  in  Mexico  in  1 839. 
He  was  considered  the  greatest  of  Spanish-American  poets. 

Tremendous  Torrent!  for  an  instant  hush 
The  terrors  of  thy  voice,  and  cast  aside 
Those  wide-involving  shadows;  that  mine  eyes 
May  see  the  fearful  beauty  of  thy  face. 


703 


Niagara  Falls 
1830  Thou  flowest  on  in  quiet,  till  thy  waves 


Heredia 


Grow  broken  midst  the  rocks;  thy  current,  then. 

Shoots  onward,  like  the  irresistible  course 

Of  destiny.     How  terribly  they  rage, — 

The  hoarse  and  rapid  whirlpools  there !     My  brain 

Grows  wild,  my  senses  wander,  as  I  gaze 

Upon  the  hurrying  waters;  and  my  sight 

Vainly  would  follow,  as  toward  the  verge 

Sweeps  the  wide  torrent:  waves  innumerable 

Meet  there  and  madden ;  waves  innumerable 

Urge  on  and  overtake  the  waves  before. 

And  disappear  in  thunder  and  in  foam. 

They  reach,  they  leap,  the  barrier;  the  abyss 

Swallows,  insatiable,  the  sinking  waves; 

A  thousand  rainbows  arch  them,  and  the  woods 

Are  deafen'd  with  the  roar.     The  violent  shock 

Shatters  to  vapour  the  descending  sheets; 

A  cloudy  whirlwind  fills  the  gulf,  and  bears 

The  mighty  pyramid  of  circling  mist 

To  heaven.     The  solitary  hunter,  near. 

Pauses  with  terror,  in  the  forest  shade. 

God  of  all  truth!  in  other  lands,  I've  seen 

Lying  philosophers,  blaspheming  men. 

Questioners  of  thy  mysteries,  that  draw 

Their  fellows  deep  into  impiety; 

And  therefore  doth  my  spirit  seek  thy  face 

In  earth's  majestic  solitude.     Even  here 

My  heart  doth  open  all  itself  to  Thee; 

In  this  immensity  of  loneliness, 

I  feel  thy  hand  upon  me.    To  my  ear 

The  eternal  thunder  of  the  cataract  brings 

Thy  voice,  and  I  am  humbled  as  I  hear. 

Dread  torrent !  that  with  wonder  and  with  fear. 
Dost  overwhelm  the  soul  of  him  that  looks 
Upon  thee,  and  dost  bear  it  from  itself: 
7M 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Whence  liast  thou  thy  beginning?     Who  supplies,  1830 

Age  after  age,  thy  unexhausted  springs?  "^  '* 

What  power  hath  order'd,  that,  when  all  thy  weight 
Descends  into  the  deep,  the  swollen  waves 
Rise  not,  and  roll  to  overwhelm  the  earth? 

The  Lord  hath  open'd  his  omnipotent  hand. 
Covered  thy  face  with  clouds,  and  given  his  voice 
To  thy  down-rushing  waters ;  he  hath  girt 
Thy  terrible  forehead  with  his  radiant  bow. 
I  see  thy  never-resting  waters  run. 
And  I  bethink  me  how  the  tide  of  time 
Sweeps  to  Eternity.     So  pass,  of  man — 
Pass  like  a  noon-day  dream — the  blooming  days. 
And  he  awakes  to  sorrow. 

Hear,  dread  Niagara!  my  latest  voice! — 
Yet  a  few  years,  and  the  cold  earth  shall  close 
Over  the  brow  of  him  who  sings  thee  now 
Thus  failingly.     Would  that  this  my  humble  verse 
Might  be,  like  thee,  immortal!     I,  meanwhile, 
Cheerfully  passing  to  the  appointed  rest. 
Might  raise  my  radiant  forehead  in  the  clouds 
To  Hsten  to  the  echoes  of  my  FAME." 

1831 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.     The  spy;  a  tale  of  the  neutral  ground.      1831 
.     .      .      Lond.:     H.  Colburn  and  R.   Bentley.      1831.     P.  403  Cooper 

Niagara  is  used  as  the  background  of  the  closing  scene  in  the  story. 

Galt,  John.     The  early  missionaries;  or,  The  discoveries  of  the  Falls      1831 
of   Niagara.       (The   museum   of    for.    lit.    and   sci.,    Oct.,    1831.       19: 
(new  ser.    12)    397-400.) 

A  history  of  two  missionaries  who  travelled  westward  from  Boston  to 
christianize  the  Indians  and  to  find  the  vast  fresh-water  seas  of  which 
they  had  heard  the  Indians  speak.  In  the  course  of  their  travels  they  come 
upon  the  Falls.  There  is  no  attempt  at  description.  It  is  not  apparent 
that  the  tale  has  any  historical  basis. 

45  705 


Niagara  Falls 

1832 

1832  A.   N,   C,      Poem.      (In   Rolph,   Thomas,  A  brief  account  together 

A.  N.  C.         ^t}^   observations,   made  during   a  visit  in   the  West   Indies,   and   a   tour 

through  the  United  States  of  America,  in  parts  of  the  years   1832—33; 

together  with  a  statistical   account  of  Upper  Canada.     Dundas,   N.   C. 

Hackstaff.  1836.     P.   196.) 

Niagara !  to  thee 

My  spectacles  I  turn! 
I  see  the  waters  boil, 

As  if  all  ...  did  burn, 
And  Satan's  imps,  with  ardour  hot. 
Were  thrusting  wood  beneath  the  pot. 

O  what  a  deaf'ning  noise 
Thy  tortur'd  waters  make! 

The  thunders  of  thy  voice 
Kept  me  all  night  awake: 
I  could  but  hear  the  lumbering  sound, 
When  all  were  sunk  in  sleep  profound. 

And  then  what  clouds  of  spray 
Bedim  my  weaken'd  sight ; 

And  then,  in  light  of  day, 
Bring  rainbows  to  my  sight: 
Well  might  poor  Snip  thus  make  his  note  — 

''Mem — What  a  place  to  spunge  a  coat!" 

And  then,  O  what  a  waste 
Of  water-power  is  here ! 

'Twould  move  ten  thousand  water-wheels, 
And  run  them  thro'  the  year! 
Well  might  the  Yankee  say  —  **  be  still  — ■ 
Oh  what  a  place  to  build  a  mill." 


706 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1834 

SiGOURNEY,  Mrs.    Lydia   H.      Farewell  to  Niagara.      (In   Barham,      1834 
William,  Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various  travellers.   .   .   .  Sigourney 
Gravcsend:  n.  d.     Pp.   179-180.) 

My  spirit  grieves  to  say,  Farewell  to  thee, 
Oh  beautiful  and  glorious! 

Thou  dost  robe 
Thyself  in  mantle  of  the  coloured  mist, 
Most  lightly  tinged,  and  exquisite  as  thought. 
Decking  thy  forehead  with  a  crown  of  gems 
Woven  by  God's  right  hand. 

Hadst  thou  but  wrapped 
Thy  brow  in  clouds,  and  swept  the  blinding  mist 
In  showers  upon  us,  it  had  been  less  hard 
To  part  from  thee.      But  there  thou  art,  sublime 
In  noon-day  splendour,  gathering  all  thy  rays 
Unto  their  climax,  green,  and  fleecy  white, 
And  changeful  tincture,  for  which  words  of  man 
Have  neither  sign  nor  sound,  until  to  breathe 
Farewell  is  agony.      For  we  have  roamed 
Beside  thee,  at  our  will,  and  drawn  thy  voice 
Into  our  secret  soul,  and  felt  how  good 
Thus  to  be  here,  until  we  half  implored. 
While  long  in  wildering  ecstasy  we  gazed, 
To  build  us  tabernacles,  and  behold 
Always  thy  majesty. 

Fain  would  we  dwell 
Here  at  thy  feet,  and  be  thy  worshipper, 
And  from  the  weariness  and  dust  of  earth 
Steal  evermore  away.      Yea,  were  it  not 
That  many  a  care  doth  bind  us  here  below. 
And  in  each  care,  a  duty,  like  a  flower, 
Thorn-hedged,  perchance,  yet  fed  with  dews  of  heaven. 
And  in  each  duty,  an  enclosed  joy. 
Which  like  a  honey-searching  bee  doth  sing, — 
707 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  ^Ajid  were  it  not,  that  ever  in  our  path 

igourncy  Spring  up  our  planted  seeds  of  love  and  grief, 

Which  we  must  watch,  and  bring  their  perfect  fruit 

Into  our  Master's  garner,  it  were  sweet 

To  linger  here,  and  be  thy  worshipper. 

Until  death's  footsteps  broke  this  dream  of  life. 

SiGOURNEY,   L.    H.      The  hermit  of  the   Falls.      (In   her  Illustrated 
poems.     Phila.:     Lindsay  and  Blakiston.      1860.     Pp.   143-149) 
1  he  story  of  Francis  Abbott. 

SiGOURNEY,  Mrs.  Lydia  H.  The  hermit  of  Niagara.  (Graham's 
Am.  mo.  mag.,  Feb..   1848.     32:127-128.) 

SiGOURNEY,  Mrs.  Lydia  H.  The  hermit  of  the  Falls.  (In  Barham. 
William,  Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various  travellers;  .  .  . 
Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.  142-146.) 

It  was  the  leafy  month  of  June, 
And  joyous  nature  all  in  tune. 

With  wreathing  buds  were  drest, 
As  towards  Niagara's  fearful  side 

A  youthful  stranger  prest; 
His  ruddy  cheek  was  blanched  with  awe. 
And  scarce  he  seemed  his  breath  to  draw. 

While  bending  o'er  its  bnm. 
He  marked  its  strong,  unfathomed  tide. 

And  heard  its  thunder-hymn. 

His  measured  week  too  quickly  fled. 
Another,  and  another  sped. 
And  soon  the  summer-rose  decayed. 
The  moon  of  autumn  sank  in  shade. 
Years  filled  their  circle,  brief  and  fair. 
Yet  still  the  enthusiast  lingered  there, 

Till  winter  hurled  its  dart. 
For  deeper  round  his  soul  ^vas  wove 
A  m^^stic  chain  of  quenchless  love, 

That  would  not  let  him  part 

7a3 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

When  darkest  midnight  veiled  the  sky,  1834 

You'd  hear  his  hasting  step  go  by,  Sigoumey 

To  gain  the  bridge  beside  the  deep. 
That  where  its  wildest  torrents  leap 

Hung'  threadlike  o'er  the  surge, 

Just  there,  upon  its  awful  verge, 
His  vigil  hour  to  keep. 

And  when  the  moon  descending  low, 
Hung  on  the  flood  that  gleaming  bow. 
Which  it  would  seem  some  angel's  hand. 
With  heaven's  own  pencil,  tinged  and  spanned. 
Pure  symbol  of  a  Better  Land, 
He,  kneeling,  poured  in  utterance  free 
i  he  eloquence  of  ecstasy ; 
Though  to  his  words  no  answer  came. 
Save  that  One,  Everlasting  Name, 
Which  since  Creation's  morning  broke, 
Niagara's  lip  alone  hath  spoke. 

When  wintry  tempests  shook  the  sky. 

And  the  rent  pine-tree  hurtled  by, 

Unblenching  mid  the  storm  he  stood, 

And  marked,  sublime,  the  wrathful  flood, 

While  wrought  the  frost-king  fierce  and  drear, 

His  palace  mid  those  cliffs  to  rear. 

And  strike  the  massy  buttress  strong. 

And  pile  his  sleet  the  rocks  among. 

And  wasteful  deck  the  branches  bare 

With  icy  diamonds,  rich  and  rare. 

Nor  lacked  the  hermit's  humble  shed 

Such  comlorts  as  our  nature  ask 

To  fit  them  for  their  daily  task. 
The  cheering  fire,  the  peaceful  bed, 
The  simple  meal  in  season  spread : — 
709 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  While  by  the  lone  lamp's  trembling  light, 

Sigoumey  ^^  |^|^^gj  ^^^  hcarth-stone  clear  and  bright, 

O'er  Homer's  page  he  hung. 
Or  Maro's  martial  numbers  scanned. 
For  classic  lore  of  many  a  land 

Flowed  smoothly  o'er  his  tongue. 
Oft  with  rapt  eye,  and  skill  profound. 
He  woke  the  entrancing  viol's  sound, 

Or  touched  the  sweet  guitar. 
Since  heavenly  music  deigned  to  dwell 
An  inmate  in  his  cloistered  cell. 

As  beams  the  solemn  star 
All  night,  with  meditative  eyes. 
Where  some  lone  rock-bound  fountain  lies. 

As  through  the  groves  with  quiet  tread. 
On  his  accustomed  haunts  he  sped. 
The  mother-thrush  unstartled  sung 
Her  descant  to  her  callow  young. 
And  fearless  o'er  his  threshold  prest 
The  wanderer  from  the  sparrow's  nesl ; 
The  squirrel  raised  a  sparkling  eye, 
Nor  from  his  kernel  cared  to  fly, 
As  passed  that  gentle  hermit  by ; 
No  timid  creature  shrank  to  meet 
His  pensive  glance  serenely  sweet; 
From  his  own  kind,  alone,  he  sought 
The  screen  of  solitary  thought. 
Whether  the  world  too  harshly  prest. 
Its  iron  o'er  a  yielding  breast, 
Or  taught  his  morbid  youth  to  prove 
The  pang  of  unrequited  love, 
We  know  not,  for  he  never  said 
Aught  of  the  life  that  erst  he  led. 

710 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

On  Iris  isle,  a  summer  bower  1834 

He  twined  with  branch,  and  vine,  and  (lower,  igourney 

And  there  he  mused,  on  rustic  seat. 

Unconscious  of  the  noon-day  heat, 

Or  'neath  the  crystal  waters  lay 

Luxuriant,  in  the  swimmer's  play. 

Yet  once  the  whelming  flood  grew  strong. 

And  bore  him  like  a  weed  along. 

Though  with  convulsive  grasp  of  pain. 

And  heaving  breast,  he  strove  in  vain. 

Then  sinking  'neath  the  infuriate  tide. 

Lone  as  he  lived,  the  hermit  died. 

On,  by  the  rushing  current  swept. 
The  lifeless  corpse  its  voyage  kept. 
To  where,  in  narrow  gorge  comprest, 
The  whirling  eddies  never  rest. 
But  boil  with  tumultuous  sway. 
The  maelstrom  of  Niagara. 
And  there  within  that  rocky  bound. 
In  swift  gyrations  round  and  round. 

Mysterious  course  it  held, 
Now  springing  from  the  torrent  hoarse. 
Now  battling  as  with  maniac  force. 

To  mortal  strife  compelled. 

Right  fearful  'neath  the  moonbeam  bright, 
It  was  to  see  that  brow  so  white. 
And  mark  the  ghastly  dead 
Leap  upward  from  his  torture-bed. 

As  if  in  passion-gust. 
And  tossing  wild  with  agony. 
To  mock  the  omnipotent  decree, 

Of  dust  to  dust. 

At  length,  where  smoother  waters  flow. 
Emerging  from  the  gulf  below, 
711 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  The  hapless  youth  they  gained,  and  bore 

Sigourney  5^^^  ^^  j^j^  ^^^^  f orsuken  door : 

There  watched  his  dog,  with  straining  eye, 
And  scarce  would  let  the  train  pass  by. 

Save  that  with  instinct's  rushing  spell. 
Through  the  changed  cheek's  empurpled  hue. 
And  stiff  and  stony  form,  he  knew 
The  master  he  had  loved  so  well. 
The  kitten  fair,  whose  graceful  wile 
So  oft  had  won  his  musing  smile. 
As  round  his  slippered  foot  she  played. 
Stretched  on  his  vacant  pillow  laid. 
While  strewed  around,  on  board  and  chair, 

The  last  pluck'd  flower,  the  book  last  read. 
The  ready  pen,  the  page  outspread, 
The  water-cruse,  the  unbroken  bread, 
Revealed  how  sudden  was  the  snare 
That  swept  him  to  the  dead. 

And  so  he  rests  in  foreign  earth. 
Who  drew  mid  Albion's  vales  his  birth; 
Yet  let  no  cynic  phrase  unkind 
Condemn  that  youth  of  gentle  mind. 
Of  shrinking  nerve  and  lonely  heart, 
And  lettered  lore,  and  tuneful  art, 

Who  here  his  humble  worship  paid 
In  that  most  glorious  temple-shrine, 
Where  to  the  Majesty  divine 

Nature  her  noblest  altar  made. 

No,  blame  him  not,  but  praise  the  Power 
Who  in  the  dear,  domestic  bower. 
Hath  given  you  firmer  strength  to  rear 
The  plant  of  love,  with  toil  and  fear. 
The  beam  to  meet,  the  blast  to  dare, 
And  like  a  faithful  soldier  bear; 
712 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 
Still  with  sad  heart  his  requiem  pour,  1834 

A       •  1     1  '  1  Sigoumey 

Amid  the  cataract  s  ceaseless  roar. 
And  bid  one  tear  of  pitying  gloom 
Bedew  that  meek  enthusiast's  tomb. 

SiGOURNEY,    Mrs.    Lydia    H.      Niagara.       (In    Barham,    William, 
Descriptions    of    Niagara;    selected    from    various    travellers; 
Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.  111-1  17.) 

Prose  and  poem  description  of  the  Falls. 

Up  to  the  Table-Rock,  where  the  great  flood 

Reveals  its  fullest  glor3\     To  the  verge 

Of  its  appalling  battlement  draw  near. 

And  gaze  below.     Or,  if  thy  spirit  fail. 

Creep  stealthily,  and  snatch  a  trembling  glance 

Into  the  dread  abyss. 

What  there  thou  seest 

Shall  dwell  forever  in  thy  secret  soul. 

Finding  no  form  of  language. 

The  vexed  deep. 

Which  from  the  hour  that  Chaos  heard  the  voice 

*'  Let  there  be  light,"  hath  known  no  pause  nor  rest, 

Communeth  through  its  misty  cloud  with  Him 

Who  breaks  it  on  the  wheel  of  pitiless  rock. 

Yet  heals  it  every  moment.      Bending  near, 

Mid  all  the  terror,  as  an  angel-friend. 

The  rainbow  walketh  in  its  company 

With  perfect  orb  full-rounded.      Dost  thou  cling 

Thus  to  its  breast,  a  Comforter,  to  give 

Strength  in  its  agony,  thou  radiant  form. 

Born  of  the  trembling  tear-drop,  and  the  smile 

Of  sun,  or  glimmering  moon? 

Yet  from  a  scene 

So  awfully  sublime,  our  senses  shrink. 

And  fain  would  shield  them  at  the  solemn  base 

Of  the  tremendous  precipice,  and  glean 

Such  hallowed  thoughts  as  blossom  in  its  shade. 
713 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  This  is  thy  building,  Architect  Divine! 

Sigoumey  -^j^^  heav'dst  the  pillars  of  the  Universe. 

Up,  without  noise,  the  mighty  fabric  rose. 
And  to  the  clamour  of  the  unresting  gulf 
For  ever  smiting  on  its  ear  of  rock 
With  an  eternal  question,  answereth  nought. 
Man  calls  his  vassals  forth,  with  toil  and  pain; 
Stone  piled  on  stone,  the  pyramid  ascends, 
Yet  ere  it  reach  its  apex-point,  he  dies. 
Nor  leaves  a  chiselled  name  upon  his  tomb. 
The  vast  cathedral  grows,  with  deep-groined  arch, 
And  massy  dome,  slow  reared,  while  race  on  race 
Fall  like  the  ivy  sere,  that  climbs  its  walls. 
The  imperial  palace  towers,  the  triumph  arch, 
And  the  tall  fane  that  tells  a  hero's  praise 
Uplift  their  crowns  of  fret-work  haughtily. 
But,  lo !  the  Goth  doth  waste  them,  and  his  herds 
The  Vandal  pastures  mid  their  fallen  pride. 
But  thou,  from  age  to  age,  unchanged  hast  stood. 
Even  like  an  altar  to  Jehovah's  name. 
Silent,  and  stedfast,  and  immutable. 
Niagara  and  the  storm-cloud! 

To  the  peal 
Of  their  united  thunder,  rugged  rocks 
Amazed  reverberate,  through  depths  profound 
Streams  the  red  lightning,  while  the  loftiest  trees 
Bow,  and  are  troubled.     Shuddering  earth  doth  hide 
In  midnight's  veil;  and  even  the  ethereal  mind, 
Which  hath  the  seed  of  immortality 
Within  itself, —  not  undismayed,  beholds 
This  fearful  tumult  of  the  elements. 
Old  Ocean  meets  the  tempest  and  is  wroth. 
And  in  his  wrath  destroys.     The  wrecking  ship. 
The  sea-boy  stricken  from  the  quaking  mast. 
The  burning  tear  wrung  forth  from  many  a  home, 
714 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

To  which  the  voyager  returns  no  more,  1834 

Attest  the  fury  of  his  vengeful  mood.  Sigoumey 

But  thou,  Niagara,  know'st  no  passion-gust; 

Thy  mighty  bosom,  from  the  sheeted  rain. 

Spreads  not  itself  to  sudden  boastfulness. 

Like  the  wild  torrent  in  its  shallow  bed. 

Thou  art  not  angry,  and  thou  changest  not. 

Man  finds  in  thee  no  emblem  of  himself; 
The  cloud  depresseth  him,  the  adverse  blast 
Rouseth  the  billows  of  his  discontent. 
The  wealth  of  summer-showers  inflates  his  pride. 
And  with  the  simple  faith  and  love  of  Him 
Who  made  him  from  the  dust,  he  minglelh  much 
Of  his  own  vain  device.      Perchance,  even  here, 
'Neath  all  the  sternness  of  thy  strong  rebuke. 
Light  fancies  fill  him,  and  he  gathereth  straws 
Or  plaiteth  rushes,  or  illusive  twines 
Garlands  of  hope,  more  fragile  still  than  they. 

But  in  one  awful  voice,  that  ne'er  has  known 
Change  or  inflection  since  the  morn  of  time. 
Thou  utterest  forth  that  One  Eternal  Name, 
Which  he  who  graves  not  on  his  inmost  soul 
Will  find  his  proudest  gatherings,  as  the  dross 
That  cannot  profit. 

Thou  hast  ne'er  forgot 
Thy  lesson,  or  been  weary,  day  or  night. 
Nor  with  its  simple,  elemental  thought 
Mixed  aught  of  discord. 

Teacher,  sent  from  God, 
We  bow  us  to  thy  message,  and  are  still. 
Oh!  full  of  glory,  and  of  majesty. 
With  all  thy  terrible  apparel  on. 
High-priest  of  Nature,  who  within  the  veil 
Mysterious,  unapproachable  dost  dwell, 
715 


Niagara  Falls 

With  smoke  of  incense  ever  streaming  up, 
And  round  thy  breast,  the  folded  bow  or  heaven. 
Few  are  our  words  before  thee. 
For  'tis  meet 
That  even  the  mightiest  of  our  race  should  stand 
Mute  in  thy  presence,  and  with  child-like  awe, 
Disrobed  of  self,  adore  his  God  through  thee. 

"  Deep  calleth  unto  deep,  at  the  noise  of  thy  waterspouts." 
Most  appositely  did  the  poet  Brainerd,  in  his  beautiful  apostrophe 
to  Niagara,  quote  from  the  inspired  minstrel,  "  deep  calleth  unto 
deep."     Simple  and  significant  also,  was  its  Indian  appellation, 
the  "  Water-thunderer."     To  the  wandering  son  of  the  forest, 
"whose  untutored  mind 
Saw  God  in  clouds,  or  heard  him  in  the  wind," 
it  forcibly  suggested  the  image  of  that  Great  Spirit,  who  in  dark- 
ness and  storm  sends  forth  from  the  skies  a  mighty  voice. 

The  immense  volume  of  water  Vv'hich  distinguishes  Niagara 
from  all  other  cataracts,  is  seldom  fully  realized  by  the  casual 
visitant.  Transfixed  by  his  emotions,  he  forgets  that  he  sees  the 
surplus  waters  of  those  vast  inland  seas,  Superior,  Huron, 
Michigan,  and  Erie,  arrested  in  their  rushing  passage  to  the 
Ocean,  by  a  fearful  barrier  of  rock,  1 60  feet  in  height.  He 
scarcely  recollects  that  the  tributaries  to  this  river,  or  strait,  cover 
a  surface  of  1  50,090  miles.  Indeed,  how  can  he  bow  his  mind 
to  aught  of  arithmetical  computation,  when  in  the  presence  of 
this  monarch  of  floods. 

The  view  from  the  boat  while  crossing  the  Ferry  is  unique  and 
impressive.  It  gives  the  first  strong  idea  of  the  greater  magnifi- 
cence that  awaits  you.'"'^  You  are  encompassed  by  an  amphitheatre 
of  towering  rocks  and  hills.  Fragments  of  rainbows  and  torrents 
of  mist  hover  around  you.  A  stupendous  column  rises,  whose 
base  is  in  the  fathomless  depth,  whose  head,  wrapped  in  cloud, 
seems  to  join  earth  and  heaven.     It  strikes  you  as  a  living  personi- 


*That   is  crossing   from  the  American   side. 

716 


Music  —  Poetr])  —  Fiction 

fication  of  His  power  who  poured  it  "  from  the  hollow  of  his  1834 
hand."  You  tremble  at  its  feet.  With  a  great  voice  of  thunder 
it  warns  you  not  to  approach.  The  winds  spread  out  their  wings, 
and  whelm  j^ou  in  a  deluge  of  spray.  You  are  sensible  of  the 
giant  force  of  the  tide,  bearing  up  the  boat,  which  like  an  egg- 
shell is  tossed  upon  its  terrible  bosom.  You  feel  like  an  atom  in 
the  great  creation  of  God.  You  glance  at  the  athletic  sinews  of 
the  rowers,  and  wonder  if  they  are  equal  to  their  perilous  task. 
But  the  majesty  of  the  surrounding  scene  annihilates  selfish  appre- 
hension ;  and,  ere  you  are  aware,  the  little  boat  runs  smoothly  to 
her  haven,  and  you  stand  on  the  Canadian  shore. 

Hitherto,  all  you  have  seen  will  convey  but  an  imperfect 
impression  of  the  grandeur  and  sublimity  that  are  unfolded 
on  the  summit  of  Table-Rock.  This  is  a  precipice  nearly 
160  feet  in  height,  with  flat,  smooth,  altar-shaped  surface.  As 
you  approach  this  unparapeted  projection,  the  unveiled  glories 
of  Niagara  burst  upon  the  astonished  senses.  We  borrow  the 
graphic  delineation  of  a  gentleman,^  who  nearly  forty  years  since 
was  a  visitant  of  this  scene,  and  thus  describes  it  from  the  summit 
of  Table-Rock. 

"  On  your  right  hand,  the  river  comes  roaring  forward  with 
all  the  agitation  of  a  tempestuous  ocean,  recoiling  in  waves  and 
whirlpools,  as  if  determined  to  resist  the  impulse  which  is  forcing 
it  downward  to  the  gulf.  When  within  a  few  yards,  and  appar- 
ently at  the  moment  of  sweeping  away,  it  plunges  headlong  into 
what  seems  a  bottomless  pit,  for  the  vapour  is  so  thick  at  the  foot 
of  the  precipice,  that  the  torrent  is  completely  lost  to  view. 

"  Seen  from  the  Table-Rock,  the  tumbling  green  waters  of  the 
rapids,  which  persuade  you  that  an  ocean  is  approaching;  the 
brilliant  colour  of  the  water;  the  frightful  gulf,  and  headlong 
torrent  at  your  feet;  the  white  column  rising  from  its  centre,  and 
often  reaching  to  the  clouds;  the  black  wall  of  rock  frowning 
from  the  opposite  island;  and  the  long  curtain  of  foam  descend- 
ing from  the  other  shore,  interrupted  only  by  one  dark  shaft,  form 
altogether  one  of  the  most  beautiful,  as  well  as  awful,  scenes  in 
^  Dr.  Wadsworth,  Esq.  717 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  nature.  The  effect  of  all  these  objects  is  much  heightened  by 
igourney  being  secn  from  a  dizzy  and  fearful  pinnacle,  upon  which  you 
seem  suspended  over  a  fathomless  abyss  of  vapour,  whence 
ascends  the  deafening  uproar  of  the  greatest  cataract  in  the  world, 
and  by  reflecting  that  this  powerful  torrent  has  been  rushing 
down,  and  this  grand  scene  of  stormy  magnificence  been  in  the 
same  dreadful  tumult  for  ages,  and  will  continue  so  for  ages  to 
come." 

Skirting  the  base  of  the  Table-Rock,  you  arrive  at  the  point 
of  entrance,  behind  the  vast  sheet  of  water,  which  those  who 
desire  to  traverse,  provide  themselves  with  fitting  apparel,  which 
is  here  kept  for  that  purpose.  This  magnificent  cavern  is  often 
tenanted  by  rushing  winds,  which  drive  the  spray  with  blinding 
fury  in  the  face  of  the  approaching  pilgrim.  Clad  in  rude  gar- 
ments, and  cap  of  oil-cloth,  with  coarse  shoes  —  the  most  unpic- 
turesque  of  all  figures  —  he  approaches,  staking  his  staff  among 
the  loose  fragments  that  obstruct  his  way.  The  path  is  slippery 
and  perilous,  the  round  wet  stones  betray  his  footing,  and  some- 
times cold,  slimy,  and  wriggling  eels  coil  around  his  ancles. 
Respiration  is  at  first  diffiicult,  almost  to  suffocation.  But  the 
aiding  hand  and  encouraging  voice  of  the  guide  are  put  in 
requisition,  and,  almost  ere  he  is  aware,  he  reaches  Termination 
Rock,  beyond  which  all  progress  is  hazardous.  7  his  exploit 
entitles  him  to  a  certificate,  obtained  at  the  house  where  his  garb 
was  provided,  and  signed  by  the  guide.  But  should  he  fail  of 
attaining  this  honour,  by  a  too  precipitate  retreat  from  this  cavern 
of  thunders,  he  is  still  sure  of  a  magnificent  shower-bath. 

The  lover  of  Nature's  magnificence  will  scarcely  be  satisfied 
without  repeated  visits  to  Niagara.  The  mind  is  slow  in 
receiving  the  idea  of  great  magnitude.  It  requires  time  and 
repetition  to  expand  and  deepen  the  perceptions  that  overwhelm 
it.  This  educating  process  is  peculiarly  necessary  among 
scenery,  where  the  mind  is  continually  thrown  back  upon  its 
Author,  and  the  finite,  trying  to  take  hold  of  the  Infinite,  falters, 
and  hides  itself  in  its  own  nothingness. 

718 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

It  is  impossible  for  Niagara  to  disappoint,  unless  through  the  1834 
infirmity  of  the  conception  that  fails  to  grasp  it.  Its  resources  ^'8*^"""^ 
are  inexhaustible.  It  can  never  expand  itself,  because  it  points 
always  to  God.  More  unapproachable  than  the  fathomless 
ocean,  man  cannot  launch  a  bark  upon  its  bosom,  or  bespeak  its 
service  in  any  form.  He  may  not  even  lay  his  hand  upon  it, 
and  live.  Upon  its  borders  he  can  dream,  if  he  will,  of  gold- 
gathering,  and  of  mill-privileges;  but  its  perpetual  warning  is, 
"Hence,  ye  profane!" 

Let  none,  who  have  it  in  their  power  to  change  their  places 
at  will,  omit  a  pilgrimage  to  Niagara.  The  facilities  of  travelling 
render  it  now  a  very  different  exploit  from  what  it  was  in  the 
days  of  our  fathers,  who  were  forced  to  cut  away  with  their 
axes  the  branches  intercepting  the  passage  of  the  rocky  roads. 
Those  whose  hearts  respond  to  whatever  is  beautiful  and  sublime 
in  creation,  should  pay  their  homage  to  this  mighty  cataract.  No 
other  scenery  so  powerfully  combines  these  elements. 

Let  the  gay  go  thither  to  be  made  thoughtful,  and  the  religious 
to  become  more  spiritually-minded.  Yet  let  not  the  determined 
trifler  linger  here  to  pursue  his  revels.  Frivolity  seems  an  insult 
to  the  majesty  that  presides  here.  Folly  and  dissipation  are 
surely  out  of  place.  The  thunder-hymn  of  the  mighty  flood 
reproves  them.  Day  and  night  it  seems  to  repeat  and  enforce 
the  words  of  inspiration:  "The  Lord  is  in  his  holy  temple: 
let  all  the  earth  keep  silence  before  Him." —  Hab.  ii:20. 

SiGOURNEY,    Mrs.    Lydia    H.      Niagara.       (In    Barham,    William, 
Descriptions    of    Niagara;    selected    from    various    travellers. 
Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.   159-161.) 

SiGOURNEY,  Mrs.  L.  H.  Niagara.  (In  her  Illustrated  poems. 
Phila.:   Undsay  and  Blakiston.      1860.      Pp.    134-136.) 

Flow  on  for  ever,  in  thy  glorious  robe 
Of  terror  and  of  beauty.     Yea,  flow  on 
Unfathom'd  and  resistless.     God  hath  set 
His  rainbow  on  thy  forehead,  and  the  cloud 

719 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  Mantled  around  thy  feet.     And  he  doth  give 

Sigourney  yj^y  voice  of  thundcr  power  to  speak  of  Flim 

Eternally  —  bidding  the  lip  of  man 
Keep  silence  —  and  upon  thine  altar  pour 
Incense  of  awe-struck  praise. 

Earth  fears  to  lift 
The  insect  trump  that  tells  her  trifling  joys 
Or  fleeting  triumphs,  mid  the  peal  sublime 
Cf  thy  tremendous  hymn.     Proud  Ocean  shrinks 
Back  from  thy  brotherhood,  and  all  his  waves 
Retire  abash'd.     For  he  hath  need  to  sleep, 
Sometimes,  like  a  spent  labourer,  calling  home 
His  boisterous  billows,  from  their  vexing  play, 
To  a  long  dreary  calm:  but  thy  strong  tide 
Faints  not,  nor  e'er  with  failing  heart  forgets 
Its  everlasting  lesson,  night  nor  day. 
The  morning  stars,  that  hailed  creation's  birth, 
Fleard  thy  hoarse  anthsm  mixing  v/ith  their  song 
Jehovah's  name;  and  the  dissolving  fires. 
That  wait  the  mandate  of  the  day  of  doom 
To  wreck  the  earth,  shall  find  it  deep  inscribed 
Upon  thy  rocky  scroll. 

The  lofty  trees 
That  list  thy  teachings,  scorn  the  lighter  lore 
Of  the  too  fitful  winds;  while  their  young  leaves 
Gather  fresh  greenness  from  thy  living  spray, 
Yet  tremble  at  the  baptism.     Lo!  yon  birds, 
How  bold  they  venture  near,  dipping  their  wing 
In  all  thy  mist  and  foam.     Perchance  'tis  meet 
For  them  to  touch  thy  garment's  hem,  or  stir 
Thy  diamond  wreath,  who  sport  upon  the  cloud 
Unblamed,  or  warble  at  the  gate  of  heaven 
Without  reproof.     But,  as  for  us,  it  seems 
Scarce  lawful  with  our  erring  lips  to  talk 
Familiarly  of  thee.     Methinks,  to  trace 
720 


JAW  ,    ,    -      Y  -'^■'T^j^^^^f  h'4^'' '' 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Thine  awful  features  with  our  pencil's  point  1834 

Were  but  to  press  on  Sinai.  igourney 

Thou  dost  speak 
Alone  of  God,  who  pour'd  thee  as  a  drop 
From  his  right-hand, —  bidding  the  soul  that  looki 
Upon  thy  fearful  majesty  be  still. 
Be  humbly  wrapp'd  in  its  own  nothingness, 
And  lose  itself  in  Him. 

SiGOURNEY,  Mrs.  L.  H.     Niagara.      (In  her  Select  poems.      5th  ed, 
Phila.:     Biddle.      1847.     Pp.  88-90.) 
See  "  Illustrated  Poems." 

1836 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman.     Niagara.      (In  Jus  Culprit  fay  and  other      1836 
poems.     N.  Y.:     George  Dearborn.      1836.     Pp.  65-67.)  ^'''^^ 

Niagara 
I 
Roar,  raging  torrent !  and  thou,  mighty  river, 
Pour  thy  white  foam  on  the  valley  below ; 
Frown,  ye  dark  mountains!  and  shadow  for  ever 
The  deep  rocky  bed  where  the  wild  rapids  flow. 
The  green  sunny  glade,  and  the  smooth  flowing  fountain. 
Brighten  the  home  of  the  coward  and  slave ; 
The  flood  and  the  forest,  the  rock  and  the  mountain. 
Rear  on  their  bosoms  the  free  and  the  brave. 

II 

Nurslings  of  nature,  I  mark  your  bold  bearing. 
Pride  in  each  aspect  and  strength  in  each  form. 
Hearts  of  warm  impulse,  and  souls  of  high  daring, 
Born  in  the  battle  and  rear'd  in  the  storm. 
The  red  levin  flash  and  the  thunder's  dread  rattle. 
The  rock-riven  wave  and  the  war  trumpet's  heath, 
The  din  of  the  tempest,  the  yell  of  the  battle. 
Nerve  your  steeled  bosoms  to  danger  and  death. 
46  721 


Niagara  Falls 

1836  III 

High  on  the  brow  of  the  Alps'  snowy  towers 

The  mountain  Swiss  measures  his  rock-breasted  moors, 

O'er  his  lone  cottage  the  avalanche  lowers, 

Round  its  rude  portal  the  spring-torrent  pours. 

Sweet  is  his  sleep  amid  peril  and  danger, 

Warm  is  his  greeting  to  kindred  and  friends. 

Open  his  hand  to  the  poor  and  the  stranger. 

Stern  on  his  foeman  his  sabre  descends. 

IV 

Lo !  where  the  tempests  the  dark  waters  sunder 
Slumbers  the  sailor  boy,  reckless  and  brave, 
Warm'd  by  the  lightning  and  lulled  by  the  thunder, 
Fann'd  by  the  whirlwind  and  rock'd  on  the  wave ; 
Wildly  the  winter  wind  howls  round  his  pillow, 
Cold  on  his  bosom  the  spray  showers  fall ; 
Creaks  the  strained  mast  at  the  rush  of  the  billow. 
Peaceful  he  slumbers  regardless  of  all. 

V 

Mark  how  the  cheek  of  the  warrior  flushes. 

As  the  battle  drum  beats  and  war  torches  glare ; 

Like  a  blast  of  the  north  to  the  onset  he  rushes. 

And  his  wide-waving  falchion  gleams  brightly  in  air. 

Around  him  the  death-shot  of  foemen  are  flying, 

At  his  feet  friends  and  comrades  are  yielding  their  breath; 

He  strikes  to  the  groans  of  the  wounded  and  dying, 

But  the  war  cry  he  strikes  with  is,  '  conquest  or  death.' 

VI 

Then  pour  thy  broad  wave  like  a  flood  from  the  heavens. 
Each  son  that  thou  rearest,  in  the  battle's  wild  shock, 
When  the  death-speaking  note  of  the  trumpet  is  given, 

722 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Will  charge  like  thy  torrent  or  stand  like  thy  rock.  1836 

Let  his  roof  be  the  cloud  and  the  rock  be  his  pillow. 
Let  him  stride  the  rough  mountain,  or  toss  on  the  foam, 
He  will  strike  fast  and  well  on  the  field  or  the  billow, 
In  triumph  and  glory,  for  God  and  his  home! 

The   note   of   freedom  and   patriotism   In   this   poem    rings   strong   and 
true. 

[SheLTON,  F.   W.]      Verses  written  during  a  thunder  storm  in  the     1836 
album   at  the  Falls.      (In  his   The  trollopiad;   or,   Travelling   gentlemen  ^helton 
in  America;   a   satire  by   Nil   Admirari,   Esq.   N.   Y. :      Shepard    1836. 
Pp.  79-81.) 

Written  in  the  Table  Rock  album. 

1837 

Bird,   James.      Francis  Abbot;   the  recluse  of  Niagara,   and  metro-      1837 
politan    sketches.      2d    ser.     Lond. :      Baldwin    and    Cradock.      1837.^"'° 
Pp.  1-93. 

A  narrative  poem  based  on  the  facts  as  found  in  Alexander's  TranS' 
ailanlic  slfetches  with  variations  by  the  author. 

Eliza.     Niagara.      (Soc.  lit.  miss.,  Jan.   1837.     3:21-22.)  1837 

Eliza 

The  spirit  of  the  torrent,  the  spirit  of  beauty,  the  spirit  of  solitude,  the 
spirit  of  poesy,  the  spirit  of  devotion  each  in  turn  speaks. 

1838 

Buckingham,   James  Silk.     Hymn   to  Niagara,      (/n   Barham,     iggg 

William,   Descriptions  of  Niagara;   selected   from  various  travellers   .    .    .  Buckingha 
Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.  41-42.) 

(Written  at  the  first  sight  of  magnificent  Falls,  August,   1838.) 

Hail!     Sovereign  of  the  World  of  Floods,  whose  majesty  and 

might, 
First    dazzles  —  then    enraptures  —  then    o'erawes    the    aching 

sight ; 
The  pomp  of  kings  and  emperors,  in  every  clime  and  zone, 
Grows  dim  before  the  splendour  of  thy  glorious  watery  throne. 

723 


Niagara  Falls 

1838  No  flesh  can  stop  thy  progress,  no  armies  bid  thee  stay; 

Buckingham     g^j.  onward  —  onward  —  onward  —  thy  march  still   holds  its 
way 
The  rising  mist  that  veils  thee  as  thine  herald  goes  before, 
And  the  music  that  proclaims  thee  is  the  thundering  cataracts' 
roar. 

Thy  diadem  is  an  emerald  green,  of  the  clearest,  purest  hue. 
Set  round  with  waves  of  snow-white  foam,  and  spray  of  feathery 

dew; 
White  tresses  of  the  brightest  pearls  float  o'er  thine  ample  sheet, 
And  the  rainbow  lays  its  gorgeous  gems  in  tribute  at  thy  feet. 

Thy  reign  is  of  the  ancient  days,  thy  sceptre  from  on  high. 
Thy  birth  was  when  the  morning  stars  together  sang  with  joy: 
The  sun,  the  moon,  and  all  the  orbs  that  shine  upon  thee  now. 
Saw  the  first  wreath  of  glory  that  enthron'd  thy  infant  brow. 

And  from  that  hour  to  this,  in  which  I  gaze  upon  thy  stream, 
From  age  to  cge  —  in  winter's  frost,  or  summer's  sultry  beam  — 
By  day,  by  night  —  without  a  pause  —  thy  waves,  with  loud 

acclaim. 
In   ceaseless  sounds,   have  still  proclaimed  the  Great   Eternal's 

name. 

For  whether  on  thy  forest  banks,  the  Indian  of  the  wood. 

Or  since  his  days,  the  Red  Man's  foe,  on  his  father-land  have 

stood  — 
Whoe'er  has  seen  thine  incense  rise,  or  heard  thy  torrent  roar. 
Must  have  bent  before  the  God  of  All  1  to  worship  and  adore. 

Accept  then,  O  Supremely  Great!  —  O  Infinite!  —  O  God! 
From  this  primeval  altar  —  the  green  and  virgin  sod  — 
The  humble  homage  that  my  soul  m  gratitude  would  pay 
To  Thee!  whose  shield  has  guarded  me  through  all  my  wander- 
mg  way. 

724 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

For  if  the  Ocean  be  as  nought  in  the  hollow  of  thy  hand,  1838 

And  the  Stars  of  the  bright  firmament,  in  thy  balance  grains  of  ^"'^'''"g^^^ 

sand. 
If  Niagara's  rolling  flood  seem  great  to  us  who  lowly  bow  — 
O!     Great  Creator  of  the  Whole!  how  passing  great  art  Thou! 

Yet  though  Thy  Power  is  greater  than  the  finite  mind  can  scan. 
Still  greater  is  thy  Mercy  —  shown  to  weak  dependent  man. 
For  him  Thou  clothed  the  fertile  field  v/ith  herb,  and  fruit,  and 

seed, 
For  him,  the  woods,  the  lakes,  the  seas,  supply  his  hourly  need. 

Around  —  on  high  —  or  far  —  or  near  —  the  Universal  Whole 
Proclaims  Thy  glory,  as  the  orbs  in  their  fixed  courses  roll ; 
And  from  Creation's  grateful  voice,  the  hymn  ascends  above, 
While  heaven  re-echoes  back  to  earth,  the  chorus,  "  God  is  Love." 

Buckingham.   James   Silk.     Hymn  to   Niagara.     (In   Johnson, 

R.   L.,    Niagara,    its   history,    incidents,    and   poetry.      .      .      .      Wash.: 
W.  Neale.     1898.     Pp.  56-57.) 

Evidently  the  same  poem  as  the  one  quoted  in  Barham,  although  the 
phraseology  of  the  two  poems  differs  in  a  number  of  lines. 

(The)   Canadian  girl,  or  the  Pirate  of  the  lakes,  a  story  of  the  affec-      1838 
tions;   by   the   authoress   of   the  Jerv's   daughter.      Lond. :      \V.    Bennett. 
1838.     Pp.  264-267. 

An  exaggerated,  overdrawn  and  inaccurate  scenic  description  of  Niagara 
and  the  Niagara  region. 

Richardson,   Major   John.      Eight  years   in   Canada.      Montreal:      1838 

H.H.Cunningham.        1847.      Pp.   22-25.  Richardson 

A  description  of  the  scenery,  an  account  of  the  sensations  and  reflections 
of  the  author  on  revisiting  his  old  home  on  the  Niagara.  Some  statistics 
are  also  given  and  some  remarks  on  the  Table  Rock  album. 

I  had  expected  to  see  the  mass  of  water  tumbling,  foaming, 
from  something  like  a  height,  and  threatening,  at  every  moment, 
to  enshroud  the  spectator  in  one  huge  sheet  of  prismatic  spray, 
and  to  plunge  him  into  the  vortex  which  formed  its  bed ;  whereas 
on  gaining  the  table  rock  I  remarked,  a  few  feet  below  me,  a 

725 


Niagara  Falls 

1838  large  flat  sheet  of  water,  that  gurgled,  and  hissed,  and  lashed 
itself  into  fury  at  its  immediate  point  of  descent,  but  which,  as  far 
as  the  eye  could  reach  above  presented  an  almost  unbroken 
uniformity  of  surface.  It  is  this  want  of  irregularity  added  to  the 
absence  of  corresponding  scenery,  that  robs  the  Falls  in  my  esti- 
mation of  much  of  the  imposing  grandeur  that  otherwise  attaches 
to  them. 

1839 

1839  Grinfield,  Th0MA5.      Hymn  on  Niagara.       (In  Barham  William, 
Gnnfield           Descriptions     of     Niagara ;     selected     from    various     travellers ;      .      .      . 

Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.  176-177.) 

An  anthem,  *  like  the  sound  of  many  waters ! 
The  prophet  heard  it,  as  in  wondrous  vision 
He  lay  entranced  upon  the  cliffs  of  Patmos  ; 
And  wouldst  thou  hear  its  emblem,  go  and  listen. 
In  deep  and  dread  delight,  to  NIAGARA ! 
That  everlasting  anthem  which  hath  peal'd 
Nor  paus'd  a  moment,  from  the  birth  of  ages! 
And,  fitting  emblem  of  celestial  chorus, 
The  loud  eternity  of  rushing  music 
Disturbs  not,  but  subdues  and  fills,  the  spirit 
With  feelings  of  unutterable  stillness. 
And  infinite  tranquillity,  excluding 
The  world  with  all  its  dissonance  of  passions. 

There,  too,  a  cloud  of  ever-offer'd  incense 
From  nature's  altar,  —  in  the  vapoury  column 
On  which  bright  rainbows  beam  the  smiles  of  mercy,  — 
Hath  risen  well-nigh  six  thousand  years  to  heaven, 
In  unison  with  that  astounding  chorus 
Of  multitudinous  and  white-robed  waters. 
So  glorious  in  the  fury  of  their  rapture 
Around  their  awful  and  mysterious  centre! 

And  oft,  stupendous  Cataract,  as  winter 
Comes  listening  to  thy  choral  hallelujahs, 

^  Charles  Dickens   records   this   impression. 

726 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

And  gazing  on  thy  pomp  of  rising  incense;  1839 

With  mimic  semblance  of  some  mighty  temple  Grinfidd 

He  loves  to  grace  thee,  and  thy  shaggy  borders 

Fantastically  silvers  o'er  with  frost-work; 

Pranking  with  icy  pinnacles  and  pillars 

The  walls  of  thy  magnificent  Cathedral  :^ 

But  ne'er  Cathedral  owned  a  crypt  so  dreadful 

As  thine,  o'er-arch'd  with  such  a  thundering  deluge. 

And  still  the  thunder  of  the  eternal  anthem, 
And  still  the  column  of  ascending  incense, 
Shall  draw  remotest  pilgrims  to  thy  worship, 
Shall  hold  them  breathless  in  thy  sovereign  presence, 
And  lost  to  all  that  they  before  had  look'd  on ; 
Yea,  conjur'd  up  by  strong  imagination. 
Shall  sound  in  ears  that  never  heard  the  music, 
Shall  gleam  in  eyes  that  ne'er  beheld  the  vision ; 
Till  the  great  globe,  with  all  that  it  inherits. 
Shall  vanish, —  like  that  cloud  of  ceaseless  incense, — 
In  thunder, —  like  that  falling  world  of  waters. 

Oh  peerless  paragon  of  earthly  wonders ! 
Embodying,  in  their  most  intense  expression. 
Beauty,  sublimity,  might,  music,  motion. 
To  fix  and  fill  at  once  eye,  ear,  thought,  feeling; 
And  kindling,  into  unknown  exaltation. 
Dread  and  delight,  astonishment  and  rapture! 
Sure  God  said,  let  there  be  a  NIAGARA ! 
And,  lo,  a  Niagara  heard  His  bidding; 
And  glimmer'd  forth  a  sparkle  of  His  glory, 
And  whisper'd  here  the  thunder  of  Omnipotence ! 
Clifton.  April.  1839. 


^  Mrs.    Jameson    describes    ils    weighty    magnificence. 

1840 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord.       (Poem).      (In  Holley,   W.,   Niagara;      1840 
its  history  and  geology,  incidents  and  poetry.     .     .     .     N.  Y.     Buffalo,  Clark 
Toronto.:       1872.     Pp.    161-162.) 

727 


Niagara  Falls 

1840  The  author  was  an  American  journalist,  the  editor  of  the  Philadelphia 

Clark  Gazette. 

Here  speaks  the  voice  of  God  —  let  man  be  dumb, 
Nor  with  his  vain  aspiring  hither  come. 
That  voice  impels  the  hollow-sounding  floods, 
And  like  a  Presence  fills  the  distant  v/oods. 
These  groaning  rocks  the  Almighty's  finger  piled ; 
For  ages  here  his  painted  bow  has  smiled, 
Mocking  the  changes  and  the  chance  of  time  — 
Eternal,  beautiful,  serene,  sublime  1 

1840  Clinch,    Rev.    Joseph    H.      Niagara.      (In   his   The   Captivity    in 

Clinch  Babylon,  and  other  poems.     Bost.:     Burns.      1840.     Pp.   77-81.) 

Ten  stanzas  descriptive  of  the  author's  emotion,  musings  and  reflections 
on  the  Falls  and  their  scenery. 

1840  Cooper,   James   Fenimore.      The  pathfinder;   or  The  inland   sea. 

Cooper  _       .    Phila.:  Lea  and  Blanchard.      1840.      1:47-49.     2:52-53. 

Conversation  about  Niagara. 

1840 .      Legend  of  the  whirlpool.      Buffalo,  N.  Y. : 

Press  of  Thomas  &  Co.      1  840. 

A  story  told  in  verse  of  a  battle  to  the  death  in  the  waters  of  the  whirl- 
pool between  Huron  and  Iroquois. 

1840  M'JiLTON,     J.     N.       Niagara.        (In     his     Poems.       Bost.:       Otis, 

M-Jilton  Broaders.      1840.      Pp.   112-115.) 

A  tribute  to  the  restlessness  and  might,  the  terror  and  beauty  of  the 
resistless  and  everlasting  torrent. 

1840  TaPPAN,  William  B.      Niagara.      (In  his  Poet's  tribute;  poems  of 

Tappan  William    B.    Tappan.      Best.:      King,    Crocker    and    Brewster.      1840. 

P.  30.) 

Niagara!  —  the  poetry  of  God! 
Whose  numbers  tell,  in  everlasting  hymn, 
Only  of  God!      The  morning  stars  that  woke 
Music  along  their  courses,  early  caught 
Its  far  off  echoes,  and  in  wild  delight 
Returned  them,  softened,  round  the  universe. 
728 


A/a,i!c  —  Poetr\)  —  Fiction 

Think  not,  think  not.  Earth's  triflers!  that  for  you  1840 

And  garish  Day,  these  melodies  chime  on.  ^^^^ 

When  ye,  diminished,  lost,  are  known  not,  Night, 
Night  to  the  awful  anthem  ever  hearkens. 
And  ever  with  new  joy.     Oh,  how  sublime 
The  symphony,  that,  under  the  expanse 
Of  stars,  peals  on  in  unexhausted  power: 
Niagara!  —  and  the  sole  listener,  Night! 

1841 

Alida;  or.  Miscellaneous  sketches  of  incidents  during  the  late  American      1841 
war  founded  on  fact.     With  poems.     By  an  unknown  author.     3d  ed. 
rev.  &  imp.      N.  Y.:     Printed  for  the  author.      1841.     Pp.    183-191. 

GURNEY,  Joseph  John.  A  journey  in  North  America,  described  1841 
in  familiar  letters  to  Amelia  Opie.  Nor\vich:  Printed  for  private  cir- Gumey 
culation.      1841.      P.  320. 

Six  hundred  twenty  thousand  tuns,   each  minute,   is   the 

measure, 
That  fills  thy  giant  bowl  for  us  with  wonder,  awe,  and  pleasure ; 
Niagara  the  great,  the  free,  old  Erie's  swift  discharger. 
The  billowy  breast  that  banished  thee,  but  sends  thee  to  a  larger. 
Ontario  bids  a  welcome  to  thy  foaming,  gushing  waters. 
That  freshly  fill  her  yawning  caves,  and  nourish  all  her  daughters. 
Sunshine    and    rain    contend    for   thee,    thou   plaything   of    all 

weathers. 
Thy  falling  flood  of  glass  and  pearls  breaks  Into  fairest  feathers ; 
But  where  the  deeper  billows  roll  o'er  the  centre  of  thy  crescent, 
Thy  vest  is  of  liquid  emerald,  with  native  snows  florescent. 
Thy  stream  below  is  a  floating  field  of  winter's  purest  whiteness. 
Till  it  melts  away  into  green  and  grey,  rejoicing  in  its  brightness. 
Clouds  of  thy  own  creation  rise,  in  wild  array,  around  thee, 
And  in  her  zone  of  magic  hues,  the  radiant  bow  hath  bound  thee. 
Farewell,  flow  on  —  in  bygone  worlds  thy  veteran  locks  were 

hoary, 
And  forests  wild,  untrod  by  man,  have  sung  thine  ancient  glory. 

739 


Niagara  Falls 

A  meaner  muse  of  modern  days,  now  ventures  to  admire  thee, 
Her  music  thou  may'st  well  despise  —  thy  own  shall  never  tire 
thee. 

H.  E,  D.  The  fugitive  slave's  apostrophe  to  Niagara.  (In  Buck- 
ingham, Joseph  T.,  Personal  memoirs  and  recollections  of  editorial  life. 
Bost.:     Ticknor.  Reed,  Fields.      1852.     2:192-194.) 

An  apostrophe,  ringing  and  strong,  to  Niagara  as  the  boundary  of  the 
land  of  liberty. 

^Morpeth,  George  William  Frederick  Howard,  Lord. 
Niagara  Falls.  (In  Holley,  G.  W.,  Niagara;  its  history  and  geology, 
incidents  and  poetry.  .  .  .  N.  Y.  Buffalo,  Toronto:  1872. 
P.  162.) 

Lord  Morpeth,  who  was  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland  from  1855  to 
1864,  made  three  visits  to  Niagara  Falls  These  lines  were  written  after 
1841. 

TThere's  nothing  great  or  bright,  thou  glorious  Fall! 

Thou  mayest  not  to  the  fancy's  sense  recall. 

The  thunder-riven  cloud,  the  light'ning's  leap. 

The  stirring  of  the  chambers  of  the  deep ; 

Earth's  emerald  green,  and  many  tinted  dyes, 

The  fleecy  whiteness  of  the  upper  skies; 

The  tread  of  armies  thickening  as  they  come. 

The  boom  of  cannon  and  the  beat  of  drum ; 

The  brow  of  beauty  and  the  form  of  grace. 

The  passion  and  the  prowess  of  our  race; 

The  song  of  Homer  in  its  loftiest  hour. 

The  unresisted  sweep  of  human  power; 

Britannia's  trident  on  the  azure  sea, 

America's  young  shout  of  Liberty ! 

Oh !  may  the  waves  which  madden  in  thy  deep 

There  spend  their  rage  nor  climb  the  encircling  steep; 

And  till  the  conflict  of  thy  surges  cease 

The  nations  on  thy  banks  repose  in  peace. 


'  Succeeded  to  titlcv  E^rl  of  Ctrlisle. 


730 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1842 

AppletoN.  Thomas  Gold.     Goat  Island.  Niagara.      {In  his  Faded      1842 
leaves.     Bost. :  Roberts  Bros.      1872.     P.  33.)  Appleton 

Peace  and  perpetual  quiet  are  around. 
Upon  the  erect  and  dusky  file  of  stems, 
Sustaining  yon  far  roof,  expelling  sound. 
Through  which  the  sky  sparkles  (a  rain  of  gems 
Lost  in  the  forest's  depth  of  shade),  the  sun 
At  times  doth  shoot  an  arrow  of  pure  gold, 
Flecking  majestic  trunks  with  hues  of  dun, 
Veining  their  barks  with  silver,  and  betraying 
Secret  initials  tied  in  true  love  knots ; 
Of  hearts  no  longer  through  green  alleys  straying, 
But  stifled  in  the  world's  distasteful  grots. 
The  silence  is  monastic,  save  in  spots 
Where  heaves  a  glimmer  of  uncertain  light. 
And  rich  wild  tones  enchant  the  woodland  night. 
June,    I  842. 

Appleton,    Thomas    Gold.      Niagara.      (In   his   Faded    leaves. 
Bost.:      Roberts  Bros.      1872.      Pp.  27-30.) 

Though  the  dusk  has  extinguished  the  green 
And  the  glow  of  the  down-falling  silver. 
In  my  heart  I  prefer  this  subdued. 
Cathedral-like  gloom  on  the  water; 
When  the  fancy  capriciously  wills. 
Nor  loves  to  define  or  distinguish. 
As  a  dream  which  enchants  us  with  fear. 
And  scarce  throbs  the  heart  unaffiighted. 
With  a  color  and  a  voice  of  its  own 
I  behold  this  wondrous  creature 
Move  as  a  living  thing, 
And  joyous  with  joy  Titanic. 
Its  brothers  in  sandstone  are  locked. 
Yet  from  their  graves  speak  to  it. 
It  sings  to  them  as  it  moves, 
731 


Niagara  Falls 

And  the  hills  and  uplands  re-echo. 

The  sunshine  kindles  its  scales. 

And  they  kindle  with  opal  and  sapphire. 

It  uplifts  its  tawny  mane. 

With  its  undulations  of  silver. 

And  tosses  through  showers  of  foam. 

Its  flanks  seamed  with  shadow  and  sunshine. 

Like  the  life  of  man  is  its  course. 

Born  far  in  some  cloudy  sierra. 

Dimpled  and  wayward  and  small, 

O'erleaped  by  the  swerving  roebuck ; 

But  enlarging  with  mighty  growth. 

And  wearing  wide  lakes  for  its  bracelets. 

It  moves,  the  king  of  streams. 

As  a  man  wears  the  crown  of  his  manhood. 

It  shouts  to  the  loving  fields. 

Which  toss  to  it  flowers  and  perfume; 

It  eddies  and  Vv^inds  round  its  isles. 

And  its  kisses  thrill  them  with  rapture ; 

Till  it  fights  in  its  strength  and  o'ercomes 

The  rocks  which  bar  its  progress. 

The  earth  hears  its  cries  of  rage. 

As  it  tramples  them  in  its  rushing. 

Leaping,  exultant  above 

And  smiting  them  in  derision; 

Till  at  length,  its  hfe  fulfilled, 

Sublime  in  majestic  calmness. 

It  submits  to  death,  and  falls 

With  a  beauty  it  wins  in  dying. 

Still,  wan,  prone,  till  curtains  of  foam  enclose  it. 

To  arise  a  spirit  of  mist. 

And  return  to  the  Fleaven  it  came  fiom. 

As  deepens  the  night,  all  is  changed, 
And  the  joy  of  my  dream  is  extinguished: 

732 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

I  hear  but  a  measureless  prayer,  1842 

As  of  multitudes  wailing  in  anguish ;  Appleton 

I  see  but  one  fluttering  plunge. 
As  if  angels  were  falling  from  heaven. 
Indistinctly,  at  times,  I  behold 
Cuthullm  and  Cssian's  old  heroes 
Look  at  me  with  eyes  sad  with  tears, 
And  a  summons  to  follow  their  flying. 
Absorbed  in  wild,  eerie  rout. 
Of  wind-swept  and  desolate  spectres. 
As  deepens  the  night,  a  clear  cry 
At  times  cleaves  the  boom  of  the  waters; 
Comes  with  it  a  terrible  sense 
Of  suffering  extreme  and  forever. 
The  beautiful  rainbow  is  dead. 
And  gone  are  the  birds  which  sang  through  it. 
The  incense  so  mounting  is  now 
A  stifling,  sulphurous  vapor, 
1  he  abyss  is  the  hell  of  the  lost. 
Hopeless  falling  to  fires  everlasting. 
June,   1842. 

H.   D.  M.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.      (West.   lit.   mess'gr.      Aug.    17,      1342 
842.      2:56.)  H.  D.  M. 

An  original  poem  from  the  "  album  of  Mr.  Hooker." 

Majestic!  and  stupendous!     Wonder-work, 
Sublime  beyond  Imagination! 
Beyond  expression,  glorious  and  grand! 
Awe-struck  I  stand,  soul-swelling  with  emotion 
Too  powerful  for  thought;  soul-wrapt  with  feeling 
Too  mighty  for  endurance.      Yet  to  feel 
Thus  for  one  moment,  might  repay  existence, 
Though  life  had  been  more  darkly  cast  than  mme, 
And  mzine  has  been  —  no  matter:     Now  I'm  blest. 

733 


Niagara  Falls 
1842  I  gaze  till  I  am  lost  in  what  I  gaze  on; 


H.  D.  M. 


Sense  flies ;  self  vanishes ;  I  mingle  with, 

And  am  a  part  of  what  I  see  and  hear, — 

The  foaming  torrents,  and  their  deaf 'ning  roar ! 

At  once  elated  and  depressed,  my  soul 

Drinks  in  the  spectacle,  conscious  alike 

Of  weakness  and  power.     'Tis  glorious! 

I  swear  'tis  glorious!  — Altar  and  fountain 

Of  the  Eternal  God !  —  And  there  ye  roll 

Ye  volumed  waters,  from  age  unchronicled, 

To  ages  moveless  in  the  womb  of  time! 

Forever  changing,  yet  fore'er  the  same :  — 

The  same  when  broke  the  promise-bow  of  heaven. 

To  diadem  your  awful  brow;  the  same. 

When  bent  the  red-man  o'er  your  thundering  fall :  - 

To  be  the  same  when  earth  and  sky  shall  meet 

In  final  wreck,  and  mute  eternity 

Forever  reign!     O!  ye  are  wonderful, 

Ye  massive  rocks !    Ye  rapids  in  your  rush ! 

Ye  trembling  cataracts!  thou  boiling  surge! 

To  heaven  up-rising  like  the  good  man's  prayer, 

In  the  dark  hour  of  tumult  and  dismay. 

And  O !  thou  dread  abyss  in  which  are  poured 

Those  endless  torrents,  that  thy  fountains  lash 

To  tempest  fury  in  their  reckless  fall, 

O !  ye  are  dizzy  to  the  mortal  eye, 

And  terrible  —  most  terrible  to  mortal  sense! 

And  the  loud  roar  of  your  undying  thunder! 

Ah!  what  is  Man  to  your  surpassing  might? 

And  what  are  you,  proud  monuments  of  Time, 

To  Him  who  called  you  from  the  depths  of  nought, 

And  cast  you  careless  from  his  plastic  hand. 

The  playthings  of  Omnipotence? 

734 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Omnipotence!     Eternity!  oh  there,  1842 

Rise  thou  my  thought!  fix  thou  my  soul  on  Him, 
Th*  Omnipotent  —  the  Eternal !  led  by  Him, 
Safe  o'er  the  cataracts  of  time,  to  dwell 
Sweetly  embosomed  on  the  shores  of  bliss. 

1843 

Bacon,    Ezekiel,      AegrI    Somnia;    recreations    of    a    sick    room.      1843 

N.  Y.:       J.Allen.        1843.       Pp.    105-107.  Bacon 

A  poem  entitled  "  Niagara  Falls  " ;  religious  in  tone. 

LiSTON,    James    Knox.     Niagara    Falls;    a    poem"  in    three    cantos.      1343 
.     .     .     Toronto:     Author.      1843.  Li$ton 

This  poem  exalts  Niagara  as  a  monument  of  divine  power,  describes 
the  Falls  under  various  aspects,  assails  the  wicked  policy  of  the  United 
States  in  aiding  Bonaparte,  describes  the  Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  with 
reflections  on  the  war,  discusses  the  Fall  of  Man  and  contains  a  prayer. 

ChaNNING,     William     EllerY.     The     Niagara     Fall.       (/n     his      1843 
Poems.     Bost. :     Little  and  Brown.      1843.      P.  35.)  Channing 

'Tis  the  boom  of  the  fall  with  a  heavy  power 
Solemn  and  slow  as  a  thunder-cloud 
Majestic  as  the  vast  ocean's  roar 
Though  the  green  trees  round  its  singing  crowd. 
And  the  light  is  as  green  as  the  emerald  grass 
Or  the  wide  leaved  plants  in  the  wet  morass 
It  sounds  over  all,  and  the  rushing  storm 
Cannot  wrinkle  its  temples  or  wave  its  hair. 
It  dwells  alone  in  the  pride  of  its  form, 
A  lonely  thing  in  the  populous  air 
From  the  hanging  cliffs  it  whirls  away, 
All  seasons  through,  all  the  livelong  day. 

1844 

Bull,   Sara   C.       (Ole    Bull's   "Niagara")       (In   her  Memoirs   of      1844 
Ole  Bull.      Bost.:      Houghton,   Mifflin  &  Co.      1886.      Pp.    1 69-1  72.)  Bull 

An  account  of  Ole  Bull's  composition  "  Niagara,"  which  was  played 
in  public   for  the  first  time  in  New  York  in  the  winter  of    1 844.      A 

735 


Niagara  Falls 

1844  criticism   of   N.    P.   Willis,    and   one   of   Mrs.    Lydia   Maria   Childs   are 

B"ll  included  in   this  account.     Portions  of  both   these  criticisms  are   quoted 

below. 

Willis  says: 

We  believe  that  we  have  heard  a  transfusion  into  music  — 
not  of  "  Niagara,"  which  the  audience  seemed  bona-fide  to 
expect,  but  of  the  puhes  of  a  human  heart  at  Niagara.  We  had 
a  prophetic  boding  of  the  result  of  calling  the  piece  vaguely 
**  Niagara," —  the  listener  furnished  with  no  "  argument  "  as  a 
guide  through  the  wilderness  of  "  treatment  "  to  which  the  sub- 
ject was  open.     .     .     . 

The  emotion  at  Niagara  is  all  but  mute.  It  is  a  "  small,  still 
voice  "  that  replies  within  us  to  the  thunder  of  waters.  The 
musical  mission  of  the  Norwegian  was  to  represent  the  insensate 
element  as  it  Tvas  to  him  —  to  a  human  soul,  stirred  in  its  seldom 
reached  depths  by  the  call  of  power.  It  was  the  ansrver  to 
Niagara  that  he  endeavored  to  render  in  music  —  not  the  call! 

Mrs.  Childs  says: 

.  .  .  The  sublime  waterfall  is  ever  present  with  its  echoes, 
but  present  in  a  calm,  contemplative  soul.  One  of  the  most  poetic 
minds  I  know,  after  listening  to  this  music,  said  to  me:  "  The 
first  time  I  saw  Niagara,  I  came  upon  it  through  the  woods,  in  the 
clear  sunlight  of  a  summer's  morning;  and  these  tones  are  a  per- 
fect transcript  of  my  emotions!  "  In  truth,  it  seems  to  me  a 
perfect  disembodied  poem;  a  most  beautiful  mingling  of  natural 
sounds  with  the  reflex  of  their  impressions  on  a  refined  and 
romantic  mind.  This  serene  grandeur,  this  pervading  beauty, 
which  softens  all  the  greatness,  gave  the  composition  its  greatest 
charm  to  those  who  love  poetic  expression  in  music;  but  it  renders 
it  less  captivating  to  the  public  in  general  than  they  had  antici- 
pated. Had  it  been  called  a  Pastorale  composed  within  hearing 
of  Niagara,  their  preconceived  ideas  would  have  been  more  in 
accordance  with  its  calm,  bright  majesty. 


736 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

CraNCH,  Christopher  PeARSE.     The  cataract  Isle.       (In  Johnson,      1844 
R,  L.,  Niagara;  its  history,  incidents,  and  poetry.     ,     .     .     Wash:;     W.  Cranch 
Neale.     1898.     Pp.  49-50.) 

The  author  was  an  American  landscape  painter,  a  poet  and  translator. 
His  verses  have  artistic  and  literary  merit. 

I  wandered  through  the  ancient  wood 

That  crowns  the  cataract  isle. 
I  heard  the  roaring  of  the  flood 

And  saw  its  wild  fierce  smile. 

Through  tall  tree-tops  the  sunshine  flecked 

The  huge  trunks  and  the  ground 
And  the  pomp  of  fullest  summer  decked 

The  island  all  around. 

And  winding  paths  led  all  along 

Where  friends  and  lovers  strayed. 
And  voices  rose  with  laugh  and  song 

From  sheltered  nooks  of  shade. 

Through  opening  forest  vistas  whirled 

The  rapids'  foamy  flash, 
As  they  boiled  along  and  plunged  and  swirled, 

And  neared  the  last  long  dash. 

I  crept  to  the  island's  outer  verge, 

Where  the  grand,  broad  river  fell  — 
Fell  sheer  down  amid  foam  and  surge 

In  a  white  and  blinding  hell. 

The  steady  rainbow  gaily  shone 

Above  the  precipice. 
And  the  deep  low  tone  of  a  thunder  groan 

Rolled  up  from  the  drear  abyss. 

47  737 


Niagara  Falls 

1844  And  all  the  day  sprang  up  the  spray 

"^*"*^  Where  the  broad  white  sheets  were  poured, 

And  fell  around  in  showery  play, 
Or  upward  curled  and  soared. 

And  all  the  night  those  sheets  of  white 

Gleamed  through  the  spectral  mist, 
When  o'er  the  isle  the  broad  moonlight 

The  wintry  foam-flakes  kissed. 

Mirrored  within  my  dreamy  thought, 

I  see  it,  I  feel  it  all  — 
That  island  with  sweet  visions  fraught. 

That  awful  waterfall. 

With  sun-flecked  trees,  and  birds  and  flowers. 

The  Isle  of  Life  is  fair; 
But  one  deep  voice  thrills  through  its  hours. 

One  spectral  form  is  there  — 

A  power  no  mortal  can  resist. 

Rolling  forever  on  — 
A  floating  cloud,  a  shadowy  mist, 

Eternal  undertone. 

And  through  the  sunny  vistas  gleam 

The  fate,  the  solemn  smile. 
Life  is  Niagara's  rushing  stream: 

Its  dream  —  that  peaceful  isle ! 

1845 

1845  SiGOURNEY,   Mrs.    LyDIA   H.      Scenes   in   my   native   land.      Boston: 
S.gourney         James  Munroe  and  Co.      1  845.     Pp.  3-20  ;   148- 1  6 1  ;  3  1  7-3  1  8. 

Prose  and  poetry  descriptive  of  Niagara  Falls.  Pp.  3-20,  Niagara. 
Pp.  148-161.  The  hermit  of  the  Falls.  Pp.  317-318,  Farewell  to 
Niagara. 

738 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1846 

Burroughs,  Rev.  Charles.     Niagara  Falls.     (In  his  The  poetry     1846 
of  religion  and  other  poems.      Bost. :     Ticknor,  Reed  and  Fields.      1  85  1 .  Burroughs 
Pp.  62-66,  67-68.) 

Composed  at  Niagara  August  1 0,  1 846.  To  the  clergyman-author 
the  rush  of  the  waters  was  a  song  of  rapture  to  God,  the  clouds  of  spray 
were  incense,  the  rainbow  was  a  reminder  of  redemption  by  Christ,  the 
cliffs  were  altars,  and  the  whole  Falls  an  inspiration  to  worship. 

Clinton,    George    W.      Sketches    of   Niagara    falls    and    river,    by      1846 
Cousin  George.      Buffalo:      Peck.      1846.  Clinton 

An  imaginary  conversation  about  the  scenery  between  "  Cousin  George  " 
and  his  two  young  cousins  as  the  three  walk  about  the  Falls. 

Francis  Abbott;   or.  The  hermit  of  Niagara.      A  tale  of  the  old  and      1846 
new  world.      By  the  author  of  Mattallak  &c.      Boston:     Gleason's  Pub- 
lishing Hall.      1846. 

(The)  grave  of  Washington;  Villa  of  Mount  Vernon,  and  Key  to  the      1846 
Bastille;  and  banks  of  Niagara.      Edinburgh:     William  Whyte  and  Co, 

1846.     Pp.  37-40. 

A  poem  of  sixteen  four-line  stanzas.  An  exhortation  to  reverence  before 
the  mighty  flood  and  reflections  on  human  nature  inspired  by  contemplation 
of  the  Falls. 

1847 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard.     Niagara,     (/n  his  Poems.     N.  Y. :     ^^^"^ 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.      Phila.:      Geo.  S.  Appleton.      1847.      Pp.  38-45.)  ^''"^"'^ 

Has  aught  like  this  descended  since  the  fountains 
Of  the  Great  Deep,  broke  up,  in  cataracts  hurled, 

And  climbing  lofty  hills,  eternal  mountains, 
Poured  wave  on  wave  above  a  buried  world? 

Yon  tides  are  raging,  as  when  storms  have  striven, 
And  the  vexed  seas,  awaking  from  their  sleep. 

Are  rough  with  foam,  and  Neptune's  flocks  are  driven 
In  m3'riads  o'er  the  green  and  azure  deep. 

739 


Niagara  Falls 

1847  Ere  yet  they  fall,  mark  (where  that  mighty  current 

^°'^^  Comes  like  an  army  from  its  mountain  home) 

How  fiercely  yon  steeds  amid  the  torrent 

With  their  dark  flanks,  and  manes  and  crests  of  foam. 

Speed  to  their  doom, —  yet,  in  the  awful  centre. 
Where  the  wild  waves  rush  madliest  to  the  steep. 

Just  ere  that  white,  unfathomed  gulf  they  enter, 
Rear  back  in  horror  from  the  headlong  leap. 

Then,  maddening,  plunge.    A  thousand  more  succeeding 
Sweep  onward,  troop  on  troop,  again  to  urge 

The  same  fierce  fight,  as  rapid  and  unheeding, — 
Again  to  pause  in  terror  on  the  verge. 

Oft  to  an  eye  half  closed,  as  if  in  solving 

Some  mighty,  mystic  problem  —  half  it  seems 

Like  some  vast  crystal  wheel,  ever  revolving, 

Whose  motion,  earth's  —  whose  axle,  earth's  extremes. 

We  gaze  and  gaze,  half  lost  in  dreamy  pleasure, 
On  all  that  slow  majestic  wave  reveals, 

While  Fancy  idly,  vainly  strives  to  measure 
How  vast  the  cavern  which  its  veil  conceals. 


Whence  come  ye,  O  wild  waters?     By  what  scenes 
Of  majesty  and  Beauty  have  ye  flowed, 

In  the  wide  continent  that  intervenes. 
Ere  yet  ye  mingle  in  this  common  road? 

The  Mountain  King,  upon  his  rocky  throne. 

Laves  his  broad  feet  amid  your  rushing  streams, 

And  many  a  vale  of  loveliness  unknown 
Is  softly  mirrored  in  their  crystal  gleams. 

740 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

They  come  —  from  haunts  a  thousand  leagues  away,  1847 

From  ancient  mounds,  with  deserts  wide  between,  '^°^*^' 

CUffs,  whose  tall  summits  catch  the  parting  day. 
And  prairies  blooming  in  eternal  green; 

Yet  the  bright  valley,  and  the  flower-lit  meadow. 

And  the  drear  waste  of  wilderness,  all  past  — 
Like  that  strange  Life  of  which  thou  art  the  shadow. 

Must  take  the  inevitable  plunge  at  last. 

Whither  we  know  not  —  but  above  the  wave 

A  gentle,  white-robed  spirit  sorrowing  stands. 
Type  of  the  rising  from  that  darker  grave. 

Which  waits  the  wanderer  from  Life's  weary  lands. 

Flow  long  these  wondrous  forms,  these  colours  splendid. 

Their  glory  over  the  wilderness  have  thrown! 
How  long  that  mighty  anthem  has  ascended 

To  Him  who  wakened  its  eternal  tone! 

That  everlasting  utterance  thou  shalt  raise, 

A  thousand  ages  ended,  still  the  same, 
When  this  poor  heart,  that  fain  would  add  its  praise. 

Has  mouldered  to  nothing  whence  it  came; 

When  the  white  dwellings  of  man's  busy  brood. 
Now  reared  in  myriads  o'er  the  peopled  plain. 

Like  snows  have  vanished,  and  the  ancient  wood 
Shall  echo  to  the  eagle's  shriek  again. 

And  all  the  restless  crowds  that  now  rejoice. 

And  toil  and  traffic,  in  their  eager  moods, 
Shall  pass  —  and  nothing  save  thine  awful  voice 

Shall  break  the  hush  of  these  vast  solitudes. 

741 


Niagara  Falls 

1847  Coles,   Abraham.     Niagara.      {In    his   The   microcosm,    and   other 

Colei  poems.     N.  Y.:     Appleton.     1881.     Pp.  219-222.) 

An    apostrophe    to    the    majesty,    might,    swiftness,    and    awfulness    of 
Niagara.     The  author  feels  that 

Though  this  may  seem, 
Type  of  Eternity,  'twill  pass  away, 
A  murmurous  dream. 


1848 

1848  BULKLEY,  C.  H.  A.      Niagara.     A  poem.     N.  Y.:      Leavitt,  Trow 

Bulkley  &  Co.       1848.       P.  55. 

The  author  tells  us  that  these  3,600  lines  are  an  attempt  to  answer  the 
demand  for  a  "  poem  of  more  than  ordinary  length,  truly  American  in  its 
character  "  on  Niagara  Falls.  He  says  that  his  "  object  has  been  not  so 
much  to  describe  at  length  the  scenery  of  Niagara,  in  order  to  excite 
emotions  in  the  reader  similar  to  those  of  the  beholder,  for  this  would  be 
vain  endeavor,  as  to  give  a  transcript  of  what  passes  through  the  mind  of 
one  who  is  supposed  to  witness  so  grand  an  achievement  of  nature."  The 
poem  is  tedious,  with  commonplace  intervals,  although  it  occasionally  rises 
to  the  heights  of  true  poetry.  The  analysis  which  follows  gives  an  idea 
of  the  ambition  and  scope  of  the  undertaking. 

Analysis 

Introductory  apostrophe  —  themes  proposed.  Apostrophe  to 
the  Fall  as  a  vast  form  of  life.  The  presence-chamber  of  God.  A 
knight-errant.  Restless  spirits.  The  streams  —  their  lament  — 
its  uselessness.  The  Torrent  like  Time.  A  mourner  over  men 
and  nations.  The  Indian  —  his  chase  —  his  death-song  —  his 
fall.     Apostrophe  to  the  Cataract  as  a  Destroyer  —  an  Historian 

—  a  warning  Prophet  —  an  oracle  of  Truth  —  a  Chronicler 
undying  —  a  tireless  Laborer  —  and  unswayed  by  man.  The 
islands  —  refuge-spots  —  so  are  some  hearts.  Winter  —  the 
Fall  ice-imprisoned.  Spring  —  with  a  song  of  Liberty.  Apos- 
trophe to  Niagara  River  —  passage  down  its  banks.     The  Cliffs 

—  Death  of  Hungerford.     The  Cave  of  the  Winds.     The  Pin- 

742 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

nacle-Rock.  The  Whirlpool.  Apostrophe  to  the  Fall  respect-  1848 
ing  its  origin  and  early  life.  The  Fall's  Invocation  to  the  Crea-  "  *^ 
tive  Spirit  for  the  Seasons.  Evening  and  Night.  The  Hermit 
of  the  Fall  —  his  birth-place  and  character  —  his  strain  —  his 
melancholy  and  aspirations  —  his  strife,  disappointment,  doom, 
fearful  deed,  remorse,  and  death.  The  Fall  a  witness  of 
Redemption.  Sunrise  —  typical  of  Genius.  Hymn  of  Praise. 
Noon.  The  Flood's  Invocation.  Poet.  Musician.  The  Table- 
Rock.  Beneath  the  Sheet.  The  Cataract's  hymn  to  the  Creator. 
Proof  of  Deity.  The  Doom  of  Time,  with  the  Flood's  death- 
dirge  and  fall.     The  Farewell  to  the  Cataract. 

Spirit  of  the  Fall 

What  towering  form  erects  its  figure  here. 
To  check  the  footsteps  of  inquiring  man. 
As  if  it  were  a  sentry  at  his  post. 
To  guard  with  faithfulness  the  narrow  pass? 
It  is  the  Rock  of  Manitou,  the  Pinnacle 
On  which  the  gloomy  spirit  of  the  Fall, 
Sits  brooding  o'er  the  tide  below,  that  shows 
His  fearful  frowns  reflected  in  its  wave. 
Or  feels  the  movements  of  his  busy  hand 
Searching  its  depths  and  torturing  its  course. 
Till  its  full  currents  reel  in  conscious  pain  I 

How  high  the  Water-God  his  altar  rears 

With  jagged  summits  from  a  liquid  base! 

How  green  the  moss  that  decks  its  time-worn  crown. 

Like  youthful  forms  that  cluster  round  old  age! 

From  yonder  cliff,  impending  o'er  the  stream 

With  shadowy  fringes  of  the  evergreen. 

This  massive  pile,  like  an  inverted  cone. 

Seems  hurled  in  other  years  with  giant  hand. 

Upon  the  kindred  masses  dashed  below! 

743 


Niagara  Falls 

1848  Cooper,  James  Fenimore.     The  oak  openings;  or.  The  bee-hunter. 

Cooper  .     .     .     N.  Y.:     Burgess,  Stringer.      1848.     2:216-217. 

In  one  particular,  touching  which  we  do  not  remember  ever  to 
have  seen  anything  said,  we  were  actually  astonished  at  the  sur- 
glory  of  Niagara.  It  was  the  character  of  sweetness  if  we  can 
so  express  it,  that  glowed  over  the  entire  aspect  of  the  scene. 
We  were  less  struck  with  the  grandeur  of  the  cataract,  than  with 
its  sublime  softness  and  gentleness. 

1848  HiNE,  E.  CuRTISS.     A  night  on  the  Niagara.      (In  his  The  haunted 

Hine  barque,  and  other  poems.     Auburn:     Derby.      1848.      Pp.  67-70.) 

The  poet,  who  has  gone  down  to  a  boat  in  the  river  to  enjoy  the  beauty 
of  the  night,  awakes  from  dreamy  sleep  to  find  himself  drifting  do\vTi 
stream  without  oars.  After  the  most  agonizing  reflections,  he  finally  saves 
himself  by  jumping  on  an  island. 

1848  Kelsey,    Richard.     Niagara.     Jephthah.     Remarks    upon    the    de- 

Kelsey  fence  of  Wessex  by  Alfred  the  Great;  with  other  compositions,  in  verse 

and  prose.     Lond. :      1 848. 

A  poem  of  extravagant  apostrophe  often  to  be  found  in  London  book- 
shops. 

184g  .     Niagara,  a  poem,  by  a  member  of  the  Ohio  bar. 

N.  Y.:      Edward  O.  Jenkins.      1848. 

Describes  the  Falls  from  above,  from  below,  gives  the  reflections  inspired 
By  the  sight.     It  rises  to  its  best  in  the  last  lines,  beginning,  '*  Then  so  live  - — 

Even  now 
When  life  appears  most  joyous,  and  its  waves 
Take  up  a  brisker  dance,  thou  may'st  approach 
The  dreadful  cataract.     No  power  averts. 
No  prayers  postpone  thine  advent.     Then  so  live. 
That  when  in  the  last  fearful  mortal  hour. 
Thy  wave,  borne  on  at  unexpected  speed, 
O'erhangs  the  yawning  chasm,  soon  to  fall. 
Thou  start  not  back  affrighted,  like  a  youth 
That  wakes  from  sleep  to  find  his  feeble  bark 
Suspended  o'er  Niagara,  and  with  shrieks 
And  unavailing  cries  alarms  the  air, 
744 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Tossing  his  hands  in  frenzied  fear  a  moment,  IMS 

Then  borne  away  forever!  but  with  gaze 

Calm  and  serene  look  through  the  eddying  mists, 

On  faith's  unclouded  brow,  and  take  thy  plunge 

As  one  whose  Father's  arms  are  stretched  beneath. 

Who  falls  into  the  bosom  of  his  God! 

1S49 

Babcock,  James  Staunton.     Niagara.      {In  his  Visions  and  voices.     1849 
Hartford:     Hunt.      1849.     Pp.  131-132.)  Babcock 

An  apostrophe  to  the  "  matchless  Flood."  A  description  of  the  Falls 
at  night  together  with  reflections  on  the  evanescence  of  man  and  the  ever- 
lastingness  of  Niagara. 

Street,  Alfred  Billings.    Frontenac;  a  poem.    Lond.:    Richard     1849 
Bentley.     1849.    P.  157-158.  S.reet 

A  poem  in  nine  cantos  giving  the  history  of  Frontenac's  expedition 
against  the  Indians  in  1  696.  In  canto  VI  are  found  the  Niagara  verses, 
the  last  of  which  is  quoted  below: 

'Twas  0-ni-ah-ga-rah  there  that  hurled 

Its  awful  grandeur  down  its  rock ; 
Dim  sign  of  that  dread  shape  a  world 

Reeling,  shall  see,  when  with  fierce  shock 
He'll  plant  His  tread  on  sea  and  shore. 
And  swear  that  Time  shall  be  no  more. 
Farther  my  harp  is  mute  to  tell 
Of  the  Sublime  —  The  Terrible. 

WelLSTEED,  J.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.      (West.  lit.  mess'gr.,  July,      1849 
1849.     12:232.)  WdUieed 

All  must  confess  who  view  this  wondrous  scene. 
That  if  God  were  not,  this  had  never  been; 
His  voice  here  thunders  in  the  mighty  flood, 
And  these  rent  rocks  proclaim,  their  maker  God. 
I  love  the  dullness  of  the  Cataract's  roar. 
And  the  wild  grandeur  of  its  craggy  shore, 

745 


Niagara  Falls 

1849  I  love  to  look  upon  the  gulf  below. 
Foaming  and  white  like  wildly-drifting  snow; 
I  love  to  watch  the  cloud-like  mists  that  rise, 
To  pay  their  weeping  homage  in  the  skies. 
And  when  the  blazing  orb  of  day  burns  low, 
I  love  to  gaze  upon  the  glorious  bow. 

And  mark  the  beauties  of  that  '*  bridge  where  time, 
Of  light  and  darkness,  forms  an  arch  sublime," 
These  wonders  calm  the  passions  of  the  mind, 
And  waken  thoughts  that  leave  the  world  behind. 
I  love  to  linger  till  the  envious  night, 
Draws  her  dark  curtain  o'er  the  gorgeous  sight. 
And  when  again  the  "  balmy  hour  of  rest," 
Returns,  soft  soother  of  the  world  distressed. 
The  Cataract's  roar  shall  lull  me  to  repose, 
And  slumber  shut  the  door  of  mem'ry  on  my  woes. 

1850 

1850  Gould,  Hannah   F.        Flower  of  Niagara.      {In  her  New  poem*. 
Gould              Bost.:     Reynolds.      1850.     Pp.   150-152.) 

A  moralizing  poem  inspired  by  a  delicate  white  anemone  plucked  from 
a  crevice  in  the  limestone  rock  under  the  water  sheet  at  the  Falls. 

1850  Table  rock   album   and  sketches   of  the  Falls    and  scenery   adjacent. 

Willii  3d.  ed.     Buffalo:     Jewett,  Thomas  and  Co.      1850. 

From  the  1850  period  and  for  some  years,  public  albums  were  kept  at 
the  Table  Rock  and  other  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls,  for  the  record  of 
"  Impressions  "  by  the  visitors.  Several  volumes  of  selections  from  these 
albums  have  been  published,  and  while  most  of  the  would-be  poetry  which 
they  contain  is  doggerel,  occasionally  there  is  a  gleam  of  wit.  The  editor 
of  one  of  these  feels  it  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  "  the  innumerable  host 
of  visitors  who  have  perpetuated  composition  in  the  volumes  of  manuscript 
now  before  us,  should  have  added  so  little  to  the  general  stock  of  legiti- 
mate and  permanent  literature." 

One  of  the  best  of  these  humorous  verses  is  that  credited  to  N.  P. 
Willis. 

746 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

To  view  Niagara  Falls  one  day,  1850 

A  parson  and  a  tailor  took  their  way ;  '^''*'* 

The  parson  cried  whilst  wrapped  in  wonder. 
And  listening  to  the  cataract's  thunder, 
Lord !  how  thy  works  amaze  our  eyes, 
And  fill  our  hearts  with  vast  surprise ; 
The  tailor  merely  made  this  note  — 
Lord !  what  a  place  to  sponge  a  coat ! 

Another  wrote  in  the  album: 

I  have  been  to  *'  Termination  Rock," 

Where  many  have  been  before; 
But  as  I  can't  describe  the  scene 

I  won't  say  any  more. 

1851 

Descent  into  the  rapids  of  Niagara.  An  authentic  narrative.  1851 
(Knicker.   [N.  Y.].  Oct..   1851.     38:414-416.) 

The  tale  of  a  man  who,  moved  to  a  frenzy  of  madness  and  forgetfulness 
by  the  Falls,  allowed  himself  to  float  down  the  rapids  in  a  skifl^,  which 
was  fortunately  shattered  on  a  rock  below  Goat  Island  bridge,  leaving  the 
man  to  be  rescued. 

Schoolcraft,    Henry    R.     Niagara,    an    allegory.      {In   his    The      1851 
American      Indians.      ,      .      .      Rochester:      Wanzer,      Foot.       1851.  Schoolcraft 
P.  407.) 

A  poem  about  the  old  gray  man  of  the  mountain  and  his  five  daughters, 
the  five  lakes,  who  ran  away  to  look  at  the  sea. 

(Schoolcraft,  Henry  Rowe.)      Western  scenes  and  reminiscences; 
together  with  tlirilling  legends  and  traditions  of  the  red  men  of  the  forest. 
Auburn:     Derby  and   Miller.     Buffalo:      Derby,   Orton,   and 
Mulligan.     1853.     P.  407. 

Contains  *'  Niagara,  an  allegory." 

1854 

McGuiRE,  Michael.  Thoughts  on  Niagara.  (In  Artman,  William  1854 
and  Hall,  L.  V.,  Beauties  and  achievements  of  the  blind.  Dansville,  McGuire 
N.  Y.:     Pub.  for  the  authors.      1854.     Pp.  363-365.) 

747 


Niagara  Falls 

1854  I  stood  where  swift  Niagara  pours  its  flood 

Into  the  darksome  caverns  where  it  falls, 
And  heard  its  voice,  as  voice  of  God,  proclaim 
The  power  of  Him,  who  let  it  on  its  course 
Commence,  with  the  green  earth's  first  creation; 

And  I  was  where  the  atmosphere  shed  tears. 
As  giving  back  the  drops  the  waters  wept, 
On  reaching  that  great  sepulchre  of  floods, — 
Or  bringing  from  above  the  bow  of  God, 
To  plant  its  beauties  in  the  pearly  spray. 

And  as  I  stood  and  heard,  though  seeing  naught. 
Sad  thoughts  took  deep  possession  of  my  mind. 
And  rude  imagination  venturing  forth. 
Did  toil  to  pencil,  though  in  vain,  that  scene. 
Which,  in  its  every  feature,  spoke  of  God. 

*'  The  poem  develops  a  pathetic  prayer  for  sight;  and  employs  much 
exalted  imagery  attuned  to  the  central  idea  that  here  Omnipotence  speaks 
without  ceasing;  here  is  A  temple  where  Jehovah  is  felt  most." 

1854  Brown,  David  Paul.      Upon  being  asked  to  describe  Niagara.      (In 

Brown  Springs,    water-falls,    sea-bathing    resorts,    and    mountain    scenery    of    the 

United  States   and  Canada;      .      .      .      N.   Y. :      J.   Disturnell.       1855. 
P.   106.) 

Describe  it!     Who  can  ere  describe 

The  lightning's  flash  —  the  thunder's  roll. 

Say  what  is  Life,  or  what  is  Death, 
Or  paint  the  portrait  of  the  Soul? 

Describe  the  rainbow  in  the  spray, 

The  rapids  in  their  wild  career  — 
Raging  like  ravenous  beasts  of  prey. 

While  all  creation  shrinks  with  fear? 

748 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Go  sketch  and  paint  the  humblest  flower  1854 

That  lends  its  fragrance  to  the  grove;  Brown 

Go  trace  the  feeblest  star  that  gleams 
From  the  cerulean  vaults  above. 

Exhaust  thyself,  vain-glorious  man, 

On  scenes  and  subjects  fit  for  thee, 
Nor  dare  presumptuously  to  scan 

The  w^ondrous  works  of  Eternity. 

The  works  of  an  Almighty  hand 

None  can  depict  —  though  all  adore ! 
Terrific  —  bold  and  beautiful. 

They  breathe  the  sov'reignty  of  power. 

O  God!  it  seems  to  me  most  strange 

That  any  man  so  mad  should  be 
To  doubt,  to  disbelieve  Thy  power 

When  thus,  Creation  speaks  to  Thee. 

1855 

Emily  and  Clara's  trip  to  Niagara  Falls;  by  the  editor  of  "  The  \)Outh's      1855 
casf{et."       N.     Y. :      Phinney,     Blakeman,     and    Mason.      [ca.     1855.] 
Pp.  1-43.) 

A  simple  and  interesting  story  giving  a  good  idea  of  the  different  points 
of  interest  at  the  Falls. 

Table   rock   album   and   sketches   of   the   Falls   and   scenery   adjacent.      1855 
Buffalo:      Thomas  and  Lathrops.      1855. 


1857 

Cutter,  G.  W.     Morning  at  the  Falls.      (In  his  Poems  and  fugitive      ^^^^ 
pieces.     Cincinnati:      Moore,  Wilstach,  Keys.      1857.      Pp.  266-268.) 

The  author  found  it  a  fearful  thing  to  look  on  the  Falls,  to  feel  the 
shock  of  the  falling  waters,  and  to  see  the  vapor  and  rainbows. 

749 


Niagara  Falls 

1857  Cutter,    G.    W.     Niagara.      {In    his    Poems   and    fugitive   pieces. 

Cutter  Cincinnati:     Moore,   Wilstach,   Keys.      1857.     Pp.    180-183.) 

The  author  describes  the  waters,  rapids,  and  Falls  until  his  muse  drops 
her  lyre  in  affright  before  the  solenrm  grandeur  of  the  scene. 

1857  Longfellow,   S.     Under  the  bridge  at  Niagara.      (In  his  Hymns 
Longfellow       and  verses.      BosL :     Houghton,  Mifflin.      1894.     Pp.  100-101.) 

1858 

1858  Canale,    G.    D.     To    Niagara.      (Lit.    liv.    age.    Aug.    28,    1858. 

Canale  58:716.) 

The  translation  of  a  short  Greek  lyric  poem  written  July   10,   1858. 
"  The  poem  is  marked  for  its  simplicity  and  beauty." 

1858  F[oster],  F[anny]  E[liza].     Line;,  to  a  friend  at  Niagara.      (In 

Foster  /,er  Pebbles  of  poetry.      Bost.:     Foster.      1858.     P.  20.) 

1858  Gaskell,  Mrs.     An  incident  at  Niagara.      (Harp,  w.,  June,   1858. 
Gaskell             17:80-82.) 

A  dramatic  tale,  well-told,  of  the  heroic  rescue  of  two  Irishmen  from  a 
small  island  in  the  midst  of  the  rapids. 

1859 

1859  Table  rock   album   and  sketches  of  the  Falls    and  scenery   adjacent. 
Buffalo:      E.  R.  Jewett.      1859. 

1860 

1860  MeRRITT,  J.  P.     Canada  seventy  years  ago,  or  Prince  Edv/ard's  \asit 
Merritt             to  Niagara.     3d.  ed.  St.  Catharines,  Ont. :      1  860. 

1864 

1864  Savage,  John.     At  Niagara.      (In  his  Faith  and  fancy.      N.   Y. : 
Savage              ^irker.      1864.      Pp.  61-63.) 

A  poem  in  two  parts  describing  the  rapids  and  the  feelings  inspired  by 
the  Falls. 

1865 

1865  Richards,    W.    C.      Niagara    in    spring.      (Harp.,    Sept.,     1865. 
Richards           31:428.) 

750 


cc 


o 


Music  —  Poetr])  —  Fiction 

Oh,  could  I  gaze  forever  on  thy  face,  1865 

Unwearied  still,  thou  matchless  waterfall, 
Whose  twining  spells  of  majesty  and  grace 

My  ardent  sense  bewilder  and  enthrall ! 

In  all  my  moods  thy  charms,  puissant  sway. 

Enforce  my  will  their  master-spell  to  own; 
My  heart  leaps  at  thy  voice  —  or  grave  or  gay  — 

And  every  chord  is  vibrant  to  thy  tone. 

So  many  years  I  have  come  back  to  stand, 

With  reverent  awe,  before  thy  glorious  shrine  — 

So  close  and  long  thy  lineaments  I've  scanned  — 
It  seems  thou  shouldst  grow  something  less  divine. 

I  know  thy  face,  its  shifting  glooms  and  smiles. 

As  cloud  or  sun  upon  thy  bosom  lies ; 
Thy  wrathful  guise,  thy  witching,  rainbow  wiles 

Can  wake  no  more  for  me  the  sweet  surprise. 

I  know  thy  voice  —  its  terror  and  its  glee 

Have  in  my  ear  so  oft  their  changes  rung. 
Nor  forest  winds  nor  anthems  of  the  sea 

Speak  to  my  soul  with  more  familiar  tongue. 

My  feet  have  scaled  thy  storm-scarred  battlements. 
And  pressed  the  moss  most  emerald  with  thy  tears, 

And  still  profaned  thy  lucent  caverns,  whence 
The  neophyte  comes  pale  with  ghostly  fears. 

Yet,  as  the  more  of  God  the  soul  perceives. 

And  nigher  Him  is  drawn,  it  worships  more ; 
So,  in  my  heart,  thy  matchless  beauty  leaves 

Constraint,  in  thine.  His  grandeur  to  adore. 

751 


Niagara  Falls 

1S65  Within  thy  courts  I  come  this  vernal  day, 

'^  "  *  Ere  Fashion's  chimes  invite  the  thoughtless  throng; 

Almost  alone  I  watch  thy  curling  spray, 

And  lose  my  breath  to  swell  thy  ceaseless  song. 

I  mark  the  flowers  upon  thy  marge  that  blow. 
Sweet  violets  blue  and  campanule's  white  bells ; 

Their  azure  shines  unblenched,  unblushed  their  snow: 
These  timid  things  feel  not,  as  I,  thy  spells. 

And  in  thy  woods  the  birds  heed  not  thy  roar, 
Where  the  brown  thrush  and  painted  oriole. 

All  unabashed,  their  tides  of  song  outpour, 
As  if  thy  floods  in  terror  did  not  roll. 

They  do  not  know,  the  buds  and  birds  around. 
How  wonderful,  how  grand,  how  dread  thou  art; 

But  I,  transfixed  by  every  sight  and  sound. 
Stand,  worshipping  thy  Maker  in  my  heart. 

I  must  go  back  where  tides  of  commerce  flow. 
And  the  dull  roar  of  traffic  cleaves  the  air; 

And  in  my  heart  sweet  memories  shall  glow 
And  to  my  dreams  shall  summon  visions  fair. 

Niagara!  thou  wilt  freshen  all  my  thought. 
And  cool  the  breath  of  fevered  noons  for  me ; 

My  days  shall  lapse  with  thy  remembrance  fraught. 
Thy  voices  chant  my  nights'  weird  lullaby. 

Great  torrent,  speed  thee  to  the  lake  and  sea. 

With  tireless  smoke  of  spray  and  thund'rous  roar; 

I  bless  my  God,  for  all  thy  joy  to  me. 

Though  I  should  see  thy  marvelous  face  no  more. 

752 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Weidemeyer,  J.  W.      Niagara.      {In  his  Real  and  ideal;  by  John      1865 
W.  Montclair.     Phila. :     Frederick  Leypoldt.      1865.     Pp.  49-51.)       Weidcmeycr 

The  Eden,  naiades,  fairy  isles,  magii,  ice  king,  eternity  and  time  all 
together. 

1866 

Over  Niagara  Falls.       (Harp,  w.,  Sept.  29.   1 865.      10:612.)  1866 

The  story  of  the  drowning  of  two  men  carried  over  the  Falls  by  the 
drawing  of  their  boat  into  the  rapids. 

Wood,   M.   Elva.     Songs  of  the   noon   and  night.      N.    Y.      1866.      1868 
p    2^4  Wood 

Fourteen  lines  on  "  Niagara,"  in  the  tone  "  All  hail  to  thee  Niagara! 
and  all  bow  humble  and  sUent  before  the  monarch  and  representative  of 
our  Maker's  power." 

1867 

BiGNEY,  M.  F.     Visit  of  the  sunbeams  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      (In      iggy 
his   The    forest   pilgrims,    and   other  poems.     New   Orleans:     Gresham.  Bigney 
1867.     Pp.  98-99.) 

A  poem  of  forty-six  lines  describing  the  journey  of  the  sun-beams  from 
**  orient  realms  "  to  Niagara,  "  sov'reign  of  streams  and  type  of  majesty," 
to  make  "  a  rainbow-wreath  to  crown  the  Cascade  King." 

1868 

Hall,    Lanslng   V.      Ode  to   Niagara.      (In   liis   Voices   of   nature.      1868 
N.  Y.:      Gray  and  Green.      1868.      Pp.   192-193.)  H'^" 

The  author  of  this  poem  was  blind.  The  "  Ode  "  is  evidently  intended 
to  be  humorous,  but  the  humor  consists  largely  in  slang  and  bad  grammar. 

Hymn  of  Niagara.   (Choriambic.)    (Putnam,  May,   1868.     11:538.)      1868 
Here  stand!  here  from  the  flood,  raving  unceasingly, 
Hoarse,  shrill  murmurs  arise ;  shnll  as  the  wind,  when  it 

Roars  through  the  trees  stripped  of  their  foliage. 

Singing  its  wild  anthem  of  liberty. 

With  these  come  to  the  ear,  ever  at  intervals, 
Quick  notes,  rattling  and  sharp;  like  the  artillery 

Heard  when  a  storm,  driving  up  rapidly. 

Crashes  the  oaks  with  its  thunder  bolts. 

753 
48 


Niagara  Falls 

1868  Now  rise,  muffled  in  mist,  rolling  up  heavily, 
Deep  tones,  awfully  grand,  shaking  the  earth,  as  they 

Swell  like  the  low  bass  of  the  thunder-storm. 
Heard  by  the  strained  ear  of  the  listener. 

Thus  float  over  the  mist  ever  in  harmony 
Three  tones,  joyous  and  free,  forming  Niagara's 
Anthem  of  praise,  new  every  moment,  yet 
Changeless  as  time,  old  as  eternity. 

1869 

1869  DewaRT,  Edward  Hartley,     Songs  of  life;  a  collection  of  poems. 
Dewart            Toronto:     Dudley  and  Burns.      1869.     Pp.  79-82. 

A  reflective  poem  of  the  emotions   and   thoughts   stirred  by   Niagara. 
Religious  in  tone. 

1869  Lord,  John  C.     The  genius  of  Niagara.       (In  his  Occasional  poems. 

Lord  Buffalo:     Breed  and  Lent.      1869.     Pp.   19-22.) 

A  description  of  the  proud  demon  of  waters  against  whom  Winter  and 
Time  are  both  powerless. 

Proud  Demon  of  the  waters  —  thou 
Around  whose  stern  and  stormy  brow 

Circles  the  rainbow's  varied  gem  — 
The  Vapor  Spirit's  diadem  — 

While  rushing  headlong  at  thy  feet, 

The  everlasting  thunders  meet. 

Throned  on  the  mists,  around  thy  form 

Is  dashing  an  eternal  storm. 
Whose  ceaseless,  changeless  earthquake  shock 

The  tempests  of  old  Ocean  mock, 
And  the  dark  Sea-King  yields  to  thee, 
The  meed  of  might  and  majesty. 

754 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Depth,  Sound,  Immensity  have  lent 

Their  terrors  to  thy  element ; 
Thy  congregated  waters  yell 

Down  caverns  fathomless  as  Hell, 
While  Heaven's  glorious  hues  are  set 
About  thy  gorgeous  coronet. 

Titanic  winter  strives  in  vain 

To  bind  thee  in  his  icy  chain. 
Which  rent  by  resistless  wave 

Finds  in  thy  fearful  depths  —  a  grave ; 
Or  the  torn  fragments  glistening  lie 
In  the  glare  of  thy  kingly  eye. 

A  silvery  web  among  thy  trees 
Unruffled  by  the  passing  breeze 

The  vanquished  Ice-King  for  thee  weaves. 
And  gives  them  gems  for  winter  leaves, 

And  rears  thee  columns,  bright  and  vast, 

Their  radiance  through  thy  halls  to  cast. 

The  giant  Time  hath  never  yet 
His  footsteps  in  thy  waters  set; 

Grimly  passing  thy  fall,  he  tries 
To  notch  his  by-gone  centuries 

Along  the  dark  and  devious  track 

Of  thy  rock-crashing  Cataract. 

Emblem  of  Power  —  the  mighty  Sun 
Hath  found  and  left  thee  roaring  on. 

Thou  wert  with  Chaos,  e'er  his  light 
Shone  out  upon  the  starless  night, 

Sole  relic  of  that  awful  day 

When  all  in  wild  confusion  lay. 


755 


1869 
Lord 


Niagara  Falls 


1869 

Lord 


And  \vhen  Air,  Earth,  and  Sea  and  Sky 

Formless  again  together  He, 
When  judgment  fires  are  kindhng  o'er 

Old  Nature's  wreck  —  Niagara's  roar. 
First  echo  in  the  ear  of  Time, 
Shall  sing  his  requiem  sublime. 


1870 

Edwards 


1870 

Hanaford 


1870 

Edwards,  C[harles]  R.  A  story  of  Niagara.  To  which  a.e 
appended  reminiscences  of  a  custom  house  officer.  Buffalo:  Breed, 
Lent.     1870.     Pp.    1-289. 

A  story  of  smuggling  on  the  frontier  with  scenes  at  the  Falls. 

Hanaford.  Mrs.  Phebe  A.  Niagara.  (In  her  From  shore  to 
shore  and  other  poems.  Best.:  D.  B.  Russell.  San  Francisco:  A.  L. 
Bancroft  &  Co.      1871.      P.   215.) 

This  poem  of  Mrs.  Hanaford's  is  not  easy  to  find. 

While  many  Hbraries  contain  some  of  her  sermons  and  prose  writings, 
few  libraries  of  the  present  day  contain  "  From  shore  to  shore,"  which 
is  typical  of  the  taste  of  an  earlier  generation.  Several  collections  of 
Niagara  poetry  will  be  found  to  contain  Mrs.  Hanaford's  "  Niagara," 

Awe-struck  I  stand 

Beside  this  avalanche  of  waves,  and  hear 
The  voice  of  God  from  out  these  watery  depths. 
Emotion-full,  my  soul  in  vain  essays 
To  speak  the  thoughts  that  by  this  scene  have  birth. 
Hark!  to  the  voice  of  many  waters  here: 
Like  that  great  voice  in  Patmos  heard  by  John, 
It  speaks  of  power,  resistless  energy. 
And  mighty  purpose  unconfined  by  man. 
To  me  it  speaks  of  God's  almighty  love. 
Forever  surging  round  the  human  soul: 
The  rocks  of  sin,  the  shoals  of  ignorance, 
But  bid  those  waves  of  love  in  tumult  rise, 
756 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

In  rapids  like  old  ocean's  storm-waves,  or,  as  here,  1870 

In  one  vast  water-sheet,  the  cataract's  plunge.  Hanaford 

Thus  shall  it  flow  till  time  shall  be  no  more. 
And  every  soul  is  borne  upon  its  waves. 
All  cleansed  by  its  pure  waters,  to  the  land 
Where,  joyful,  they  shall  all  be  moored  at  last. 

1871 

Barlow,   John   R.      John's   trip;   or,   A  visit  to   Niagara   falls.      A      1871 
serio-comic  poem  in  four  cantos.      Niagara  Falls:     William  Pool.       1  871 .  ^^'■'^^ 

By  the  author  of  the  "  Maiden  of  the  Mist."  It  tells  of  the  trip  of 
John,  Downcast  Hayseed,  to  New  York  City,  up  the  Hudson,  to  Niagara, 
and  adventures  with  Niagara  Falls  sharpers. 

-  Up  in  the  morning  early 

Ere  day  was  well  begun, 
John  started  forth  to  see  the  sights 

E'en  with  the  rising  sun. 
But  early  though  he  took  the  road 

A  "hack"  was  there  as  well; 
And  long  the  driver  followed  him 

And  great  things  he  did  tell. 

He  said  to  John  that  he  would  show 

To  him  a  view  full  rare 
For  five  cents,  and  the  trip  should  be 

Made  in  that  carriage  there. 
John  thought  that  that  was  cher.p  enough 

And  therefore  did  agree; 
He  jumped  into  the  hack  and  down 

That  rare  sight  went  to  see. 

John  said  I  don't  see  how,  my  friend. 

You  make  this  busmess  pay. 
To  live  at  all  you  surely  must 

Make  many  trips  a  day, 

757 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  Or  else  for  making  money  you 

Must  have  some  other  ways. 
The  driver  smiled  a  queerish  smile 
And  simply  said,  it  pays. 

John  gazed  with  admiration  deep 
Upon  the  rapids  grand, 

Which  up  in  seeming  merriment 
Leapt  high  on  every  hand. 

The  driver  broke  John's  rapture  up 

By  asking  him  if  he 
Would  like  to  see  the  Falls  in  all 

Their  mighty  majesty. 
He  said  no  good  view  could  be  had 

Unless  they  went  around; 
But  there  grand  beauty  unexcelled 

Could  easily  be  found. 

John  said  "  all  right,  we'll  drive  around, 

I  came  the  Falls  to  view. 
And  hang  me  if  I  don't  intend 

To  see  the  whole  thing  through." 
Poor  foolish  youth,  his  verdancy 

Would  make  a  cynic  laugh, 
Most  anyone  would  be  content 

With  seeing  less  than  half. 

But  round  they  went  and  o'er  the  Bridge 

And  into  Canada; 
I'll  guarantee  John  ne'er  forgets 

The  trip  he  made  that  day. 
And  here  allow  me  to  remark 

This  game  is  often  played, 
They  call  it  "  turning,"  and  God  help 

You  when  that  "  turn  "  is  made. 
752 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

They  cross  the  Bridge  then  down  the  bank  1871 

The  Table  Rock  to  view,  "  °^ 

And  here  is  where  the  *'  Native  Sharks  " 

Commence  to  "  put  you  through." 
Ere  John  had  from  the  carriage  stepped 

A  chap  came  out  to  know 
If  he  would  like  a  picture  of 

Himself  and  Falls  also. 

John  asked  the  price,  but  not  a  word 

Could  he  get  in  reply, 
But  round  about  with  plates  prepared 

The  operators  fly; 
And  in  a  twinkling  they  turn  out 

A  sight  would  make  you  laugh. 
For  which  they  tax  poor  simple  John 

Four  dollars  and  a  half. 

Into  the  Table  Rock  House  next 

Poor  John  is  soon  betrayed, 
And  there  they  put  him  through  as  if 

The  devil  lent  his  aid; 
They  show  him  Indian  relics  rich 

And,  believe  me,  they  were  raw; 
John  buys  a  lot  of  things  for  which 

He  does  not  care  a  straw. 

John  begs  the  driver  to  depart 

Ere  he  be  ruined  quite, 
But  ere  a  dozen  rods  are  made 

He's  doomed  to  re-alight. 
And  now  the  "  Museum  "  minions 

Around  him  quickly  swarm, 
And  ere  he's  well  upon  his  feet 

He's  dragged  in  by  the  arm. 
759 


B 


arlow 


Niagara  Falls 

^f^^  They  wrap  him  up  in  oilcloth  robes 

Ere  he  be  well  aware, 
And  o'er  the  street  they  hurry  him 

To  take  him  down  the  stair; 
John  grabbed  the  railing  and  in  words 

By  desperation  lent, 
Demanded  of  his  captors  grim 

What  they  in  thunder  meant? 

They  told  him  they  were  taking  him 

Behind  the  waterfall, 
And  that  the  way  was  easy  and 

Not  dangerous  at  all. 
Still  hanging  on  he  asked  how  much 

For  this  he'd  have  to  pay; 
"  Just  give  the  guide  whate'er  you  wish, 

That  is  the  gen'ral  way." 

So  John  let  go  and  followed  them 

Along  the  winding  way. 
But  little  worth  for  money  spent 

Did  he  get  there  that  day. 
His  feet  got  wet,  his  boots  got  spoilt. 

Likewise  his  collar  too, 
He  gave  the  guides  each  fifty  cents 

To  see  that  humbug  view. 

Then  through  the  Museum  he  is  led 

And  all  the  wonders  shown, 
Gathered  from  every  spot  on  earth 

From  ev'ry  land  that's  known. 
They  lead  him  through  the  office  then 

As  butchers  lead  a  calf, 
And  when  he  starts  to  go  they  say 

Two  dollars  and  a  half. 
760 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 
"  Two  dollars  and  a  half,"  says  John,  1871 

««  /^  1  •  I        1      .    r  •%  Barlow 

Liood  gracious !  what  lor  now  ? 
I  haven't  bought  a  single  thing. 

I'm  sure  you  will  allow." 
"  Two  dollars  of  this  sum  is  for 

Your  trip  behind  the  sheet. 
And  fifty  cents  the  Museum  through 

Just  makes  the  sum  complete." 

"  Oh  but,"  says  John,  "  I  paid  the  guides, 

I  cannot  pay  you  twice." 
*'  That's  nought  to  us,"  the  '*  shark  "  replies, 

"  Two  dollars  is  our  price." 
"'  'Tis  robbery  I  swear,"  says  John, 

"  I'll  pay  it  if  I  must. 
Of  all  the  '  beats  '  that  ever  beat 

You  beat  the  very  worst." 

Then  to  the  Battle  Ground  he  went, 

The  Burning  Spring  as  well. 
Another  dollar  from  his  purse. 

Which  now  had  lost  its  swell. 
The  forenoon  now  was  well  nigh  gone 

And  John  had  hungry  grown, 
His  watch  proclaimed  this  certain  fact 

Five  hours  had  nearly  flown. 

Then  homeward  they  in  haste  did  drive. 

They  landed  safe  and  sound; 
John  searched  his  pockets  through  and  soon 

A  five-cent  piece  he  found; 
Then  to  driver  he  did  hand 

That  five  cent  nickel  piece; 
The  driver  took  it  —  turned  it  o'er. 

And  said  "  pray  what  is  this?  " 
761 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  "  Why  that  is  for  the  ride,"  said  John, 

^"^°'^  *'  The  bargain  was,  you  know, 

The  Falls  and  all  the  views  around 
For  five  cents  you  would  show." 

"  Five  cents  be  d d,"  the  driver  said, 

"  I  guess  I'll  make  you  sneeze. 
Perhaps  you  take  me  for  a  '  flat;' 
Ten  dollars  if  you  please." 

"  Oh  Lord !  "  says  John,  "  you  heartless  wretch ! 

I  ne'er  was  used  so  sore. 
You  saw  me  robbed  along  the  way 

A  dozen  times  or  more. 
But  ne'er  a  warning  you  did  give. 

No  word  for  me  you  had. 
And  now  you  rob  me  worst  of  all, 

This  really  is  too  bad." 

**  I  saw  you  robbed  along  the  way?  " 

"  Well,  yes,"  the  driver  said, 
"  But  why  should  I  give  warning  when 

I  got  the  half  you  paid. 
I  didn't  care  a  cuss  so  long 

'S  your  pocket  book  held  out. 
If  I  had  seen  it  running  low 

You  bet  I'd  turned  about." 

'*  But  don't  imagine  that  I  take 

A  cent  more  than  is  right. 
The  law  allows  me  what  I  ask 

I  don't  overcharge  a  mite, 
Here  are  (established  by  the  law) 

Our  latest  rates  of  fare, 
Just  read  them  o'er  and  you  will  find 

My  charge  is  fair  and  square." 

762 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

John  pulled  his  pocket-book  out  slow  1871 

And  laid  the  money  down.  Barlow 

"  From  this  time  I  will  ride  no  more 

While  I  am  in  the  town." 
Then  off  to  dinner  he  did  go 

Which  was  made  ready  soon, 
Then  by  himself  he  strolled  away 

To  spend  the  afternoon." 

HowELLS,  William  Dean.  Avery.  {In  his  Their  wedding  1371 
journey.  Boston  and  N.  Y. :  Houghton  Mifflin  and  Co.  1 888.  Howelli 
Pp.   139-141.) 

The  hero  recites  these  lines  to  the  heroine  as  they  sit  on  Goat  Island  at 
the  brink  of  the  rapids.  It  is  a  most  graphic  account  in  verse  of  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  rescue  a  man  who  had  gone  over  the  Fall.  Since  its 
first  publication  in  Their  wedding  journey,  it  has  appeared  In  several 
compilations  of  Niagara  literature  and  verse,  notably  in  Longfellow's 
Poems  of  places. 

I 
All  night  long  they  heard  in  the  houses  beside  the  shore. 
Heard,  or  seemed  to  hear,  through  the  multitudinous  roar. 
Out  of  the  hell  of  the  rapids  as  'twere  a  lost  soul's  cries: 
Heard  and  could  not  believe ;  and  the  morning  mocked  their  eyes 
Showing  where  wildest  and  fiercest  the  waters  leaped  up  and  ran 
Raving  round  him  and  past,  the  visage  of  a  man 
Clinging,  or  seeming  to  cling,  to  the  trunk  of  a  tree  that,  caught 
Fast  in  the  rocks  below,  scarce  out  of  the  surges  raught. 
Was  it  a  life,  could  it  be,  to  yon  slender  hope  that  clung? 
Shrill,  above  all  the  tumult  the  answering  terror  rung, 

II 

Under  the  weltering  rapids  a  boat  from  the  bridge  is  drowned, 
Over  the  rocks  the  lines  of  another  are  tangled  and  wound, 
And  the  long,  fateful  hours  of  the  morning  have  wasted  soon. 
As  it  had  been  in  some  blessed  trance,  and  now  it  is  noon. 
Flurry,  now  with  the  raft!     But  O,  build  it  strong  and  stanch, 
And  to  the  lines  and  treacherous  rocks  look  well  as  you  launch 

763 


Niagara  Falls 

1871         Over  the  foamy  tops  of  the  waves,  and  the  foam-sprent  sides, 
Howells  Over  the  hidden  reefs,  and  through  the  embattled  tides, 

Onward  rushes  the  raft,  with  many  a  lurch  and  leap, — 
Lord!  if  it  strike  him  loose  from  the  hold  he  scarce  can  keep! 
No !  through  all  peril  unharmed,  it  reaches  him  harmless  at  last. 
And  to  its  proven  strength  he  lashes  his  weakness  fast. 
Now,  for  the  shore!      But  steady,  steady,  my  men,  and  slow; 
Taut,  no^v,  the  quivering  lines;  now  slack;  and  so,  let  her  go! 
Thronging  the  shores  around  stand  the  pitying  multitude; 
Wan  as  his  own  are  their  looks,  and  a  nightmare  seems  to  brood 
Heavy  upon  them,  and  heavy  the  silence  hangs  on  all. 
Save  for  the  rapids'  plunge,  and  the  thunder  of  the  fall. 
But  on  a  sudden  thrills  from  the  people  still  and  pale, 
Chorussing  his  unheard  despair,  a  desperate  wail; 
Caught  on  a  lurking  point  of  rock  it  sways  and  swings. 
Sport  of  the  pitiless  waters,  the  raft  to  which  he  clings. 

Ill 

All  the  long  afternoon  it  idly  swings  and  sways; 
And  on  the  shore  the  crowd  lifts  up  its  hands  and  prays: 
Lifts  to  heaven  and  wrings  the  hands  so  helpless  to  save, 
Prays  for  the  mercy  of  God  on  him  whom  the  rock  and  the  wave 
Battle  for,  fettered  betwixt  them,  and  who  amidst  their  strife 
Struggles  to  help  his  helpers,  and  fights  so  hard  for  his  life, — 
Tugging  at  rope  and  at  reef,  while  men  weep  and  women  swoon. 
Priceless  second  by  second,  so  wastes  the  afternoon. 
And  it  is  sunset  now;  and  another  boat  and  the  last 
Down  to  him  from  the  bridge  through  the  rapids  has   safely 
passed. 

IV 

Wild  through  the  crowd  comes  flying  a  man  that  nothing  can  stay, 
Maddening  against  the  gate  that  is  locked  athwart  his  way. 
"  No!  we  keep  the  bridge  for  them  that  can  help  him.     You, 
Tell  us,  who  are  you?"     "His  brother!  "      "God  help  you 
both!     Pass  through." 

764 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Wild,  with  wide  arms  of  imploring  he  calls  aloud  to  him,  1871 

Unto  the  face  of  his  brother,  scarce  seen  in  the  distance  dim ; 

But  in  the  roar  of  the  rapids  his  fluttering  words  are  lost 

As  in  a  wind  of  autumn  the  leaves  of  autumn  are  tossed. 

And  from  the  bridge  he  sees  his  brother  sever  the  rope 

Holding  him  to  the  raft,  and  rise  secure  in  his  hope; 

Sees  all  as  in  a  dream  the  terrible  pageantry, — 

Populous  shores,  the  woods,  the  sky,  the  birds  flying  free; 

Sees,  then,  the  form, —  that,  spent  with  effort  and  fasting  and 

fear. 
Flings  itself  feebly  and  fails  of  the  boat  that  is  lying  so  near, — 
Caught  in  the  long-baffled  clutch  of  the  rapids,  and  rolled  and 

hurled 
Headlong  on  to  the  cataract's  brink,  and  out  of  the  world. 

HowELLS,  William  Dean.  Their  wedding  journey.  Boston  and 
N.  Y.:     Houghton  Mifflin  and  Co.     1888.     Pp.  119-171,  288-319. 

Howell's  descriptions  of  the  Niagara  scenery  in  this  story  rank  with 
the  artistic  and  sympathetic  study  of  Charles  Dudley  Warner  in  Thdr 
pilgrimage.  Like  Warner,  Howells  has  used  the  Falls  as  a  background 
upon  which  to  project  his  characters.  In  the  edition  cited,  the  last  chapter 
contains  the  story  of  Niagara  revisited  twelve  years  after  their  wedding 
journey.  On  page  1  39  is  found  the  poem  entitled  Avery  which  is  quoted 
separately. 

I  am  not  sure  but  the  first  emotion  on  viewing  Niagara  is  that 
of  familiarity.  Ever  after,  its  strangeness  increases;  but  in  that 
earliest  moment,  when  you  stand  by  the  side  of  the  American  fall, 
and  take  in  so  much  of  the  whole  as  your  glance  can  compass, 
an  impression  of  having  seen  it  often  before  is  certainly  very  vivid. 
This  may  be  an  effect  of  that  grandeur  which  puts  you  at  your 
ease  in  its  presence;  but  it  also  undoubtedly  results  in  part  from 
lifelong  acquaintance  with  every  variety  of  futile  picture  of  the 
scene.  You  have  its  outward  form  clearly  in  your  memory;  the 
shores,  the  rapids,  the  islands,  the  curve  of  the  Falls,  and  the  stout 
rainbow  with  one  end  resting  on  their  top  and  the  other  lost  in 
the  mists  that  rise  from  the  gulf  beneath.     On  the  whole  I  do  not 

765 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  account  this  sort  of  familiarity  a  misfortune.     The  surprise  is 

Howells  none  the  less  a  surprise  because  it  is  kept  till  the  last,  and  the 

marvel,  making  itself  finally  felt  in  every  nerve,  and  not  at  once 
through  a  single  sense,  all  the  more  fully  possesses  you.  It  is  as 
if  Niagara  reserved  her  magnificence,  and  preferred  to  win  your 
heart  with  her  beauty;  and  so  Isabel,  who  was  instinctively  pre- 
pared for  the  reverse,  suffered  a  vague  disappointment,  for  a  little 
instant,  as  she  looked  along  the  verge  from  the  water  that 
caressed  the  shore  at  her  feet  before  it  flung  itself  down,  to  the 
wooded  point  that  divides  the  American  from  the  Canadian  Fall, 
beyond  which  showed  dimly  through  its  veil  of  golden  and 
silver  mists  the  emerald  wall  of  the  great  Horse-Shoe.  "How  still 
it  is!  "  she  said,  amidst  the  roar  that  shook  the  ground  under  their 
feet  and  made  the  leaves  tremble  overhead,  and  "  How  lone- 
some! "  amidst  the  people  lounging  and  sauntering  about  in  every 
direction  among  the  trees.  In  fact  that  prodigious  presence  does 
make  a  solitude  and  silence  round  every  spirit  worthy  to  perceive 
it,  and  it  gives  a  kind  of  dignity  to  all  its  belongings,  so  that  the 
rocks  and  pebbles  in  the  water's  edge,  and  the  weeds  and  grasses 
that  nod  above  it,  have  a  value  far  beyond  that  of  such  common 
things  elsewhere.  In  all  the  aspects  of  Niagara  there  seems  a 
grave  simplicity,  which  is  perhaps  a  reflection  of  the  spectator  s 
soul  for  once  utterly  dismantled  of  affectation  and  convention. 
In  the  vulgar  reaction  from  this,  you  are  of  course  as  trivial,  if  you 
like,  at  Niagara,  as  anywhere. 

•  •  •  •  • 

Emerging  into  the  light  again,  she  found  herself  at  the 
foot  of  the  fall  by  whose  top  she  had  just  stood. 

At  first  she  was  glad  there  were  other  people  down  there,  as 
if  she  and  Basil  v/ere  not  enough  to  bear  it  alone,  and  she  could 
almost  have  spol:en  to  the  two  hopelessly  pretty  brides,  with 
parasols  and  impertinent  little  boots,  whom  their  attendant 
husbands  were  helping  over  the  sharp  and  slippery  rocks,  so  bare 
beyond  the  spray,  so  green  and  mossy  with  the  fall  of  mist.  But 
in  another  breath  she  forgot  them,  as  she  looked  on  that  dizzied 

766 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

sea,  hurling  itself  from  the  high  summit  in  huge  white  knots,  and  1871 
breaks  and  masses,  and  plunging  into  the  gulf  beside  her,  while  "°^^"» 
it  sent  continually  up  a  strong  voice  of  lamentation,  and  crawled 
away  in  vast  eddies,  with  somehow  a  look  of  human  terror, 
bewilderment  and  pain.  It  was  bathed  in  snowy  vapor  to  its 
crest,  but  now  and  then  heavy  currents  of  air  drew  this  aside,  and 
they  saw  the  outline  of  the  Falls  almost  as  far  as  the  Canada  side. 
They  remembered  afterwards  how  they  were  able  to  make  use 
of  but  one  sense  at  a  time,  and  how  when  they  strove  to  take  in 
the  forms  of  the  descending  flood,  they  ceased  to  hear  it;  but  as 
soon  as  they  released  their  eyes  from  this  service,  every  fibre  in 
them  vibrated  to  the  sound,  and  the  spectacle  dissolved  away  in 
it.  They  were  aware,  too,  of  a  strange  capriciousness  in  their 
senses,  and  of  a  tendency  of  each  to  palter  with  the  things  per- 
ceived. The  eye  could  no  longer  take  truthful  note  of  quality, 
and  now  beheld  the  tumbling  deluge  as  a  Gothic  wall  of  carven 
marble,  white,  motionless,  and  now  as  a  fail  of  lightest  snow, 
with  movement  in  all  its  atoms,  and  scarce  so  much  cohesion  as 
would  hold  them  together;  and  again  they  could  not  discern  if 
this  course  were  from  above  or  from  beneath,  whether  the  water 
rose  from  the  abyss  or  dropped  from  the  height.  The  ear  could 
give  the  brain  no  assurance  of  the  sound  that  filled  it,  and 
whether  it  were  great  or  little;  the  prevailing  softness  of  the 
cataract's  tone  seemed  so  much  opposed  to  ideas  of  prodigious 
force  or  of  prodigious  volume.  It  was  only  when  the  sight,  so 
idle  in  its  own  behalf,  came  to  the  aid  of  the  other  sense,  and 
showed  them  the  mute  movement  of  each  other's  lips,  that  they 
dimly  appreciated  the  depth  of  sound  that  involved  them.  .  .  . 
Over  the  river,  so  still  with  its  oily  eddies  and  delicate  wreaths 
of  foam,  just  below  the  Falls  they  have  in  late  years  woven  a  web 
of  wire  high  in  air  and  hung  a  bridge  from  precipice  to  precipice. 
Of  all  the  bridges  made  with  hands  it  seems  the  lightest,  most 
ethereal;  it  is  ideally  graceful,  and  droops  from  its  slight  towers 
like  a  garland.  It  is  worthy  to  command,  as  it  does,  the  whole 
grandeur  of  Niagara,  and  to  show  the  traveller  the  vast  spectacle, 

767 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  from  the  beginning  of  the  American  Fall  to  the  farthest  limit  of 

the  Horse-Shoe,  with  all  the  awful  pomp  of  the  rapids,  the  solemn 
darkness  of  the  wooded  islands,  the  mystery  of  the  vaporous  gulf, 
the  indomitable  wildness  of  the  shores,  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach 
up  or  down  the  fatal  stream. 

The  last  hues  of  sunset  lingered  in  the  mists  that  sprung  from 
the  base  of  the  Falls  with  a  mournful,  tremulous  grace,  and  a 
movement  weird  as  the  play  of  the  northern  lights.  They  were 
touched  with  the  most  delicate  purples  and  crimsons,  that 
darkened  to  deep  red,  and  then  faded  from  them  at  a  second 
look,  and  they  flew  upward,  swiftly  upward,  like  troops  of  pale, 
transparent  ghosts;  while  a  perfectly  clear  radiance,  better  than 
any  other  for  local  color,  dwelt  upon  the  scene.  Far  under  the 
bridge  the  river  smoothly  swam,  the  undercurrents  forever 
unfolding  themselves  upon  the  surface  with  a  vast  rose-like  evolu- 
tion, edged  all  around  with  faint  lines  of  white,  where  the  air 
that  filled  the  water  freed  itself  in  foam.  What  had  been  clear 
green  on  the  face  of  the  cataract  was  here  more  like  rich  verd- 
antique,  and  had  a  look  of  firmness  almost  like  that  of  the  stone 
itself.  So  it  showed  beneath  the  bridge,  and  down  the  river  till 
the  curving  shores  hid  it.  These,  springing  abruptly  from  the 
water's  brink,  and  shagged  with  pine  and  cedar,  displayed  the 
tender  verdure  of  grass  and  bushes  intermingled  with  the  dark 
evergreens  that  climb  from  ledge  to  ledge,  till  they  point  their 
speary  tops  above  the  crest  of  bluffs.  In  front,  where  tumbled 
rocks  and  expanses  of  naked  clay  varied  the  gloomier  and  gayer 
green,  sprung  those  spectral  mists;  and  through  them  loomed  out, 
in  its  manifold  majesty,  Niagara,  with  the  seemingly  immovable 
white  Gothic  screen  of  the  American  Fall,  and  the  green  massive 
curve  of  the  Horse-Shoe,  solid  and  simple  and  calm  as  an 
Egyptian  wall;  while  behind  this,  with  their  white  and  black 
expanses  broken  by  dark  foliaged  little  isles,  the  steep  Canadian 
rapids  billowed  down  between  their  heavily  wooded  shores. 

768 


Music  —  PoelT])  —  Fiction 

The  next  morning  they  went  out  as  they  had  planned,  for  an     1871 
exploration  of  Goat  Island,  after  an  early  breakfast.      .      .     .  "'^*"» 

On  the  bridge,  they  paused  and  looked  up  and  down  the 
rapids  rushing  down  the  slope  in  all  their  wild  variety,  with  the 
white  crests  of  breaking  surf,  the  dark  massiveness  of  heavy- 
climbing  waves,  the  fleet,  smooth  sweep  of  currents  over  broad 
shelves  of  sunken  rock,  the  dizzy  swirl  and  suck  of  whirlpools. 

Spell-bound,  the  journeyers  pored  upon  the  deathful  course 
beneath  their  feet,  gave  a  shudder  to  the  horror  of  being  cast 
upon  it,  and  then  hurried  over  the  bridge  to  the  island,  in  the 
shadow  of  whose  wildness  they  sought  refuge  from  the  sight  and 
sound. 

There  had  been  rain  in  the  night;  the  air  was  full  of  forest 
fragrance,  and  the  low,  sweet  voice  of  twittering  birds. 

Goat  Island  is  marvelously  wild  for  a  place  visited  by  so  many 
thousands  every  year.  The  shrubbery  and  undergrowth  remain 
unravaged,  and  form  a  deceitful  privacy,  in  which,  even  at  that 
early  hour  of  the  day,  they  met  many  other  pairs. 

Our  friends  returned  by  the  shore  of  the  Canadian  rapids, 
having  traversed  the  island  by  a  path  through  the  heart  of  the 
woods,  and  now  drew  slowly  near  the  Falls  again.  All  parts  of 
the  prodigious  pageant  have  an  eternal  novelty,  and  they  beheld 
the  ever-varying  effect  of  that  constant  sublimity  with  the  sense 
of  discoverers,  or  rather  of  people  whose  great  fortune  it  is  to 
see  the  marvel  in  its  beginning,  and  new  from  the  creating  hand. 
The  morning  hour  lent  its  sunny  charm  to  this  illusion,  while  in 
the  cavernous  precipices  of  the  shores,  dark  with  evergreens,  a 
mystery  as  of  primeval  night  seemed  to  linger.  There  was  a  wild 
fluttering  of  their  nerves,  a  rapture  with  an  under-consciousness 
of  pain,  the  exaltation  of  peril  and  escape,  when  they  came  to 
the  three  little  isles  that  extend  from  Goat  Island,  one  beyond 
40  769 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  another  far  out  into  the  furious  channel.     Three  pretty  suspension 

HowelU  bridges  connect  them  now  with  the  larger  island,  and  under  each 
of  these  flounders  a  huge  rapid,  and  hurls  itself  away  to  mingle 
with  the  ruin  of  the  fall.  The  Three  Sisters  are  mere  fragments 
of  wilderness,  clumps  of  vine-tangled  woods,  planted  upon 
masses  of  rock;  but  they  are  part  of  the  fascination  of  Niagara 
which  no  one  resists; 

he  .  .  .  went  alone  to  the  top  of  the  audacious 
little  structure  standing  on  the  verge  of  the  cataract,  between  the 
smooth  curve  of  the  Horse-Shoe  and  the  sculptured  front  of  the 
Central  Fall,  with  the  stormy  sea  of  the  Rapids  behind,  and  the 
river,  dim  seen  through  the  mists,  crawling  away  between  its  lofty 
bluffs  before.  He  knew  again  the  awful  delight  with  which  so 
long  ago  he  had  watched  the  changes  in  the  beauty  of  the 
Canadian  Fall  as  it  hung  a  mass  of  translucent  green  from  the 
brink,  and  a  pearly  white  seemed  to  crawl  up  from  the  abyss,  and 
penetrate  all  its  substance  to  the  very  crest,  and  then  suddenly 
vanished  from  it,  and  perpetually  renewed  the  same  effect.  The 
mystery  of  the  rising  vapors  veiled  the  gulf  into  which  the  cataract 
swoop)ed ;  the  sun  shone,  and  a  rainbow  dreamed  upon  them. 

After  dmner  they  drove  on  the  Canada  shore  up  past  the 
Clifton  House,  towards  the  Burning  Spring,  which  is  not  the 
least  wonder  of  Niagara.  As  each  bubble  breaks  upon  the 
troubled  surface,  and  yields  its  flash  of  infernal  flame  and  its  whiff 
of  sulphurous  stench,  it  seems  hardly  strange  that  the  Neutral 
Nation  should  have  revered  the  cataract  as  a  demon ;  and  another 
subtle  spell  (not  to  be  broken  even  by  the  business-like  composure 
of  the  man  who  shows  off  the  hell-broth)  is  added  to  those  suc- 
cessive sorceries  by  which  Niagara  gradually  changes  from  a 
thing  of  beauty  to  a  thing  of  terror.  By  all  odds,  too,  the  most 
tremendous  view  of  the  Falls  is  afforded  by  the  point  on  this  drive 
whence  you  look  down  upon  the  Horse-Shoe,  and  behold  its  three 

770 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

massive  walls  of  sea  rounding  and  sweeping  into  the  gulf  together,     1871 
the  color  gone,  and  the  smooth  brink  showing  black  and  ridgy.         °^*  * 

But  all  troubles  passed  with  the  night,  and  the  next  morning 
they  spent  a  charming  hour  about  Prospect  Point,  and  in  saunter- 
ing over  Goat  Island,  somewhat  daintily  tasting  the  flavors  of  the 
place  on  whose  wonders  they  had  so  hungrily  and  indiscriminately 
feasted  at  first.  They  had  already  the  feeling  of  veteran  visitors, 
and  they  loftily  marveled  at  the  greed  with  which  newer-comers 
plunged  at  the  sensations.  They  could  not  conceive  why  people 
should  want  to  descend  the  inclined  railway  to  the  foot  of  the 
American  Fall;  they  smiled  at  the  idea  of  going  up  Terrapin 
Tower;  they  derided  the  vulgar  daring  of  those  who  went  out 
upon  the  Three  Weird  Sisters;  for  some  whom  they  saw  about 
to  go  down  the  Biddle  Stairs  to  the  Cave  of  the  Winds,  they  had 
no  words  to  express  their  contempt. 

Then  they  made  their  excursion  to  the  Whirlpool,  mistakenly 
going  down  on  the  American  side,  for  it  is  much  better  seen  from 
the  other,  though  seen  from  any  point  it  is  the  most  impressive 
feature  of  the  whole  prodigious  spectacle  of  Niagara. 

Here  within  the  compass  of  a  mile,  those  inland  seas  of  the 
North,  Superior,  Huron,  Michigan,  Erie,  and  the  multitude  of 
smaller  lakes,  all  pour  their  floods,  where  they  swirl  in  dreadful 
vortices,  with  resistless  under-currents  boiling  beneath  the  surface 
of  that  mighty  eddy.  Abruptly  from  this  scene  of  secret  power, 
so  different  from  the  thunderous  splendors  of  the  cataract  itself, 
rise  lofty  cliffs  on  every  side,  to  a  height  of  two  hundred  feet, 
clothed  from  the  water's  edge  almost  to  their  crests  with  dark 
cedars.  Noiselessly,  so  far  as  your  senses  perceive,  the  lakes  steal 
out  of  the  whirlpool,  then,  drunk  and  wild,  with  brawling  rapids 
roar  away  to  Ontario  through  the  narrow  channel  of  the  river. 
Awful  as  the  scene  is,  you  stand  so  far  above  it  that  you  do  not 
know  the  half  of  its  terribleness ;  for  those  waters  that  look  so 
smooth  are  great  ridges  and  rings,  forced,  by  the  impulse  of  the 
currents,  twelve  feet  higher  in  the  centre  than  at  the  margin. 

771 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  Nothing  can  live  there,  and  with  what  is  caught  in  its  hold,  the 

maelstrom  plays  for  days,  and  whirls  and  tosses  round  and  round 
in  its  toils,  with  a  sad,  maniacal  patience.  The  guides  tell  ghastly 
stories,  which  even  their  telling  does  not  wholly  rob  of  ghastliness, 
about  the  bodies  of  drowned  men  carried  into  the  whirlpool  and 
made  to  enact  upon  its  dizzy  surges  a  travesty  of  life,  apparently 
floating  there  at  their  pleasure,  diving  and  frolicking  amid  the 
waves,  or  frantically  struggling  to  escape  from  the  death  that  has 
long  since  befallen  them. 

On  the  American  side,  not  far  below  the  railway  suspension 
bridge,  is  an  elevator  more  than  a  hundred  and  eighty  feet  high, 
which  is  meant  to  let  people  down  to  the  shore  below,  and  to  give 
a  view  of  the  rapids  on  their  own  level. 


.  .  .  .  at  last  they  stood  upon  a  huge  fragment  of  stone 
right  abreast  of  the  rapids.  Yet  it  was  a  magnificent  sight,  and 
for  a  moment  none  of  them  were  sorry  to  have  come.  The  surges 
did  not  look  like  the  gigantic  ripples  on  a  river's  course  as  they 
were,  but  like  a  procession  of  ocean  billows;  they  arose  far  aloft 
in  vast  bulks  of  clear  green,  and  broke  heavily  into  foam  at  the 
crest.  Great  blocks  and  shapeless  fragments  of  rock  strewed  the 
margin  of  the  awful  torrent;  gloomy  walls  of  dark  stone  rose 
naked  from  these,  bearded  here  and  there  with  cedar,  and  every- 
where frowning  with  shaggy  brows  of  evergreen.  The  place  is 
inexpressibly  lonely  and  dreadful,  and  one  feels  like  an  alien 
presence  there,  or  as  if  he  had  intruded  upon  some  mood  or  haunt 
of  Nature  in  which  she  had  a  right  to  be  forever  alone.  The 
slight,  impudent  structure  of  the  elevator  rises  through  the  solitude, 
like  a  thing  that  merits  ruin,  yet  it  is  better  than  something  more 
elaborate,  for  it  looks  temporary,  and  since  there  must  be  an 
elevator,  it  is  well  to  have  it  of  the  most  transitory  aspect.  Some 
such  quality  of  rude  impermanence  consoles  you  for  the  presence 
of  most  improvements  by  which  you  enjoy  Niagara;  the  suspen- 

772 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

sion  bridges  for  their  part  being  saved  from  offensiveness  by  their     1871 
beauty  and  unreality.  HowelU 

*'  We  come  to  Niagara  in  the  patronizing  spirit  in 
which  we  approach  everything  nowadays,  and  for  a  few  hours 
we  have  it  our  own  way,  and  pay  our  httle  tributes  of  admiration 
with  as  much  complacency  as  we  feel  in  acknowledging  the  exist- 
ence of  the  Supreme  Being.  But  after  a  while  we  are  aware  of 
some  potent  influence  undermining  our  self-satisfaction ;  we  begin 
to  conjecture  that  the  great  cataract  does  not  exist  by  virtue  of  our 
approval,  and  to  feel  that  it  will  not  cease  when  we  go  away, 
The  second  day  makes  us  its  abject  slaves,  and  on  the  third  we 
want  to  fly  from  it  in  terror.  I  believe  some  people  stay  for 
weeks,  however,  and  hordes  of  them  have  written  odes  to 
Niagara." 

The  moon  which  is  elsewhere  so  often  of  wormwood, 
or  of  the  ordinary  green  cheese  at  the  best,  is  of  lucent  honey 
there  from  the  first  of  June  to  the  last  of  October;  and  this  is  a 
great  charm  in  Niagara.  I  think  with  tenderness  of  all  the  lives 
that  have  opened  so  fairly  there ;  the  hopes  that  have  regained  in 
the  glad  young  hearts;  the  measureless  tide  of  joy  that  ebbs  and 
flows  with  the  arriving  and  departing  trains.  Elsewhere  there 
are  carking  cares  of  business  and  of  fashion,  there  are  age,  and 
sorrow,  and  heartbreak;  but  here  only  youth,  faith,  rapture. 
I  kiss  my  hand  to  Niagara  for  that  reason,  and  would  I  were  a 
poet  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour. 

Palacio,    Don   Vicente   Riva   and   Mateos.    Don   Juan   A.     I87i 

La   cataracta   del   Niagara.       (In    their   Dramatic   works.      Mexico   City.  P»'»<='°  ^'^ 
1871.)  ^*''°' 

The  time  of  this  drama,  written  In  verse,  is  1847.      The  first  two  acts 
are  set  in  Mexico  City,  and  the  third  at  Niagara. 

1872 

Biddle,  Horace  P.     Niagara,      (/n /ii's  Poems.     N.  Y.:     Riverside     1872 
Press.     1872.     P.  237.)  '  Biddle 

773 


Niagara  Falls 

1872  A  sonnet  addressed  to  "Almighty  God  "  who 

^'<1<^'«  Here,  by  these  waters,  in  their  ceaseless  flow, 

Has  fixed  His  covenant.     Behold  the  Bow! 
And  while  earth  trembles  'neath  the  mighty  load, 
Man  sees  the  promise  and  the  power  of  God! 

1872  RiDGELY,  A.  S.      (Poem)      (In  Holley,  G.  W.,  Niagara;  its  history 

Ridgely  afjj  geology,  incidents  and  poetry.     .       .       .     N.  Y.,  Buffalo,  1  oronto. 

1872.     Pp.  164-165.) 

Man  lays  his  sceptre  on  the  ocean  waste. 
His  foot-prints  stiffen  in  the  Alpine  snows. 
But  only  God  moves  visibly  in  Thee, 
Oh  King  of  Floods !  that  with  resistless  fate 
Down  plungest  in  thy  mighty  width  and  depth. 

Amazement,  terror,  fill. 
Impress  and  overcome  the  gazer's  soul. 
Man's  schemes  and  dreams  and  petty  littleness 
Lie  open  and  revealed.     Himself  far  less  — 
Kneeling  before  thy  great  confessional  — 
Than  are  bubbles  of  the  passing  tides. 
Words  may  not  picture  thee,  nor  pencil  paint 
Thy  might  of  waters,  volumed  vast  and  deep ; 
Thy  many-toned  and  all  pervading  voice; 
Thy  wood-crown'd  Isle,  fast  anchored  on  the  brink 
Of  the  dread  precipice;  thy  double  stream, 
Divided,  yet  in  beauty  unimpaired; 
Thy  wat'ry  caverns  and  thy  crystal  walls; 
Thy  crest  of  sunlight  and  thy  depths  of  shade, 
Boiling  and  seething  like  a  Phlegethon 
Amid  the  wind-swept  and  convolving  spray. 
Steady  as  Faith  and  beautiful  as  Hope. 
There,  of  beam  and  cloud  the  fair  creation. 
The  rainbow  arches  its  ethereal  hues. 
From  flint  and  granite  in  compacture  strong; 
Not  with  steel  thrice  harden'd  —  but  with  the  wave 

Soft  and  translucent  —  did  the  new-born  Time 

774 


Music  —  Poetr})  —  Fiction 

Chisel  thy  altars.     Here  hast  thou  ever  poured  .^®^^ 

Earth's  grand  libation  to  Eternity, 
Thy  misty  incense  rising  unto  God  — 
The  God  that  was  and  is  and  is  to  be. 

Thoughts   on   visiting    Niagara.      {In    Holley,    G.    W.,    Niagara;   its      1872 
history   and   geology,   incidents   and  poetry.      .     .     .      N.    Y.,    Buffalo, 
Toronto.     1872.    Pp.  157-158.) 

I  wonder  how  long  you've  been  a  roarin 

At  this  infernal  rate; 
I  wonder  if  all  you've  been  a  pourin' 

Could  be  ciphered  on  a  slate. 

I  wonder  how  such  a  thund'rin'  sounded 

When  all  New  York  was  woods; 
I  suppose  some  Indians  have  been  drownded 

When  rains  have  raised  your  floods. 

I  wonder  if  wild  stags  and  buffaloes 

Hav'nt  stood  where  now  I  stand; 
Well,  'spose  —  bein'  scared  at  first  —  they  stub'd  their  toes, 

I  wonder  where  they'd  land ! 

I  wonder  if  the  rainbow's  been  a  shinin' 

Since  sunrise  at  creation; 
And  this  water-fall  been  underminin' 

With  constant  spateration! 

That  Moses  never  mentioned  ye,  IVe  wondered. 

While  other  things  describin'. 
My  conscience!  how  loud  you  must  have  thunder'd 

While  the  deluge  was  subsidin' ! 

My  thoughts  are  strange,  magnificent  and  deep, 

While  I  look  down  on  thee. 
Oh!  what  a  splendid  place  for  washing  sheep 

Niagara  would  be ! 

775 


Niagara  Falls 

1872  And  oh!  what  a  tremendous  water  power 

Is  wasted  o'er  its  edge! 
One  man  might  furnish  all  the  world  with  flour 
With  a  single  privilege. 

I  wonder  how  many  times  the  lakes  have  all 

Been  emptied  over  here? 
Why  Clinton  didn't  feed  the  Grand  Canawl 

From  hence,  I  think  is  queer, 

1872  TuppER,  Martin  Farquhar.     Niagara.     (In  Holley.  George  W., 
Tupper            Niagara;  its  history  and  geology,  incidents  and  poetry.     .     .     .     N.  Y., 

Buffalo,  Toronto.      1872.     P.   163.) 

By  the  author  of  Tupper  s  Proverbial  Philosophy). 

I  longed  for  Andes;  all  around  and  Alps, 

Hoar  kings  and  priests  of  Nature  robed  in  snow. 
Throned  as  for  judgment  in  a  solemn  row, 

With  ic)'  mitres  on  their  giant  scalps. 

Dumb  giants  frowning  at  the  strife  below. 

I  longed  for  the  sublime.     Thou  art  too  fair, 

Too  fair,  Niagara,  to  be  sublime! 

In  calm,  slow  strength  thy  mighty  floods  do  flow 
And  stand  a  cliff  of  Cataracts  in  the  air. 

Yet  all  too  beauteous.  Water  bride  of  Time ! 

Veiled  in  soft  mists  and  cinctured  by  the  bow. 
Thy  pastoral  charms  may  fascinate  the  sight. 

But  have  not  power  to  set  my  soul  aglow. 
Raptured  by  fear  and  wonder  and  delight. 

1873 

1873  Taylor,  Bayard.      The  chiropodirt ;  a  story  of  the  watering  places — 
T.ylor               III— Niagara.       ( Harp,  w.,   1 873.      24:465-466.) 

Niagara  used  as  the  background  for  the  happy  denouement  of  a  love 
story. 

776 


Music  —  Poelr})  —  Fiction 

1874 

Wines,  Mary  J.  Niagara  Falls.  (In  her  Infant  harper  and  other  1874 
poems.      Cambridge,  Mass.:     Hurd  &  Houghton.      1874.     P.   193.)       Wine. 

Great  God !  within  Thy  glorious  temple,  mute  with  awe. 
We  stand  and  listen  to  the  pealing  hymn 
Of  thine  Omnipotence.     In  all  this  wide,  wide  world 
Where  can  earth's  children  go  to  learn  a  grander  lesson 
Of  Thy  Majesty?     .     .     . 

Doubt  must  vanish,  boasting  cease,  weariness  and  sorrow  find  rest  and 
comfort,  in  this  spectacle,  is  the  spirit  of  the  poem. 

1875 

[MoRETON,  Mrs.  C.  J.]  Niagara  above  the  cataract.  (In  her  1875 
Miscellaneous  poems.  .  .  .  [Phila.:]  Porter  and  Coates.  1 875.  Moreton 
Pp.  165-169.) 

Premonition  of  the  battling  flood  at  the  fall  makes  the  heart  leap  fast 
as  the  traveller  approaches  the  scene. 

[MoRETON,  Mrs.  C.  J.]  Niagara  below  the  cataract.  (In  her 
Miscellaneous  poems.  .  .  .  [Phila.:]  Porter  and  Coates.  1875. 
Pp.  165-169.) 

The  Falls  are  compared  to  a  temple 
a  fitting  place 
For  solemn  thought,  for  deep  and  earnest  prayer; 
For  here  the  finger  of  our  God  I  trace, 

Beneath,  above,  around  me,  everywhere ; 
He  hollowed  out  this  grand  and  mighty  nave, 
And  robed  his  altar  with  the  ocean  wave ! 

1876 

Carpio,  Manuel.     Soneto  a  la  Catarata  del  Niagara.      (In  Poesias      ^876 
de  Manuel  Carpio  con  su  biografia  escrita  por  el  Sr.  Doctor  Jose  Bernardo  ^*''P'° 
Conto.      Nuova     edicion.     Veracruz-Pueblo:      Liberias     La     Ilustracion. 
Paris:     A.  Donnametti.      1883.     P.  206.) 

El  ancho  rio  avazase  rugiente 
Entre  selvas  que  cubren  la  llanura, 
Vastas  regiones  llenas  de  frescura 

777 


Niagara  Falls 

1876  Va  regando  su  esplendida  corriente 

^"P'"  Pero  sus  grandes  aguas  de  repente 

Se  precipitan  de  una  immensa  altura 
Yse  guebrantan  en  la  roca  dura, 
Yse  trasforman  en  espuma  hirviente. 

Al  estruendoso  golpe,  espera  nube 
Alia  se  agita  en  el  profundo  seno 

Y  vagarosa  del  abismo  sube. 
Tiembla  y  retiembla  el  barbaro  terreno 

Y  ante  Dios  arrodillase  el  querube 
Alando  oye  cerca  el  incansable  trueno. 

1876  Warner,  Susan.     The  rapids  of  Niagara.     N.  Y. :     R.  Carter  and 
W.mer            Brothers.       1876.      P.  2 11 . 

This  "  highly  moral  tale  "  is  volume  six  in  Miss  Warner's  Say  and  Do 
scries.  The  characters  are  brought  to  Niagara,  and  the  book  contains  a 
full-page  view  of  the  Falls. 

1877 

1877  PrIETO,  GuillERMO.      Viaje  a  los  Estados-Unidos.      Por  Fidel.      3 
Prieto              vols.      Mexico:     Dublan  y  Chavez.      1878.     2:285-312. 

The  author's  visit  to  Niagara  was  made  in  1877.  He  gives  us  a 
poetic  prose  description  of  the  Falls  and  the  feelings  and  reflections  inspired 
by  them,  and  also  two  poems  on  Niagara:  En  El  Niagara  and  Al  Niagara. 

1878 

1878  Bennett,     W.     C.     Snatched     from     Niagara.      (Belgravia.      Mid- 
B«me»            summer  holiday  no.       1878.      Pp.  90-97.) 

Story  of  the  rescue  of  a  man  who  drifted  dowTi  into  the  rapids  while 
fishing.  He  leaped  on  a  rock  as  his  boat  passed,  and  was  finally  saved 
by  a  boat  let  down  on  cables  in  tow  of  a  canoe.  A  graphic  and  well- 
written  tale. 

1878  Day,  Richard  F..      Niagara.      (/n  his  Lines  in  the  sand.      [Poems.] 
Day                 Syracuse,  N.  v.:     John  T.  Roberts.      1878.     Pp.  28-30.) 

1879 

1879  FoNGFF.LLOW,   Henry  W.      Poems  of  places.      Boston:     James  R. 
Longfellow        Osgood  and  Co.      187(>-1879.     27:152-167. 

778 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Vol.  27,  America,  Middle  States. — Contains  a  selection  of  well-known      1879 
poems  relating  to  Niagara,  as  follows:  Longfellow 

The  falls  of  Niagara J.  G.  C.  Brainard 

Niagara    J.   M.   Heredia 

Niagara  Falls Lord  Morpeth 

Niagara H,  H.   Brownell 

Niagara Anonymous 

Niagara T.  G.  Appleton 

Niagara L.   H.  Sigoumey 

Avery    W.  D.  Howells 

Goat  Island T.  G.  Appleton 

The  Cataract  Isle C.  P.  Cranch 

.      Niagara.       (In   Longfellow,    H.   W.,    Poems  of  places.       1879 

Boston:     James  R.  Osgood  and  Co.     27:158-159.) 

I  stood  within  a  vision's  spell ; 

I  saw,  I  heard.     The  liquid  thunder 
Went  pouring  to  its  foaming  hell 
And  it  fell, 
Ever,  ever  fell 
Into  the  invisible  abyss  that  opened  under. 

I  stood  upon  a  speck  of  ground ; 
Before  me  fell  a  stormy  ocean. 
I  was  like  a  captive  bound; 
And  around 
A  universe  of  sound 
Troubled  the  heavens  with  ever-quivering  motion. 

Down,  down  forever  —  down,  down  forever. 
Something  falling,  falling,  falling. 
Up,  up  forever  —  up,  up  forever. 
Resting  never. 
Boiling  up  forever. 
Steam-clouds  shot  up  with  thunder-bursts  appalling. 
779 


Niagara  Falls 

1879  A  tone  that  since  the  birth  of  man 

Longfellow  Was  never  for  a  moment  broken, 

A  word  that  since  the  world  began. 
And  waters  ran, 
Hath  spoken  still  to  man, — 
Of  God  and  of  Eternity  hath  spoken. 

And  in  that  vision,  as  it  passed, 

Was  gathered  terror,  beauty,  power; 
And  still,  when  all  has  fled,  too  fast, 
And  I  at  last 
Dream  of  the  dreamy  past, 
My  heart  is  full  when  lingering  on  that  hour. 

Anon\)mous. 
1880-1881 
1880-81  Smith,  ErmINNIE  A.    A  Seneca  legend  of  Hi-nun  and  Niagara.    {In 

Smith  /,er    Myths    of   the   Iroquois.      Pp.    54-55.)       (Sec.    ann.    rep't    of    the 

bureau  of  ethn.  to  the  sec'y.  of  the  Smith,  inst.      1880-81.      By  J.  W. 
Powell,  Director.     Wash.:     Gov't,  print,  off.     1883.) 

A  beautiful  Indian  maiden  was  about  to  be  compelled  by  her 
family  to  marry  a  hideous  old  Indian. 

Despair  was  in  her  heart.  She  knew  that  there  was  no  escape 
for  her,  so  in  desperation  she  leaped  into  her  canoe  and  pushed 
it  from  shore  on  the  roaring  waters  of  Niagara.  She  heeded  not 
that  she  was  going  to  her  death,  preferring  the  angry  waters  to 
the  arms  of  her  detested  lover. 

Now,  the  God  of  Cloud  and  Rain,  the  great  deity  Hi-nu", 
who  watches  over  the  harvest,  dwelt  in  a  cave  behind  the  rush- 
ing waters.  From  his  home  he  saw  the  desperate  launching  of 
the  maiden's  canoe;  saw  her  going  to  almost  certain  destruction. 
He  spread  out  his  wings  and  flew  to  her  rescue,  and  caught  her 
just  as  her  frail  bark  was  dashing  on  the  rocks  below. 

The  grateful  Indian  girl  lived  for  many  weeks  in  Hi-nu"'s 
cave.  He  taught  her  many  new  things.  She  learned  from  him 
why  her  people  died  so  often  —  why  sickness  was  always  busy 

780 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

among  them.     He  told  her  how  a  snake  lay  coiled  up  under  the  1 880-81 
ground  beneath  the  village,  and  how  he  crept  out  and  poisoned   ™' 
the  springs,  because  he  lived  upon  human  beings   and  craved 
their  flesh  more  and  more,  so  that  he  could  never  get  enough  if 
they  died  from  natural  causes. 

Hi-nu"  kept  the  maiden  in  til  he  learned  that  the  ugly  old  suitor 
was  dead.  Then  he  bade  her  return  and  tell  her  tribe  what  she 
had  learned  of  the  great  Hi-nu". 

She  taught  them  all  he  had  told  her  and  begged  them  to  break 
up  their  settlement  and  travel  nearer  to  the  lake;  and  her  words 
prevailed.  For  a  while  sickness  ceased,  but  it  broke  out  again, 
for  the  serpent  was  far  too  cunning  to  be  so  easily  outwitted.  He 
dragged  himself  slowly  but  surely  after  the  people,  and  but  for 
Hi-nu"'s  influence  would  have  undermined  the  new  settlement  as 
he  had  the  former  one.  Hi-nu"  watched  him  until  he  neared  the 
creek,  then  he  launched  a  thunderbolt  at  him.  A  terrible  noise 
awoke  all  the  dwellers  by  the  lake,  but  the  snake  was  only 
injured,  not  killed.  Hi-nu"  was  forced  to  launch  another  thunder- 
bolt, and  another  and  another,  before,  finally,  the  poisoner  was 
slain. 

The  great  dead  snake  was  so  enormous  that  when  the  Indians 
laid  his  body  out  in  death  it  stretched  over  more  than  twenty 
arrow  flights,  and  as  he  floated  down  the  waters  of  Niagara  it 
was  as  if  a  mountain  appeared  above  them.  His  corpse  was  too 
large  to  pass  the  rocks,  so  it  became  wedged  in  between  them  and 
the  waters  rose  over  it  mountains  high.  As  the  weight  of  the 
monster  pressed  on  the  rocks  they  gave  way  and  thus  the  horse- 
shoe form,  that  remains  to  this  day,  was  fashioned.  But  the 
Indians  had  no  more  fever  in  their  settlement. 

The  same  legend  is  given  with  additional  details  In  Morgan,  Lewis  H., 
League  of  the  Ho-De-No-San-Nee,  or  Iroquois,  page  158,  published 
by  Lage  &  Bro.  at  Rochester,  1  85 1 . 

1881 

Coles,  Abraham.     A  Sabbath  at  Niagara.      (In  his  The  microcosm     1881 
and  other  poems.    N.  Y.:    D.  Appleton  and  Co.    1881.    Pp.  226-235.)  Colei 

781 


Niagara  Falls 

^®®*  Forevermore,  from  thee,  Niagara! 

Religious  Cataract!     Most  Holy  Fane! 
A  service  and  a  symphony  go  up 
Into  the  ear  of  God.     'Tis  Sabbath  morn. 
My  soul,  refreshed  and  full  of  comfort,  hears 
Thy  welcome  call  to  worship. 

My  soul,  that  else  were  mute,  transported  finds 
In  you,  O  inarticulate  Harmonies ! 
Expression  for  unutterable  thoughts. 
Surpassing  the  impertinence  of  words. 


She  makes 
Of  this  immense  significance  of  sound. 
Sublime  appropriation,  chanting  it  anew, 
As  her  "  Te  Deum,"  and  sweet  Hymn  of  Laud. 
TTiis  ends  the  introduction. 

Is  God  not  here? 
The  thunder  utters.  Yes ! 

The  trembling  rocks  in  fear 
The  truth  confess; 
The  assenting  mountains  nod. 

And  all  things  round 

Echo  one  sound. 
All  testify  of  God. 

O,  let  my  soul  exult. 

That  here  she  may  consult, 
The  Oracle  Divine! 

That  at  Jerusalem,  no  more. 

Is  fixed  as  heretofore 
Jehovah's  Shrme ! 
That  ancient  ritual  is  past. 
That  Temple  to  the  ground  is  cast. 
Those  symbols  and  those  semblances  sublime, 
782 


Music  —  Poetr])  —  Fiction 

Endured  but  for  a  time.  1881 

Their  everlasting  prototypes,  I  ween,  " 

Their  patterns  on  the  Mount  by  Moses  seen, 

Were  these,  are  here ! 

This  much,  at  least  is  clear ; 
If,  in  th*  immensity  of  space, 
God  makes  one  spot  his  special  dwelling-place, 

That  sacred  spot  is  this. 

I  find  the  witness  and  the  sign. 
Authentic,  marvelous,  divine. 
Here  in  th'  ebullient,  luminous  abyss. 

Where  thousand  suns  once  bright. 
So  seems,  now  back  exhausted  pour 

Their  full  collected  light, 
In  ceaseless  flood  for  evermore. 

All  through  this  exalted  poem,  the  author  feels  himself  nothingness  and 
dust.  In  an  ecstasy  he  describes  his  going  to  the  cataract,  and  the  tempta- 
tion that  assails  him  to  leap  down.  Musing  on  his  homeward  walk  he 
finds  that  the  scales  have  fallen  from  his  eyes,  and  he  sees  God  in  all  the 
common  things. 

Music  of  Niagara.      (Scrib.  mo.,  June,   1881.      22:307-308.)  1881 

Two  letters  to  the  editor  criticising  the  statements  and  opinions  of  Mr. 
Thayer,  as  expressed  in  his  article  in  Scribner's  Monthly  for  February, 
1881,  on  the  Music  of  Niagara.  With  these  letters  is  published  Mr. 
Thayer's  reply  to  the  criticisms. 

Palmer,  B.  Frank.     Apostrophe  to  Niagara.     {In  Porter,  Peter  A.,      iggj 
Official  guide.     Niagara  Falls,  river,  frontier.      .      .      .      Buffalo:     The  Palmer 
Matthews  Northrup  Works.      1901.     Pp.  289-290.) 

This  is  Jehovah's  fullest  organ  strain ! 

I  hear  the  liquid  music  rolling,  breaking, 
From  the  gigantic  pipes  the  great  refrain 

Bursts  on  my  ravished  ear,  high  thoughts  awaking ! 

The  low  sub-bass,  uprising  from  the  deep 

Swells  the  great  paean  as  it  rolls  supernal  — 

783 


Niagara  Falls 

Anon,  I  hear,  at  one  majestic  sweep 
The  diapason  of  the  keys  eternal. 

Standing,  beneath  Niagara's  angry  flood  — 

The  thundering  cataract  above  me  bounding  — 

I  hear  the  echo :  "  Man,  there  is  a  God !  " 
From  the  great  arches  of  the  gorge  resounding. 

Behold,  O  man,  nor  shrink  aghast  in  fear! 

Survey  the  vortex  boiling  deep  before  thee! 
The  Hand  that  ope'd  the  liquid  gateway  here 

Hath  set  the  beauteous  bow  of  promise  o'er  thee  I 

Here,  in  the  hollow  of  that  Mighty  Hand, 
Which  holds  the  basin  of  the  tidal  ocean, 

Let  not  the  jarring  of  the  spray-washed  strand 
Disturb  the  orisons  of  puie  devotion. 

Roll  on,  Niagara!     Great  River  King! 

Beneath  thy  sceptre  all  earth's  rulers,  mortal, 
Bow  reverently;  and  bards  shall  ever  sing 

The  matchless  grandeur  of  thy  peerless  portal! 

I  hear,  Niagara,  in  this  grand  strain 

His  voice,  who  speaks  in  flood,  in  flame,  and  thunder  — 
Forever,  mayst  thou,  singing,  roll  and  reign  — 

Earth's  grand,  sublime,  supreme,  supernal  wonder. 

1881  Thayer,   Eugene.      Music  of  Niagara.      (Scrib.   mo.,  Feb.    1881. 

Thayer  21:583-586.) 

Written  from  the  point  of  view  of  an  organist  and  a  musician,  this 
article  deals  with  the  musical  qualities  of  the  sound  of  Niagara.  The 
pitch  and  composition  of  the  tone  of  Niagara  are  described,  and  \}\q 
different  tones  of  the  chord  which  the  sound  conveys  to  the  musical  ear 
are  given.  In  the  course  of  his  experiments  the  author  investigated  the 
subject  from  Goat  Island,  the  Cave  of  the  Winds, — "  under  the  singing 

78A 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Ficil 


ion 


waters," — from    Luna    Island,    and    from    various    points    on    both    the      1881 
American  and  Canadian  side  of  the  Falls.     He  says  in  part:  ihayer 

It  had  ever  been  my  belief  that  Niagara  had  not  been  heard 
as  it  should  be,  and  in  this  belief  I  eagerly  turned  my  steps  hither- 
ward  the  first  time  a  busy  Hfe  would  permit.  What  did  I  hear? 
The  roar  of  Niagara?  No.  Having  been  everywhere  about 
Niagara,  above  and  below,  far  and  near,  over  and  under,  and 
heard  her  voice  in  all  its  wondrous  modulations,  I  must  say  that  I 
haye  never,  for  a  single  instant,  heard  any  roar  of  Niagara. 
From  the  first  moment  to  the  last,  I  heard  nothing  but  a  perfectly 
constructed  musical  tone  —  clear,  definite  and  unapproachable  in 
its  majestic  perfection;  a  complete  series  of  tones,  all  uniting  in 
one  grand  and  noble  unison,  as  in  the  organ,  and  all  as  easily 
recognizable  as  the  notes  of  any  great  chord  in  music.  And  I 
believe  it  was  my  life-long  familiarity  with  the  king  of  instruments 
which  enabled  me  to  detect  so  readily  the  tone-construction  of 
this  mighty  voice  of  the  "  thunder  of  waters." 

I  had  been  told  that  the  pitch  of  this  tone  had  been  given  by 
various  persons.  That  were  an  easy  task,  although  no  two  of 
them  seem  to  have  been  entirely  unanimous.  I  propose  to  give 
much  more  than  this,  and  the  reader  will  find  not  only  the  pitch 
of  the  chief  or  ground  tone  given,  but  that  of  all  the  accessory  or 
upper  tones,  otherwise  known  as  harmonic,  collateral  or  over 
tones;  also  the  beat  or  accent  of  Niagara,  with  its  rhythmical 
vibrations  and  subdivisions,  from  the  largest  to  the  smallest,  and 
all  in  such  simple  notation  that  any  one  who  understands  the 
rudiments  of  music  may  readily  comprehend  it.  Indeed,  I  believe 
that  all  good  readers  may  understand  it  clearly  without  any 
special  technical  knowledge  of  music  to  assist  them. 

After  the  more  technical  details  are  discussed  the  author  says: 

I  have  spoken  only  of  the  pitch  and  rhythm  of  Niagara.  What 
is  the  qual'it))  of  its  tone?  Divine!  There  is  no  other  word  for 
a  tone  made  and  fashioned  by  the  Infinite  God.  I  repeat,  there 
is  no  roar  at  all  —  it  is  the  sublimest  music  on  earth. 


50 


785 


Niagara  Falls 

1882 

1882  Houghton,  George  W.     Niagara.     (In  his  Niagara,   and  other 

Houghton        p^^^^      g^^^  .     Houghton  Mifflin.     1882.     Pp.   1-28.) 

Begins  with  the  creation  of  Niagara  and  deals  with  a  pilgrim  who 
journeys  to  Niagara  to  seek  an  answer  to  the  riddle  of  life.  He  goes  to 
the  rapids,  the  Falls,  and  the  whirlpool  each  in  turn  but  without  result. 
Finally  a  little  bird  brings  in  song  the  message 

"  Seek  within,  without  is  only  reflection." 
In  the  course  of  the  poem  the  rapids,  cataract,  the  gorge,  and  whirlpool  are 
all  described. 

The  Cataract 

Still  to  thy  Fall  I  come  near,  as  unto  earth's  grandest  cathedral. 

Forehead  uncovered,  hands  down,  with  feet  that  falter  beneath 
me; 

Hearing  afar,  o'er  the  rustling  grass  and  the  rush  of  the  river; 

Chorus  triumphant,  thy  trumpet  voice,  and  I  tremble  with  weak- 
ness. 

Tall  above  tower  and  tree  looms  thy  steeple  builded  of  sunshine, 
Mystical  steeple,  white  like  a  cloud,  unyearning  toward  heaven. 
Till  into  cloud-land  it  drifts,  uprollmg  in  hill-tops  and  headlands. 
Catches  the  glory  of  sunset,  then  pales  into  rose-tint  and  purple. 

Slowly,  through  gothic  aisles,  I  creep  to  the  steps  of  thine  altar. 
Halfway  forgetting  thy  presence,  though  still  with  each  step  I 

draw  nearer. 
Halfway  forgetting  thy  voice,  so  far  it  sends  fancy  awandering 
Till,  with  a  sudden  ascent,  full-face  thou  standest  before  me. 

Who,  upon  tiptoes  straining,  shall  snare  the  fleet  course  of  the 

comet! 
Who  in  bright  pigments  shall  match  the  luminous  sun-god  at 

mid-day ! 
Who   shall   dare  picture  in   words  the   turbulent  wrath  of  the 

tempest ! 
Seeing,  I  can  but  stand  still,  with  finger  on  lip,  and  keep  silent. 

786 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

M.  K.:     Shooting  the  Falls.      (Macmill.,  Nov.    1882.     47:42-47.)       i882 
A  tale  of  a  fisherman  rescued   after  having  gone  over  the  Falls  and  ^-  '^' 
brought  to  life  long  enough  to  tell  his  story. 

1883 

BoNALDi,  Juan  Antonio  Parez.     El  poema  del  Niagara.     2d.  ed.     1883 
N.  Y. :     1 883.  ^°"*''^' 

HoWELLS,   William   Dean.     Niagara  revisited,   twelve  years  after     1883 
their  wedding  journey.      (Atlan.,  May,    1883.      51:598-610.)  Howelli 

"  An  interesting  and  amusing  story  of  a  second  visit  to  Niagara." 

Rice,    Roswell.      The   Falls   of   Niagara.       (In   his   Orations   and     isss 
poems.     Springfield:     1883.     Pp.  645-646.)  Rice 

A  poem  with  a  moral  based  on  the  inevitable  destruction  awaiting  those 
who  drift  down  stream. 

Shooting  Niagara  Falls.     (Critic,  Jan.  1 883.     100:122-127.)  1883 

A  tale  of  an  Italian  fisherman  who  was  caught  in  the  rapids  and  carried 

over  the  Falls.     According  to  the  story,  he  was  rescued  and  lived  long 

enough  to  relate  his  experiences. 

Shooting  Niagara  Falls.      (Eclec.  mag.,  Jan.   1883.     n.  s.     37:122—      1883 
127.) 

1884 

LoRNE,  John  George  Edward  Henry  Douglas  Sutherland     i884 

Campbell,  Marquis  of.     Niagara,      (/n  his  Memories  of  Canada  and  Lome 
Scotland;    speeches   and  verses.     Montreal:     Dawson    Brothers.      1884. 
P.  60.) 

A  ceaseless,  awful,  falling  sea,  whose  souncl 
Shakes  earth  and  air,  and  whose  resistless  stroke 
Shoots  high  the  volleying  foam  like  cannon  smoke ! 

How  dread  and  beautiful  the  floods,  when,  crowned 

By  moonbeams  on  their  rushing  ridge,  they  bound 
Into  the  darkness  and  the  veiling  spray ; 
Or,  jewel-hued  and  rainbow-dyed,  when  day 

Lights  the  pale  torture  of  the  gulf  profound! 

So  poured  the  avenging  streams  upon  the  world 
When  swung  the  ark  upon  the  deluge  wave, 
787 


Niagara  Falls 

1884  And,  o'er  each  precipice  in  grandeur  hurled, 

°^'  The  endless  torrents  gave  mankind  a  grave. 

God's  voice  is  mighty,  on  the  water  loud, 

Here,  as  of  old,  in  thunder,  glory,  cloud ! 

1884  OwAHYAH.      Birch  bark   legends  of   Niagara,    founded   on   traditions 
Owahyah         among   the    Iroquois,    or   Six   nations:    a    story   of    the   lunar-bow,    which 

brilHantly  adorns  Niagara  Falls  by  moonlight;  or  Origin  of  the  totem  of 
the  wolf.     St.  Cath.,  Ont.:      Jour.   Printing  Co.      1884. 

Another  version  of  the  story  of  the  sacrifice  to  Manitou  at  the  Falls. 
This  is  a  thrilling  tale  of  love,  revenge,  and  divine  interposition,  ending, 
finally,  in  the  marriage  of  the  hero  and  heroine  and  the  death  of  the  villain. 

1885 

1885  Gilbert,    Howard    Worcester.     Niagara.     (In   his   Aldornere 
Gilbert             and  two  other  Pennsylvania  idylls.     .     .     .     Best.:      Index  Ass'n.      1885, 

Pp.  87-88.) 

A  description  of  Niagara  in  the  morning, — the  mists,  the  rainbow,  the 
play  of  colors,  and  the  avalanche  of  water  falling  into  the  abyss. 

1885  .     Goat  Island,  Niagara.      (In  Rhine,  Alice  Hyne- 

man,    Niagara  park   illustrated.      .      .      .      N.   Y.:      Niagara   Pub.   Co, 
1885.     c.     P.  77.) 

Nature  here  in  royal  mood 
Built  herself  a  pleasaunce  wood; 
Built  it  on  a  frowning  scaur 
High  as  mountain  summits  are. 
And  around  it  made  to  flow 
Seas  that  fall  in  deeps  below. 

Near  where  waters  fiercest  sweep. 
Bade  she  blue-ey'd  gentians  creep; 
Ferns  spring  up  from  mossy  beds. 
Snow-white  daisies  lift  their  heads. 
Briar  rose  and  golden  rod 
Set  she  thick  in  grassy  sod, 
788 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Then  her  sovereign  taste  to  please  1885 

Planted  out  great  forest  trees; 

Titians  crown'd  with  myriad  leaves 

Flaunting  to  the  sun  and  breeze. 

Rooted  them  as  in  some  scene, 

Quiet  valleys  roll  between. 

And  her  fancy  to  complete 
In  this  favorite  wonder-seat. 
Stole  she  rainbows  from  the  skies, 
Bright  with  heav'ns  resplendent  dyes. 
Arched  them  o'er  the  raging  fall 
Watch  to  keep  above  them  all. 

This  poem  is  not  found  in  the  edition  of  I  888,  published  by  Wm.  T. 
Hunter. 

.      Niagara   by   moonlight.      (In   Rhine,   Alice   Hyne-      1885 

man   ed.,    Niagara   park   illustrated.      .      .      .      N.    Y.:      Niagara   Pub. 
Co.     1885.     c.     P.  60.) 

Fair  above  all  is  Niagara  by  night, 
When  the  pale  moon  drawn  from  the  silent  sky 
Meets  with  the  thund'ring  waters,  as  they  fly 
Over  the  precipice's  dizzy  height; 
Making  them  seem  a  mass  of  silver  light. 
A  molten  silver  sea  that  thunders  by. 
In  pomp  as  great,  and  equal  majesty 
As  once  the  ancient  deluge  in  its  might 
Rush'd  onwards;  spilling  over  mountain  chain. 
Plunging  from  scaur  to  bottomless  abyss 
Whence  tortur'd  waves  leapt  up  in  spray  and  rain. 
Perhaps  the  moon  fell  on,  as  now  on  this ; 
Mellowing  the  grandeur  of  the  stormy  main 
To  scene  of  peace  and  perfect  loveliness. 

This  poern  is  not  included  in  the   1888  edition  of  this  book  of  Alice 
Hyneman  Rhine's  pubHshed  by  Wm.  T.  Hunter. 

7S9 


Niagara  Falls 


1886 

1886  CoWDiN,    Jasper    Barnett.     Ripple    brook,    Niagara    Falls;    two 

Cowdin  poems.      Brooklyn.  N.  Y. :      1886.      P.   7. 

Solemnly,  slowly,  the  vast  weight  of  falling 
Waters  the  voice  of  a  spirit  immortal 
Drowns, —  and  he  stands,  as  at  Heaven's  great  portal, 

Humbled  in  sight  of  his  low  earthly  calling. 
Man  hath  no  glory  here; 

Watching  in  silence  thy  soul-waking  wonder, 

O  Niagara !  —  hearing  thy  thunder, 
Pride  must  not  come  near. 

There  are  fourteen  verses  in  the  spirit  of  this  opening  verse. 

LoWRY,  Augustus  N.     Niagara.     Revised  edition.      (1886  c.) 
Written    for   publication    in    the   proceedings    at   the   dedication    of   the 
Niagara  Reservation,  July  15,  1885. 

[Marston,  Frank.]  Frank's  ranche.  .  .  .  Bost. :  Houghton 
Mifflin.     1886.     Pp.  76-81. 

The  author  makes  no  attempt  at  description.  By  his  own  account  he 
did  only  what  is  usual.  If  we  may  believe  him,  he  and  his  party  "  were 
glad  to  get  away  from  Niagara  and  its  army  of  vampires." 

1886  Warner,  Charles  Dudley.     Their  pilgrimage.     N,  Y.:     Harper 

Warner  Brothers.       1897.      Pp.  300-315. 

A  most  sympathetic  study  of  the  Falls  with  descriptions  of  their  appear- 
ance at  night  and  in  the  early  morning,  and  an  account  of  Goat  Island 
and  the  Cave  of  the  Winds.  Used  as  a  background  for  the  story,  these 
pages  descriptive  of  the  Falls  are  full  of  beauty  of  expression  and  thought. 

It  was  dark  when  they  came  into  the  station  at  Niagara  — 
dark  and  silent.  Our  American  tourists,  who  were  accustomed 
to  the  clamor  of  hackmen  here,  and  expected  to  be  assaulted  by 
a  horde  of  \vild  Comanches  in  plain  clothes,  and  torn  limb  from, 
baggage,  if  not  limb  from  limb,  were  unable  to  account  for  this 
silence,  and  the  absence  of  the  common  highwaymen,  until  they 
remembered  that  the  State  had  bought  the  Falls,  and  the  agents  of 

790 


1886 

Lowry 


1886 

Marston 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

the  government  had  suppressed  many  of  the  old  nuisances.     It    ^886 
was  possible  now  to  hear  the  roar  of  the  cataract. 

This  unaccustomed  human  stillness  was  ominous  to  King.  He 
would  have  welcomed  a  Niagara  of  importunity  and  impreca- 
tions; he  was  bursting  with  impatience  to  express  himself;  it 
seemed  as  if  he  would  die  if  he  were  silent  an  hour  longer  under 
that  letter.  Of  course  the  usual  American  relief  of  irritability  and 
impatience  suggested  itself.  He  would  telegraph;  only  electricity 
was  quick  enough  and  fiery  enough  for  his  mood.  But  what 
should  he  telegraph?  The  telegraph  was  not  invented  for  love- 
making,  and  is  not  adapted  to  it.  It  is  ridiculous  to  make  love  by 
wire.  How  was  it  possible  to  frame  a  message  that  should  be 
commercial  on  its  face,  cind  yet  convey  the  deepest  agony  and 
devotion  of  the  sender's  heart?  King  stood  at  the  little  telegraph 
window,  looking  at  the  dispatcher  who  was  to  send  it,  and  thought 
of  this.  Depressed  and  intent  as  he  was,  the  whimsicality  of  the 
situation  struck  him.  What  could  he  say?  It  illustrates  our 
sheeplike  habit  of  expressing  ourselves  in  the  familiar  phrase  or 
popular  slang  of  the  day  that  at  the  instant  the  only  thing  King 
could  think  of  to  send  was  this:  "Hold  the  fort,  for  I  am 
coming."  The  incongruity  of  this  made  him  smile,  and  he  did 
not  write  it.  Finally  he  composed  this  message,  which  seemed 
to  him  to  have  a  businesslike  and  innocent  aspect:  "  Too  late. 
Impossible  for  me  to  change.  Have  invested  everything.  Expect 
letter."  Mechanically  he  counted  the  words  when  he  had  written 
this.  On  the  fair  presumption  that  the  company  would  send 
"  everything  "  as  one  word,  there  were  still  two  more  than  the 
conventional  ten,  and  from  force  of  habit  he  struck  out  the  words 
"  for  me."  But  he  had  no  sooner  done  this  than  he  felt  a  sense 
of  shame.  It  was  contemptible  for  a  man  in  love  to  count  his 
words,  and  it  was  intolerable  to  be  haggling  with  himself  at  such 
a  crisis  over  the  expense  of  a  dispatch.  He  got  cold  over  the 
thought  that  Irene  might  also  count  them,  and  see  that  the  cost  of 
this  message  of  passion  had  been  calculated.    And  with  reckless- 

791 


Niagara  Falls 

1886         ness  he  added:     "  We  reach  the  Profile  House  next  week,  and  I 
^*™"  am  sure  I  can  convince  you  that  I  am  right." 

King  found  Niagara  pitched  to  the  key  of  his  lacerated  and 
tumultuous  feelings.  There  were  few  people  at  the  Cataract 
House,  and  either  the  bridal  season  had  not  set  in,  or  in  America 
a  bride  has  been  evolved  who  does  not  show  any  consciousness  of 
her  new  position.  In  his  present  mood  the  place  seemed  deserted, 
the  figures  of  the  few  visitors  gliding  about  as  in  a  dream,  as  if 
they  too  had  been  subdued  by  the  recent  commission  which  had 
silenced  the  drivers,  and  stopped  the  mills,  and  made  the  park 
free,  and  was  tearing  down  the  presumptuous  structures  along  the 
bank.  In  this  silence,  which  emphasized  the  quaking  of  the  earth 
and  air,  there  was  a  sense  of  unknown,  impending  disaster.  It 
was  not  to  be  borne  indoors,  and  the  two  friends  went  out  into 
the  night. 

On  the  edge  of  the  rapids,  above  the  hotel,  the  old  bath-house 
was  in  process  of  demolition,  its  shaking  piazza  almost  over- 
hanging the  flood.  Not  much  could  be  seen  from  it,  but  it  was 
in  the  midst  of  an  elemental  uproar.  Some  electric  lamps  shining 
through  the  trees  made  high  lights  on  the  crests  of  the  rapids, 
while  the  others  near  were  in  shadow  and  dark.  The  black  mass 
of  Goat  Island  appeared  under  the  lightning  flashes  in  the  north- 
west sky,  and  whenever  these  quick  gleams  pierced  the  gloom 
the  frail  bridge  to  the  island  was  outlined  for  a  moment,  and 
then  vanished  as  if  it  had  been  swept  away,  and  there  could 
only  be  seen  sparks  of  light  in  the  houses  on  the  Canadian  shore, 
which  seemed  very  near.  In  this  unknown,  which  was  rather 
felt  than  seen,  there  was  a  sense  of  power  and  of  mystery  which 
overcame  the  mind;  and  in  the  black  night  the  roar,  the  cruel 
haste  of  the  rapids,  tossing  white  gleams  and  hurrying  to  the 
fatal  plunge,  begat  a  sort  of  terror  in  the  spectators.  It  v/as  a 
power  implacable,  vengeful,  not  to  be  measured.  They  strolled 
down  to  Prospect  Park.  The  gate  was  closed;  it  had  been  the 
scene  of  an  awful  tragedy  but  a  few  minutes  before.  They  did 
not  know  it,  but  they  knew  that  the  air  shuddered,  and  as  they 

792 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

skirted  the  grounds  along  the  way  to  the  foot-bridge  the  roar  1886 
grew  in  their  stunned  ears.  There,  projected  out  into  the  night, 
were  the  cables  of  steel  holding  the  frail  platform  over  the  abyss 
of  night  and  terror.  Beyond  was  Canada.  There  was  light 
enough  in  the  sky  to  reveal,  but  not  to  dissipate,  the  appalling 
insecurity.  What  an  impious  thing  it  seemed  to  them,  this 
trembling  structure  across  the  chasm!  They  advanced  upon  it. 
There  were  gleams  on  the  mill  cascades  below,  and  on  the  mass 
of  the  American  Fall.  Below,  down  in  the  gloom,  were  patches 
of  foam,  slowly  circling  around  in  the  eddy  —  no  haste  now, 
just  sullen  and  black  satisfaction  in  the  awful  tragedy  of  the  fall. 
The  whole  was  vague,  fearful.  Always  the  roar,  the  shudder- 
ing of  the  air.  I  think  that  a  man  placed  on  this  bridge  at  night, 
and  ignorant  of  the  cause  of  the  aerial  agitation  and  the  wild 
uproar,  could  almost  lose  his  reason  in  the  panic  of  the  scene. 

They  walked  on;  they  set  foot  on  Her  Majesty's  dominions; 
they  entered  the  Clifton  House  —  quite  American,  you  know, 
with  its  new  bar  and  office.  A  subdued  air  about  everybody 
here  also,  and  the  same  quaking,  shivering,  and  impendmg  sense 
of  irresponsible  force.  Even  "  two  fingers,"  said  the  artist,  stand- 
ing at  the  bar,  had  little  effect  in  allaying  the  impression  of 
terror  out  there.  When  they  returned  the  moon  was  coming  up, 
rising  and  struggling  and  making  its  way  slowly  through  ragged 
masses  of  colored  clouds.  The  river  could  be  plainly  seen  now, 
smooth,  deep,  treacherous ;  the  falls  on  the  American  side  showed 
fitfully  like  patches  of  light  and  foam;  the  Horseshoe,  mostly 
hidden  by  a  cold  silver  mist,  occasionally  loomed  up  a  white  and 
ghostly  mass.  They  stood  for  a  long  time  looking  down  at  the  foot 
of  the  American  Fall,  the  moon  now  showing  clearly  the  plunge  of 
the  heavy  column  —  a  column  as  stiff  as  if  it  were  melted  silver  — 
hushed  and  frightened  by  the  weird  and  appalling  scene.  They 
did  not  know  at  that  moment  that  there  where  their  eyes  were 
riveted,  there  at  the  base  of  the  fall,  a  man's  body  was  churning 
about,  plunged  down  and  cast  up,  and  beaten  and  whirled, 
imprisoned  in  the  refluent  eddy.     But  a  body  was  there.     In  the 

793 


Niagara  Falls 

18S6  morning  a  man's  overcoat  was  found  on  the  parapet  at  the  angle 
Warner  of  the  fall.     Somc  onc  then  remembered  that  in  the  evening,  just 

before  the  park  gate  closed,  he  had  seen  a  man  approach  the  angle 
of  the  wall  where  the  overcoat  was  found.  The  man  was  never 
seen  after  that.  Night  first,  and  then  the  hungry  water,  swal- 
lowed him.  One  pictures  the  fearful  leap  into  the  dark,  the  mid- 
way repentance,  perhaps,  the  despair  of  the  plunge.  A  body 
cast  in  here  is  likely  to  tarry  for  days,  eddying  round  and  round, 
and  tossed  in  that  terrible  maelstrom,  before  a  chance  current 
ejects  it,  and  sends  it  down  the  fierce  rapids  below.  King  went 
back  to  the  hotel  in  a  terror  of  the  place,  which  did  not  leave 
him  so  long  as  he  remained.  His  room  quivered,  the  roar  filled 
all  the  air.  Is  not  life  real  and  terrible  enough,  he  asked  himself, 
but  that  brides  must  cast  this  experience  also  into  their  honey- 
moon? 

The  morning  light  did  not  efface  the  impressions  of  the  night, 
the  dominating  presence  of  a  gigantic,  pitiless  force,  a  blind  pas- 
sion of  nature,  uncontrolled  and  uncontrollable.  Shut  the  win- 
dows and  lock  the  door,  you  could  not  shut  out  the  terror  of  it. 
The  town  did  not  seem  safe;  the  bridges,  the  buildings  on  the 
edge  of  the  precipices  with  their  shaking  casements,  the  islands, 
might  at  any  moment  be  engulfed  and  disappear.  It  was  a  thing 
to   flee   from. 

I  suspect  King  was  in  a  very  sensitive  mood ;  the  world  seemed 
for  the  moment  devoid  of  human  sympathy,  and  the  savageness 
and  turmoil  played  upon  his  bare  nerves.  The  artist  himself 
shrank  from  contact  with  this  overpowering  display,  and  said 
that  he  could  not  endure  more  than  a  day  or  two  of  it.  It  needed 
all  the  sunshine  in  the  face  of  Miss  Lamont  and  the  serenity  of 
her  cheerful  nature  to  make  the  situation  tolerable,  and  even  her 
sprightliness  was  somewhat  subdued.  It  was  a  day  of  big, 
broken,  high-sailmg  clouds,  with  a  deep  blue  sky  and  strong  sun- 
light. The  slight  bridge  to  Goat  Island  appeared  more  pre- 
sumptuous by  daylight,  and  the  sharp  slope  of  the  rapids  above 
it  gave  a  new  sense  of  the  impetuosity  of  the  torrent.     As  they 

794 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

walked  slowly  on,  past  the  now  abandoned  paper-mills  and  the  1886 
other  human  impertinences,  the  elemental  turmoil  increased,  and  Earner 
they  seemed  entering  a  world  the  foundations  of  which  were 
broken  up.  This  must  have  been  a  good  deal  a  matter  of  impres- 
sion, for  other  parties  of  sight-seers  were  coming  and  going, 
apparently  unawed,  and  intent  simply  on  visiting  every  point 
spoken  of  in  the  guide-book,  and  probably  unconscious  of  the 
all-pervading  terror.  But  King  could  not  escape  it,  even  in  the 
throng  descending  and  ascending  the  stairway  to  Luna  Island. 
Standing  upon  the  platform  at  the  top,  he  realized  for  the  first 
time  the  immense  might  of  the  dovv^npour  of  the  American  Fall, 
and  noted  the  pale  green  color,  with  here  and  there  a  violet 
tone,  and  the  white  cloud  mass  spurting  out  from  the  solid  color. 
On  the  foam-crested  river  lay  a  rainbow  forming  nearly  a  com- 
plete circle.  The  little  steamer  Maid  of  the  Mist  was  coming 
up,  riding  the  waves,  dashed  here  and  there  by  conflicting  cur- 
rents, but  resolutely  streaming  on  —  such  is  the  audacity  of  man 
—  and  poking  her  venturesome  nose  into  the  boiling  foam  under 
the  Horseshoe.  On  the  deck  are  pigmy  passengers  in  oil-skin 
suits,  clumsy  figures,  like  arctic  explorers.  The  boat  tosses  about 
like  a  chip,  it  hesitates  and  quivers,  and  then,  slowly  swinging, 
darts  away  down  the  current,  fleeing  from  the  wrath  of  the 
waters,  and  pursued  by  the  angry  roar. 

Surely  it  is  an  island  of  magic,  unsubstantial,  liable  to  go 
adrift  and  plunge  into  the  canon.  Even  in  the  forest  path,  where 
the  great  tree  trunks  assure  one  of  stability  and  long  immunity, 
this  feeling  cannot  be  shaken  off.  Our  party  descended  the 
winding  staircase  in  the  tower,  and  walked  on  the  shelf  under 
the  mighty  ledge  to  the  entrance  of  the  Cave  of  the  Winds.  The 
curtain  of  water  covering  this  entrance  was  blown  back  and  forth 
by  the  wind,  now  leaving  the  platform  dry  and  now  deluging  it. 
A  woman  in  the  pathway  was  beckoning  frantically  and  calling 
to  a  man  who  stood  on  the  platform,  entirely  unconscious  of 
danger,  looking  up  to  the  green  curtain  and  down  into  the  boiling 
mist.     It  was  Mrs.  Stubbs ;  but  she  was  shouting  against  Niagara, 

795 


Niagara  Falls 

1886         and  her  husband  mistook  her  pantomime  for  gestures  of  wonder 
Warner  ^j^^j  admiration.     Some  moments  passed,   and  then  the  curtain 

swung  in,  and  tons  of  water  drenched  the  Englishman,  and  for 
an  instant  hid  him  from  sight.  Then,  as  the  curtain  swung  back, 
he  was  seen  clinging  to  the  handrail,  sputtering  and  astonished 
at  such  treatment.  He  came  up  the  bank  dripping,  and  declaring 
that  it  was  extraordinary,  most  extraordinary,  but  he  wouldn't 
have  missed  it  for  the  world.  From  this  platform  one  looks  down 
the  narrow,  slippery  stairs  that  are  lost  in  the  boiling  mist,  and 
wonders  at  the  daring  that  built  these  steps  down  into  that  hell, 
and  carried  the  frail  walk  of  planks  over  the  bowlders  outside  the 
fall.  A  party  in  oil-skins,  making  their  way  there,  looked  like 
lost  men  and  women  in  a  Dante  Inferno.  The  turbulent  waters 
dashed  all  about  them;  the  mist  occasionally  wrapped  them  from 
sight;  they  clung  to  the  rails,  they  tried  to  speak  to  each  other; 
their  gestures  seemed  motions  of  despair.  Could  that  be  Eurydice 
whom  the  rough  guide  was  tenderly  dragging  out  of  the  hell  of 
waters,  up  the  stony  path,  that  singular  figure  in  oil-skin  trousers, 
who  disclosed  a  pretty  face  inside  her  hood  as  she  emerged? 
One  might  venture  into  the  infernal  regions  to  rescue  such  a 
woman;  but  why  take  her  there?  The  group  of  adventurers 
stopped  a  moment  on  the  platform,  with  the  opening  into  the 
misty  cavern  for  a  background,  and  the  artist  said  that  the  pic- 
lure  was,  beyond  all  power  of  the  pencil,  strange  and  fantastic. 
There  is  nothing,  after  all,  that  the  human  race  will  not  dare 
for  a  new  sensation. 

The  walk  around  Goat  Island  is  probably  unsurpassed  in  the 
world  for  wonder  and  beauty.  The  Americans  have  every  rea- 
son to  be  satisfied  with  their  share  of  the  fall;  they  get  nowhere 
one  single  grand  view  like  that  from  the  Canada  side,  but 
infinitely  the  deepest  impression  of  majesty  and  power  is  obtained 
on  Goat  Island.  1  here  the  spectator  is  in  the  midst  of  the  war 
of  nature.  From  the  point  over  the  Florseshoe  Fall  our  friends, 
speaking  not  much,  but  more  and  more  deeply  moved,  strolled 

796 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

along  in  the  lovely  forest,  in  a  rural  solemnity,  in  a  local  calm,  1886 
almost  a  seclusion,  except  for  the  ever-present  shuddering  roar 
in  the  air.  On  the  shore  above  the  Horseshoe  they  first  compre- 
hended the  breadth,  the  great  sweep,  of  the  rapids.  The  white 
crests  of  the  waves  in  the  west  were  coming  out  from  under  a 
black,  lowering  sky;  all  the  foreground  was  in  bright  sunlight, 
dancing,  sparkling,  leaping,  hurrying  on,  converging  to  the  angle 
where  the  water  becomes  a  deep  emerald  at  the  break  and  plunge. 
The  rapids  above  are  a  series  of  shelves,  bristling  with  jutting 
rocks  and  lodged  trunks  of  trees,  and  the  wildness  of  the  scene  is 
intensified  by  the  ragged  fringe  of  evergreens  on  the  opposite 
shore. 

Over  the  whole  island  the  mist,  rising  from  the  caldron,  drifts 
in  spray  when  the  wind  is  favorable;  but  on  this  day  the  forest 
was  bright  and  cheerful,  and  as  the  strollers  went  farther  away 
from  the  Great  Fall,  the  beauty  of  the  scene  began  to  steal  away 
its  terror.  The  roar  was  still  dominant,  but  far  off  and  softened, 
and  did  not  crush  the  ear.  The  triple  islands,  the  Three  Sisters, 
in  their  picturesque  wildness  appeared  like  playful  freaks  of 
nature  in  a  momentary  relaxation  of  the  savage  mood.  Here 
is  the  finest  view  of  the  river;  to  one  standing  on  the  outermost 
island  the  great  flood  seems  tumbling  out  of  the  sky.  They  con- 
tinued along  the  bank  of  the  river.  The  shallow  stream  races 
by  headlong,  but  close  to  the  edge  are  numerous  eddies,  and 
places  where  one  might  step  in  and  not  be  swept  away.  At 
length  they  reached  the  point  where  the  river  divides,  and  the 
water  stands  for  an  instant  almost  still,  hesitating  whether  to  take 
the  Canadian  or  American  plunge.  Out  a  little  way  from  the 
shore  the  weaves  leap  and  tumble,  and  the  two  currents  are  like 
race-horses  parted  en  two  ways  to  the  goal.  Just  at  this  point 
the  water  swirls  and  lingers,  having  lost  all  its  fierceness  and  haste, 
and  spreads  itself  out  placidly,  dimpling  in  the  sun.  It  may  be  a 
treacherous  pause,  this  water  may  be  as  cruel  as  that  which  rages 
below  and  exults  in  catching  a  boat  or  a  man  and  bounding  with 

797 


Niagara  Falls 

1886         the  victim  over  the  cataract;  but  the  calm  was  very  grateful  to 
Warner  ^}^g  stunncd  and  buffeted  visitors;  upon  their  jarred  nerves  it  was 

like  the  peace  of  God. 

The  relief  from  the  dread  of  Niagara  felt  at  this  point  of 
peace  was  only  temporary.  The  dread  returned  when  the  party 
approached  again  the  turmoil  of  the  American  Fall,  and  fell 
again  under  the  influence  of  the  merciless  haste  of  the  flood.  And 
there  every  islet,  every  rock,  every  point,  has  its  legend  of  terror; 
here  a  boat  lodged  with  a  man  in  it,  and  after  a  day  and  night 
of  vain  attempts  to  rescue  him,  thousands  of  people  saw  him  take 
the  frightful  leap,  throwing  up  his  aims  as  he  went  over;  here  a 
young  woman  slipped,  and  was  instantly  whirled  away  out  of 
life;  and  from  that  point  more  than  one  dazed  or  frantic  visitor 
had  taken  the  suicidal  leap.  Death  was  so  near  here  and  so 
easy! 

One  seems  in  less  personal  peril  on  the  Canadian  side,  and  has 
more  the  feeling  of  a  spectator,  and  less  that  of  a  participant  in 
the  wild  uproar.  Perhaps  there  is  more  sense  of  force,  but  the 
majesty  of  the  scene  is  relieved  by  a  hundred  shifting  effects  of 
light  and  color.  In  the  afternoon,  under  a  broken  sky,  the  rapids 
above  the  Horseshoe  reminded  one  of  the  seashore  on  a  very 
stormy  day.  Impeded  by  the  rocks,  the  flood  hesitated  and  even 
ran  back,  as  if  reluctant  to  take  the  final  plunge!  The  sienna 
color  of  the  water  on  the  table  contrasted  sharply  with  the  emerald 
at  the  break  of  the  fall.  A  rainbow  springing  out  of  the  centre 
of  the  caldron  arched  clear  over  the  American  cataract,  and  was 
one  moment  bright  and  the  next  dimly  seen  through  the  mist, 
which  boiled  up  out  of  the  foam  of  waters  and  swayed  in  the 
wind.  Through  this  veil  darted  adventurous  birds,  flashing  their 
wings  in  the  prismatic  colors,  and  circling  about  as  if  fascinated 
by  the  awful  rush  and  thunder.  With  the  shifting  wind  and  the 
passing  clouds  the  scene  was  in  perpetual  change;  now  the 
American  Fall  was  creamy  white,  and  the  mist  below  dark,  and 
again  the  heavy  mass  was  gray  and  sullen,  and  the  mist  like 

793 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

silver  spray.     Perhaps  nowhere  else  in  the  world  is  the  force  of     ^^^^ 
nature  so  overpowering  to  the  mind,   and  as  the  eye  wanders 
from  the  chaos  of  the  fall  to  the  far  horizon,  where  the  vast  rivers 
of  rapids  are  poured  out  of  the  sky,  one  feels  that  this  force  is 
inexhaustible  and  eternal. 

If  our  travellers  expected  to  escape  the  impression  they  were 
under  by  driving  down  to  the  rapids  and  whirlpool  below,  they 
were  mistaken.  Nowhere  is  the  river  so  terrible  as  where  it  rushes, 
as  if  maddened  by  its  narrow  bondage,  through  the  canon.  Flung 
down  the  precipice  and  forced  into  this  contracted  space,  it  fumes 
and  tosses  and  rages  with  vindictive  fury,  driving  on  in  a  passion 
that  has  almost  a  human  quality  in  it.  Restrained  by  the  walls 
of  stone  from  bemg  destructive,  it  seems  to  rave  at  its  own  impo- 
tence, and  when  it  reaches  the  whirlpool  it  is  like  a  hungry 
animal,  returning  and  licking  the  shore  for  the  prey  it  has  missed. 
But  it  has  not  always  wanted  a  prey.  Now  and  again  it  has  a 
wreck  or  a  dead  body  to  toss  and  fling  about.  Although  it  does 
not  need  the  human  element  of  disaster  to  make  this  caiion  grew- 
some,  the  keepers  of  the  show  places  make  the  most  of  the  late 
Captain  Webb.  So  vivid  were  their  narratives  that  our  sympa- 
thetic party  felt  his  presence  continually,  saw  the  strong  swimmer 
tossed  like  a  chip,  saw  him  throw  up  his  hands,  saw  the  agony 
in  his  face  at  the  spot  where  he  was  last  seen.  There  are  several 
places  where  he  disappeared,  each  vouched  for  by  creditable 
witnesses,  so  that  the  horror  of  the  scene  is  multiplied  for  the 
tourist.  The  late  afternoon  had  turned  gray  and  cold,  and 
dashes  of  rain  fell  as  our  party  descended  to  the  whirlpool.  As 
they  looked  over  the  heaped-up  and  foaming  waters  in  this  eddy 
they  almost  expected  to  see  Captain  Webb  or  the  suicide  of  the 
night  before  circling  round  in  the  maelstrom.  They  came  up 
out  of  the  gorge  silent,  and  drove  back  to  the  hotel  full  of  nervous 
apprehension. 

Kmg  found  no  telegram  from  Irene,  and  the  place  seemed 
to  him  intolerable.  The  artist  was  quite  ready  to  go  on  in  the 
morning;   indeed,  the  whole  party,   although  they   said   it  was 

799 


Niagara  Falls 

1886         unreasonable,   confessed  that  they   were  almost  afraid  to   stay 

Warner  longer;  the  roar,  the  trembling,  the  pervading  sense  of  a  blind 

force  and  rage,  inspired  a  nameless  dread.     The  artist  said,  the 

next  morning  at  the  station,  that  he  understood  the  feelings  of 

Lot. 

1886  Warner,    Charlls   Dudley.      Their   pilgrimage.      (Harp.,   Oct., 

Warner  |  gge.        76:677.) 

1S87 

1887  BoDENSTEDT,      FREDERICK.      Niagara.      (In     Ott,      Adolph     and 

Palmer,  Hans,  Nordamerika.     Vereinigte  Staaten  von  Amerika. 
Bern.     Rydegger  und  Baumgart.      1887.     P.  503.) 

In  addition  to  this  quotation  from  Bodenstedt,  the  three  pages  immedi- 
ately preceding  contain  information  concerning  railroad,  hotels,  history 
and  scenery  of  Niagara  Falls. 

Nie  erschien  mir  ein  Strombild  an  Wundern  so  reich, 

So  sturmisch  im  Wechsel,  doch  immer  sich  gleich 

In  bezaubernder  Macht  urgewaltigen  Seins 

Und  hehrer  Gebilde  des  Schalles  und  Scheins. 

Triib  war  der  Himmel,  als  ich  zuerst  dich  sah. 

In  deiner  wilden  Grosse,  Niagara, 

Und  die  Sonne  war  schon  im  Unteregh'n, 

Als  ich  kam,  dich  zum  letzen  Male  zu  seh'n. 

Und  du  hiessest  mich  selbst  tief  hinuntersteigen, 

Um  dich  mir  in  voller  Grosse  zu  zeigen. 

Im  tiefen,  gewundenen  Felsenbette. 

Dich  umragt  kerne  schimmernde  Bergeskette, 

Deine  Ufer  sind  flach  und  ode  ganz, 

Doch  do  brauchst  kernes  prangenden  Rahmens  Glanz: 

Deine  eigene  Gult,  deiner  Wellen  Klang 

Wird  mir  leuchten  und  klingen  mein  Leben  lang. 

Bodenstedt.  Frederick.  Niagara.  (5ee  Michigan  Central 
Railroad    Company,    From    city    to    surf.       .       .       .       Chicago:       Rand. 

McNally.     1880.     Pp.  67-68.) 

800 


Music  —  Poeir})  —  Fiction 

Charles,  Emily  Thornton.  An  address  to  the  body  of  a  man  in  i887 
the  whirlpool.  Niagara.  {In  her  Lyrical  poems.  Phil  a. :  Lippincott.  Charles 
1887.     Pp.  110-111.) 

Not  a  great  poem,  but  written  in  an  interesting  and  buoyant  style. 


1888 

Frechette,  Louis.      Le  Niagara.      (See  Michigan  Central  Railroad      1888 
Company,    From    city    to    surf.  .      .      Chicago:      Rand,    McNally,  ^"chette 

1888.     P.  63.) 

1889 

Sladen,  Douglas  Brooke  Wheelton.     To  the  American  fall     1889 
at     Niagara      {In    Sladen,    Douglas,      ed..     Younger    American     poets  SlaJen 
1830—1890.     .     .     .     With  an  appendix  of  Younger  Canadian  poets; 
ed.  by  G.   B.  Roberts.     Lond.  and  Sydney:     Griffith,  Farran,  Okeden 
and  Welsh.      1891.      Dedicatory  sonnet.) 

This  sonnet  is  dated  Niagara,  October  1  8,  1  889. 

Niagara,  national  emblem!     Cataract 

Born  of  the  maddened  rapids,  sweeping  down 
Direct,  resistless  from  the  abyss's  crown 

Into  the  deep,  fierce  pool  with  vast  impact 

Scarce  broken  by  the  giant  boulders,  stacked 

1  o  meet  thine  onslaught,  threatening  to  drown 
Each  tillaged  plain,  each  level-loving  town 

'Twixt  thee  and  ocean,     Lo!  the  type  exact! 

America  Niagarized  the  world. 

Europe,  a  hundred  years  agone,  beheld 
An  avalanche,  like  pent-up  Erie,  hurled 

Through  barriers,  to  which  the  rocks  of  eld 
Seemed  toy  things  —  leaping  into  godlike  space. 
A  sign  and  wonder  to  the  human  race. 

Young,  Mrs.  Julia  Ditto.     Adrift:  a  story  of  Niagara.     Phila. :      iggg 
Lippincott.      1 889.  Y«ung 

A  tale  of  a  summer  flirtation. 

51  801 


Niagara  Falls 

1890 

1890  Chandler,     Henry.     TKe    nymph    of    Niagara    gorje.     Buffalo: 

Chandler  |  QQQ.  , 

A  poor  attempt  at  poetry  in  seven  eight-line  stanzas.     The  scene  is  laid 
at  Foster  Flats. 

1891 

1891  Dexter,  Charles.     Niagara.      (In  his  In  memoriam,  versions  and 
Dexter             idle  measures.    Cincinnati:    Robert  Clarke  &  Co.     1891.    P.  186-191.) 

A    little    love   story   with    Erie,    Niagara,    and   Ontario    as    dramatis 
personae. 

1891  Imrie,    John.      Niagara    Falls.      (In    his    Songs    and    miscellaneoui 
Imne                poems.     Toronto:      Imrie  and  Graham.      1891.      Pp.  26-28.) 

Eight  stanzas  religious  and  patriotic  in  tone. 

1892 

1892  Van  Duzee,  L.  D.     Niagara.      (In  his  By  the  Atlantic,  later  poems. 
Van  Duzec      Bost. :      Lee  and  Shepard.      1892.     Pp.  247-250.) 

Another  poet   who   saw   the  hand   of   God   in   the   Falls   and   in   their 
presence  felt  the  insignificance  of  man. 

1892  Williams,    Espy.      Niagara.      (In   his    Dream   of   art,    and    other 

William,  poems.     N.  Y.:     Putnam.     1892.     P.  70.) 

Before  —  the  bright  green  waters 

In  listless  madness  fly, 
Leap  shouting  smoothly  downward, 

Mount  mistful,  white  to  sky. 

Above  — -  the  bright  sun  shining. 

Kisses  the  dancing  spray. 
Till  smiling  it  blushes  all  colors 

And  in  gladness  melts  away. 

O  heart!  with  your  tireless  torrent 

Of  doubt,  and  cataract  fears. 
Love's  sunshme  still  kisses  to  blushes. 

And  scatters  your  mist  and  tears. 
802 


Music  —  Poetr}f  —  Fiction 

1893 

Begg,  Mary  Millar.     Niagara.      {In  her  My  mother's  marriage     '®^' 
ring  and  other  poems.     Glasgow:     Bryce.      1893.     P.    100.)  ^^ 

Two  stanzas  addressed  to  the  "  majestic  torrent  "  and  "  overpowering 
force  "  of  Niagara. 

LoVEMAN,      Robert.      Niagara.      (In      his      Poems.     Tuscaloosa:      i893 

Burton.       1893.       P.    17.)  Loveman 

Some  vast  despair,  some  grief  divine, 

Doth  vigil  keep, 
Forever  here;  Before  this  shrine 

The  waters  weep. 

Methinks  a  God  from  some  far  sphere. 

In  sportive  part, 
In  ages  past  wooed  Nature  here, 

And  broke  her  heart. 

1894 

Baker,  NaamAn  R.      An  ode  to  Niagara.      (In  his  Constancy  and      1894 
other  poems.     Mt.  Morris.      1894.      P.  48.)  B*''" 

A  brief  poem  dealing  with  the  short  span  of  man's  life  as  compared 
with  the  everlastingness  of  Niagara. 

COMMELIA,  Anna  Olcott.      Niagara.       (In  her  Of  such  is  the  king-      1894 
dom,    and    other    poems.      N.    Y. :     Fowler    and   Wells.      1 894.     Pp.  Commelia 
17-20.) 

Addressed  to  Niagara  as  the  marvel,  monarch,  pride,  and  wonder  of 
the  West. 

Gilder,  Richard  Watson.     At  Niagara.     (In  his  Poems.     Bost.     1894 
&  N.  Y.:     Houghton,  Mifflm  &  Co.     1908.     Pp.  215-216.)  Gilder 

I 

There  at  the  chasm's  edge  behold  her  lean 
Trembling  as,  'neath  the  charm, 
A  wild  bird  lifts  no  wing  to  'scape  from  harm; 
Her  very  soul  drawn  to  the  glittering,  green, 

803 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  Smooth,  lustrous,  awful,  lovely  curve  of  peril; 

^'''^"  While  far  below  the  bending  sea  of  beryl 

Thunder  and  tumult  —  whence  a  billovv'y  spray 
Enclouds  the  day. 

II 

What  dream  is  hers?    No  dream  hath  wrought  that  spell ! 

The  long  waves  rise  and  sink; 

Pity  that  virgin  soul  on  passion's  brink, 

Confronting  Fate  —  swift,  unescapable, — 

Fate,  which  of  nature  is  the  intent  and.  core. 

And  dark  and  strong  as  the  steep  river's  pour, 

Cruel  as  love,  and  wild  as  love's  first  kiss! 

Ah,  God!  the  abyss. 

1894  H.   E.   J.      "A  poem  of  the  elements,"   an   apprccia'iion   of   Niagara: 

H.E.J.         August,  1891.      (Critic,  Sept.  22.  1894.     25:181.) 

A  critic  of  Niagara  descriptions.  The  author  found  noble  dignity 
and  repose  but  nothing  of  awe,  terror,  desolation,  or  derlh  in  the  Falls. 
The  deafening  roar  did  not  exist  for  him.  In  his  own  words,  "  the  fullest 
and  most  buoyant  life,  the  sprightliest  animation,  the  gayest  colors  and  the 
loudest  song — these  are  the  language  of  that  poem  of  the  elements  we 
call  Niagara." 

1894  McCann,   John   Earnest   and  Saltls,   Francis   S.     Niagara. 

McCann  (McClure.  Oct.,   1894.     3:436.) 

&  Saltus 

A  short  poem,  written  in  1  888  and  reprinted  by  special  request.  Has 
real  literary  merit. 

Since  the  first  dawn,  thro'  vague  and  unknown  ways, 
Between  the  icy  north  and  \vhere  I  fall, 
From  lands  beyond  the  pole,  from  where  brooks  call. 

And  sing  responsive  to  the  cold  birds'  lays, 

I  glide,  I  leap,  I  bound,  thro'  nights  and  days; 
I  rush,  I  rave,  I  roar,  and  I  appall  — 
Ay!  to  the  very  heights  of  heaven's  wall  — 

The  hosts  that  reverential  glances  raise. 

8M 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

And  puny  men  who  walk  the  earth  ne'er  dream  1894 

Of  the  great  force  beneath  my  glassy  face;  &^L 

And,  so,  from  my  brown  bed  up  to  the  sod, 
I  seem  in  all  my  majesty  supreme 

Defying  time  and  earth,  and  fate  and  space, 
To  be  the  tumult  of  the  tears  of  God! 

Trumbull,  William.     The  legend  of  the  white  canoe.     N.  Y.  and      1894 
Lond.:     Putnam.      1894.  Trumbull 

A  story  told  in  verse  of  the  ancient  Indian  custom  among  the  tribes  in 
the  vicinity  of  Niagara,  of  a  sacrifice  to  the  Spirit  of  the  Falls.  In  a 
white  birch-bark  canoe  was  sent  over  the  Falls  the  fairest  maiden  of  the 
tribe,  surrounded  by  ripe  fruits  and  blooming  flowers.  The  sacrifice  was 
supposed  to  propitiate  the  Spirit  of  the  Falls  and  gain  for  the  tribe  pros- 
perity and  abundant  crops. 

Proem. 
Mid  the  rush  of  mighty  waters,  in  the  thundering  cataract's  roar. 
Where  Niagara's  streaming  rapids  down  in  headlong  torrent  pour; 
When  the  serried  waves  like  chargers  madly  leaping  to  the  fray. 
Fling  aloft  their  snowy  crests  and  toss  their  manes  of  flying  spray, 
Rearing,  plunging,  onward  urging  —  Nature's  glorious  cavalry ! 
Where  the  eternal  sweep  of  waters  like  the  unending  surge  of  time. 
Pulsing,  throbs  in  rhythmic  measure  to  a  wondrous  strain  sublime : 
Dwells,  so  ancient  legends  say,  the  mighty  Spirit  of  the  Falls, 
Who,  from  out  the  tumult,  hoarsely,  for  unbounded  homage  calls. 
Here  the  children  of  the  forest,  spellbound  by  that  deafening  roar. 
Stopped  to  gaze  with  listening  wonder,  in  the  simpler  days  of  yore ; 
Awe-struck,   gazed  in  silent  worship,  well  beseemmg  Nature's 

child. 
As  in  chase  they  roamed  the  plain,  or  tracked  in  war  the  path- 
less wild; 
And  as  often  as  they  listened,  on  the  voices  of  the  flood 
Deep  were  borne  the  Spirit's  mutterings,  calling  fierce  for  human 

blood ; 
Ay,  and  sacrifice  more  cruel  in  that  cry,  they  understood: 
Gift  of  Nature's  choicest  treasure,  peerless  budding  womanhood! 

805 


Niagara  Falls 

1895 

1895  Allis,  Almon  Trask.     Uncle  Alvln  at  Niagara.      {In  his  Uncle 

Alli>  Alvin  at  home  and  abroad.      Hornellsville.      1895.      Pp.    112-134.) 

Uncle  Alvin  and  Nancy  Jane  take  a  day  off  for  an  excursion  trip  to 
Niagara.  The  poem  consists  of  descriptions  of  and  reflections  on  sights 
and  scenes  at  Niagara  in  pleasant  vein. 

1895  Thomson,  Edward  William.     John  Bedell,  United  States  loyalist. 

Thomson  (/n  /„'5  Old  Man  Savarin  and  other  stories.     N.  Y.  and  Boston:     T.  Y. 

Crowell&Co.     (c.  1895.)     Pp.  251-270.) 

The  scene  of  this  story  of  love  and  death  is  laid  at  the  Falls.  A  father 
gives  his  life  to  save  his  daughter  and  her  lover. 

1895  Young,  David.     Historical  facts  and  thrilling  incidents  of  the  Niagara 
Young              frontier.     Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :    (1895.) 

Among  others  are  the  accounts  of  the  hermit,  Webb,  the  Maid  of 
the  Mist,  and  the  poem  of  Avery. 

1896 

1896  Scanlan,  Wallace.   "  Dirty  ":  a  story  of  Niagara.    (The  reminder. 
Scanlan           Lockport,  N.  Y. :     August,  1 896.      1:1.) 

A  story  of  an  unknown  wronged  man  who  heroically  gives  up  his  life 
to  save  the  woman  who  had  deserted  him,  from  going  over  the  Falls. 

1896  Tabb,  John  B.      Niagara.      (Atlanric,  Sept.,    1896.      78:403.) 

Tabb  A  little  poem  —  thoughts  suggested  by  Niagara. 

1896  Thayer,  Eugene.      Music  of   Niagara.      (Sci.   Am.   sup..   Mar.    7, 

Thayer  1896.      41:16837.) 

A  brief  extract  reprinted  from  the  Trinity)  Record. 

1898 

1898  Johnson,    Richard    Lewis.      Apostrophe    to    Niagara.      (In   his 

Johnson  .\iagara ;    its    history,    incidents    and    poetry.      .      .      .      Wash. :    Neale. 

1898.    Pp.  35-41.) 

Cyclopean  torrent,  this  thy  throne. 
Which  man  but  yesterday  hath  known. 
Through  all  thy  countless  ages  flown, 
Creation's  masterpiece. 

806 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

How  wonderful  and  vast  thou  art!  ^^®* 

Grand  Pantheon  of  Omniscient  art! 
Thy  flood-gates  demonstrate  thou  art 
"Without  a  parallel!  " 

Awe-struck  I  hear  the  passing  crowd 
Of  heaving  storm  waves  thundering  loud. 
And  see  them  writing  here  the  proud 
Grand  Autograph  of  God. 

A  thousand  waves  on  dress  parade 
Urge  on  the  crowding  cavalcade, 
Which  pauses  on  the  brink,  afraid 

The  awful  plunge  to  take. 

See  yon  gigantic  wave  command 
The  myriad  troopers,  as  they  stand 
Erect,  with  flashing  sword  in  hand, 
To  charge  the  host  below! 

Adown  they  charge,  that  mighty  force, 
Resistless  in  its  downward  course; 
The  rider  and  the  foaming  horse  — 
Brigade  Victorious! 


Thy  grand  facade,  with  curtains  down. 
Presents  no  monster's  ugly  frown. 
But  like  a  maiden's  bridal  gown, 
A  robe  of  beauty  is. 

Its  elevation  reaches  high. 

And  fain  would  touch  the  changing  sky, 

Its  falling  waters  ever  cry, 

Rejoicing  as  they  leap. 

807 


Niagara  Falls 

1898  Majestic  fleets  that  float  their  flags, 

"**"  And  brave  Old  Ocean's  rocky  crags, 

Dare  not  approach  our  rugged  snags, 
Nor  Titian-fashioned  front. 

Some  noble  bards  have  done  their  best 
To  praise  Mt.  Etna's  blazing  crest. 
Yet,  we  could  flood  the  monarch's  nest 
And  crop  his  golden  curls, 

And  challenge  heaven's  bright  sentry  stars 
To  find  beneath  his  lavic  bars 
A  spark,  to  light  their  gilded  cars, 
Before  the  blaze  of  morn. 


Primeval  tribes  no  more  shall  roam 
Thy  banks  to  pitch  their  tented  home. 
Whose  fairest  daughters  made  thy  foam 
Their  willing  sepulchre. 

For  here  they  gathered  once  a  year, 
With  festive  dance  and  savage  cheer, 
And  sacrificed,  without  a  tear. 

The  fairest  of  the  tribe. 

Thy  organ  notes  with  thunderous  roar, 
Sound  thy  Creator's  lofty  score 
Of  Love  and  Mercy  evermore. 
In  grand  diapason. 

Beyond  this  temple  vast  and  dim, 
Methinks  thy  anthem.,  psalm,  or  hymn 
Floods  in  sweet  m-ilody  :o  Him 

Who  waits  the  -^^rrand  Amen ! 


808 


son 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Sheets  of  sunfire  blaze  and  quiver  \%9S 

On  thy  waves,  O  boistrous  river. 
As  they  leap  to  foam  and  shiver, 

Adown  this  gulf  of  death! 

Deep  undercurrents  night  and  day. 
An  everlasting  power  display, 
Exhaustless,  unconfined,  they  play, 
Unfathomed,  unrestrained. 

Take  in  the  sight  around  —  about. 
And  know,  Vain  Man!  beyond  a  doubt, 
God's  power  is  here  past  finding  out  — 
Eternal  mystery. 

Oft  have  I  sat,  in  quiet  hour. 
Beside  this  emblem  of  God's  power. 
And  fancied  Eden's  sacred  bov/er 
No  symbol  had  like  this. 

Emotionful  our  souls  should  know 
He  placed  that  graceful  radiant  bow 
To  span  the  hurricane  below, 

In  token  of  His  love. 

Thou  Sacrilegious  Man  —  go  hence! 
How  futile  is  thy  vain  pretence 
To  scoff  and  doubt  Omnipotence, 
Arrayed  in  glory  here! 


Ere  Cheop's  Pyramidal  pile 
Stood  reared  upon  the  classic  Nile, 
Was  cut  thy  rough,  rock-ribbed  defile 
By  ante-glacial  flood! 

809 


Niagara  Falls 

1898  From  yonder  tower  view  Queenston's  height, 

*°°  Hennepin  was  denied  the  sight, 

From  whence  thou  struggled  in  the  night 
Of  primeval  dawn. 

The  windings  of  thy  crystal  shoe, 
Church  faithfully  portrayed,  'tis  true. 
The  canvas  shows  a  bygone  view. 

Pride  of  the  "  Corcoran." 


When  Winter  steps  upon  the  stage, 
White-cowled  and  solemn  as  a  sage. 
Thou  dost  display  an  ample  page 

Of  glistening  ice-moss  bright. 

Then  icy  apples  moonlit  shine 
On  evergreens  at  midnight  time, 
And  then  thou  seemest  most  sublime. 
In  snowy  satin  robed. 

Translucent  columns,  purest  white. 
Glisten  in  the  morning  light; 
Prismatic  scene  of  rare  delight, 
Of  hues  Elysian; 

Here  snow-capped  mountains  block  thy  flow, 
While  crystal  diamonds  crown  the  show, 
And  icy  bridges  form  below. 
To  span  a  Paradise. 


The  flower  is  pledged  unto  the  bee. 
The  tidal  wave  unto  the  sea; 
Our  northern  floods  are  pledged  to  thee. 
Thou  thundermg  watersheet! 

SIO 


u 


z 


son 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

And  yet,  O  Thunderer,  what  art  thou  i898 

To  Him  with  iridescent  brow,  J°'^ 

Who  guides  thy  grand  retreating  prow. 
The  whispers  of  His  might; 

And  notches  on  these  walls  of  stone 
His  hieroglyphics,  yet  thine  own, 
To  make  thy  soundless  ages  known. 

Through  glyptic  monographs. 

Who  wrote  his  name,  "  The  Unseen  God," 
In  burning  letters,  fiery  shod. 
On  Terrapin  Tower,  once  trod 
By  bold  adventurers; 

When  lo!  'twas  hurled  from  heaven  to  hell, 
The  tottering,  grand  old  sentinel, 
Where  oft  I  went  to  view  the  well, 
Above  thy  plunging  floods. 


God  gave  thee  queenly  sisters  three. 
Faith,  Hope  and  glorious  Charity, 
And  placed  the  Iris  Isle  to  be 

A  brooch  to  pin  thy  veil. 

He  sent  the  morn  with  rustling  wings. 
And  filled  the  vales  with  babbling  springs. 
And  gave  the  birds  their  color'd  wings 
And  sweetly  charming  notes. 

To  praise  thy  cascades  most  sublime. 
Thro'  every  land,  thro'  every  clime. 
Whose  opalescent  rainbows  shine 

To  prove  his  promise  true. 

811 


Niagara  Falls 

1898  He  heaved  the  snow-clad  mountains  up, 

JoHnson  To  fill  old  Erie's  vine-clad  cup, 

With  waters  sweet  for  thee  to  sup, 
Majestic  Orator! 

He  listeth  in  thy  cave  sublime. 
And  speaketh  in  that  voice  of  thine. 
And  rideth  on  the  storms  of  Time, 

Which  lash  the  Island's  home. 

A  spectacle  personified, 

May  here  be  seen  at  midi.ight  tide; 

And  lovers  with  the  greatest  pride 

May  view  a  modest  beau. 

He  courts  the  Queen  of  Night  by  day. 
At  ev'n  song  he  tints  the  spray ; 
At  peep  of  dawn  he  fades  away  — 
The  opal  lunar  bow. 

For  the  lost  Eden,  search  no  more, 
In  myth  or  prehistoric  lore; 
1  hat  question's  settled,  ever  more, 
On  this  the  Sacred  Isle, 

Whose  ferns  and  mosses  scent  the  breeze, 
Where  east  and  west  each  soul  agrees. 
The  Tigris  and  the  Euphrates 

Flow  swiftly,  gladly  on. 

How  bright  and  grand  to  thee  did  seem 
This  v'ork!  arrayed  m  living  green, 
While  Luna,  robed  m  silvery  sheen, 
Her  nightly  vigils  k.^pt, 

812 


Music  —  Poeir]]  —  Fiction 
With  gleaming  light  and  lunar  bow,  ^^®^ 

nrU         It  fl       J      £   •  J  Johnson 

1  hy  phantom  nood  or  joy  caid  woe, 
A  milky  stream  of  ceaseless  flow, 
A  phosphorescent  dream; 


'Till  paler  man,  with  selfish  soul. 
Held  in  his  hand  a  parchment  scroll, 
And  taxed  his  neighbors,  ev'ry  soul  — 
Infinite  Oracle! 

Who  came  to  list  thy  voice  so  true, 
And  view  thy  waters,  green  and  blue. 
And  m.arvel  at  thy  emerald  shoe 

Whose  hoof  an  empire  is! 

Seated  on  the  "  Rock  of  Ages," 
While  musing  o'er  the  sacred  pages, 
indited  by  inspir'd  sages, 

I  heard  a  spirit  say: 

Let  lions  roar  and  people  sing, 
And  eagles  flutter  on  the  wing. 
While  all  the  bells  in  steeples  ring 
For  thee,  Niagara. 

A  jubilation  loud  and  grand. 
From  frigid  zones  to  torrid  strand, 
For  Dufferin  ope'd,  with  lordly  hand. 
Thy  flood-gates  free. 

Now  may  thy  incense  heavenward  soar. 
And  thy  tempestuous  billows  roar 
Their  solemn  protests,  o'er  and  o'er 
Thy  crest,  Niagara. 

813 


Niagara  Falls 

*®^*  'Till  Justice,  with  concordant  hand, 

And  Liberty  with  outstretched  hand. 
Shall  welcome  pilgrims  as  they  land 
On  Freedom's  happy  shore. 

And  guard  with  zealous  care  for  aye. 
Thy  mighty  organ,  night  and  day. 
That  all  the  world  may  hear  it  play. 
With  unvexed  harmony. 

Until  discordant  war's  alarms, 
And  conflicts  of  contending  arms, 
Are  silenced  by  thy  mad'ning  charms. 
Plunge  on,  Niagara! 

Nor  let  thy  eyelids  ever  close, 
In  Neptune's  arms  in  sweet  repose, 
'Till  all  the  nations  shall  disclose, 
Like  thee,  Niagara, 

A  charity  as  broad  and  deep 
As  is  thine  own  encircling  steep. 
Or  as  thy  vortex  where  we  peep 

Thro'  azure  mists  to  heaven. 


Methinks  the  Grecian  bard  would  find 
Meet  inspiration  for  his  noblest  song. 
And  not  in  Trojan  wars; 

For  here  dwells  Liberty. 

814 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

While  myriad  sunlit,  liquid  pearls  1898 

Obscure  thy  bubbling  pools  and  whirls,  Johnson 

Our  Goddess  stoops,  with  golden  curls. 
To  sip  thy  hydromel. 

Proud  Bedloe's  Isle  may  sound  her  horn  — 
Bartholdi's  gift  her  coast  adorn; 
But  till  her  birthday's  final  morn. 
Here  dwelleth  Liberty. 

In  search  of  gain  and  worldly  pelf. 
The  robber  here  hath  shown  himself. 
And  like  the  ox  amid  the  delf, 

He  would  his  figure  break. 

Let  press  and  voice  at  once  condemn 
The  spoiler  who  would  steal  a  gem 
From  off  the  glittering  diadem 

Of  this  majestic  stream. 

Though  **  Hope's  bright  star  "  is  sometimes  pale, 
Let  Hope,  not  Fear,  in  man  prevail. 
The  misty  Ghost  within  the  veil 

Proves  life's  resurrection. 

Alas!  Niagara,  what  are  we 
Frail  creatures  when  compared  to  thee? 
Yet,  what  art  thou  to  Deity  ?  — 
But  insignificance. 

Meister,  WiLHELM.    Creation's  pride.     (In  Johnson,  R.  L.,  Niagara      jggg 
its  history,  incidents,  and  poetry.     Wash.:     W.  Neale.     1898,     P.  55.)  Meister 

Niagara's  canon,  swept  by  waters  grand! 
No  gorge  like  thine,  nor  depths,  the  mighty  hand 
Of  time  hath  wrought. 

815 


1898 

Meitter 


Niagara  Falls 

Thy  cataract  stupendous  is,  and  fierce ; 
No  human  voice  or  sound  can  ever  pierce 
Its  deaf  ning  roar. 

Thy  seething  currents  rend  with  awful  might 
Great  rocks,  that  nature  in  chaotic  might 
Did  rear  on  high. 

A  whirlpool  deep  within  thy  walls  doth  hiss, 
And  raging  'round,  sinks  down  in  dark  abyss 
To  unknown  depths. 

Around  Ontario's  blue  and  v/ide  domain, 
No  mountains  check,  nor  lofty  barriers  chain. 
Thine  outlet  vast. 

In  the  great  ocean's  infinite  expanse 
Thy  volumes  rest,  and  with  their  powers,  enhance 
The  vasty  deep. 

These  verses  are   from  the  pen  of  a  German  poet,  who  signs  himself 
Wilhelm  Meister. 


1898 


severance 


1898 

Porter 


Severance,  Frank  Hayward. 
Old  trails  on  the  Niagara  frontier. 
Cleveland:   1903.     Pp.  221-260.) 


Niagara   and  the  poets.       (In  his 
ist  ed.    Buffalo:    1899.      2d   ed. 


Porter,  Peter  A.  [Lines  in  a  young  lady's  album.)  (In  Johnson, 
R.  L.,  Niagara,  its  history,  incidents  and  poetry.  Wash.:  W.  Neale. 
1898.    Pp.  49-50.) 

Written  by  Colonel  Porter  in  a  young  lady's  album,  in  which  he  also 
drew  a  sketch  representing  the  Falls  in  the  distance  with  Father  Hennepin, 
La  Salle,  and  an  Indian  chief  in  the  foreground.  The  touch  of  humor  in 
the  verses  is  very  pleasant. 

An  artist,  underneath,  bis  sign  (a  m.asterpiece,  of  course) 
Had  written,  to  prevent  mistakes,  "  This  represents  a  horse  " ; 
So  ere  I  send  my  Album  Sketch,  lest  connoisseurs  should  err. 
I  think  it  well  my  Pen  should  be  my  Art's  interpreter. 

816 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

A  chieftain  of  the  Iroquois,  clad  in  a  bison's  skin,  1398 

Had  led  two  travelers  through  the  wood.   La  Salle  and  Porter 

Hennepin. 
He  points,  and  there  they,  standing,  gaze  upon  the  ceaseless 

flow 
Of  waters  falling  as  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

Those  three  are  gone,  and  little  heed  our  worldly  gain  or 

loss  — 
The  Chief,  the  Soldier  of  the  Sword,  the  Soldier  of  the 

Cross. 
One  died  in  battle,  one  in  bed,  and  one  by  secret  foe ; 
But  the  waters  fall  as  once  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

Ah,  me!  what  myriads  of  men,  since  then,  have  come  and 

gone; 
What  states  have  risen  and  decayed,  what  prizes  lost  and 

won; 
What  varied  tricks  the  juggler.  Time,  has  played  with  all 

below ; 
But  the  waters  fall  as  once  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

What  troops  of  tourists  have  encamped  upon  the  river's 

brink ; 
Wliat  poets  shed  from  countless  quills,  Niagaras  of  ink; 
What  artist  armies  tried  to  fix  the  evanescent  bow 
Of  waters  falling  as  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 


And  stately  inns  feed  scores  of  guests  from  well  replenished 

larder. 
And  hackmen  drive  their  horses  hard,  but  drive  a  bargain 

harder; 
And  screaming  locomotives  rush  in  anguish  to  and  fro : 
And  the  waters  fall  as  once  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

52  817 


Niagara  Falls 
1898  And  brides  of  every  age  and  clime  frequent  the  island's 

Porter  i 

bower. 
And  gaze  from  off  the  stone-built  porch  —  hence  called  the 

Bridal  Tower  — 
And  many  a  lunar  belle  goes  forth  to  meet  a  lunar  beau, 
By  the  waters  falling  as  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

And  bridges  bind  thy  breast,  O  stream!  and  buzzing  mill- 
wheels  turn. 

To  show,  like  Samson,  thou  art  forced  thy  daily  bread  to 
earn; 

And  steamers  splash  thy  milk-white  waves,  exulting  as  they 
go. 

But  the  waters  fall  as  once  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

Thy  banks  no  longer  are  the  same  that  early  travelers  found 

them. 
But  break   and   crumble  now  and  then   like  other  banks 

around  them; 
And  on  the  verge  our  life  sweeps  on  —  alternate  joy  and 

woe 
But  the  waters  fall  as  once  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

Thus  phantoms  of  a  by-gone  age  have  melted  like  the  spray ; 
And  in  our  turn  we  too  shall  pass,  the  phantoms  of  today: 
But  the  armies  of  the  coming  time  shall  watch  the  ceaseless 

flow 
Of  waters  falling  as  they  fell  two  hundred  years  ago. 

1898  RiDGELY,  A.  S.      (Poem.)      (In  Johnson,  R.  L.,  Niagara,  its  history, 

^gely  incidents  and  poetry.     Wash.:     W.   Neale.      1898.     Pp.  54-55.) 

This  poem  also  appears  in  Holley's  "  Niagara;  its  history  and  geology, 
incidents  and  poetry,"  pubHshed  in  1872  and  has  been  already  quoted 
earlier  in  this  chapter. 

1898  Wendell,   Har\ey.      Niagara  in  \nnter.      (Leslie's  w..  Mar.  24, 

Wendell  1898.      86:186.) 

A  descriptive  poem  of  Niagara  "  a  frozen  poem." 

818 


Music  — •  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1899 

ZaNGWILL,  Israel.      Noah's  ark.      (In  his  They  that  walk  In  dark-      ^^^^ 
ness.     N.  Y.:     Macmillan  Co.      1899.)  ^*"^^'^ 

In  this  story,  which  was  also  published  in  Lippincott's  in  August,  1899, 
is  a  fairly  accurate  account  of  Major  Mordecai  Manuel  Noah's  proposed 
plan  for  a  City  of  Refuge  for  Jews  on  Grand  Island. 


1900 

Austin,  Henry.    Niagara.     (Indep.,  Nov.  29,  1900.    52:2827.)     1900 

Austin 

Splendor  supreme  of  constant  majesty, 
Of  towering  passion,  overpowering  charm. 
At  last,  mine  eyes  behold  thee  as  thou  art  — 
In  all  the  lightness  of  thy  moving  grace; 
In  all  the  whiteness  of  thy  soaring  spray; 
In  all  the  brightness  of  thy  might! 

At  last, 
Mine  ears  drink  in  thy  voice  miraculous, 
O  plunging  mountain  full  of  thunder-songs 
Defiant  or  triumphant,  echoing  aye 
Through  vasts  of  day  and  night! 

O  Shape  beyond 
All  winged  imagery  of  magic  words 
Most  musical,  by  ancient  bards  bequeathed 
To  spell  the  hearts  of  ever-coming  men, 
At  last,  I  grasp,  I  clasp  thee;  and  my  soul, 
Struck  speechless  in  thy  Cavern  of  the  Winds, 
Breathlessly  burns  with  sharp,  voluptuous  ache 
To  dash  herself  against  thy  torrent  breast 
And  join  the  awful  Angels  of  thy  fall 
Perpetual  on  the  crags  of  Agony  — 
Victorious  Agony  of  glorious  doom! 


Niagara  Falls 

1900  O  perilous  bridge  'mid  gusts  of  dazzling  pearl. 

Or  where  a  diamond  storm  enshrouds  the  way, 
Thou  seem'st  like  Life  a  span  'twixt  Day  and  Night; 
For  tho  eternal  rainbows  crown  the  rocks, 
Halos  of  Hope,  charmed  circles  of  high  Faith, 
Commanding  entrance  through  the  chasms  of  Doubt 
To  deeps  of  nobler  knowledge  and  soul-strength. 
Yet  all  this  beauty  overwhelms  the  mind 
By  clash  of  contrast  with  our  littleness. 
Alas!  for  Man,  the  Universal  Dwarf, 
Slave  of  Heredity,  Waif  of  Circumstance, 
Cringer  to  Custom,  Toy  of  Temperament, 
Rock-chained  by  Self,  a  vain  Promethean  child ! 
E'en  in  his  loftiest  hour,  Niagara, 
Facing  thy  vastness,  Nature's  most  sublime 
Picture  and  Poem,  can  he  read  a  line 
Or  track  a  tint  back  to  its  hidden  source 
Or  catch  the  secret  meaning  of  one  tone 
'Mid  the  melliflous  thunders  which  arise 
Eternal  from  thy  flowers  of  prismy  foam ; 
Fadeless,  though  fallmg  ever  —  never  quite 
Lost  in  the  looming,  luminous  Infinite? 
Hush !     Let  us  not  be  shadowed  or  dismayed 
By  aught  of  greatness  in  the  outer  sphere. 
By  sense  of  Man's  collective  littleness. 
Or  any  conscious  nothingness  of  self! 
In  Life,  e'en  as  in  Art,  Perfection,  Size, 
Is  of  all  sizes:  —  and  the  first,  firm  step 
In  true  development  and  lasting  strength 
Must  ever  be  the  brave  acknowledgment 
Of  weakness  or  of  lack. 

So,  Heart  of  Mine, 
Oh!  Heart  of  All,  stand  up  and  take  tho  sun! 
Seize,  for  'tis  thine,  thy  Sovereignty  of  Light! 

820 


Music  —  Poeir\)  —  Fiction 

Night  with  her  pale  Infinitude  of  Stars,  ^^®® 

Nor  Ocean,  nor  the  Mountains,  nor  e'en  Thou, 

Niagara,  with  all  thy  loveliness. 

Can  match,  in  possibilities  of  growth 

To  Power,  to  Beauty,  to  Sublimity, 

That  noblest  mystery,  the  Soul  of  Man. 

.      Niagara.       (In  Porter,    P.   A.,   Goat   Island.      Niagara      1900 


Falls.  N.  Y.:      1900.) 

This  poem  by  an  unknown  author  appears  as  an  introduction  to  the 
account  of  Goat  Island.  It  is  also  found  in  the  reprint  of  Mr.  Porter's 
work  in  the  Sixteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  State 
Reservation  at  Niagara. 

Great  Fall,  all  hail : 

Canst  thou  unveil 

The  secrets  of  thy  birth ; 

Unfold  the  page 

Of  each  dark  age. 

And  tell  the  tales  of  earth? 

When  I  was  bom 

The  stars  of  morn 

Together  sang  —  'twas  day : 

The  sun  unrolled 

His  garb  of  gold 

And  took  his  upward  way. 

He  mounted  high 

The  eastern  sky 

And  then  looked  down  on  earth; 

And  she  was  there. 

Young,  fresh,  and  fair, 

And  I,  and  all,  had  birth. 


821 


Niagara  Falls 

^9^®  The  word  of  power 

Was  spoke  that  hour: 
Dark  chaos  felt  the  shock ; 
Forth  sprung  the  Hght, 
Burst  day  from  night, 
Up  leaped  the  living  rock. 

Back  fell  the  sea 

The  land  was  free. 

And  mountain,  hill,  and  plain 

Stood  forth  to  view, 

In  emerald  hue, — 

Then  sang  the  stars  amain. 

And  I  —  oh  thou : 

Who  taught  me  how 

To  hymn  thy  wondrous  love 

Deign  to  be  near 

And  calm  my  fear, 

0  Holy  one  above. 

1  caught  the  word 
Creation  heard. 

And  by  thy  power  arose; 
His  goodness  gave 
1  he  swellmg  wave 
1  hat  ever  onward  flows. 

By  his  command 

The  rambow  spanned 

My  forehead  and  his  will 

Evoked  the  cloud 

My  feet  to  shroud, 

And  taught  my  voice  to  trill. 


822 


Music  —  Poeir\)  —  Fiction 

And  who  is  he  1900 

That  questions  me? 

From  whom  hast  thou  thy  form. 

Thy  life,  thy  soul? 

My  waters  roll 

Through  day,  night,  sunshine,  storm. 

In  grateful  praise 

To  him,  I  raise 

A  never  ceasing  song 

To  that  dread  one, 

To  whom  stars,  sun, 

Earth,  ocean,  all  belong. 

Thou  too  adore 

Him  ever  more 

Who  gave  thou  all  thou  hast; 

Let  time  gone  by 

In  darkness  die 

Deep  buried  in  the  past. 

And  be  thy  mind 

To  him  inclined 

Who  made  earth,  heaven,  and  thee  — 

Thy  every  thought 

To  worship  wrought, — 

This  lesson  learn  of  me. 

Porter,   Peter  A.      A  legend   of  Goat   Island  ascribed   to   Father       ^^^ 
Louis  Hennepin,  who  visited  Niagara  in  1678.     .     .     .     Niagara  Falls:  Po^ter 
(1900.) 

A  long  poem  telling  the  story  of  a  priest  who  by  disproving  the  Indian 
tradition  that  none  but  warnors  could  reach  Goat  Island  and  live,  succeeded 
in  winning  the  Indian  chieftain  and  his  tribe  to  the  true  religion. 

823 


Niagara  Falls 

1901 

1901  Bruce,     Wallace.       Niagara.       (In     Michigan    Central     R.     R. 

Bruce  Chicago:     1901.     p.  33. 

Proud  swaying  pendant  of  a  crystal  chain. 

On  fair  Columbia's  rich  and  bounteous  breast 
With  beaded  lakes  that  necklace-like  retain 

Heaven's  stainless  blue  with  golden  sunlight  blest! 
What  other  land  can  boast  a  gem  so  bright ! 

With  colors  born  of  sun  and  driven  spray  — 
A  brooch  of  glory,  amulet  of  might 

Where  all  the  irised  beauties  softly  stray. 
Ay,  more  —  God's  living  voice,  Niagara  thou! 

Proclaiming  wide  the  anthem  of  the  free ; 
The  starry  sky,  the  crown  upon  thy  brow. 

Thy  ceaseless  chant  a  song  of  Liberty. 
But  this  thy  birthright,  this  thy  sweetest  dower. 

Yon  arching  rainbow  —  Love  still  spanning  Power. 

1901  Carus,  Paul.     The  chief's  daughter:  a  legend  of  Niagara.    Chicago: 

Caru,  c.    1901. 

The  legend  of  the  last  sacrifice  of  the  Oniahgahrah  Indians.  Accord- 
ing to  the  tale  the  chieftain's  daughter  gives  herself  as  a  sacrifice  in  spite 
of  all  of  Hennepin's  arguments.  Her  father  follows  her  over  the  Falls. 
In  the  words  of  the  author,  the  "  Ruler  of  the  Cataract  "  and  the  "  Maid 
of  the  Mist  "  are  at  home  in  a  crystalline  grotto  *'  in  the  unfathomable 
depths  of  the  Horseshoe  Falls,  but  on  moonlight  nights  they  visit  the 
Three  Sister  Islands  or  the  Cave  of  the  Winds  and  their  figures  may  be 
seen  hovering  over  the  rapids  or  round  that  beautiful  white  sheet  of  water 
called  the  Bridal  Veil."  The  two  characters  mentioned  are  symbolical 
of  the  powerful  grandeur  and  chaste  beauty  of  the  scene. 

1901  Fulton,  Mrs.  Linda  DE  K.     Nadia,  the  maid  of  the  mist:  a  story 

Fulton  of  Niagara.     Buffalo:      1901. 

1901  PritchaRD,  Myron  T.     camp.     Poetry  of  Niagara.     .     .     .     Com- 

Priichard         piled  by  M.   T.   Pritchard.      Bost. :      Lothrop  Pub.   Co.      (1901.) 

One  of  the  later  collections  of  Niagara  poetry  from  various  sources, 
comprismg  128  pages. 

824 


Music  —  Poetr})  —  Fiction 

1902 

BlancharD,  Amy  Ella.     A  loyal  lass,  a  story  of  the  Niagara  cam-      1902 
paignofl8l4.     Boston  &  Chicago:     W.  A.  Wilde  Co.      (1902.)  Blanchard 

In  the  first  chapter,  the  scene  of  the  story  is  set  on  the  Niagara  river 
within  sound  of  the  roar  of  the  cataract. 

ShaRPE,    William.       Niagara     and    Khandalla,    and    other    poems.       1902 
Lond.:      H.  A.  Copley.      1902.  Sharp* 

Written  by  a  retired  army  surgeon,  who  gives  his  general  reflections 
on  the  Falls,  the  points  of  vantage  for  viewing  Niagara,  and  the  best 
season  for  seeing  them.  The  poem  is  well-written,  and  its  restraint  is  a 
relief  after  some  of  the  more  extravagant  effusions. 

Stratemeyer,  Edward.     Marching  on  the  Niagara;  or.  The  soldier      1902 
boys  of  the  old  frontier.    Boston:    Lee  and  Shepard.    (Colonial  series  II.)  Stratemeyer 
1902. 

In  this  story  a  battle  takes  place  near  the  Falls;  there  is  a  struggle 
between  an  Indian  and  the  white  hero  on  the  banks  of  the  rapids,  and 
the  story  of  a  rescue  from  the  rapids. 

1903 

Cook,  Joseph.  Overtones;  a  book  of  verse.     N.  Y. :     Knickerbocker     1903 
press.     1903.    Pp.  85-86.  Cook 

Niagara. 
I  hear  the  thunderous  thud,  the  muffled  roar 
I  see  the  blinding,  wheeling,  smiting  mists. 
The  greens,  the  grays,  purples  and  amethysts, 
From  Heaven's  wide  palm  thy  frightened  cataracts  pour. 
And  I  look  up  beneath  them  and  adore. 
Above  me  hang  chain  lightnings  on  the  wrists 
Of  summer  tempests.     In  the  awesome  lists 
Of  contests  are  the  thunders  and  thy  shore. 
Beneath  thy  quivering  riven  cliff  I  lie 
And  gaze  into  the  lightning  and  the  sky 
But  I  hear  only  thee  and  touch  and  see 
A  hand  which  undergirds  immensity. 
Thou  speakest  much,  but  speaketh  most  of  him; 
God,  God,  God  walks  on  thy  watery  rim. 

825 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  .Saunders,  J.  K.     Niagara.     Lond. :     Parlridcc.     1903. 

Saunders  a  r    •  i 

A  moralizing  poem  about 

"  Nature's  unequalled  masterpiece:  — 
Sublimest  of  sublimities." 

1904 

1904  CoPELAND,  BENJAMIN.     Niagara,  and  other  poems.  Buffalo:     Mat- 
Copela^d          thews-Northrup.      1904.     Pp.   11-12. 

Majestic  symbol  of  eternal  power! 

Dread  oracle  of  sons  all  unknown! 
Before  thy  presence  Pomp  and  Passion  cower, — 

All  men  are  equal  at  thy  awful  throne. 

Abashed,  the  eager  babble  of  the  mart, — 

To  silence  shamed,  the  vulgar  greed  for  gain; 

No  more  ambition  goads  the  weary  heart. 
And  Toil  forgets  its  unrequited  pain. 

Stern  type  of  Truth's  inexorable  law ! 

No  room  remains  for  envy  or  for  pride; 
Here  prince  and  pauper  stand  in  common  awe. 

Swayed  by  the  spell  of  thy  resistless  tide. 

A  rushing,  seething  Smai, —  thou  dost  pour 
On  sluggish  consciences  the  solemn  sense 

Of  justice  infinite :  —  thy  thunder's  roar 
Declares  to  Wrong  relentless  recompense. 

Against  our  arrogance  thy  strength  doth  plead ; 

Deep  unto  deep  imperiously  calls; 
Impartial  annalist !  the  nations  read 

Their  transient  glory  on  thy  ageless  walls. 

Yet  dost  thou  deign  to  dower  the  moment's  need,- — 
Our  dreams  exceeding  by  thy  bounteous  sway ; 

With  power  unrivalled  thy  proud  flood  shall  speed 

The  New  World's  progress  toward  Time's  perfect  day. 

826 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

O  mighty  monitor !     O  seer  sublime!  ^904 

The  soul's  surpassing  grandeur  thou  dost  show ;  — 

The  fountains  of  thy  immemorial  prime 

Through  man's  immortal  being  freely  flow. 

Twain,    Mark.      Extracts    from    Adam's    diary  translated    from   the      1904 
original  Ms.     N.  Y.  and  Lond.:     Harper  and  Brothers,   1904.  T'*^"'" 

A  fanciful  tale,  placing  the  creation  of  Man  and  the  Garden  of  Eden 
at  Niagara.  There  are  many  humorous  hits  on  the  Falls  and  the  park 
management. 

1905 

RoHR,    MatHIAS.      Am    Niagara.       (In    his    Gedichte.      Munchen.      1905 
[1905]  Pp.  6-8.)  f^"*'^ 

The  lure  of  the  Falls,  the  cave  of  the  winds,  and  the  mist. 

RoHR,  Mathias.  Das  Opfer  des  Niagara.  (In  his  Gedichte. 
Miinchen.     [1905]  Pp.  56-59.) 

The  familiar  Iroquois  legend  of  the  sacrifice  to  Niagara,  but  in  this 
case  the  maiden  is  rescued  by  a  priest  and  her  folk  converted  to 
Christianity. 

Roy,  Camille,  L'abbe.     Etude  sur  I'histoire  de  la  litterature  canadi-      1905 
enne.      1800-1820.     (Proc.  and  trans,  of  the  Roy  Soc.  of  Can.     2d  ser.  f^oy 
May,    1905.      11:127-130.) 

1  he  author  ascribes  to  J.  D.  Mermet,  soldier  and  poet,  the  authorship 
of  a  poem  entitled,  "  Tableau  de  la  Cataracte  de  Niagara,"  apres  la 
bataille  du  25  juillet  J 8 14,  which  appeared  in  le  Spectateur,  May  9, 
1915.     The  poem  is  quoted  at  some  length. 

N'est-ce  pas  encore  Mermet  qui  a  dessine  ce  large  et  puissant 
tableau  de  la  cataracte  de  Niagara,  longue  poesie  souvent  belle, 
pittoresque,  precise,  parfois  anime  du  meilleur  souffle  et  qui  est  bien 
le  plus  puissant  effort  qui  ait  ete  accompli,  en  ce  temps-la,  pour 
peindre  la  nature  canadienne. 

C'est  apres  une  bataille  livree  pres  de  Niagara,  ou  les 
Canadiens  furent  vainqueurs.  Nos  troupes  sont  campees  a 
quelque  distance  de  la  cataracte;  la  plus  vive  animation  regne  au 

827 


Niagara  Falls 

^905  milieu  des  soldats,  et  au  "  bruit  belliqueux  "  Ton  entend  so  joindre 
le  bruit  des  flots  mugissants.  Nos  heros  etonnes  s'approchent  des 
chutes  fameuses,  et  ils  apergoivent  et  ils  admirent. 

Ces  rapides  torrens  dont  la  pente  fougueuse 
Rend  de  Niagara  la  chute  merveilleuse. 

Et  le  poete  decrit  longuement  le  spectacle : 

Un  gouffre  haut,  profond,  de  ses  bouches  beantes, 
Gronde,  ecume  et  vomit,  en  ondes  mugissantes, 
Deux  fleuves  mutines,  deux  immenses  torrens; 
Plus  altier,  plus  fougueux  que  ces  rochers  ardens 
Qui  renferment  la  flamme,  et  lancent  de  leur  gouffre 
Les  flots  empoisonnes  du  bitume  et  du  soufre, 
Le  premier  des  torrents,  et  le  plus  irrite, 
Des  rayons  du  soleil  reflechit  la  clartc. 
Mille  cercles  d'email  qui  s'agitent  sans  cesse 
dissent  en  tournoyant  sur  I'onde  qui  se  presse. 
Le  torrent  etincelle,  et  I'oeil  tremblant,  surpris, 
Se  fatigue  d'y  voir  les  cent  couleurs  d'Iris. 
Le  second  sous  les  rocs,  sous  les  cavernes  sombres, 
Roule  sa  masse  d'eau  dans  le  cahos  des  ombres. 

Entre  les  deux  torrents,  une  ile  suspendue 
De  I'abime  des  eaux  couronne  I'etendue. 
L'isle  parait  mouvante,  et  ses  bords  escarpes 
Par  les  flots  en  courroux  sont  sans  cesse  frappes. 
Des  chenes,  des  sapins  sans  ecorce  et  sans  cime 
Se  penchent  de  vieillesse  et  tremblent  sur  labime. 
Les  rocs  ronges  et  creux,  et  les  troncs  inegaux 
Aux  timides  Aiglons  presentent  des  berceaux, 
Tandis  que  I'Aigle  fier  des  ailes  qu'il  deploie 
Plane  sur  les  torrents  ou  fond  sur  une  proie. 
La  chute  impetueuse  entraine  dans  son  cours 
La  carcasse  du  pin,  le  cadavre  de  I'ours, 
828 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Que  du  lac  Erie  les  vagues  menaQantes  ^^®* 

Enlevent  en  grondant  sur  ses  rives  tremblantes, 
Et  qui  parfois  lances  hors  des  flots  orageux, 
OfFrent  a  mes  regards  des  fantomes  hideux. 

A  ce  premier  tableau  ou  il  a  voulu  rendre  le  mouvement  des 
eaux  qui  se  divisent  en  deux  fleuves,  en  deux  torrents,  enserrent 
une  isle  suspendue  au-dessus  de  I'abime,  entrainent  des  debris  de 
toute  sorte,  roulent  avec  fracas  pendant  que  I'aigle  tournoie  et 
plane  au  dessus  du  gouffre,  le  poete  oppose  le  spectacle  tranquille, 
et  pour  cela  grandiose  encore  et  saisissant  que  Ton  peut  voir  au 
pied  de  la  cataracte.  Ce  spectacle  contraste  violemment  avec  le 
premier,  car  des  paysages  gracieux  y  encadrent  des  flots  couverts 
d'ecume  qui  s'apaisent  deja,  glissent  et  s'endorment. 

Je  descends,  je  m'avance  aux  pieds  de  la  cascade : 
Le  flot  n'y  poursuit  plus  la  craintive  Naiade. 
L'onde  des  deux  torrents  semble  s'y  reunir. 
Pour  oublier  sa  chute  et  cesser  de  gemir. 
C'est  un  tapis  de  mousse  ou  la  riche  nature 
Sur  des  flocons  de  neige  etale  sa  parure. 
L'ecume  en  murmurant  sur  le  flot  epure 
S'etend,  glisse  et  se  perd  dans  le  fleuve  azure ; 
Et  sur  les  bords  fleuris,  l'onde  toujours  limpide 
Offre  un  calme  enchanteur  pres  d'un  torrent  rapide. 
C'est  ainsi  que  j'ai  vu,  sous  les  pieds  de  I'Etna, 
Les  tapis  emailles  des  champs  de  Demona. 

Or  le  poete  a  visite  Niagara  a  I'heure  ou  le  soleil  couchant 
repand  sur  les  eaux  la  flamme  rouge  de  sa  penetrante  lumiere ;  et 
voici  done  comment,  du  pied  de  la  chute  ou  il  observe,  lui  apparait 
cette  grande  nappe  d'eau  qui  se  deroule  et  s'abime : 

La  masse  qui  s'ecroule  offre  de  longs  rideaux 

Ou  I'email  petillant  promene  ses  tableaux: 

J'y  vois  sur  le  saphir  les  perles  les  plus  belles 

Se  suivre,  tournoyer  comme  des  etincelles. 

829 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  C'est  le  miroir  ardent  dont  le  cristal  epais 

°^  De  Tamant  de  Thetis  reflechit  les  attraits. 

Au-dessus  de  i'abime  on  voit  rougir  Tecumc; 
L'esprit  comme  enchante  croit  que  I'isle  s'allume; 
II  croit  que  les  sapins  s'embrasent  par  degres; 
D'un  horrible  incendie  il  croit  voir  les  effets. 
C'est  du  couchant  en  feu  la  chaine  rayonnante 
Dont  tout  I'eclat  s'attache  a  la  scene  frappantc, 
Et  ce  tableau  trompeur  offre  a  mes  yeux  charmes 
Au  lieu  des  torrents  d'eau  des  torrents  enflammes. 

Comme  une  touriste  curieux  et  avise,  le  poete  visile  la  chute,  et 
il  raconte  par  le  menu  tous  les  accidents  de  cette  nature 
tourmentee : 

Entre  deux  vieux  debris  une  glissante  route 
Guide  mes  pas  errants  sous  une  immense  voute. 
Des  flots  et  des  rochers  je  vois  I'horrible  choc; 
Je  fremis  avec  I'eau,  je  tremble  avec  le  roc. 
Le  cristal  varie  de  la  pierre  et  de  I'onde 
Illumine,  enrichit  cette  grotte  profonde. 
La  cascade  bruyante  en  recourbant  son  eau, 
Arrondit  sur  ma  tete  un  liquide  berceau; 
Et  les  rocs  elances  en  forme  de  fantome, 
De  ce  temple  mouvant  environnent  le  dome. 

Mais  voici  la  nuit;  la  cascade  n'est  plus  qu'unc  masse  sombre 
dont  le  roulement  lugubre  mspirc  la  tcrreur.  Le  poete  s'eloignc, 
cmportant  en  son  ame  I'impression  profonde  qu'y  laisse  le 
spectacle  des  grandes  oeuvres  de  Dieu: 

Je  m'eloigne  a  regret  de  la  scene  sublime 

Ou  la  grandeur  de  Dieu  se  pemt  dans  un  abimr. 

Dans  cette  solitude  oii  tout  parait  neant, 

L'ame  voit  du    Frcs-Haut  le  chef-d'oeuvre  etonnant. 

Cette  voijte  d'azur,  ces  nombreuses  etoiles 

Qui  dc  la  nuit  jalousc  ont  traverse  les  voiles, 

830 


Music  —  Poetry;  —  Fiction 

Ce  calme  que  fatigue  un  murmure  eternel, 
Ce  colosse  des  eaux,  phenomene  immortel, 
De  ces  torrents  fougueux  I'orageuse  surface, 
Ce  meteore  errant  dans  le  celeste  espace, 
Ces  antiques  sapins,  ces  rochers  sourcilleux. 
Tout  ici  parle  a  I'ame  et  la  met  dans  les  Cieux. 

Ainsi  se  termine  en  une  meditation  qui  est  une  hymne  et  un  elan 
vers  Dieu  Tune  des  meilleures  poesies  qu'ait  inspiree,  au  com- 
mencement du  siecle  dernier,  notre  nature  canadienne. 

1906 

Wilkinson,    Florence.      Niagara.       (Outl.,    Feb.    24,    1906.     1906 
82:432-433.)  Wilkmson 

The  water  talked  to  the  turbine 

At  the  intake's  couchant  knee: 
Brother,  thy  mouth  is  darkness 

Devouring  me. 

I  rush  at  the  whirl  of  thy  bidding; 

I  pour  and  spend 
Through  the  wheel-pit's  nether  tempest. 

Brother,  the  end? 
Before  fierce  days  of  tent  and  javelin. 

Before  the  cloudy  kings  ol  I  Jr, 
Before  the  Breath  upon  the  waters. 

My  splendors  were. 

Red  hurricanes  of  roving  worlds, 

Huge  wallow  of  the  uncharted  Sea, 
The  formless  births  of  fluid  stars, 

Remember  me. 
A  glacial  dawn,  the  smoke  of  rainbows. 

The  swiftness  of  the  canoned  west, 
The  steadfast  column  of  white  volcanoes. 

Leap  from  my  breast. 
831 


Niagara  Falls 
*906  But  now,  subterranean,  mirthless, 

Wilkinson  j  »     .      . 

1  tug  and  strain, 
Beating  out  a  dance  thou  hast  taught  me 

With  penstock,  cyHnder,  vane. 
I  am  more  dehcate  than  moonHght, 

Grave  as  the  thunder's  rocking  brow; 
I  am  genesis,  revelation. 

Yet  less  than  thou. 

By  this  I  adjure  thee,  brother. 

Beware  to  of  end! 
For  the  least,  the  dumbfounded,  the  conquered. 

Shall  judge  in  the  end. 

The  turbine  talked  to  the  man 
At  the  switchboard's  cryptic  key: 

Brother,  thy  touch  is  whirlwind 
Consuming  me. 

I  revolve  at  the  pulse  of  thy  finger. 

Millions  of  power  I  flash 
For  the  muted  and  ceaseless  cables 

And  the  engine's  crash. 
Like  Samson,  fettered,  blindfolded, 

I  sweat  at  my  craft ; 
But  I  build  a  temple  I  know  not. 

Driver  and  ring  and  shaft. 

Wheat-field  and  tunnel  and  furnace, 

They  tremble  and  are  aware. 
But  beyond  thou  compellest  me,  brother. 

Beyond  these,  where? 
Singing  like  sunrise  on  battle, 

I  travail  as  hills  that  bow; 
I  am  wind  and  fire  of  prophecy. 

Yet  less  than  thou. 
832 


Music  —  Poetr]^  —  Fiction 
B\^  this  I  adjure  thee,  brother,  1906 

TD        1    ^    i        -a       J  I  "Wilkinson 

Be  SLOW  to  Offend! 
For  the  least,  the  blindfolded,  the  conquered 
Shall  judge  in  the  end. 


The  man  strove  with  his  maker 

At  the  clang  of  the  power-house  DOOR: 

Lord,  Lord,  Thou  art  unsearchable, 
TroubHng  me  sore. 

I  have  thrust  my  spade  to  the  caverns ; 

I  have  yoked  the  cataract ; 
I  have  counted  the  steps  of  the  planets. 

What  thing  have  I  lacked? 
I  am  come  to  a  goodly  country, 

Where,  putting  my  hand  to  the  plow, 
I  have  not  considered  the  lilies. 

Am  I  less  than  Thou? 

The  maker  spake  with  the  man 
At  the  terminal-house  of  the  line: 

For  delight  wouldst  thou  have  desolation 
O  brother  mine. 

And  flaunt  on  the  highway  of  nations 
A  byword  and  sign  ? 

Flave  I  fashioned  thee  then  in  my  image 

And  quickened  thy  spirit  of  old. 
If   thou  spoil  my  garments  of  wonder 

For  a  handful  of  gold? 
I  wrought  for  thy  glittering  possession 

The  waterfall's  glorious  lust; 
It  is  genesis,  revelation, — 

Wilt  thou  grind  it  to  dust? 


S.'^ 


833 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  Niagara,  the  genius  of  freedom, 
'^'"''°*^  A  creature  for  base  command ! 

Thy  soul  is  the  pottage  thou  sellest ; 

Withhold  thy  hand. 
Or  take  him  and  bind  him  and  make  him 

A  magnificent  slave  if  thou  must  — 
But  remember  that  beauty  is  treasure 

And  gold  is  dust. 

Yea,  thou,  returned  to  the  fertile  ground 

In  the  humble  da^s  to  be, 
Shalt  learn  that  he  who  slays  a  splendor 

Has  murdered  Me. 
B\)  this  I  adjure  thee,  brother. 

Beware  to  of  end! 
For  the  least,  the  extinguished,  the  conquered. 

Shall  judge  in  the  end. 

Wilkinson,    Florence.       Niagara.       (Cur.    lit.,    May,     1906. 
40:559-560.) 

Wilkinson,   Florence.      Niagara.      (Wld's   work.   May,    1906. 
12:7479.) 

1907 

1907  Blake,  Henry  T.     Ode  to  Niagara  Falls.      (Jour.  Am.  hist.,  Jan., 
Blake             1907.     1:141-142.) 

1907  Logan,  John  D.     Over-song  of  Niagara.     (Can.  mag.,  Sept.,  1907. 

Logan  29:440.) 

Why  stand  ye,  nurslings  of  Earth,  before  my  gates, 

Mouthing  aloud  my  glory  and  my  thrall? 
Are  ye  alone  the  playthings  of  the  fates, 

And  only  ye  o'ershadovved  with  a  pall? 
Turn  from  this  spectacle  of  strength  unbound  — 

This  fearful  force  that  spends  itself  in  folly! 
T  um  ye  and  hark  above  the  organ  sound 

My  Over-song  of  Melancholy! 
834 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

I  rush  and  roar  1907 

Along  m])  shore, —  ^*" 

/  go  sweeping,  thundering  on; 
Yet  my  days,  O  Man, 
Are  hut  as  a  span. 

And  soon  shall  my  strength  he  gone. 
My  times  are  measured 

In  Tvhose  hand  I  am  treasured, 
(Think  not  of  thy  little  day!) 
Though  I  rush  and  roar 
Along  my  shore, 

I  am  passing  away  — 
Passing  arvay!  " 


Then  standi  not,  nurslings  of  Earth,  before  my  gates. 

Mouthing  aloud  my  glory  and  my  thrall : 
Not  ye  alone  are  playthings  of  the  fates, 

Nor  only  ye  o'ershadowed  with  a  pall ! 

But  hark  to  my  song 
As  I  sweep  along. 

Thundering  my  organ-tone  — 
"  O  vain  is  all  Life 
O  vain  is  all  Strife, 

And  fruitless  the  years  that  have  flown! 
As  the  Worst;  so  the  Best  — 
All  haste  to  their  rest 

In  the  void  of  the  primal  Unknown.'' 

1908 

Barlow,  John  Richard.    The  maiden  of  the  mist;  an  Indian  legend     1908 
of   Niagara:    (origin  of  the  great  paintings  the  Red  man's  fact  and  the  Barlow 
White  man's  fancy.)      Niagara  Falls,   N.   Y. :      Niagara  Courier  Press. 
1908. 

A  story  in  verse  of  Indian  punishment  and  love.  An  indian  maiden 
follows  over  the  Falls  her  lover,  who  has  been  condemned  to  death  by 
being  lashed  in  a  canoe  and  sent  over  the  Falls,  Her  form  may  still  be 
seen  in  the  mist  at  the  foot  of  the  Falls. 

835 


Niagara  Falls 

1908  Young,  /Rev.  W.   Montgomery.     Rushing  waters  and  deep  sea 
Young             pearls.     2d  ed.      Buffalo.     Ulbrich.      1 908. 

Two  poems  in  reminiscent  mood  and  rather  halting  meter. 

1909 

1909  DeutHER,    Charles    George.       Canticles    of    Niagara,    and    other 
Deufher           poems.     (Buffalo,  1909.) 

Attempts  at  descriptions  of  the  Canadian  seasons  in  1  600  and  of  the 
river  and  Falls. 

1909  Ward,  Mrs.   Humphrey.      Marriage  a  la  mode.      N.  Y. :      Double- 

Ward  day.  Page  and  Co.      1909.     Pp.  247-291. 

A  story  of  marital  infelicity  and  the  laxness  of  American  divorce  laws 
which  brings  a  group  of  its  characters  to  Niagara,  and  keeps  them  there  for 
two  chapters.  Interspersed  through  these  two  chapters  are  bits  of  descrip- 
tion of  the  sound  of  the  Falls  at  night  through  a  heavy  fog,  as  well  as 
some  more  cheerful  descriptions  of  their  appearance  on  bright  summer  days. 
This  story  appeared  in  England  under  the  title  of  Daphne. 

Only  a  few  yards  from  her  the  vast  sheet  of  water  descended. 
She  could  see  nothing  of  it,  but  the  v/ind  of  its  mighty  plunge 
blew  back  her  hair,  and  her  mackintosh  cloak  was  soon  dripping 
with  the  spray.  Once,  far  away,  above  the  Falls,  she  seemed  to 
perceive  a  few  dim  lights  along  the  bend  of  the  river;  perhaps 
from  one  of  the  great  po^ver-houses  that  tame  to  man's  service  the 
spirits  of  the  water.  Otherwise  —  nothing !  She  was  alone  with 
the  perpetual  challenge  and  fascmation  of  the  Falls. 

A  light  wind  had  nsen  and  the  fog  was  no^v  break- 
ing rapidly.  As  it  gave  v/ay,  the  moonlight  poured  into  the 
breaches  that  the  wind  made;  the  vast  black-and-sijver  spectacle, 
the  Falls,  the  gorge,  the  town  opposite,  the  bridge,  the  clouds, 
began  to  appear  m  fragments,  grandiose  and  fantastical. 

The  first  days  of  June  broke  radiantly  over  the  great  gorge  and 
the  woods  which  surround  it.      .      .      . 

The  invalid  had  just  asked  that  her  couch  might  be  drawn  as 
near  to  the  window  as  possible,  and  she  lay  looking  towards  the 

836 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

dawn,  which  rose  in  fresh  and  windless  beauty  over  the  town  1909 
opposite  and  the  white  splendour  of  the  Falls.  The  American^ 
Fall  was  still  largely  in  shadow;  but  the  light  struck  on  the  fresh 
green  of  Goat  Island  and  leaped  in  tongues  of  fire  along  the  edge 
of  the  Horseshoe,  turning  the  rapids  above  it  to  flame  and  sending 
shafts  into  the  vast  tower  of  spray  that  holds  the  centre  of  the 
curve.  Nature  was  all  youth,  glitter  and  delight;  summer  was 
rushing  on  the  gorge ;  the  mingling  of  wood  and  water  was  at  its 
richest  and  noblest. 

1910 

Bates,  Katharine  Lee.    The  song  of  Niagara.     (Can.  mag..  May,     1910 
1910.     35:58.)  Bates 

An  alien  song.    Though  day  by  day  I  listen. 
No  syllable  of  that  majestic  chant 
Ma}^  my  adoring  passion  comprehend. 
With  many  a  lucent  evanescent  hue 
The  plunging  torrents  glisten. 
Far-seen,  colossal  plumes  of  spray  ascend, 
Their  dazzling  white  shot  through  and  through 
With  quivering  rainbows,  until  every  plant. 
Each  hoar,  blue-berried  cedar  loved  of  bird. 
Each  fine  fern  tracery,  the  cold  mists  christen 
To  spirit  grace.     The  frosted  branches  bend 
With  sparkle  of  such  jewels  as  transcend 
All  fantasy  of  elfin-craft.     Yet  who 
Interpreteth  the  great  enchantment's  word? 

Ye  primal  Sibyls,  if  eyes  hardly  bear 
The  glory  of  your  opalescent  robes, 
\  our  diamond  aureoles  and  veils  impearled, 
May  the  stunned  ear  divine 
Your  awful  oracle?     August,  yet  wild, 
Do  your  tremendous  paeans  still  prolong 
Creation's  old,  unhumanised  delight. 
The  laughter  of  the  Titans?    Were  ye  there 
837 


Niagara  Falls 
1910  With  your  deep  diapason  answering 


The  Archangehc,  chanting,  golden  globes, 

What  time  they  chorused  forth  their  crystalline, 

Exultant  welcome  to  the  stranger  world? 

Or  is  it,  tolling  cataracts,  the  doom. 

The  unrevealable,  forbidden  thing, 

Your  antiphonic,  solemn  voices  boom? 

Or  peradventure  do  your  peals  proclaim 

Some  all-triumphal  Name 

That  could  it  once  be  won 

By  mortal  ear 

Would  ecstasy  the  griefs  we  suffer  here 

And  charter  love  to  Vv'ing 

Her  radiant  flight  beyond  oblivion? 

Dread  Sisters,  ye  who  smite 

The  senses  with  intolerable  roar, 

Is  there  no  meaning  m  your  ceaseless  song. 

No  word  of  God  in  all  your  mighty  throng 

Of  multitudinous  thunders  evermore? 

1910  Guthrie,  William  Norman.     Niagara  twice  seen,  and  other  verse. 

^"'^^'*=  (Sewanee,    Term.);    Univ.     Press;    Cincinnati:       Clarke.       (c.     1910.) 

Pp.    1-32. 

Begins  with  a  prelude  and  after  dealing  with  the  Falls  from  al!  points  — 
the  gorge,  the  whirlpool,  the  upper  rapids,  etc. —  and  under  all  aspects  of 
mist,  sun  and  storm,  closes  with  a  view  of  the  Falls  from  afar  and  a 
farewell. 

1910  Humphrey,  Lucy  H.  comp.    The  poetic  new-world.    N.  Y. :  Henry 
Humphrey        Holt  and  Co.,      1910.     Pp.  334-342. 

Contains  Hawthorne's  appreciation  of  Niagara,  and  three  poems.  The 
Cataract  Isle,  by  C.  P.  Cranch ;  Niagara,  by  Florence  Wilkinson;  and 
At  Niagara,  by  R.  W.  Gilder. 

1911 

1911  PoPHAM,  William  Lee.      Niagara  Falls  romance.      Louisville,  Ky. : 
Popha«            The  World  Supply  Co.      (c.    19M.) 

An  involved  love  story,  in  which  all  the  characters  finally  marry  their 
real  loves. 

838 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

1913 

Wyatt,  Edith.    Niagara.     (Lit.  dig.,  Sept.  27,  1913.    47:544.)     1913 
A  nature  poem.  Wyatt 

Cool  the  crystal  mist  is  falling  where  my  song  is  calling,  calling 
Over  highland,  over  lowland,  fog-blown  bluff  and  bouldered 
shore : 
Proud    my    snow-rapt   currents    leaping    from   Superior's    green 
keeping. 
Down   from  Michigan's  gray  sweeping  toward  the  Rapid's 
eddied  floor. 

Rain,  hail,  dew  and  storm-cloud  swing  me;  from  the  heights  the 
hollows  wring  me ; 
Filtered  clay  and  field  silt  bring  me  silent  through  the  dark- 
breathed  loam, 
Down  the  thousand-terraced  highlands  till  the  skyland  lake-beds 
wing  me  — 
Flying  down  and  down  in  beauty  through  the  chasm's  flocking 
foam. 

Down  from  Huron,  down  from  Erie,  iho  the  wild  duck's  wing 
grow  weary. 
Tribe  and  nation  part  and  vanish  like  the  spin-drift  haze  of 
morn, 
Fresh  my  full-fold  song  is  falling  and  my  voice  is  calling,  calhng 
Down  from  far-poured  lake  and  highland  as  I  sang  when  I 
was  born. 

South,  North,  East  and  West  untiring  speak  my  brother  seas  in 
splendor. 

Tell  their  dominant  desiring,  claimant  over  coast  and  main. 
Mine  the  choiring  of  a  woman's  chord  immortal,  of  surrender  — 

Of  the  splendor  of  desiring,  deep  to  give  and  give  again. 

839 


Niagara  Falls 

1913         Chord    of    star- fused    loam    and    silver-surgent    lake     cloud's 
^^*"  generation, 

Here  I  sing  the  earth's  still  dreaming  down  my  green-poured 
currents'  length, 
Voice   of   nver-rocking  valleys,   rich  heart  plains   and   heights' 
creation, 
Clear-veiled  chord  that  locked  in  you  your  mother's  life,  your 
father's  strength. 

Cool  the  fog-flocked  mists  are  swinging.     Soar  my  dream;  and 
silver  winging. 
Call  my   air-hung  music  ringing,  toward  the  crystal-buoyed 
morn  — 
Full-fold  music  from  the  highlands,  where  my  splendor's  voice  is 
singing. 
Fresh  from  flooded  shores  and  skylands  as  I  sang  when  I  was 
born. 

1913  Zaremba,  Edward.     Niagara  captive;  a  poem.      (Metal,  and  chem. 

Zaremba  eng.,  March,   1 9 1  3.      11:120.) 

Niagara  captive!     And  by  ribbons  led! 

His  mighty  force  with  that  of  toiling  head 

And  hand  to  join.    So  changed  since  ancient  days 

When  red  men  chanted  hymns  of  praise; 

In  flower-laden  white  canoe 

Each  spring  their  fairest  maiden  sent  into 

The  Thunder  of  the  Waters. 

Niagara  an  adult  and  to  Effort  bred  — ■ 
No  more  to  play  the  livelong  day. 
But  proudly  share  the  sweat  and  grime 
Of  stalwart  manhood's  laboring  prime. 
The  evergrowing  purpose  mns ;  — 
Earth's  wealth  is  measured,  not  the  sun's; 
The  stewards  of  great  treasure  may 
Not  waste  Tomorrow's  dire  need 

For  Pleasure's  or  for  Profit's  greed. 

840 


N'li.ws  oi     Ni.\;,\K.\ 
Sl;f>\vin;;    the    f nmmric  i;il    l>uil(lin'4^    ''^    iIk'V    rxistec!    in    llie    cic,;!!!!! 
hi'ik     il     '>\cy     A.     a     rcsciN  ali'in 


•|o.r      tl.c     S:a!- 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 

Oh,  Hercules,  still  at  thy  labors  keep!  1913 

Canst  take  the  raging  current  from  the  flood  Zaremba 

And  swiftly,  silent  'round  a  cable  sweep? 

Ye  Seven  Wonders  of  the  ancient  world, 

Long  since  into  oblivion  hi-rled. 

Your  kings  and  gods  born  to  commemorate  — 

'Tis  to  the  people  do  we  dedicate 

The  Wonders  of  Today. 


1915 

Cruikshank,    Julia.      Whirlpool   heights:    the   dream-house   on   the      1915 
Niagara  river.     Lond. :     George  Allen  &  Unwin  Ltd.      1915.  Cruikshank 

A  story  of  the  making  of  a  home  on  land  overlooking  the  whirlpool  on 
the  Canadian  side  of  the  Niagara  river.  It  is  written  in  the  form  of  a 
diary,  interspersed  with  many  charming  bits  of  description,  sometimes 
of  the  F'alls,  sometimes  of  the  river,  and  again  of  the  rapids  or  the  whirlpool. 

1893 

BiCKFORD,  E.  L.  T.  Harris.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.      (In  his  Gold       1893 
—  (he  god  and  other  poems.     Cam.borne:  author,     n.  d.     Pp.  1  1  3—1  1  7.)  Bickford 

The  Falls  of  Niagara. 

Imagination  ever  kind, 

Nursling  of  the  poets'  mind, 

Imps  her  wings,  and  soars  afar 

To  where  Niagara's  waters  are. 
And  there,  whilst  throned  on  towering  steep 
Beholds  its  rumbling  torrent  sweep ! 

Tremendous,  stupendous,  romantic,  gigantic. 

Gymnastic,  fantastic,  elastic,  and  plastic, 

It  splashes,  and  crashes,  and  lashing  down-dashes. 

It  rumbles  and  roars,  and  plunging  it  pours, 

It  rolls  and  uprises,  it  swells  and  surprises, 

841 


Niagara  Falls 

1893  It  hissingly  seethes,  and  it  writhingly  wreathes 

^'^''^°"'*^  A  watery  chaplet  of  feathery  foam, 

It  flutters,  it  sputters,  it  cleaves  and  it  weaves 

A  mystical  mantle  as  on  it  doth  roam; 
Ay,  onward  for  ever,  and  silent-voiced  never. 
But  headlong  it  rushes,  it  gurgles,  it  gushes. 
Through  years  and  thro'  ages  it  riots  and  rages, 
'Tis  as  old  as  the  sun,  yet  its  race  is  not  run. 
It  shimmers,  it  glimmers. 
It  baffles  all  swimmers. 
It  quivers,  it  shivers,  the  grandest  of  rivers. 
Like  ship-bearing  oceans  majestical  motions, 
'Tis  ever  resounding. 
Rebounding, 
Confounding, 
*Tis  ever  astounding 

The  senses  of  manl 
It  ever  up-leapeth 
O'er-heapeth 
On-keepeth, 
And  swelling  o'er-sweepeth 
The  rocks  sparry  span ! 
Vibrating,  gyrating,  elating  nor  'bating. 
It  rideth,  collideth,  and  slideth,  and  glideth, 
And  hurleth  and  whirleth,  and  purleth,  and  curleth, 
And  waileth,  and  traileth,  then  raileth,  and  quaileth, 
It  frowneth. 
It  drowneth. 
It  boundeth. 
It  soundeth. 
Till  tree,  crag  and  rock 
Re-echo  the  shock 
Till  valley  and  hill 
Give  answering  shrill, 

842 


Music  —  Poetry  —  Fiction 
O'er-powering,  o'ertowering,  spray-showering  and  scouring  ^^'^ 

,         .  1   •       1-  1   ■  1   •       •  Bickford 

It  trips,  and  it  slips,  and  it  grips,  and  it  rips. 
It  muffles,  and  shuffles,  and  ruffles,  and  scuffles. 
Portrays,  and  delays,  and  dismays  whilst  it  sways. 
And  spangles,  and  tangles,  and  angles,  and  wrangles, 
It  beats,  and  it  cheats,  and  it  fleets,  and  retreats, 
and  so  forth. 

1886 

Ward,    James    Warner.      To    Niagara.       (In    Niagara    river    and       1886 
Falls.      Buffalo:   Thos.    F.    Fryer.       1886.      Plate   CIII.      Also   in  The  Ward 
poets   and   poetry   of    Buffalo,    ed.    by    Ina    Russelle   Warren.      Buffalo: 
Charles  W.  Moulton.     N.  D.     P.  24.) 

Rapt  and  amazed,  midst  scenes  of  rarest  loveliness. 
Stand  I  alone,  entranced,  in  awe  and  ecstasy 
Gazing  in  silence  o'er  the  cliffs  precipitous, 
Whence,  with  united  front,  thy  waters  ponderous 
Tranquilly  take  their  giant  leap,  Niagara! 

Forward  declining,  wreathed  in  conscious  majesty. 
Shimmering  spray  and  jewelled  drop,  tossed  back  from  thee. 
Wave  pressed  to  wave  in  serried  ranks,  as,  steadily, 
Man  against  man,  sweeps  on  a  Ime  of  infantry, — 
Into  the  vertex  rolls  thy  flood  intrepidly. 

In  the  fierce  rapids,  many  a  sharp  rock,  secretly. 
Under  thy  foaming  current  lay  in  wait  for  thee. 
Gashing  and  tearing  thy  rent  bosom  wantonly ; 
Loveliest  Oi  Rivers,  sad  and  dire  similitude. 
So  in  life's  breakers  strives  man's  heart  with  destiny. 

Tossed  in  the  raging  stream  by  waves  impetuous, — 
Glamor  of  hope  and  youthful  dreams  deserting  it, — 
So  have  we  seen, —  ah  River  wild  and  beautiful, 
Art  thou  not  here  of  "  fortune's  buffets  "  typical?  — 
Under  life's  chaos  sinks  heart-broke  humanity. 

843 


Niagara  Falls 

1886  Hither  and  thither  whirled  in  eddies  infinite, 

Ward  Leaping  in  lambent  jets  and  cascades  showery, 

Over  the  sunk  rocks  pourest  thou  unceasingly, — 
So  in  life's  drift  and  swirl  man  writhes  defiantly, 
Only  in  wreck,  at  last,  to  end,  disastrously. 

Cometh  a  change  to  Life  and  River,  presently ; 
Out  of  its  perils  Life  emerges,  jubilant. 
E'en  as  thy  waters  seek  in  calm  serenity. 
Under  this  arched  and  rainbow  broidered  canopy. 
Torrent  immortal,  rest  an  instant  in  thine  agony. 

Haste  is  there  none,  but  eagerness  and  promptitude ; 

Frivolous  things  are  cast  aside  disdainfully ; 

Nothing  the  brink  can  pass  but  heaven-lit  purity ; 

As  on  thy  emerald  crown,  we  see,  Niagara, 

Naught  but  the  gem-like  gleams  from  the  blue  sky  over  thee, 

Out  of  the  far  off  past  emerging  regally, 

Stately  in  step,  thy  grandest  one  nov/  daring  thee, — 

Architect  fine  and  subtle,  never  loitering. 

Minute  by  minute,  frost  and  whirlwind  aiding  thee, 

Toilest  thou  deftly,  thine  own  highway  channelling. 

Onward  proud  River !  —  many  a  voiceless  century 
Into  the  shadow  past  had  vanished  recordless. 
Did  not  the  lines  and  chinks  of  thy  shrewd  chiselling, 
Scarring  the  polished  tablets  of  thy  cenotaph. 
Tell  us  the  mystic  story  of  thy  genesis. 

Summary 
Poetry 
This  chapter  under  the  heading  of  Music-Poetry-Fiction,  will 
reveal  the  absence  of  any  Niagara  verse  from  the  pens  of  the  most 
of  the  great  poets.     Goldsmith  and  Thomas  Moore  are  two  excep- 
tions to  this  rule.     Yet  strangely  enough  many  of  the  great  singers 

have  written  exalted  and  poetic  prose  descriptions  of  the  cataract. 

844 


Music  —  PoetTy  —  Fiction 

The  first  Niagara  verse  of  which  we  have  any  record  appeared 
in  the  dedicatory  sonnet  of  Champlain's  "  Des  Sauvages,"  1604, 
and  the  amount  has  steadily  increased  until  the  present  day, 
probably  the  most  prolific  period  being  in  the  first  half  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Naturally  American  poets  predominate  in  the 
list,  but  the  greatest  of  our  Americans  are  conspicuous  by  their 
absence.  Mrs.  Sigourney  is  probably  the  best  known  of  the 
American  verse-writers,  but  the  poems  of  several  obscure  Ameri- 
can poets  are  much  more  pleasing  to  modeiTi  critical  tas'e.  As 
might  be  expected  there  are  several  collections  of  Niagara  poetry, 
the  best  of  these  being  contained  in  Longfellow's  Poems  of 
Places,  where  under  the  Niagara  heading  may  be  found  the 
choicest  of  this  verse. 

Music 

The  sound  of  Niagara  has  been  such  a  fruitful  subject  of 
discussion  that  it  is  surprising  that  more  musical  literature  on 
the  subject  does  not  exist.  The  Niagara  composition  of  Ole  Bull 
provoked  some  writmg  on  the  subject,  but  very  little  of  it  was 
in  the  form  of  permanent  literature.  In  1881  Eugene  Thayer 
investigated  the  music  and  tone  of  the  Falls  and  the  articles  v/hich 
he  wrote  on  this  subject,  together  with  the  varying  opinions  called 
forth  by  these  articles,  comprise  the  only  other  literature  on  the 
subject  which  research  has  revealed.  Hov/ever,  many  of  the 
writers  of  general  descriptions  have  recorded  their  observations 
and  views  concerning  the  sound  and  music  of  the  Falls. 

Fiction 

It  was  the  fashion  with  a  type  of  fiction  writers  about  the 
time  of  the  War  of  1812  and  an  even  earlier  period  to  use  the 
region  of  Niagara  as  a  background  for  their  stories.  These,  with 
the  Indian  myths  and  legends,  and  the  adventurous  travels  which 
belong  rather  to  the  realm  of  romance  than  fact,  comprise  the 
greater  part  of  the  early  fiction  connected  with  Niagara.  In  later 
years    the    region    appears   but    seldom    m    fiction    but    modern 

845 


Niagara  Falls 

romance  has  given  us  two  of  the  finest  pieces  of  prose  in  Niagara 
Hterature.  One  is  contained  in  Howells'  "  Their  Wedding 
Journey,"  and  tlie  other  in  Charles  Dudley  Warner's  "  Their 
Pilgrimage."  Both  of  these  American  novelists  use  the  Falls  as 
a  background  for  the  weaving  of  a  portion  of  their  stories,  and 
the  descriptions  of  the  Falls  under  various  aspects  are  sympathetic 
and  satisfying. 


S46 


Chapter  IX 


Chapter  IX 

MAPS  AND  PICTURES 


1632 

ChaMPLAIN,   Samuel   De.      Champlain   map,    1632.      (In  Oeuvres      1632 
de    Champlain    publiees    son-;    le    patronage    de    L'Universite    Laval    par  CKamplain 
L'Abbe  C.-H.  Laverdiere.     2d  ed.     Quebec:      1870.     Vol.11.     0pp. 
p.    1385.) 

Wavy  lines  are  marked,  90".  Page  1390  says  of  90"  —  "  Sault 
d'eau  au  bout  due  sault  Sainct  Louis  fort  hault,  ou  pluisieurs  sortes  de 
poissons  descendens  s'estourdissent."  The  map  is  accompanied  by  "  Table 
pour  cognoistre  !es  lieux  remarquables  en  ceste  carte."  "  This  is  the  first 
map  of  Niagara,  and  a  very  clear  and  marked  outline  of  the  river  is  given." 

Carte  de  la  nouvelle  France,  augmentee  depuis  la  derniere  seruant  a  la  1632 
navigation  faicte  en  son  vray  Meridien  par  le  S'r  de  Champlain,  Capitaine 
pour  le  Roy  en  la  Marine,  le  quel  depuis,  I'an  1603,  jusques  en  I'annee 
1629;  a  descouvert  plusiers  costes  terras;  lacs  rivieres  et  Nations  de 
sannoges  por  cy  diuant  incognues  comme  il  se  voit  en  ses  relations  qui'l  a 
ixlcl.  Imprimer  en  1  632.  (In  O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  Documentary  his- 
tory of  the  state  of  Nev/ York.  Alban}':  1849.  Vol.  III.  Frontispiece 
p.  13.) 

"Very  high  waterfall  at  the  head  oi  Sauit  (Lake)  St.  Louis;  descend- 
ing which  various  sorts  of  fishes  become  dizzy."      [Niagara.] 

1656 

Sanson,  N .     Le  Canada,  ou  Nouvelle  France.     .     .     .     Par  N.      1656 

Sanson    d' Abbeville    Geographe    ordinaire    du    Roy.      A    Paris:      Chez  ^^"^°" 
Pic; re  Mariette  Rue  S.  Jacque  a  I'Lsperance.     Avecq  Privilege  du  Roy, 
pour  vignt  ans.      1656. 

"  Ongiara  Sault"  indicated  by  a  break. 
54  S49 


Niagara  Falls 


165t 

Sanson 


Sanson's  map  of  Canada.      (Ann.   archaeological   rep't,    1897—1 
being  part  of  appendix  to  the  report  of  the  minister  of  education,  Ontario. 
Toronto:     1898.     Pp.  47-49.) 

Sanson's  map,    1656,   was  the  first  to  show  Ongiara  Sault.      Another 
map  of  about  a  hundred  years  later  shows  "  Jagara,  car.  place." 


1657 


1664 

Creuxiuj 


1669 

Sanson 


1657 

Sanson,  N-— — .  Canada  of  Niew  Vrankryk.  Getroken  mit 
verscheide  Fransche,  Engelsche  en  Hollandische  Beschryvingen  enz.  Door 
N.  Sanson  de  Abbeville.      [1657.]      8x12. 

Sanson,  N .     Le  Canada,  ou  Nouvelle  France.     .     .     .     Tiree 

de  diverses  Relations  de  Francois,  Angiois,  Hollandais.  .  .  .  Par 
N.  Sanson  d'Abbeville.  8^x12.  (/n  his  L'Amerique  en  plusieurs 
cartes.     Paris:     L'autheur.      1657.     No.  2.) 

"  Ongiara  Sault." 

1664 

Creuxius,  Franiscus.     (S.  J.)     New  France  in  1660.     (Reduced 
facsimile  from  his  "  Historia  Canadenses."     Paris:      1664.) 
"  Ongiara  catarractes  "  indicated. 

Creuxius,  Franciscus.  New  France  in  1660.  (Reduced  facsimile 
from  his  Historia  Canadenses,  Paris.)  {In  Thwaites,  R.  G.,  Jesuit  rela- 
tions.    Cleveland:   1900.     Vol.  46.     Frontispiece.) 

Marks  "  Ongiara  catarractes  "  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario.  The 
proportions  are  poor. 


Sanson,  N- 


md  G- 


1669 

~.      Amerlque  Septentrlonale.      Par  N. 


Sanson.  Reveue  et  changce  en  plusieurs  endroits  suivant  les  mcmoires  les 
plus  recents.  Par  G.  Sanson.  15'/2x22.  A  Paris,  Chez  Pierre 
Mariette.      1 669. 

No  name  but  break  indicates  the  Falls. 


1671 

1571  MeursiuM,   Jacobum.      Novissima   et  accuratissima   totius   Americae 

Meursium  de  criplio  per  Jacobum  Meursium.  17x20.  (In  Montanus,  Amoldus, 
De  nic'uwe  en  onbekende  wereldt.  Amsterdam:  J.  Meurs.  1671. 
1  r!>nli-:p'.ere. ) 

8S0 


Maps  and  Pictures 

1674 

JoLIET,    Louis.      Nouvelle    decouverte    de   plusieurs    nations    dans   la      1674 
Nouvelle  France  en  I'annee  1673  et  1674.     Gaslon  Morel  lith.     (Reduc- Joliet 
tion  facsimile.)      Imp.  E.  Cagniard  a  Rouen.      16x21 '/2.      {In  Mag.  of 
Am.  hist.     Ed.  by  John  Austin  Stevens.     N.  Y. :     A,  S.  Barnes.   1882. 
9:273.) 

"  Sault  "  indicated.  The  map  is  from  the  same  source  as  the  one  pub- 
lished in  the  "  Jesuit  relations  "  in  1900,  noted  below. 

Joliet,  Louis.  Nouvelle  decouverte  dcs  plusieurs  nations  dans  la 
Nouvelle  France,  en  I'annce  1673  et  1674.  21x15%.  (In  Thwaites, 
R.  G.,  Jesuit  relations.  Cleveland:  Burrows  Bros.  1900.  Vol.  59. 
P.  86.) 

"  Reproduced  in  facsimile  from  Revue  de  Ceographie,  for  February, 
1  880."  ..."  Sault  "  indicated.  The  map  is  the  same  as  the  one 
published  in  the  Magazine  of  American  History  for  1882,  volume  9, 
page  273, 

Porter,  Peter  Augustus.     How  lake  commerce  began;  La  Salle's      1674 
visits  to  the  Niagara.     Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :     n.  d.  P.   11.  ^'°''" 

The  La  Salle  map  in  this  volume  is  founded  on  the  map  of  1  674. 

1682? 

Carte   pour   suivre  la   relation   des   voyages   de   cavalier   dc   La   Salle,      1682. 
1669-1682.      7x6|/2.      (In  Societc  de  geographic.     Bulletin.     6  scrie. 
Paris:     1880.     Vol.  20.     At  end.) 

Shows  the  "  River  Niagara  "  but  not  the  Falls. 

1684 

Franquelin,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis.    Carte  de  la  I.ouisiane  ou  des      i^-^'* 
voyages  du  sr.  de  la  Salle  &  des  pays  qu'il  a  decouverts  depuis  la  Nouvclic  ''a"^'"^''" 
France    jusqu'au    golfe    Mexique,    les    annees     1679,    80,    81,    &    82. 
20'^/2xl6.      Paris:       1684.       (In   Thwaites,    R.    C.    ed.,   Jesuit   relations. 
Cleveland:     Burrows  Bros.      1900.     Vol.  63.     Opp.  title  page.) 

A  reduced  facsimile  copy  of  this  map  of  Franquelin's  (made  in  Paris 
for  Francis  Parkman)  is  in  the  Library  of  Harvard  University.  The 
original,    formerly   in    the    Archives   de    la    Mnvine,    Paris,    has    been   lost. 

Saut  de  Niagara  "  is  mdicated  halfway  hehvcen  Lac  Frontenac  and 
Lake  Erie.    The  map  is  good.    Franquelin  was  hydrographer  to  Louis  XIV. 

85 1 


Niagara  Falls 

1687? 

1687?  HoMANNO,  J.   B.     Complissimae  Regionis  Mississippi;  Seu  Provincae 

Homanno  Ludovicianae  a  R.  P.  Ludivico  Hennepin  Francise  Miss,  in  Amerique 
Seplentrionale  Anno  1687,  detectae  nunc  Gallorum  Coloniis  et  Actionurn 
Negotiis  toto  Orbe  celeberrimae.  Nova  Tabula  edita  a  jo.  Bapt. 
Homanno  S.  C.  M.  Geographo  Norimbergae.  Cim  Privilegis  Sac.  Cas. 
Mig. 

A  break  shows  the  "  Saut  de  Niagara  de  500  pieds,"  and  there  is  a 
view  inset  of  the  "  Catarrhacta  ad  Niagara." 

16S8 

1688  Franquelin,  Jean   Baptiste  Louis.     Map  of    1688  of  North 

Frajiquelin  America.  (In  Marshall,  Orasmus  H.  Historical  writings.  Albany: 
Munsell  &  Sons.     1887.     P.  93. 

"This  map  indicating  Niagara  'saut'  w.?s  'drawn  in  1688  by  order 
of  the  Governor  and  Intendent  of  New  France,  fron;  sixteen  years  observa- 
tions of  the  authors.'  It  is  five  feet  long  and  three  feet  wide.  Lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie,  with  the  adjacent  country,  are  for  that  early  day  remark- 
ably well  delineated.  The  Niagara  river  and  falls  are  distinctly  repre- 
sented with  a  portage  road  around  the  latter,  on  the  American  side.  A 
facsimile  of  that  portion  of  the  map  V'.'hich  embraces  the  Niagara  river 
reproduced  from  a  careful  tracing  over  the  original,  is  given  on  the  follow- 
ing page."     (93.) 

1688  CoRONELLi,    [M.  Y .]      Partie  occidentale  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nou- 

Loronclli  velle   France  ou   sont   les  nations  des   Ihnois,   de    1  racy,   'es   Iroquois,   et 

plusieurs  autres  peuples;  avec  la  Louisiane  nouvellement  decouverte.  .  .  . 
Dressee  sur  les  Memoires  les  plus  Nouveux  Par  le  P.  Corone'li  Cosmo- 
graphe  de  la  Ser'me  Republique  de  Venise.  Corrigee  et  augmentce  F'ar 
le  S'r.  Tillemon;  et  Dediee  a  Monsieur  I'Abbe  Baudrand,  A  Paris. 
Chez  J.  13.  Nolin  sur  le  Quay  de  I'Horloge  de  Palais  V^ers  Ic  Pont  Neuf 
a  rFnsc'<]^nc  dc  \\  Place  des  Victolres.  Avec  Privilege  du  Roy.  1688. 
"Saut  de  Niagara  de   100  tois  en  perpmdiculaires." 

1689 

16S9  CORONELL!,    [M.  V.]      I'.Anu'nque  Seplentrionale.  ou  la  Partie  Septen- 

(.oroncli'.  trionale    des    Indes    occidentales.      Dressee   sur   les    Nouveaux   Corrigee   et 

augrnenlee  Par  le  Sr.  Tillemon;  et  Dediee  a  son  F.xcellence  Monseigncur 

Pierre   Venier,    ambassadeur   ordinaire  de   la   Serenissime   Republique   de 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Venise,  pres  di  sa  Majeste  tres  Christienne  Louis  le  Grand.     Par  le  P.      1689 
Coronelli,  Cosmographe  de  la  Ser'me  Republique  de  Venise.     A  Paris:  Coronelli 
Chez  J.  B.  Nolin  ';m-  le  Quay  de  I'Horloge  des  palais.  Vers  le  Pont  Neuf, 
a  I'Enseigne  de  la  Place  des  Victoires.     Avec  Privilege  du  Roy.      1689. 
A  break  shows  the  "Saut  Niagara." 

Coronelli,  [M.  V].  Partie  orientale  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle 
France  ou  sont  les  Provinces,  ou  Pays  de  Saguenay,  Canada,  Acadie. 
Les  Peuples,  ou  Nations  des  Etechemins,  Iroquois,  Attiquomeches. 
avec  la  Nouveile  Angleterre,  La  Nouvelle  Ecosse,  la  Nouvelle 
Yorck,  et  la  Virginie,  les  Isles  da  Terre  Neuve,  de  Cap  Breton.  .  .  . 
Dresse  sur  les  Meraoires  ie  plus  Ncuveaux  par  le  P.  Coronelli  cosmographe 
de  la  Serenis'me  Republique  de  Venise.  Corigee  et  augmentee  par  le  S. 
Tillemon  et  Dediee  a  Monsieur  I'Abbe  Baudrand  par  son  tres  humble 
Serviteur  J.  B.  Nolin.     A  Paris.     Chez  J.  B.  Nolin.      1  689. 

A  break  indicates  the  "  Saut  Niagara." 

1691-1693 

Anzl     Conte     AuRELIO    Delgi.       Nuova    Francia     e    Luigiana.  1691-93 
8%  X  1  i  |/2.      [In  Zani,  Valevlo,  II  genio  vagante.     BibHoteca  curiosa  di  Anzi 
cento  a  piu   relazioni  di  viaggi    [etc.]    raccolta  dal   signor  conte  Aurelio 
delgi   Anzi,  (pseud.)  Parma  per  I.  &  F.  M.  Rosati,  1691-1693.     Pt.  2. 
bet.  pp.  422-423.) 

"  II  gran  salto  di  Niagara" 

1692 

RoUiLL.^RD,    I .   Carte   generalle   de   la   Nouvelle   France  ou  est     1692 

compns  la  Louisiane,  Gaspesie  ec  le  Nouveau  Mexique  avec  les  memoires  RouilLid 
les   plus    nouveau    1692.      I.    P^ouillard    delineavit.      L.    Boudan   sculp. 
13  X   19.      (In  Le  Celarcq,  Christian,  First  establishment  of  the  faith  in 
New  France.     N.  Y.:     1881.     Vol.  li.  P.  8.) 

Note. —  "  Some  copies  of  the  map  are  said  to  bear  the  date  1  692. 
1  he  last  figure  has  somethmg  of  the  appearance  of  a  2,  but  seems  to  be 
really  1 ,  and  has  probably  been  read  differently."  The  "Sault  de 
Niagara  "  is  indicated. 

1695 

Coronelli,  [M.  V.j.  La  Louisiana,  parte  settrionalle  scoperta  sotto  -ic^qK 
la  prottettione  de  Luigi  XIV.  Re  di  Francia.  ,  .  .  Dal.  Coronelli.  Coronelii 
(Atlan'.e  Veneto.     Venice:      1695.      1:28.) 

Indicates  "  Saut  di  Niagara." 

853 


Niagara  Falls 

1696 

1696  AllaRD,  CaREL.      Recentissima  novi  orbis,  sive  Americae  Septentrio- 

AUard  nalis  et  Meridionaiis  tabula.      (In  his  Atlas  minor.      .      .      .      Amstelo- 

dami.     Ex  officina  Caroli  Allard.      [1696].     No.   138.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

1697-187- 

1GS7-187-         Grosvenor  Library,    Buffalo,   N.   Y.     Views  of  Niagara   Falls,  taken 
from  various  sources.      1697-187—. 

These  views  are  mounted  on  twenty-six  large  mats  and  annotated  in 
chronological  order.  Each  view  is  cited  separately  in  this  chapter,  in  its 
chronological  order,  reference  in  each  case  being  made  to  the  Grosvenor 
Library  and  the  number  of  the  mat  on  which  the  view  may  be  found. 


1697 

1697  Hennepin,     Louis.       Carte     d'une    tres    grand    pais     nouvellement 

Itranepin  decouvcrt  dans  I'Ameiique  Septentrionale  entre  le  Nouveau  Mexique  et  L 
Mer  Glaciale.  14'/2xl7.  (In  his  Nouveau  voyage.  A  Utrecht. 
1697.) 

"Saut  de  Niagara  de  100  Toises." 

HenNEPLN,    Louis.      Carte   d'un   tres   grand  pays   entre   le   Nouveau 
Mexique   et   la    Mer   Glaciale.       1 6j/2x20.       (In    his    Nouveau    voyage. 
A  Utrecht.      1697.) 
"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

Hennepin,  Louis.  Chute  d'eau  de  Niagara.  5x6!^.  (In  his 
Nouvelle  decouverte  d'un  ties  grand  pays  situe  dans  rArnenque.  Utrecht. 
G.  Broedelet.     1697.    P.  44.) 

This  first  picture  of  Niagara  Falls  set  the  ty]:)e  which  was  followed  by 
engravers  and  artists  for  upwards  of  one  hundred  fifty  years.  It  is 
so  drawn  that  there  appears  to  be  a  third  fall,  and  Goat  Island  shows  as 
a  pile  of  rock.  The  island  and  shores  are  covered  with  unnatural  fir 
trees,  and  in  the  foreground  are  Indians  pointing  out  the  wonders  of  the 
Falls  to  Europeans  who  appear  overcome  with  astonishment  and  wonder  at 
the  stupendous  grandeur  of  the  Falls.  This  picture  does  not  appear  in  the 
Paris  edition  of  1  683,  but  persisted  with  variations  through  several  genera- 
tions as  the  European  idea  of  the  Falls. 

854 


Maps  and  Pictures 

(Hennepin,  Louis.)  A  fac-simile  view  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Grosvenor      16«7 
Library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.       Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       j  697-1 87-.  Mennep'n 
Mat  L) 

Hennepin,  Louis.  Hennepin  and  variations.  (Hennepin,  First 
picture  of  Niagara  Falls.     Utrecht,   1697.) 

Black  and  white  prints  all  founded  on  Hennepin's  first  picture  of  the 
Falls,  published  at  Utrecht  in  1  697.  The  second  one  with  the  third  fall 
on  the  American  side,  is  entitled  "  Wasserfall  von  Niagara,"  and  the 
third  published  in  London  by  Thomas  Kelley,  1 7  Paternoster  Row, 
"  Waterfall  of  Niagara." 

1698 

Hennepin,  Louis.     A  map  of  a  new  world  between  New  Mexico     1698 
and     the    frozen     sea     newly    discovered    by    Father    Louis     Hennepin.  Hennepm 
.    .   .    {In  his  A  new  discovery  of  a  country  greater  than  Europe;  situated 
in  America,  betwixt  New  Mexico  and  the  frozen  sea.     Lond. :     Bentley, 
Tonson,  Bonwick,  Goodwin  &  Manship.      1698.) 

The  frontispiece  10^/9x17  shows  the  "Great  Falls  of  Niagara."  A 
view  faces  page  28. 

Hennepin,  Louis.  Carte  d'une  nouveau  monde  entre  le  nouveau 
Mexique  et  la  Mer  Glaciale.  11x18.  {In  his  Nouveau  voyage.  A 
Utrecht.     1698.) 

"  Le  grand  Sault  de  Niagara." 

1700 

(The)  Falls  of  Niagara.    (Grosvenor  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Views      1700 
of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Matl.) 

This  gives  a  front  view  of  the  Canadian  Fall  and  part  of  the  American. 
Goat  Island  and  Luna  Island  are  shown  as  straight  rocky  cliffs,  with  three 
small  islands  between  Goat  Island  and  the  American  shore.  Both  shores 
are  wooded  and  some  plum  trees  are  evident  on  the  islands.  Some  small 
figures  can  be  seen  on  the  Canadian  side  below. 

Le  Clerc,  Sebastian.     Chute  de  la  Riviere  de  Niagara.     Elie  enleve      1700 
dans  un  Char  du  Feu.     Engraved  about  1  700.  Le  Clerc 

This  print  is  a  copy  of  a  very  rare  plate,  bearing  the  double  legend 
given  in  the  title.  I  he  Falls  are  fully  as  liigh  and  straight  as  shown  in 
the  Hennepin  picture,  which  was  probably  printed  a  few  years  earlier. 
Elijah  is  shown  in  a  chariot  of  fire  with  a  pair  of  prancing  steeds  above 
the  cataract.     The  combination  of  natural  and  spiritual  wonder  is  unusual. 

855 


Niagara  Falls 

1700  Le    Clerc,     Sebastian.       (Elie    enleve    dans    un    Char    de    Feu.) 

Le  Clcrc         Grosvenor  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.   Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—. 
Mat  1.) 

1700  Dember,  George.     Map  of  Niagara  river  or  the  straights  between  the 

Dember  Lakes     Erie     and     Ontario,     by     Geo.     Dember,     6Cth     Reg'mt.        (In 

O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
Albany:      1849.     Vol.  IL     P.  458.) 

"  Laritude  from  Mr.  Elliott.  .  .  .  Falls  43=  4'  25".  Height  150 
feet."     .     .     . 

1700  LuKEN,  Caspar.    Niagara.     (1697.) 

'^"  A  copy  of  this  quaint  old  engraving  may  be  seen  in   the  New  York 

Public  Library.     It  is  dated  1697,  but  that  is  probably  an  error,  as  it  is  a 
copy  of  the  Hennepin  view,  which  was  rot  published  until  1697. 

17G2 

1702  Campanius  Holm,  Thomas.      (View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.) 

Campanius       T.  Ch.   (sc.)      5^  X  5%.      (In  his  Kort  beskrifning  om  provincien  Nya 
"°'"^  Severige  uti  America,  som  nu  forjden  af  the  Engelske  kallas  Pennsylvania. 
Stockholm:     S.  Wankyfs.     1702.     Opp.  P.  4.) 

A  Hennepin  view  with  the  left-hand  figures  and  the  trees  omitted. 
Opposite  page  52  is  a  map  "  Virginiae  N.  Angliae,  N.  Hollandiae  nee  no 
Novae  Sueciae  Dehneatio."  "  Sault  de  Niagara  "  indicated  by  a  break 
in  the  river. 

1702  The  cataract  of  Niagara.      (1702.)      (Print.) 

"  Some  make  this  waterfall  to  be  half  a  League  while  others 
reckon  it  no  more  than  a  hundred  Fathom." 

"  A  view  of  ye  Industry  of  ye  Beavers  of  Canada  m  making 
Dams  to  stop  ye  Course  of  a  R.:vulet,  m  order  to  form  a  gre?.t 
Lake,  about  which  they  build  their  Habitations.  To  effect  this: 
they  fell  large  Trees  with  their  Teeth,  m  such  mianner  as  to  make 
them  come  cross  ye  Rivulet,  to  lay  ye  foundation  of  ye  Dam; 
they  make  Mortar,  work  up  and  finish  ye  whole  with  great  order 
and  wonderful  Dexterity." 

"  The  Beavers  ha^e  tvvo  Doors  to  their  Lodges,  one  to  the 
Water   and   the  other   to   ihe  Land   side,   according   to   French 

accounts," 

856 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Fer,   N DE.      Le   Canada,   ou   Nouvelle  France,   la   Floride,   la     1702 

Virginie,  Pensilvanie,  Caroline,  Nouvelle  Angleterre  et  Nouvelle  Yorck,  Fer 
risle  de  Terre  Neuve,  la  Louisiane  et  le  Cours  de  la  Riviere  de  Misisipi. 
Par  N.  de  Fer.     Geographe  de  Monseig.  le  Dauphin.     A  Paris:     Chez 
I'auteur.      ...      1 702. 

"  Sault  d'une  demie  Lieue." 

1703 

De   l'Isle,    GuiLLAUME.      Carte  de   la   Louisiane  et  au  cours  du      1703 
Mississippi  dressee  sur  un  grand  nombre  de  Memoires  entr'  autres  sur  ceux  De  l'Isle 
de    M'r    le    Maire.      Par   Guillaume    Del'Isle   de    I'Academie    R'le   de 
Sciences.       (In    his    Atlas    nouveau.      Amstedam:      N.    d.      Chez   Jean 
Covens  et  Corneillc  Pvlortier.     No.  98.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara  de  600  pieds  de  haut." 

De  l'Isle,  Guillaume.     Carte  de  la  Louisiane  et  du  cours  du 

Mississippi.      (Grosvenor  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. :     Maps,  historical  and 
miscellaneous.     No.  80.) 

De  l'Isle,  Guillaume.  Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France 
et  des  decouvertes  qui  y   ont  ete  faites.     A  Paris:      1703.      (Maps  of 

Am.  Vol.  I.  No.   10.) 

"  Niagara  le  Saut." 

De  l'Isle,  Guill.\UME.  Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France 
et  des  Decouveries  qui  q  ont  ete  faites  dressee  sur  plusieurs  Observations 
et  sur  un  grand  nombre  de  Relations  imprimees  ou  manuscrites.  Par 
Guillaume  De  l'Isle  de  I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences  et  Premier 
Geographe  du  Roy.     A  Paris:      1703. 

"  Niagara  le  Saut  "  too  near  Ontario. 

De  l'Isle,  Guillaume.  Carte  du  Mexique  et  de  la  Floride,  des 
terres  Angloises  et  des  isles  Antilles,  du  course  et  des  environs  de  la 
riviere  de  Mississipi.  Dresse  sur  un  grand  nombre  de  memoires,  prin- 
cipalmt.  sur  ceux  de  mr  d'Iberville  et  Le  Seur.  Par  Guillaume 
De  risle.  Geographe  de  I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences.  A  Paris:  Chez 
I'Auteur.     1  703. 

A  break  indicates  the  "  Saut  de  Niagara." 

De  l'Isle,  Guillaume.  Carte  du  Mexique  et  de  la  Floride,  des 
terres  Angloises  et   des   isle'^    Antilles;,    au   course  et   des   environs  de  la 

857 


Niagara  Falls 

1703  riviere  de  Mississipi.      Paris:      Chez   I'auteur.      1703.      (Maps   of  Am. 

Dc  risle         Vol.  I.  No.  8.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

De  l'Isle,  GuillaUME.  Nouvelle  Carte  particuliere  de  rAmerique, 
ou  sont  exactment  marquees  une  partie  de  la  Baye  d'hudson,  le  pays  des 
Kilistinons,  la  Source  de  la  grande  riviere  de  Mississippi,  le  pays  des 
Illinois.  .  .  .  (In  his  Atlas  nouveau.  Amsterdam:  N.  d.  Chez 
Jean  Covens  et  Comeille  Mortier.     No.  92.) 

Shows  the  "  Fall  of  Niagara  1  00  feet  high,"  three-fourths  of  the  way 
from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario. 

De  l'Isle,  GuilLAUME.  [View  of  Niagara  Falls  in  the  early  part 
of  the  18th  century.]  (In  his  Atlas  nouveau,  Amsterdam:  N.  d. 
Chez  Jean  Covenes  et  Corneille  Mortier.      P.  96a.) 

The  regular  Hennepin  view,  with  the  dog,  savages,  explorers,  and  priest 
on  one  side,  and  numerous  figures  on  the  winding  pathway  on  the  other. 
The  third  falls  and  the  fir  trees  are  in  evidence. 

1705-1720 

^      _  ChateLAIN,  H.  a.     Carte  contenant  le  royaume  du  Mexique  et  la 

Chatelain         Floride,  dressee  sur  les  meilleures  observations  et  sur  les  memoires  le  plus 

Nouveaux.      (/n /7is  Atlas  historique.      [anon.]      fol.     Amsterdam:  1705- 

1720.    Vol.  VI.  No.  27.    P.  101.) 

Indicates  "  Saut  de  Niagara." 

Chatelain,  H.  A.  Carte  de  la  Nouvelle  France  oii  se  voit  le  cours 
des  grandes  riviere  de  S.  Laurens  et  de  Mississipi,  aujourd'hui  S.  Louis. 
{In  his  Atlas  historique.  [anon.]  fol.  Amsterdam:  1705-20.  Vol. 
VI.  No.  23,  P.  91.) 

Indicates  "  Saut  de  Niagara." 

Chatelain,  H.  A.  Carte  tres-curieuse  de  la  Mer  du  Sud,  contenant 
des  remarques  nouvelles  &  tres-utiles  non  seulement  sur  les  ports  &  iles  de 
cette  mer,  mais  aussi  sur  les  principaux  pais  de  TAmerique  tant  Septen- 
irionale  que  Meridionale.  .  .  .  (In  liis  Atlas  historique,  [anon.]  fol. 
Amsterdam:   1705-20,     Vol.  VI.     No.  30.  P.   117.) 

The  map  "  le  Saut  de  Niagara  est  unc  Chute  d'eau  du  lac  Erie  dans 
le  lac  Ontario  d'une  demie  Lieue  de  Haut." 

S58 


Maps  and  Pictures 

An  inset  shows  the  Saut  cle  Niagara  with  "  Menage  et  industrie  des  1705-20 
Castors  "  in  the  foreground.     1  he  view  is  a  modified  Hennepin  picture,  Chatelain 
the  third  fall  quite  low,  and  the  American  and  Horseshoe  Fall  straight 
across  as  they  so  often  appear  in  these  old  views. 

Chatelain.  H.  A.  Saut  ou  chute  d'eau  de  Niagara.  AYz  x  5.  (In 
his  Atlas  historique.  [anon.]  fol.  Amsterdam:  1705-20.  Vol.  VI. 
No.  24.  P.  94.) 

The  Hennepin  view  with  a  brief  description.  It  shows  the  third  fall 
but  says  — ■  **  Elle  est  compose  de  deux  grandes  nappes  d'eau  et  de  deux 
avec  une  ile  entalus  au  milieu." 

1710 

SeneX,  John.    A  new  map  of  the  English  empire  in  America ;    .     .     .      1710 
revised   by   John    Senex.       1710.       (In    A   new    general    atlas.      Lond. :      "*" 
Daniel  Brown.     1721.     P.  237.) 

"  The  great  Fall." 

Senex,  John.  North  America.  Corrected  from  the  observations  com- 
municated to  the  Royal  Society  at  London,  and  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Paris,  by  John  Senex.     1710. 

"  Niagara  Cataract,  its  fall  600  feet." 

Senex,  John.  North  America,  corrected  from  the  observations  com- 
municated to  the  Royal  Society  at  London  and  the  Royal  Academy  at 
Paris,  by  John  Senex.      1710.      (Maps  of  Am.  Vol.  III.  No.   14.) 

1710-1720 

Moll,  Herman.     A  catalogue  of  a  new  and  compleat  atlas  or  set  of  1710-20 
twenty-six    two-sheet   maps.      All    composed   and   done   according    to   the 
newest    and    most    exact    observations,    by    Herman    Moll,    geographer. 
(Buff.  hist.  soc.     Buffalo,  N.  Y.) 

Moll,  Herman.  A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the  king 
King  of  Great  Britain  on  ye  continent  of  North  America.  .  .  .  accord- 
ing to  the  newest  and  most  exact  observations.  (In  his  The  world 
described,  fol.  Lond. :  1710-1720.  No.  8.) 
The  Great  Fall  of  Niagara." 
I  he  inset  of  the  Falls  gives  the  picture  of  the  industrious  beavers  with 
the  legend  which  accompanies  it. 

859 


Niagara  Falls 

1712 

1712  Moll,  Herman.     Map  of  North  America  according  to  ye  newest  and 

^°"  most  exact  observations.     .     .     .     [1712.]      (Maps  of  Am.  Vol.  I.  No. 

26.) 

"  The  Great  Fall  of  Niagara." 

Moll,  Herman.  A  map  of  New  France  containing  Canada, 
Louisiana,  etc.,  in  North  America  according  to  the  patent  granted  by  the 
King  of  France  to  Monsieur  Crozat,  dated  the  14th  of  September,  1712, 
N.  S.  and  registered  In  the  Parliament  of  Paris  the  24th  of  the  same 
month.  {In  his  Atlas  geographlcus:  or  compleat  system  of  geography, 
(ancient  and  modern)  for  America.  Savoy.  Eli  Nutt  for  John  Nichol- 
son.    1717.    Vol  V.     P.  676.) 

"  The  Great  Fall  of  Niagara." 


Joutel 


1713 

1713  Joutel,  Henrl     Carte  nouvelle  de  la  Loulsiane,  et  de  la  riviere  de 

Mississippi,  decouverte  par  feu  mr.  de  la  Salle.     .     .     .      (In  hh  Journal  of 
La  Salle's  last  voyage.     .     .     .     Chicago:     The  Caxton  Club.     1896.) 

There  were  two  hundred  and  six  copies  of  this  edition,  which  contains  a 
facsimile  of  the  map  from  the  orlgmal  French  edition  published  in  Paris 
in  1713.  This  map  indicates  the  "  Saut  de  Niagara,"  and  the  inset 
shows  "  Le  fameux  Saut  de  Niagara  ou  la  Riviere  de  St.  Laurent  tombe 
de  plus  de  100  Tolses  de  Haut." 

Joutel,  Henri.  Carte  nouvelle  de  la  Loulsiane,  et  de  la  Rlvere  de 
Mississippi,  decouverte  par  feu  rnr.  de  la  Salle.  .  .  .  Dressee  par  le 
S'r  Joutel  qui  etoit  de  ce  Voyage.  1713.  (In  his  Journal  of  La  Salle's 
last  voyage,  1684-7.  ,  .  .  Nev/  ed.  Albany:  J.  McDonough. 
1906.) 

There  were  five  hundred  copies  of  this  edition  printed.  The  map  indi- 
cates the  "Saut  de  Niagara  "  as  in  the  Caxton  Club  edition  of  1  896,  and 
the  same  inset  Is  shown. 

Joutel,  Henri.  A  new  map  of  the  country  of  Louisiana  and  of  ye 
river  Missisipi  in  North  America  dlscover'd  by  monsr  de  la  Salle  in 
ye  years  1681  and  1686,  as  also  of  several  other  rivers  before  unknown. 
...   by  the  Sr.   Joutel,  who  perforra'd  that  voyage.      1713.      (In  his 

860 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Journal   of  the  last  voyage  perform'd  by   Monsr.   de  la   Salle.      ,      .      .      1713 
Lond.:     Printed  by  A.  Bell  [etc.]      1714.)  Joutel 

The  "  Cataract  of  Niagara  "  is  indicated  and  there  is  a  view  inset 
showing  "  The  famous  Fall  of  Niagara,  where  ye  River  of  St.  Laurence 
casts  itself  down  from  a  height  of  above  100  fathoms."  This  view  shows 
the  third  fall  on  the  left. 

1715 

Moll,  Herman.     A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the  king     1715 
of   Great   Britain   on   ye   continent   of   North   America,   containing   New-  Moll 
foundland,    New    Scotland,    New    England,    New    York,    New    Jersey, 
Pensilvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  Carolina.     According  to  the  newest 
and    most    exact    observations.       Dedicated    to    the    Honourable    Walter 
Douglas. 

This  map  is  the  one  having  the  large  oblong  inset  of  the  *'  cataract  of 
Niagara,  some  make  this  Water-Fall  to  be  half  a  league  ^vhile  others 
reckon  it  no  more  than  a  hundred  Fathom."  This  well-known  inset  is 
called  —  "  A  view  of  ye  Industry  of  ye  Beavers  of  Canada  in  making 
Dams  to  stop  ye  Course  of  a  Rivulet  in  order  to  form  a  great  lake,  about 
v/hich  they  build  their  habitations.  To  Effect  this:  they  fell  large  Trees 
with  their  Teeth,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  them  come  Cross  ye  Rivulet, 
to  lay  ye  foundation  of  ye  Dam.;  they  make  Mortar,  work  up  and  finish 
ye  whole  with  great  order  and  w^onderful  Dexterity.  The  Beavers  have 
two  Doors  to  their  Lodges,  one  to  the  water  and  the  other  to  the  Land 
side,  according  to  ye  French  Accounts." 

We  are  fortunate  in  having  such  wonderful  "  industry  "  preserved  to 
us  in  this  remarkable  picture. 

Moll,  Herman.  To  the  Right  Honourabel  John  Lord  Sommers, 
Baron  of  Evesham  in  ye  county  of  Worcester,  President  of  Her  Majesty's 
most  honourable  Privy  Council  etc.  1  his  map  of  North  A^merica  accord- 
ing to  ye  newest  and  most  exact  observations  is  most  humbly  dedicated  by 
your  lordship's  humble  servant.      (P3ufi.  hist.  soc.     Buffalo,  N.  Y.) 

The  Great  Fall  of  Niagara. 

1718 

De    l'Isle,    Guillaume.      Carte    de   la    Louisiane   et   du   cours   du      1718 
Mississipi.      Dressee    sur   un    grand    nombre   de    memoires   entrau'tres   sur  '^        ^ 
ceux    de    mr    le    Maire.       Par    Guillaume    Delisle    de    I'academie    de3 
Sciences.      [1718].? 

861 


Niagara  Falls 

1719 

1719  ChatelaIN,  H,  a.     Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  & 

Chatelain  des   decouvertes   qui   y    ete    faites.       (In   his   Atlas   historique.       [anon.] 

fol.     Amsterdam:      1705-20.     Vol.  VI.     No.  20.     P.  82.) 
Indicates  *'  Le  Saut." 

1719  Moll,  Herman.     A  new  &  correct  map  of  the  whole  world.     1719. 
Moll                 (/n /ris  The  world  described,     fol.     Lond. :      1710-20.     No.  2.) 

'*  Shewing  ye  situation  of  its  Principal  Parts,  Viz.,  the  Oceans  Kingdoms, 
Rivers,  Capes,  Ports,  Mountains,  Woods,  Trade-winds,  Monsoons, 
Variation  of  ye  Compass,  Climats,  etc.,  with  the  most  Remarkable  Tracks 
of  the  Bold  Attempts  which  have  been  made  to  Find  out  the  North  East 
and  North  West  Passages. 

"  The  Projection  of  this  map  is  call'd  Mercator's,  the  Design  is  to  make 
it  Useful  both  for  Land  and  Sea.  And  it  is  laid  down  with  all  possible 
care,  according  to  the  newest  and  most  Exact  Observations."  It  shows  the 
"  Great  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1720 

1720  WilldaY,  George.     Map  of  North  America.     H.  Terasson  delin.  et 
Willday           fecit.      [1720?] 

"  Niagara  cataract,  it  falls  600  feet." 

1722 

1722  De  lTsle,  GuillaumE.     Tabula  geographica  Mcxirac  et  Floridae. 

De  risle  .     ,     ,     Carte  du  Mexique  et  de  la  Floride.     .     .     .     dated   !  722.    (  In 

his  Atlas  nouveau.     Amsterdam:  N.  d.      Chez  Jean  Covens  et  Corneille 
Mortier.     P.  99.) 
"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

1729 

1729  VaNDER    Aa,    Pierre.      Canada    ou    Nouvrlle    France,    ?uivanl    le:s 

Vander  Aa     nouvelle  observations  de  Messrs.  de  I'Academie  Royale  dc;  Sciences.   .   .   . 

Augmentees  de  Nouveau.     A  Leide:     Chez.  Pierre  Vander  Aa.    (In  Fa 

Galerie  agreable  de  monde.     Leide:      P.  Vander  Aa.    [1729?]    Vol.   I, 

Amerique. 

"  Niagara  le  Saut." 

Vander  Aa,  Pierre.  L'Amerique  selon  les  Nouvelles  observations 
de  Messrs.  de  I'Academie  des  Sciences.  ...  A  Leide.  Chez  Pierre 
Vander  Aa.       [I.    Goeree,   delin.      J.    Baptist   sculp.]       (In  La   Galerie 

862 


Maps  and  Pictures 

agreable     du     monde.       Leide:       P.     Vander     Aa.      [1729]     Vol.     I.      1729 
Amerique.)  Vander  A« 

"  Niagara— Sault  d'une  demie  lieue." 

Vander  Aa,  Pierre.  L' Amerique  septentrionale  suivant  les  nouvelles 
observations  de  Messrs.  TAcademie  Royale  des  Sciences.  .  .  .  Aug- 
mentees  de  nouveau.  8%  x  I  I  %.  A  Leide:  Chez  Pierre  Vander  Aa. 
(In  Hooge,  Romein  de,  Les  Indes  orientales  et  occidentales  et  autres 
lieux.     Leide:     Pierre  Vander  Aa.      [1680?]      PI.  9.) 

Fort  Niagara  is  indicated  —  so  —  "  O  "  —  but  there  Is  nothing  to 
show  the  location  of  the  Falls. 

Vander  Aa,  Pierre.  Nouvelle  carte  de  I'Amerique.  .  .  .  dressce 
suivant  les  plus  nouvelles  decouvertes  par  les  plus  habiles  geographes,  et 
tout  nouvellement  mise  en  lumiere  par  Pierre  Vander  Aa.  (In  La  Galerie 
agreable  du  monde.  Leide:  P.  Vander  Aa.  [1729?]  Vol.  L 
Amerique.) 

"  Sault  d'eau." 

1730? 

Moll,   Herman.     A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the     1730? 
king  of  Great  Britain  on  ye  continent  of  North  America     .     .     .     accord-  Moll 
ing  to  the  newest  and  most  exact  observations,     [1  730?]      (Maps  of  Am. 
Vol.   I.      No.    12.) 

"  The  Great  Fall  of  Niagara,"  also  the  beaver  inset. 

1733 

Falls  of  Niagara.      [View.      5|/2  x   11.      Inset  to  Popple,  Henry,  A      1733 
map    of    the    British   empire    in   America.       fol.    Lond. :      W.    H.    Toms 
&R.  W.  Seale,   1733.] 

7  he  Flennepin  view  of  the  Palls. 

North    America    according    to    the    latest   observations.       (In    Gordon,      1733 
Patrick,   Geography   anatomiz'd:   or   the   geographical   grammar.      Lond.: 
Knapton,  Knaplocke,  and  Co.      1733.     Opp.  343.) 

A  break  shows  the  location  of  the  Falls,  but  no  name  is  given. 

Popple,   Henry.      America  Septentrionalis.      A  map  of  the   British      1733 
empire    in    America    with    the    French    and   Spanish    settlements    adjacent  Popple 
thereto.     By  Henry  People.     (Am.  maps,  Vol.  II,  No.  8.) 

The  "  Fall  of  Niagara  "  is  shown  on  the  map,  and  there  Is  a  small 
inset  of  the  Hennepin  view  of  the  Falls  with  the  usual  figures  and  trees. 
This  is  a  duphcate  of  No.  9  of  American  maps. 

863 


Niagara  Falls 

1733  Popple,   Henry.      Map  of  America;   Mariland,   Pensilvani'a,   New 

Popple  Jersey,  New  York,  and  the  western  part  of  Connecticut.     N.  d. 

"The  Fall  of  Niagara  600  feet  high."  The  Hennepin  view  is  also 
inset  on  this  map. 

Popple,   Henry.     A  map  of  the  British  empire  in  America,      fol. 
Lond.:     W.  H.  Toms  &  R.  W.  Seale.      1733. 
Contains  also  the  Hennepin  inset. 

Popple,  Henry.  A  map  of  the  British  empire  in  America  with  the 
French  and  Spanish  settlements  adjacent  thereto.  (Maps  of  Am.  I. 
No.  17.) 

The  Hennepin  inset. 

Popple,  Henry.  A  map  of  the  British  empire  m  America,  with 
the  French,  Spanish  and  Dutch  settlements  adjacent  thereto.  Certified  by 
Edmund  Halley.     Amsterdam:  Covens  and  Mortier.     N.  d. 

"  Falls  of  Niagara  "  are  shown  as  too  near  Lake  Ontario.  The  Henne- 
pin inset  is  very  small. 

1737 

1737  Bernard,  J.  F.     Le  cours  du  fleuve  Mississlpl,  selon  les  relations  les 

Bernard  plus  modemes.     Amsterdam:     Chez  J.  F.  Bernard.      1737. 

1739-1742 

1739_42  La  France,  Joseph.     A  new  map  of  part  of  North  America  from 

La  France        the  latitude  of  40  to  68  degrees.      12|/2  x   ISYz-      {In  Dobbs,  Arthur, 

Remarks    upon    Capt.     Middleton's    defence.       Lond. :       1 744.       Opp. 

p.    1.) 

"  as  descrived  by  Joseph  L  France  a  French  Canadese  Indian,  who 

traveled  thro  those  Countries   and   Lakes   for   three  uears   fronr;    1  739   to 

1  742."     The  "  Great  Fall  of  Niagara  "  is  indicated  by  name,  but  the 

map  is  not  a  good  one,  the  proportions  being  poor. 


1740-1750 

1740-50  De  l'IslE,  GuillaUME.     Carta  geografica  del  Canada  nell'  America 

De  I'IsU         Settentrionale.       (Atlante    Novissimo    Del    Sig'r    GughelniO    de    L'Isle. 

Venezia:     Giambatista  Albrizzi  L  Girol.      1740.      [1740-1750.1      Vol. 

I-n.     [No.  40.]) 

"  Niagara  il  salto  "  indicated. 

864 


Maps  and  Pictures 

1743 

BelLIN,  N .    Carte  de  I'Amerique    Septentrionale.    1743.      (/n      1743 

Charlevoix,   Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,   Histoire  de  la  nouvelle  France.  "«"'" 
A  Paris:     Chez  Nyon  fils.     1744.     Vol.1.     Frant.) 

A  break  indicates  the  Falls,  but  no  name  is  given. 

Bellin,  N .     Carte  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.     1  743.      {In 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,  History  and  general  description 
of  New  France,  ed.  by  J.  G.  Shea.  N.  Y.:  Harper.  1900.  Vol.  I. 
P.  100.) 

A  break  indicates  the  Falls. 

1744 

Bellin,  N .     Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  cours  du  Mississipi  et  pais       1744 

voisins.      Dediee  a  M.   Le  Comte  de   Maurepas,   Ministre  et  Secretaire  Bellin 
d'Etat   Commandeur  des  Ordres   du  Roy.      Par   N.    Bellin.      Ingenieur 
de  la  Marine.      1  744. 

Sault  de  Niagara. 

Bellin,  N .     Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  cours  du  Mississipi  et  pays 

voisins.  1  744.  (In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,  Histoire  et 
description  generale  de  la  Nouvelle  France.  A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon  fils. 
1744.     Vol.  II.     Front.) 

"  Sault  de  Niagara." 

Bellin,  N .     Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  cours  du  Mississipi  et  pais 

voisions.  1  744.  (In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois,  History  and  general 
description  of  New  France,  ed.  by  J.  G.  Shea.  N.  Y. :  Harper.  1900. 
Vol.  VI.     Pp.   10-11.) 

"  Sault  de  Niagara." 

Bellin,    N .      Carte    des    lacs    du    Canada.       (In    Charlevoix, 

Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,   Histoire  de  la   Nouvelle  France.     A  Paris: 
Chez  Nyon  fils.     1744.    Vol.  III.    Pp.  276-277.) 
"  Sault  de  Niagara  de  250  pieds  au  plus." 

Bellin,  N ,     Carte  de  I'ocean  occidental  et  Parite  de  I'Annerique 

Septentrionale.  1  744.  (In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de, 
Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France.  A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon  fils.  1744. 
Vol.  III.     Front.) 

"  Chute  de  Niagara." 

865 


Niagara  Falls 


1744 

Bellln 


Bellin,  N- 


-.  Karte  des  abendlaendischen  weltmeeres,  und  eines 
theils  von  dem  mitternaechigen  America :  gezeichnet  zum  nahern  verstandniss 
der  im  jahr  1720  gethanen  reise  des  ehre:  vaters  de  Charlevoix  priesters 
der  gesellschafft  Jesu,  in  die  lander  Canada,  Louisiana  und  San  Domingo: 
durch  N.  Bellin.  1744.  8'/2  x  14|/2.  (In  Schroter,  Johann  Friederich, 
Allgemeine  geshichte  der  lander  und  volker  von  America.  Nebst  einer 
vorrede  Siegmund  Jacob  Baumgartens.  (anon.)  Halle:  J.  J.  Gebauer. 
1753.  Vol.  II.  P.  478.) 
"  Sault  de  Niagara  "  indicated. 


1746 

Anville 


1746 

Boehmio 


1746 

Southack 


1746 

Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'.     Amerique  Septen- 
trionale.     1746.     (/n /lis  Atlas  general.     1727-80.    No.  10.) 
"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

Boehmio,  August  Gottlieb.  Americae  mappa  generalis  secun- 
dum legitimas  projectionis  stereographicae  regulas  relationesque  recentissi- 
mas  et  observationes  socioru  acad.  reg.  sequae  Parisiis  est  aliorumque 
auctorum  nee  non  secundum  mentem  D.  I.  M.  Hasii  m.  p.  p.  in  partes 
suas  methodicas  divisa  nunc  concinnata  et  delineata  ab  Aug.  Gottl. 
Boehmio.     Phila.  mag.     istro.     (Maps  of  Am.,  Vol.  I,  No.  18.) 

A  break  shows  the  cataract. 


Southack, 


A  new  chart  of  the  British  empire  in  North 


America;  with  the  distinct  colonies  granted  by  letters  patent  from  cape 
Canso  to  St.  Matthias  river.     1  746. 

"  The  Great  Falls  "  indicated. 


1747 

Kitchin 


1747 

Kitchin,  Thomas.  A  map  of  the  French  settlements  in  North 
America.  7x7.  (In  the  London  mag.  Lond. :  For  R.  Baldwin. 
Dec.  1747.     16:    Opp.  p.  543.) 

A  break  indicates  the  site  of  the  Falls,  but  no  name  is  given  to  them. 

Kitchin,  Thomas.  North  America,  wherein  are  particularly  dis- 
tinguished the  British  dominions,  the  United  States,  and  the  adjacent 
Spanish  territories.  (In  Mills,  David.  A  report  on  the  boundaries  of 
Ontario.      Toronto:      1873.) 

This  map  by  Kitchin  "  hydrographer  to  His  Majesty "  shows  the 
"  Great  Fall  of  Niagara  1  75  feet." 

866 


Maps  and  Pictures 

1749 

BoWEN,    Emanuel.      A   map   of   the   British   American  plantations,      1749 
extending  from  Boston  in  New  England  to  Georgia,  including  all  the  back  Bowen 
settlements  in  the  respective  provinces  as  far  as  the  Mississipi.     8|/2  x  1  1. 
(In  the  London  mag.      Lond. :   For  J.  Astley.      [1749]      July,    1749. 
18:    Opp.  p.  308.) 

"  Fall  of  Niagara  600  feet." 

Sanson,   N and  G .    L'Amerique  Septentrionale  et   Meri-     1749 

dionale  divisee  en  ses  principales  parties  par  les  srs.     Sanson      .      .      .  Sansoa 
rectifee  suivant  les  nouvelles  decouvertes    .    .    .    aux  observations  astrono- 
miques  par  le  sr.  Robert.     1749.      (Am.  maps.     Vol.  II,  No.   19.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

1750 

Kalm,  Peter.     A  letter  from  Mr.  Kalm,  a  gentleman  of  Sweden,     1750 
now  on  his  travels  in  America,  to  his  friend  in  Philadelphia,  containing  a  Kalm 
particular  account  of  the  Great  Fall   of  Niagara,  September  2,    1 750. 
(Gentleman's  mag..  Jan..  1751.     21:15-19.) 

The  view  of  Niagara  Falls,  which  was  designed  to  accompany  Mr. 
Kalm's  letter,  was  not  published  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  until  the  next 
month  after  his  article  appeared,  namely  in  February,  1  75  1 .  Although 
Kalm  himself  may  have  had  nothing  to  do  with  the  actual  making  of 
the  picture,  it  is  quite  evident  that  the  engraver  founded  his  work  on  the 
author's  description.  It  is  the  first  picture  after  Hennepin's  to  be  founded 
on  an  actual  sight  of  the  Falls. 

(Kalm,  Peter.)  A  view  of  the  famous  cataract  of  Niagara  in 
North  America.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  2.) 

Taken  from  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  of  February,  1  751. 

1751 

De  berugte  Waterval  van  Niagara  in  New  York.     (Grosvenor  library,      1751 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls,    1697-187  Mat.  2.) 

No  information  is  obtainable  as  to  where  this  view  was  published  or 
when,  but  it  is  quite  apparent  that  it  is  founded  on  the  plate  illustrating 
Kalm's  letter  published  in    1  75  1 , 

867 


Niagara  Falls 

1751  KaLM,    Peter.       Facsimile    from    Kalm,    A.    D.     1750.      "XX." 

Kalm  Engraved  for  Ingrahe.m's  "  Description  of  Niagara." 

This  print  after  Kalm  shows  three  feathery  trees  on  Goat  Island,  and 
others  on  the  main  shores.  On  the  American  side  are  seen  explorers  and 
the  usual  dog,  and  on  a  pathway  on  the  Canadian  side  are  to  be  seen  a 
number  of  persons.  There  is  a  ladder  on  the  face  of  Goat  Island,  and 
waterfov/1  are  shown  in  the  rapids  above  the  Falls.  Tlie  legend  of  the 
picture  tells  us: 

a.  "  The  place  where  a  piece  of  Rock  was  broken  from,  which  while 
standing  turn'd  the  Water  obliquely  across  the  Falls  as  in  Popple's  map." 

b.  "  Two  men  passing  over  the  east  stream  with  staves." 

c.  "  The  Indians  reascending  their  Ladder." 

1752 

1752  BoWEN,  Emanuel.     A  new  and  accurate  map  of  Louisiana  with  part 

Bowen  of  Florida  and  Canada.      (In  his  Complete  atlas,  or  distinct  view  of  the 

known  world.     1752.     No.  57.) 
"  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1753 

175.3  ■^  ^^P  of  the  British  and  French  settlements  in  North  Am.erica   (part 

the  first)  ;  containing  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  New  Eng- 
land, part  of  New  York,  with  the  lakes,  six  nations,  and  all  the  countries 
westward  in  the  same  parallels  so  far  as  discover'd ;  exhibiting  the  just 
boundaries,  and  the  French  encroachments:  laid  down  from  authentic 
surveys.       [1753?]       (Am.   maps.      II.      No.    10.) 

Shows  the  "  Fall  of  Niagara,  150  feet"  in  height.  Taken  from  the 
General  magazine,  1  754. 

1754 

1754  (^'^)  accurate  map  of  the  English  colonies  in  North  America  bordering 
on  the  river  Ohio.  8  x  9J/2-  (^"  ^''-e  Universal  mag.  Lend.:  J.  Hinton. 
1754.      15:      241.) 

"Fall  of  Niagara  160  feet." 

1755 

1755  AnviLLE,    Jean    BaptisTF.    BourgUIGNON   d'.      Canada,    Louisiane 
Anville             et  terre:  Angloises.      (/n  /)!s  Atlas  general.      1727-80.     No.  32.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

868 


Maps  and  Pictures 

BowEN,  Emanuel,  and  Gibson,  John.    An  accurate  map  of  North     1755 
America,  describing  and  distinguishing  the  British  and  Spanish  dominions.  Bowen 

.      also   all   the  West   India   Islands.      .      .      .       (Am.    maps.    II.         ^  Gibson 
No.  26-27) 

*'  Falls  of  Niagara   140  feet." 

BowEN,  Emanuel,  and  Gibson,  John.    Aa\  accurate  map  of  North 
America.     Describing  and  distinguishing  the  British,  Spanish  and  French 
dominions  on  this  great  continent,  exliibiting  the  present  seat  of  war  and 
the   French   encroachments;    also   all    the   West   India   islands. 
[1755?]    (Am.  maps  I.      No.  20.) 

"Falls  of  Niagara,   140  feet." 

Evans,  Lewis.  A  general  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies,  in  1755 
America:  viz.,  Virginia,  Mariland,  Delaware,  Pensilvania,  New  Jersey,  Evans 
New  York,  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  of  Aquanishuonigy,  the 
country  of  the  confederate  Indians  .  .  ,  comprehending  their  beaver 
hunting  countries,  of  Lakes  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Champlain.  .  .  .  Care- 
fully copied  from  the  original  published  at  Philadelphia.  .  .  .  Lond. : 
Printed  for  John  Bowles.  (In  Evans,  Lewis,  Geographical,  historical, 
political,  philosophical  and  mechanical  essays.  .  .  .  Phila. :  Printed 
by  B.  Franklin  anJ  D.  Hall.      1755.     P.   32.) 

The  first  of  these  essays  contains  "  an  analysis  of  a  general  map  of  the 
middle  British  colonies  in  America,  and  of  the  country  of  the  confederate 
Indians:  a  description  of  the  face  of  the  country;  the  boundaries  of  the 
confederates;  and  the  maritime  and  inland  navigations  of  the  several  rivers 
and  lakes  contained  therein." 

On  page  18,  we  read  that  "The  streight  of  Oghniagara  between  the 
lake  Ontario  and  Erie,  is  easily  passable  some  five  or  six  miles  with  any 
Ships,  or  ten  m:les  in  all  with  Canoes;  then  you  are  obliged  to  make  a 
Portage  up  three  pretty  sharp  Hills  about  eight  Miles,  where  there  is  now 
cut  a  pretty  good  Cart-way.  This  portage  is  made  to  avoid  that  stu- 
pendous fall  of  Oghniagara,  which  in  one  Place  precipitates  headlong 
five  or  six  and  twenty  Fathoms,  and  continues  for  six  or  seven  Miles 
more  to  tum.ble  in  little  Falls,  and  run  with  inconceivable  Rapidity,  and 
indeed  the  Streight  for  a  Mile  or  two  is  so  rapid,  above  the  Fall,  that 
it  is  not  safe  venturing  near  it." 

A    map    of    the    British    and    French    settlements    in    North    America.      1755 
11    x    15.      (In  the  Universal  mag.      Lond.:      J.   Hinton.      1755.      17: 
P.  145.) 

A  break  shows  the  location  of  the  Falls. 

869 


Niagara  Falls 

1755                A  map  of  the  five  great  lakes,  with  part  of  Pensilvania,  New  York, 

Canada    and    Hudson   bay  territories,   etc.       [anon.]    8|/^   x    10.      {In 

the  London  mag.  Lond. :  For  R.  Baldwin.  Sept.  1755.  24:  opp. 
p.  432.) 

A  break  shows  the  "  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1755  A  new  and  accurate  map  of  the  English  empire  in  North  America, 

representing  their  rightful  claim  as  coniirm'd  by  charters  and  the  formal 
surrender  of  their  Indian  friends ;  likewise  the  encroachments  of  the  French, 
with  several  forts  they  have  unjustly  created  therein.  By  a  Society  of 
antigallicans.  Sold  by  W.  Herbert  and  Robert  Sayer.  Lond.:  1755. 
(Am.  maps.  H.  No.  21.) 
"  Falls  of  Niagara." 

1755  Ottens,  R.  and  J.     Carte  des  possessions  Angloises  et  Francoises  du 

Ouens  continent   de    I'Amerique    Septentrionale. —  Kaart    van    de    Engelsche    en 

Fransche    bezittingen    in    hets    vaste    land    van    Noord    America,     1  755. 
A  Amsterdam:     Chez  R.  et  J.  Ottens. 
"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

1755  Sault  du  Niagara  de  135  pieds  de  haut.     Vue.      [From  "  Recueil  des 

plans  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.  A  Paris:  chez  le  sr.  Rouge.  1  755 
at  end.] 

The  Hennepin  view  with  no  dog. 

1755  Sault  du  Niagara  de  135  pieds  de  haut.      [Paris,   1755.]    (Grosvenor 
library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls,   1697-1  87-.) 

1755-1760 

1755-60  Overton,   Henrv,     A  map   of  the   British  plantations   on   the  con- 

Overfon  tinent  of  North  America,  according  to  the  notes  and  improvements  of  mr. 

Bolton,   made  in  the   original   of  mr.   Danville  with   the  history   of   each 

colony  in  the  margin.     .     .     .      [1755—1760.] 

"  Fall  of  Niagara,   1  68  feet." 

1756 

1756  Anville,   Jean   Baptiste   Bourguignon   D*.     America   Septen- 
Anville            tnonalis   a  dommo  d' Anville  m  Galliis  edita  nunc  in  Anglia   coloniis  in 

interiorem  Virginiam  deductis  nee  non  fluvii  Ohio.  .  .  .  geographicis 
et  historicis  illustrata  sumptibus  Homannianorum  Heredum  Noribercae  ao 
1756. 

"  Fall   of  Niagara." 

870 


1  HE    American    Falls,    Goat    Lslanu    and    the    1  Iorslshol    Fall, 
Taken  just   below   Prospect   Point 


Maps  and  Pictures 

1758 

Evans,   Lewis.     A  general   map   of   the  middle   British   colonies  in     1758 
America ;     .     .     .  carefully  copied  from  the  original  published  at  Phila-  Evans 
ddphia  in   1  755,  with  some  additions  by  J.   Gibson. 

This  map  showing  "  Ochniagara  Falls  "  was  pubhshed  in  London  in 
1  758  by  Jefferys  from  the  edition  of   I  755. 

Harrevelt,  E VAN.     Wasserfall  von  Niagara.     7x10.     (/n     1753 

his  Allgemeine  histoire  des  reisen  zu  wasser  und  lande.     Leipzig.     Arkstee  Harrevelt 
und  Merku.       1758.       16:684.) 

Opposite  page  680  is  a  "  Karte  von  den  Seen  in  Canada,  von  M.  B." 
which  indicates  Niagara,  and  on  pages  683-685  is  a  description.  In  the 
Hennepin  view  given  with  this  map,  the  view  of  the  Falls  is  reversed,  the 
trees  are  smaller,  and  the  little  dog  is  missing. 

1759 

Palairet,  I .     Carte  des  possessions  Angloises  et  Frangoises  du     1759 

continent  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.  Londres:  1759.  (Am.  maps.  Palairei 
Vol.  II.    No.  23.) 

"  Saut  de  Niagara." 

Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'.    North  America,  from     jygg 
the  F  reach  of  mr.  D'Anville.     Improved  with  the  back  settlements  of  Vir-  Anville 
ginia  and  course  of  Ohio.     .      .     .      (In  Jefferys,  Thomas,  The  natural 
and  civil  history  of  the  French  dominion  in  North  and  South  America. 
Lond.:      1760.     Pt.  I.     Opp.  p.   134.) 

"  Fall   of  Niagara." 

1760 

Davies,  Thomas.     An  east  view  of  the  great  cataract  of  Niagara.     176O 
Engraved  on  copper  by  J.  Foregeron.     1  760.  Davi 

'*  To  his  Excellency  Lieut.  Gen.  Sir  Jeffrey  Am.herst,  Knight  of  the 
Most  honourable  order  of  the  Bath. 

"  Drawn  on  the  spot  by  Thomas  Davies,  Capt.  Lieut.  Royal  Reg't  of 
Artillery." 

This  peculiar  view  shows  a  little  of  the  Canadian  rapids,  both  islands, 
the  whole  of  both  Falls  and  a  rainbow  like  a  cartwheel.  The  river  below 
the  Falls  is  like  a  pond  and  on  the  left  are  two  savages  painting.  With 
all  its  crudities,  the  drawing  comes  nearer  the  real  Niagara  than  the 
Hennepin  view  which  preceded  it. 

871 


t-ies 


Niagara  Falls 

1760  Jefferys,  Thomas.     A  map  of  Canada  and  the  northern  part  of 
Jefferys            Louisiana   with   the    adjacent   countrys.       {In   his   The   natural    and   civil 

history  of  the  French  dominion  in  North  and  South  America.      Lond. : 
1760.     Pt.  I.     Front.) 
"  Niagara  Fall." 

1761 

1761  Seale,  R.  W.     (deL  &  sc.)     An  accurate  map  of  Canada,  with  the 
Scale                adjacent  countries,  exhibiting  the  late  seat  of  war  between  the  Enghsh  & 

French  in  those  parts.      [anon.]      10  x   13|/2.      (In  the  Universal  mag. 
Lond.:     J.  Hinton.     Feb.,  1761.     28:     Opp.  p.  57.) 
"Niagara  Fall  "  indicated. 

1762 

1762  Jefferys,  Thomas.     A  map  of  Canada  and  the  northern  part  of 
Jefferys            Louisiana  with  the  adjacent  countrys.      1  1 '/z   x    15.      (In  Mills,   David, 

A  report  on  the  boundaries  of  Ontario.     Toronto:      1873.) 

A  map  by  Jelferys  "  Geographer  to  His  Majesty,"    1  762,  published 
in  London.     It  shows  "  Niagara  Falls." 

1763 

1763  Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'.    North  America  from 
'^'''                 the  French  of  mr.  D'Anville.       Improved  with  the  English  surveys  made 

since  the  Peace.      1  763.      (In  Mills,  David,  A  report  on  the  boundaries 
of  Ontario.     Toronto:      1873.) 
"  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1763  (A)   new  map  of  North  America  from  the  latest  discoveries.      1763. 

(anon.)       II    x   15.      (In  the  London  mag.      Lond.:     For  R,   Baldwin. 
Feb.,  1763.     32:  Opp.  p.  64.) 
Break  shows  "  Niagara  Fall." 

1763  Sayer,  Robert.     An  accurate  map  of  North  America,  describing  and 

Saver  distinguishing   the   British    and    French   dominions   on   the   great   continent 

according  to  the  definitive  treaty  concluded  at  Paris,  1  0  February,  1  763. 
"  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1763  A  new  and  accurate  map  of  North  America,  laid  down  according  to 

the  latest,  and  most  approved  observations  and  discoveries.  [anon.] 
10  X  13.  (In  the  Universal  mag.  Lond.:  J.  Hinton.  Mar.,  1763. 
32:    Opp.  p.    113.) 

"Fall   of  Niagara    100   feet." 

872 


Maps  and  Pictures 

TerrENI.  G.  M.     Caduta  di  Niagara.     G.  M.  T.  (sc.)     9!^  x  714.      1763 
(In  II  Gazzettiere  Americano.     Livorno:     M.  Coltellini.     1763.     Vol.  3.  Tcrrcni 

P.  5.) 

A  Hennepin  view  with  the  dog.  There  is  also  a  brief  encyclopaedic 
description  giving  the  height,  swiftness  (animals  carried  over),  the  dividing 
islands,  and  an  account  of  the  mist. 

Terreni,  G.  M.     Caduta  di  Niagara.     G.  M.  T.  fecit.      (Grosvenor 
library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.    Mat  2.) 
From  "  II  Gazzettiere  Americano." 

Terreni,  G.  M.  Caduta  de  Niagara.  9'/2  X  7.  (In  Atlanta  dell' 
America,  [anon.]  Liverno:  Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi  e  comp.  con 
approvazione.      1777.     No.  6.) 

View  of  the   fall   of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,   N.   Y.       1763 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  2.) 
Hennepin  type.     No  third  fall. 

1764 

Bellin,    J.    N.      Carte  des   cinq    grands   lacs   du  Canada.       (In  his      1764 
Le  petit  atlas  maritime.     .     .     .     1764.     Vol.  1.     No.  6.)  B«"'» 

"  Le  Sault." 

Bellin,  J.  N.  La  nouvelle  France  ou  Canada.  (In  his  Le  petit 
atlas  maritime.  Receuil  de  cartes  et  plans  des  quatre  parties  du  monde. 
Par  le  S.      Bellin.      1764.     Vol.1.      No.   4.) 

"  Sault  de  Niagara." 

1766 

Robert,  Sr.  .     A  part  of  North  America  comprehending  the      1766 

course  of  the  Ohio,  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pensilvania,  '^"''*'^' 
Maryland,  Virginia,  Carolina  and  Georgia.      From  the  Sr.   Robert  with 
improvements.       (In    Brookes,    R.,    General    gazetteer.      Lond. :      For  J. 
Newberry.     1766.) 

Shows  a  "  Niagara  Fall   140  feet,"  with  a  brief  encyclopaedic  notice. 

In  this  river  there  is  a  large  cataract  which  has  been  reported  to  have 
been  the  greatest  in  the  world,  and  that  the  mist  which  this  occasions,  may 
be  seen  at  15  miles  distance;  but  this  is  a  great  mistake;  however,  the 
waters  fall  from  a  rock  1  40  feet  high,  make  a  noise  like  thunder  heard  at 
a  great  distance." 

873 


Niagara  Falls 

1767 

1767 .     Niagara.     (In  Billardon  de  Sauvigny,  Edme  Louis. 

Hirza,  ou  Les  Illinois,  tragedie.  Paris:  Le  veuve  Duchesne.  1780. 
Frontispiece. 

A  "  Niagara  "  unrecognizable  except  for  the  legend  beneath  is  used 
as  a  background  for  a  rocky  tomb  and  a  number  of  w^arlike  aborigines. 

1768 

1768  AnvillE,  Jean  BaPTISTE  BourguiGNON  d'.   North  America.   From 

Anvillc  the    French   of   mr.    d'Anville.      Improved   with   the   back   settlements   of 

Virginia  and  the  course  of  the  Ohio.  Illustrated  w^ith  geographical  and 
historical  remarks.  (In  Jefferys,  Thomas,  General  topography  of  North 
America  and  the  West  Indies.  .  .  .  Lond. :  Printed  for  Robert 
Sayer  and  Thos.  Jefferys.     1768.     No.  7.) 

"  Fall  of  Niagara." 

1768  BowEN,  Emanuel,  and  Gibson,  John.    An  accurate  map  of  North 

Bowen  America.     Describing  and  distinguishing  the  British,  Spanish  and  French 

&  Gibson  dominions  on  this  great  continent;  according  to  the  definitive  treaty  con- 
cluded at  Paris  1 0  feb.  1  763.  (In  Jefferys,  Thomas,  General  topog- 
raphy of  North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Lond. :  Printed  for 
Robert  Sayer  and  Thomas  Jefferys.      1768.     No.  9.) 

"Falls  of  Niagara  140  feet." 

1768  ^^    Waterval    van    Niagara.       (Grosvenor    library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Views  at  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  3.) 

A  copy  of  Pierie,  but  the  figures  in  the  foreground  are  slightly  different. 

1768  Evans,    Lewis.      A   general   map   of    the   middle    British    colonies   in 

Evans  America:   viz.  Virginia,   Maryland,   Delaware,   Pensilvania,   New  Jersey, 

New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island,  of  Aquanishuonigy  the 
country  of  the  confederate  Indians.  .  .  .  Corrected  and  improved  with 
the  addition  of  the  line  of  forts  on  the  back  settlements  by  Thos.  Jefferys. 
(In  Jefferys,  1  homas.  General  topography  of  North  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  Lond.:  Printed  for  Robert  Sayer  and  Fhomas  Jefferys. 
1768.    No.  32.) 

1768  Jefferys,  Thomas.     Chart  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  with  the  British, 

Jefferys  French,  &  Spanish  settlements  in  North  America,   and  the  West  Indies; 

as  also  on  the  coast  of  Africa.      (In  his  General  topography   of   North 

874 


Maps  and  Pictures 

America  and  the  West  Indies.     Lond. :     Printed  for  Robert  Sayer  and     1768 
Thomas  Jefferys.     1768.     No.  13.)  Jeffery* 

"  Niagara." 

Johnson,  Guy.     Map  of  the  frontiers  of  the  northern  colonies  with     1768 
the  boundary  line  established  between  them  and  the  Indians  at  the  treaty  Johnson 
held  by  S.  Will  Johnson  at  Fort  Stanwix  in  nov.  1  768.    {In  O'Callaghan, 
E.  B.,  Documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.   Albany:    1850. 
1:376.) 

This  map  "  was  corrected  and  improved  from  Evans'  map  by  Guy  John- 
son, Department  Agent  of  Indian  Affairs."  Great  Fall"  is  indicated 
only  by  a  break  in  the  rocks. 

Johnson,  Guy.  Map  of  the  frontiers  of  the  northern  colonies  with 
the  boundary  line  established  between  them  and  the  Indians  at  the  treaty 
held  by  S.  Will  Johnson  at  Ft.  Stanwix  in  nov.  1 768.  (In  Mills, 
David,  A  report  on  the  boundaries  of  Ontario.     Toronto:      T873.) 

Like  the  map  in  O'Callaghan's  "  Documentary  history  "  this  is  also 
"  corrected  and  improved  "  from  Evans's  map  by  Guy  Johnson. 

PlERlE,  William.     View  of  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  from  a  draw-     1768 
ing  taken  on  the  spot  by  Lt.  Pierie  of  the  Royal  Artillery.     Richard  Wil-  Pierle 
son  Pinx.     William  Byrne  (sc.)      1768. 

This  is  the  first  picture  of  the  Falls  which  gives  anything  like  an  accurate 
representation  of  their  real  appearance.  The  point  of  view  is  from  the  high 
land  on  the  Canadian  side  and  includes  both  falls.  The  shores  are  shown 
as  level  and  true  to  nature,  and  the  outline  of  the  Horseshoe  is  approxi- 
mately as  it  is  today,  with  perhaps  a  little  less  water,  and  changes  in  con- 
tour which  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  might  easily  bring  about. 

To  the  Right  Hon.^'^  Lady  Susan  O'Brien,  this  view  of  the 
cataract  of  Niagara,  with  the  country  adjacent  is  most  humbly 
Inscribed  by  her  Ladyship's  most  obed't  and  Obliged  h'^^^  Serv't 

William  Pierie. 

This  stupendous  cataract  is  near  a  mile  wide,  and  falls  over  a 
perpendicular  Rock  of  1 70  Feet  high,  which  interrupts  the 
Passage  of  the  River  Niagara  for  some  miles,  between  the  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario,  on  the  Frontiers  of  the  Province  of  New 
York  in  North  America. 

875 


Niagara  Falls 

1768  Published  according  to  Act  of  Parliament,  28th  February, 

Pierie  |  774  ^^  ^^^  Author  and  sold  for  him  at  Mr.  Dodsley's,  Pall 

Mall,  and  Mr.  Knox's  in  the  Strand. 

1768  Schumann,    I ,       (sc.)       Total    Anblick    des    Niagara    Falls. 

Schumann         (Giosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 
187-.     Mat  3.) 
Copy  of  Pierie. 

1768  Wilson,  Robert.     Niagara  Falls  —  Horseshoe.      15x21.     Eng.  by 

Wilson  V/illiam  Byrne.      1 768. 

An  old-time  engraving.  Another  copy  published  in  1  774  Ly  the  author 
has  the  text  in  the  margin. 

1771 

1771  Evans,    Lewis.      A   general    map    of   the    middle    British   colonies   in 

Evani  America.     .     .     .     Carefully  copied  from  the  original  published  at  Phila- 

delphia.     Lond.:      For  John   Bowles.      1771.      (Am.   maps,   Vol.   V, 
No.  16.) 

"Ochniagara  Falls." 

1771  Johnson,  Guy.     The  country  of  the  six  nations  proper,  with  part  of 

Johnson  j}^g  adjacent  colonies.      {In  O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  Documentary  history  of 

the  state  of  New  York.     Albany:      1849.     Vol.  IV.     P.  660.) 

The  "  Great  Falls  "  are  indicated  but  are  rather  too  far  down  the  river. 

Johnson,  Guy.     Map  of  the  country  of  the  six  nations.     (In  Pouchot, 

M ,  Memoir  upon  the  late  war  in  North  America.     .     .     .     Roxbury, 

Mass.:     W.  Elliot  Woodard.     1666.     Vol.11.     P.  148.) 

This  map  of  Johnson's  made  in  1  771  shows  the  "  Great  Falls  "  as  too 
near  Lake  Ontario. 

1774 

1774  Harre\'ELT,   E \'AN.      Cataracte  de  Niagara.      N.  v.   d.   Meer 

Harrevelt         jun.s.      7x10.      (In  liis  Histoire  generale  des  voyages.     A.  Amsterdam: 
1774.    21:456.) 

"  This  map  differs  somewhat  from  the  one  published  in  the  German 
translation  entitled  '  Allgcmcine  historic  der  reisen  zu  wasser  und  lande, 
1  758  '  Vol.  16,  P.  684."  The  French  version  contains  also  a  Flennepin 
view,  and  on  pages  456—457  is  a  description  of  the  Falls. 

S76 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Harrevelt,  E VAN.     Carte  de  la  Nouvelle  Angleterre,  Nouvelle     1774 

York  et  Pensilvanie.      (In  his  Histoire  generale  des  voyages.     A.  Amster-  Harrevcli 
dam:      1774.     21:263.) 

"  Sault  de  Niagara  "  indicated. 

Harrevelt,    E van.      Carte   des   lacs   du   Canada.      (In   his 

Histoire  generale  des  voyages.      A.  Amsterdam.      1774.      21:452.) 

1777 

BeauraiN,   Chr.    de.      Carte   de  I'Amerique   Sept'le  pour   scrvir   a       1777 
I'intelligence  de  la  guerre  entre  les  Anglois  et  les  Insurgents  Dediee  a  Mgr.  "^^"'■ain 
de  Sartine,  Ministre  de  la  Marine  par  M.  le  Chr.  de  Beaurain.     Geographe 
du  Roi,  et  son  pensionnaire.      1777. 

"  Sault  de  Niagara." 

Carta  della  nuova  Inghilterra,  Nuova  York,  e  Pensilvania.     (In  Atlante      1777 
deir  America,      [anon.]      Liverno:      Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi,  e  comp. 
con  approvazione.     1  777.     No.  2.) 

Indicates  the  location  of  the  Falls. 

Carta  rappresentante  i  cinque  Laghi  del  Canada.      (In  Talante  dell*      1777 
America,     [anon.]     Liverno:     Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi,   E  comp.   con 
approvazione.     Mil .     No.  5.) 

Indicates  the  location  of  the  Falls. 

1779 

MiDDLETON,  Charles  Theodore.    The  great  cataract  or  waterfall     1779 
of    Niagara    in    North    America.       6'/?  x  lO'/?.       (In    his    A    new    and  Middlefon 
complete  system  of  geography,     fol.     Lond. :     For  J.  Cook.     1779.     Vol. 
II.  P.  505.) 

1782 

(The)   most  surprising  cataract  of  Niagara  m  Canada.     Engraved  for      1782 
Millar's  New  and  complete  universal  system  of  geography.      (Grosvenor 
hbrary,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  3.) 

This  work  was  published  by  George   Henry  Millar  in    1  782.     The 
engraving  is  a  Kalm. 

1783 

Heath,  James,     (eng.)     The  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Grosvenor  library,       1783 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1 697-1 87-.     Mat  3.)  Heath 

877 


Niagara  Falls 

1783  This  picture  by  James  Heath,  the  celebrated  English  engraver  (Metz. 

*^"  del.)   was  probably  taken  from  the  "  Novelists'  magazine  "  published  in 

London,  1  780—1  788  by  Harrison  and  Co.     It  is  of  the  Hennepin  type. 

1783  Metz,  .      (del.)      The  Falls  of  Niagara.     Heath   (sc.)      Pub- 

^  ^  lished  as  the  Act  directs  by  Harrison  &  Co.     April,   1  783. 


1785 

1785  CreVECEOUR,  HecTOR  St.  John  DE.     Description  of  Niagara  Falls 

Creveceour       in  a  letter  to  his  son  under  date  of  July,    1  785.      (Mag.   of  Am.   hist., 
Oct.  1878.    2:  part  2.    606-613.) 

The  author  made  an  excursion  to  Niagara  Falls  in  1  785,  and  described 
the  cataract  in  a  letter  to  his  son  Alexander,  then  1  4  years  old.  Copies 
of  the  narrative  and  the  map  illustrating  it  were  furnished  by  his  great 
grandson.  He  gives  a  "  graphic  description  of  the  cataract  as  it  appeared 
in  its  primeval  grandeur,"  and  his  chart  of  the  river  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario  is  "  remarkably  correct."  "  He  must  have  been  a  skilfull  engineer 
and  draughtsm.an  to  have  produced  so  accurate  a  map  without  actual  sur- 
vey." At  the  time  of  his  visit,  there  was  already  a  saw-mill  by  the  rapids 
on  the  American  side. 

1790 

1790  Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'.    A  particular  map  of 

Anville  ihe  American  lakes,  rivers,  etc.     Par  le  Sr.  d' Anville  de  I'Academie  R'le 

des  Inscriptions  de  Belles  Lettres  et  de  celle  des  Sciences  de  Petersbourg. 
Secretaire  de  M'gr.  le  Due  d'Orleans.  Lond. :  Drawn  and  engraved  for 
John  Harrison,  June  25,  1 790.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Maps  historical  and  miscellaneous.     No.  82.) 

"...  Reputaiion  and  merit  of  this  work  chiefly  depended  upon  the 
Labour  of  D'Anville  and  expense  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans."  "  The  Saut 
de  Niagara  "  is  marked. 

1790  Ellicott,  Andrew.      View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      Thackera  & 

Ellicott  Vallande   (sc.)      1790. 

This  print  in  black  and  white  is  the  earliest  known  picture  of  Niagara 
by  an  American.  1  he  drawing  is  inaccurate.  The  country  around  the 
Falls  is  shown  as  hilly  and  there  in  no  indication  of  Lama  Island.  The 
proportions  of  the  American  and  Horseshoe  Falls  are  so  drawn  that  the 
American  Fall  looks  broader  than  the  Horseshoe.  Although  an  improve- 
ment on  the  Hennepin  and  Kalm  views,  this  picture  is  inferior  to  Lieut. 

878 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Pierie's  of  a  much  earlier  date.     The  drawing  accompanies  the  various     1790 
publications  of  Ellicott's  letter  to  Dr.  Rush,  dated  December  10,  1  789.       EHicott 

EllicoTT,  Andrew.     View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     3^x7.      (S. 
Hill,  eng.)      (Mass.  mag.     Boston:     I.Thomas.     July,  1 790.     2:387.) 

ElliCOTT,  Andrew.  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Columbian 
mag..  June,  1790.     4:331.) 

Ellicott,  Andrew.  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Mag.  of  Am. 
hist..  July,   1880.     5:55.) 

Hill,  S .     View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,     1790 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  3.)  Hill 

This  plate  was  taken  from  the  "  Massachusetts  magazine  "  1  790.  Vol. 
2,  page  388. 

1792 

SiMCOE.  Mrs.  E.  G.  P.      Niagara  paintings.      (In  her  Diary  of  Mrs.      1792 
John  Graves  Simcoe.     .     .     .     Toronto:     Briggs.     1911.)  Simcoe 

These  pictures  illustrating  Mrs.  Simcoe's  account  of  her  residence  on 
the  Niagara  are  interesting  for  their  historical  details. 

1794 

Hancock,  R .     The  waterfall  of  Niagara.     Published  by  Laurie     1794 

&  Whittle.  53  Fleet  St.,  Lond.:     12  May,  1  794.  Hancock 

This  most  surprising  cataract  of  nature  is  137  feet  high  and 
its  breadth  about  360  yards.  The  Island  in  the  middle  is  about 
420  yards  long  and  40  yards  broad,  at  is  lower  End.  The 
Water,  on  its  approaching  the  said  Island,  becomes  so  rapid  as 
almost  to  exceed  an  Arrow  in  swiftness  till  it  comes  to  the  Fall ; 
where  it  reascends  into  the  Air,  foaming  as  white  as  Milk,  and 
all  in  motion  like  a  boiling  Cauldron:  Its  noise  may  be  heard 
1 5  Leagues  off,  and  in  Calm  Weather,  its  Vapours  rise  a  great 
hight  into  the  air,  and  may  be  seen  like  thick  Smoak  at  30  miles 
distance. 

This  print  is  based  on  Hennepin  (1697)  and  Kalm  (1750).  Rocks 
and  firs  are  shown,  and  the  familiar  little  dog  appears  as  well  as  groups  of 
savages  on  both  sides  of  the  Falls. 

A  new  map  of  North  America,  with  the  West  India  Islands.     Divided       1794 
according   to   the  preliminary   articles   of  peace,   signed   at   Versailles,    2 

879 


Niagara  Falls 

1794  January,    1  783,  wherein  are  particularly  distinguished  the  United  States 

and  the  several  provinces,  governments,  etc.  which  compose  the  British 
dominions,  laid  down  according  to  the  latest  surveys,  and  corrected  from 
the  original  materials,  of  Governor  Pownall,  member  of  Parliament. 
Lond.:     Laurie  &  Whittle.     May  12.  1794. 

Shows  the  "  Falls  of  Niagara,  1 70  feet."  May  be  found  in  the 
Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  in  Maps,  historical  and  miscellaneous. 
No.  64.     Same  map  as  No.  36-39  in  American  map  series,     II. 

1794              A  new  map  of  North  America,  with  the  West  Indies.     .     .  .     Laid 

down   according  to  the  latest   surveys,    and   corrected   from  the  original 

material  of  Governor  Pownall.  Lond.:  Laurie  and  Whittle.  1794. 
(Am.  maps.     II.     No.  36-39.) 

1798 
1798  Weld,  Isaac.   An  eye  sketch  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.    (In  his  Travels 

"'^'''^  through  the  states  of  North  America  and  the  provinces  of  upper  and  lower 

Canada,  during  the  years  1795,  1796,  and  1797.  Lond.:  Stockdale. 
1799.    P.  303.) 

Weld.  Isaac.  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Published  by  I. 
Stockdale,  Piccadilly,  December  22,  1  798. 

General  view  of  the  Falls.  May  be  found  on  page  315  of  the  1799 
edition  of  Weld's  "  Travels." 

Weld,  Isaac,  (delt.)  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Published 
December  22,  1  798  by  I.  Stockdale.  Piccadilly.  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  4.) 

Weld,  Isaac.  View  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall  of  Niagara.  Neagle, 
(sc.)     Published  by  I.  Stockdale.     Piccadilly,  December  3,   1  798. 

This  view  may  be  found  on  page  31  3  of  the  1  799  edition  of  Weld's 
"  Travels  through  the  states  of  North  America." 

Weld,  Isaac,  (delt.)  I.  Scott,  (sc.)  View  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 
of  Niagara.  Lond.:  Jones  and  Co.  September  1,  1824.  (Grosvenor 
library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  4.) 

Weld,  Isaac,  (delt.)  Neagle,  (sc.)  View  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall 
of  Niagara.  Published  December  5,  1  79S  by  I.  Stockdale.  Piccadilly. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  balls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat  4.) 

880 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Weld,   Isaac.     View  of  tlie  lesser  fall  of  Niagara.      I.  Scott,    (sc.)      1793 
Published  by  I.  Stockdale.     Piccadilly.     December  22.  1  798.  Weld 

Shows  the  American  Fall  and  may  be  found  on  page  314  of  Weld's 
*'  Travels." 

Weld,  Isaac,  (delt.)  I.  Scott,  (so.)  View  of  the  lesser  fall  of 
Niagara.  Published  December  22,  I  798  by  I.  Stockdale.  Piccadilly. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1  87-. 
Mat  4.) 

Weld,  Isaac.  Mariage  (sc.)  Vue  de  la  Chute  du  Per  a  Cheval, 
a/50  Ensemble  du  Saut  de  la  Riviere  de  Niagara  (scarce)  and  Vue  de  la 
petite  Chute.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-187--.     Mat  5.) 

Weld,  Isaac,  Jr.  (1744-1856)  was  an  Englishman,  a  landscape 
painter  by  profession,  who  traveled  in  America  in  1  795-97  accompanied 
by  a  faithful  servant,  sometimes  on  horseback,  sometimes  on  foot  or  in  a 
canoe.  His  travels,  published  in  1  799,  met  with  great  success,  and  went 
through  several  editions.  The  French  version  from  which  most  of  the 
above  plates  were  taken  was  published  vvith  reduced  copies  of  the  original 
plates. 

It  seems  that  there  must  also  have  been  an  Italian  editon  in  which  the 
artists  adorned  the  landscape  with  pale  trees. 

1799? 

Fall   des    Niagara.      (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views   of      1799? 
Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  4.) 

A  Weld. 

FuMUGALLI,  P .    Niagara.     (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,   N.  Y.      1799? 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-      Mat  5.)  Fumugalli 

A  beautiful  thing  in  delicate  color,  after  Weld.     Shows  palm  trees. 

Grande  Chute  du  Niagara.      (163  P.  de  Haut.)     (Grosvenor  library,      1799? 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  5.) 
A  Weld,  looks  like  a  water  color. 

Petite  Chute  du  Niagara.       (162   P.  de  Haut.)     (Grosvenor  library,      1799? 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  5.) 
Another  Weld,  which  looks  like  a  water  color. 

56  881 


Niagara  Falls 

1799  Rossi,    L,    A.      (inc.)      A.    Blasoll    (acq.)      Two   views  —  one   of 

ossi  Horseshoe  and  one  of  American  Fall.     (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

1697-1 87-.    Mat  5.) 

These  two  views  in  color  look  like  water  colors  and  are  after  Weld. 


1800 

Barralet 


1800 


1800 

Maude 


1800 


1800 


1800 

Volney 


1800 

Barralet,  John  James,  (del.)  Lawson,  (sc.)  Views  of  the 
Falls  of  Niagara.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-1 87-.    Mat  7.) 

This  was  drawn  by  Barralet  who  was  of  French  extraction,  although 
born  in  DubHn.     He  came  to  America  in   1  795,  where  he  died  in   1812. 

,  .      Death  of  Washington,  with   Niagara  as  a  back- 


ground.    (1800?) 
An  aquatint. 

Maude,  John.  Visit  to  the  falls  of  Niagara  in  1800.  Lond.: 
Longman,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown,  and  Green.      1826.     Pp.   131-159. 

The  copper  plate  engravings  of  the  author  v/hich  illustrate  the  Niagara 
portion  of  his  narrative  are  attractive,  if  not  notable  for  their  accuracy. 
There  is  "An  Engraved  Title,  with  a  Vigneete  View  of  the  Falls  of 
Niagara,  as  seen  from  a  Cavern;  "  "A  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
with  the  Rapids,  and  Goat  Island,  from  the  Canada  side  of  the  River." 
"A  View  of  Niagara  with  Goat  Island  and  Rapids,  from  the  United  States 
side,"  and  the  "  Great  Horseshoe  Fall  of  Niagara  with  1  able  Rock,  as 
seen  from  below."  All  these  illustrations  show  the  banks  much  more 
heavily  wooded  than  we  see  them  today. 

Veduta  della  Cascata  a  ferro  de  Cavallo,  etc.  Berniere  (inc.)  1800? 
(Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.    Views  of   Niagara    Falls.     1697- 

187-.    Mat  5.) 

Veduta  Generale  della  Cascata  di  Niagara.  Berniere.  (inc.)  1800? 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat  5.) 

Volney,  Constantin  Francois  Chasseboeuf  Comte  Je.   Section 

of  Niagara  at  the  middle  of  the  stream  and  course  of  the  St.  Lawrence  at 
Niagara  taken  from  "  Views  of  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  United  States 
of  America  in  1804."  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  6.) 

882 


Maps  and  Pictures 

This  French  savant  (I  75 7-1  82-)  visited  Niagara  in   1796,  the  year      igoo 
Great  Britain  relinquished  her  hold  on  the  American  side  of  Niagara  and  Volney 
the  lakes. 

1801 

"  BoNFILS."    Vue  d'une  partie  des  deux  Branches  de  la  Cataracte  de      1891 
Niagara ;  and  Vue  d'une  partie  de  la  Branche  Occidentale  de  la  Cataracte       °" 
de   Niagara.      (In  Crevecouer,   H.   St.   John  de,   Voyage  dans  la  haute 
Pensilvanie  et  dans  I'etat  de  New  York,  par  un  membre  adoptif  de  la 
nation  Oneida.     .     .     .     Paris:     De  Crapulet    1801.     Vol.   II.     Pp. 
148-193.) 

"  BoNFILS."  Vue  d'une  partie  des  deux  Branches  de  la  Cataracte  de 
Niagara;  and  Vue  d'une  partie  de  la  Branche  Occidentale  de  la  Cataracte 
de  Niagara.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-11 87-.    Mat  7.) 

HeriOT,  George.     View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  from  the  bank  near      1801 
Birche's  Mills  and  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara  from  beneath  the  bank  Henot 
on  the  Fort  Schlausser  side.     F.  C.   Lewis   (sc.)      Printed  for  Richard 
Phillips,    London.       (Grosvenor    library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views   of 
Niagara  Falls.      1  69  7- 1  8  7-.     Mat  6. ) 

These  are  poor  copies  of  the  original  plates  which  were  published  in 
1807  In  Heriot's  "Travels  through  the  Canadas." 

1802 

Deming,  a .     Falls  of  Niagara  in  Canada.     Engraved  by  Scott      1802 

for  the  Gallery  of  nature  and  art.      1  802.  Deming 

This  picture,  which  is  taken  from  Vanderlyn,  shows  the  Horseshoe  Fall 
with  the  rainbow,  the  Canadian  shore,  and  a  suspicion  of  the  upper  rapids. 

GoSMAN,  Robert.     Narrative  of  John  Vanderlyn's  tour  to  Niagara      1802 
in  1802.     (Pub.  Buff,  hist,  soc.     15:159-173.)  Gc 

The  narrative  of  that  tour  was  taken  down  In  later  years  from  the 
artist's  dictation,  by  the  late  Robert  Gosman,  son  of  the  pastor  of  the  old 
Dutch  church  in  Kingston,  New  York,  Vanderlyn's  native  town. 

The  cloud  of  mist  from  Niagara  greeted  the  pilgrims 
some  eighteen  miles  from  the  cataract  and  its  roar  was  heard  two 
miles.     Vanderlyn   remained   at   Niagara  twelve  days,   having 

883 


iosman 


Niagara  Falls 

1802  reached  [there]  about  mid  October.  After  a  day  of  needed  rest 
Gosman  j^j-  Chippcwa  the  artist  took  up  his  comfortable  quarters  at  Bur- 

den's farm  house  hard  by  the  cataract  —  so  near  in  fact  —  say 
800  yards  —  that  a  constant  trem.or  pervaded  the  house  and  all 
its  belongings,  rendering  a  new  comer  rather  nervous  till  custom 
caused  it  to  be  unnoticeable.  A  fork  stuck  into  the  floor  would 
quiver  like  an  aspen. 

In  1802  there  was  no  crossmg  for  miles  above  and  below  the 
Falls,  and  all  Vanderlyn's  sketches  were  therefore  taken  from  the 
Canada  shore.  The  only  descent  to  the  water  was  by  "  the 
Indian  Ladder,"  thus  perilous  enough  to  deter  the  timorous  from 
its  trial.  "  Table  Rock,"  which  is  so  noticeable  a  feature  in 
Vanderlyn's  views,  was  then  unmutilated  by  the  wear  of  the  ele- 
ments, and  the  gunpowder  experiments  which  have  at  length 
destroyed  it.  Nature  had  then  no  divided  empire  with  art,  for 
save  an  occasional  clearing,  and  a  farm  house  or  log  cabin  here 
and  there,  Niagara  doubtless  appeared  very  much  as  it  did  when 
Father  de  Smet,  in  1  6 — ,  stood  upon  its  banks,  and  the  glories 
and  magnificence  of  the  scene  were  revealed  to  the  first  intelligent 
European  to  whom  they  were  revealed. 

The  companion  engravings  afterwards  given  as  the  fruits  of  this 
tour  by  Mr.  Vanderlyn  were  a  "  General  View,"  and  a  "  View 
of  the  Great  Fall."  The  first  was  taken  three  fourths  of  a  mile 
below  the  cataract  near  the  Indian  Ladder,  which  is  directly 
opposite  "  the  American  Fall."  From  the  semi-circular  sweep  of 
the  shelf,  this  General  View  gives  a  surpassing  idea  of  the  mag- 
nitude and  proportions  of  Niagara.  The  sketch  for  the  Great, 
or  Horse  Shoe  Fall,  Vv^as  taken  from  Table  Rock. 

A  day  or  two  elapsed  before  the  artist  employed  his  pencil. 
He  said  it  required  that  time  at  least  to  give  him  any  idea  of  the 
proportion  of  the  elements  of  the  scene.  The  absence  of  grand 
scener5^  of  towering  rocks  or  mountain  heights  as  standards  of 
comparison,  rendered  it  impossible  at  first  to  seize  an  idea  of  the 
magnitude  of  the  scene.  He  said  that  in  truth  he  was  dis- 
appointed —  a    feeling   which   is   confirmed   by   most   who   see 

884 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Niagara  at  first,  the  reality  not  coming  up  to  the  imagination  all  I802 
indulge.  Added  to  this,  the  tremor  of  the  rocks,  and  the  roar  ^^^""*" 
and  motion  of  the  mighty  waters  had  a  confusing  effect,  distract- 
ing, dizzying  and  bewildering,  for  a  time.  The  man  overcame 
the  artist.  He  forgot  his  errand ;  sitting  several  hours  as  if  under 
a  spell,  lost  to  himself,  taking  in  no  distinct  idea  of  the  scene,  and 
only  conscious  of  an  arena  of  overwhelming  grandeur  and  power 
in  full  and  turbulent  vigor. 

Vanderlyn,  John,     A  view  of  the  western  branch  of  the  Falls  of     1802 
Niagara,  taken  from  the  Table  Rock,  looking  up  the  river,  over  the  rapids.  Vanderlyn 
Engraved  by  F.  C.  Lewis.     1  802. 

To  the  Society  of  Fine  Arts  of  New  York  this  Print  is  respect- 
fully Inscribed  by  their  most  obed't  humble  Serv't 

John  Vanderlyn. 

This  print  was  from  the  first  painting  of  Niagara  by  an  American  artist. 
It  was  painted  by  Vanderlyn  in  1802,  and  published  in  London  in  1804. 

Bye,  J .     (sc.)     The  Falls  of  Niagara  with  the  adjacent  country.      1802 

6I/2  X  14.    Lond. :    J.  Johnson.    1804.     (In  Volney,  C.  F.,  View  of  the  Bye 
climate   and   soil    of   the  United  States.     Lond. :    for   J.   Johnson.     1 804. 
PI.  3.   P.  99.   Also  Phila.:   Conrad.     1804.   P.  80.) 

The  Falls  are  marked  straight  across  the  river,  and  there  Is  also  a 
"  Section  of  the  Fall  in  the  middle  of  the  River." 

In  the  French  edition  "  Tableau  du  climat  et  du  sol  des  Etats-Unis 
d  Amerique  "  .  .  .  published  in  Paris  in  1803  by  Courcier,  this  map  is 
found  in  volume  I,  page  1  12.  There  are  also  editions  in  German  and 
Italian. 

Craig,  W.  M.      (del.)      Falls  of  Niagara;  on  the  river  S\  Lawrence      1802 
in    Canada.      T.    Wallis.       (sc.)       Published    as   the    act   directs   by    C.  ^"""'^ 
Brightly  and  T.  Kinnersley,  Bungay;  Nov.    1804. 

There  is  a  hilly  background  to  this  picture  and  land  is  visible  on  the 
left  and  in  front.  The  Horseshoe  Fall  is  apparently  on  the  left.  Savages 
are  seen  on  the  left  In  the  foreground,  and  a  streamer  of  mist  is  shov^-n 
across  the  Falls  from  left  to  right.  The  whole  picture  looks  like  an  improve- 
ment on  and  a  transposition  of  Ellicott. 

885 


Niagara  Falls 
1802  Vanderlyn,  John.     View  of  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Canadian  side. 

Vanderlyn  1  804. 

Shows  both  Falls. 

1809 
1809  Gray,  Hugh.     "  Map  of  Canada,  etc."  (In  his  Letters  from  Canada, 

Gray  written  during  a  residence  there  in  the  years  1806,  1807,  1808.     .     .     . 

Lond. :     Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  and  Orme.     1809.) 
"  Falls  of  the  Niagara,  137  feet  "  are  indicated. 

1809  Western  New  York  in  1809.      (In  O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  Documentary 
history  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany:      1849.     Vol.11.     P.  690.) 

"  Falls  150  feet  "  in  height  are  indicated. 

1810 

1810  Wilson,  Alexander.     View  of  the  great  pitch  taken  from  below 
'  **^             and  General  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  eng.  by  George  Cooke.     (Port- 
folio, March,  1810.     3:     No.  3,  182-187.) 

These  two  engravings  are  from  sketches  by  Wilson  to  illustrate  his  poem 
of  "  The  Foresters  "  which  appeared  in  this  same  issue  of  the  Portfolio. 
The  first,  the  view  of  the  great  pitch  shows  the  Horseshoe  wth  the  cliff 
much  conventionalized  and  flattened.  The  second,  the  general  view  of 
the  Falls,  is  drawn  from  the  Canadian  side,  and  shows  the  rainbow.  The 
drawing  in  this  is  somewhat  better  although  the  cliff  still  appears  flattened 
and  the  front  of  Goat  Island  is  apparently  a  straight  wall. 

Wilson.  Alexander.  General  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat  7.) 

1812 

1812  Maverick,  Peter,    (sc.)    Niagara  from  below.    (Grosvenor  library, 
Maverick          Buffalo,  N.Y.     Views  of  Niagara  brails.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  8.) 

This  engraving  of  about  the  date  1812,  is  by  Peter  Maverick  (1780- 
1831),  a  skilful  line  engraver  who  worked  principally  for  book  pub- 
lishers and  bank  companies. 

1813 

1813  Eddy,  I.  H.    Map  of  the  straights  of  Niagara  from  lake  Erie  to  lake 
Eddy               Ontario.       15x7.      N.    Y.:       Prior   &    Dunning.       1813.       (In    Smith, 

D.  W.,  A  gazetteer  of  the  province  of  upper  Canada.    N.  Y. :    Prior  & 
Dunning.     1813.) 


Maps  and  Pictures 

An  inset  shows  a  "vertical  section  of  the  great  slope  which  occasions  the      1813 
Falls"     On  pages  31—33  is  a  short  description  of  the  Falls.  Eddy 

Falls  of   Niagara,   in   Canada.      Engraved   by  Scott   from  a   drawing.       1813 
Published  by  R.   Wilks,   January,    1813.      (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  8.) 

From  the  "  Gallery  of  Nature  and  Art."     1813. 

MelISH,  John.    View  of  the  country  round  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     J.      1813 
Vallance.       (sc.)      6'/2  x  4.       (In  Melish,   John,   A  military   and   topo-  Meli.h 
graphical  atlas  of  the  United  States,  including  the  British  possessions  and 
Florida,  etc.     Phila.:     G.  Palmer.      1813.      Opp.   P.    11.) 

A  brief  description  of  the  Falls  and  the  river  is  found  on  page  1  3. 

Grand  Niagara,  sometimes  called  Manchester,  is  a  small 
village  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Niagara  river,  immediately  above 
the  falls,  and  nearly  opposite  to  Chippeway.  It  was  laid  out  for 
a  town  a  few  years  ago,  and  contains  a  number  of  dwelling- 
houses,  a  grist-mill,  a  saw-mill,  and  several  mills  and  machinery 
are  projected.  The  water  is  brought  out  of  the  river  above  the 
rapids,  and  as  the  source  is  inexhaustible  and  the  fall  above  fifty 
feet,  mills  and  machinery  to  a  very  great  extent  can  be  erected 
here,  and  this  will  probably  become  a  very  large  settlement. 

1814 

Rider,   Alex.   Geisler,   Fr.      (sc.)      Niagara  Wasserfall  in   seinem      1814 
gegenwartigen  Zustande,  von  der  Seite  von  Canada  angesehen.     Von  Alex  Rider 
Rider  nach  der  Natur.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  8.) 

Published  in   1814. 

1815 

Melish,  John.      View  of  the  country  round  the  falls  of  Niagara.      1815 
6'/2  X  4.     (In  his  Travels  through  the  United  States.     Phila. :     G.  Palmer.  Melish 
1815.    Vol.  II.     Opp.  p.  318.) 

The  Falls  are  merely  indicated. 

In  the  Belfast  edition  published  by  Smyth  in   1818  on  page  506-508 
is  a  view  (map)  giving  a  "  General  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara."     The 

887 


Niagara  Falls 


1815 

Melish 


view  is  from  the  Canadian  side  and  shows  the  curve  of  the  Horseshoe  as 
very  deep,  almost  a  semicircle.  Tliis  same  view  is  found  in  the  London 
edition  of  1818  published  by  Cowrie. 


1816 

1816  Wilkinson,  James.     Map  of  the  straights  of  Niagara  from  lake  Erie 

"Wilkinson  to  lake  Ontario.  7x15.  {In  his  Diagrams  and  plans  illustrative  of  the 
principal  battles  and  military  affairs  treated  of  in  "  Memoirs  of  my  ov,ti 
times."     Phila.:     Abraham  Small.      1816.     No.  15.) 

This  map  gives  incidentally  a  map  and  a  vertical  section  of  the  Falls. 
William  Darby  in  his  "  Tour  to  Detroit,"  published  two  years  later  than 
Wilkinson's  "  Memoirs,"  considers  it  "  the  best  delineation  of  this 
phenomenon  "  which  he  has  seen. 


1817 

1817  (The)  Great  Falls  of  Niagara.  [Engraving  on  map  of  the  northern 
provinces  of  the  United  States  drawn  and  engraved  for  Thompson's  New- 
general  atlas,  1817.]  (In  Maps,  historical  and  miscellaneous.  Fol.  89. 
Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.) 

The  view  in  this  map  scrap  book  is  a  very  pretty  little  picture  shoeing 
the  American  and  Horseshoe  Falls.  Two  savages  are  shown  on  what  is 
apparently  Prospect  Point.  The  American  Falls  looks  like  a  horseshoe 
shape,  and  Goat  Island  has  a  fall  in  front  of  it.  The  whole  effect  is  to 
make  the  view  too  narrow. 

Hall,  Francis.  The  Niagara  frontier.  lYz  X  10.  (In  his  Travels 
in  Canada  and  the  United  States  in  1816—1817.  Lond. :  Longman, 
Hurst,  Rees,  Orme  and  Browne.      1818.) 

Falls  150  feet  high  are  indicated  but  there  is  no  detail. 

MoNTULE,  EdoUARD  DE.  A  voyage  to  North  America  and  the  West 
Indies,  in  1817.     Lond.:     Phillips.     1821.     P.  94. 

A  plate  of  a  small  portion  of  the  Canadian  Fall.  It  shows  only  a  thin 
sheet  of  water  and  the  space  behind  the  Falls  is  much  emphasized,  not  to 
say  exaggerated. 

1818 

1818  James,  William.     Map  of  the  straits  of  Niagara   from  lake  Erie  to 
imes               laJ^g  Ontario.     7x15.     (In  his  A  full  and  correct  account  of  the  military 

occurrences  of  the  late  war  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
Lond.:     For  the  author.     1818.     Vol.1.     Frontispiece.) 

S-SS 


1817 
Hall 


1817 

Montule 


Maps  and  Pictures 

MiLBERT,  J.-G.      Cac-cata  del  Niagara  and  Saut  du  Niagara.     Myon       1818 
(sc.)     (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y,      Views    of    Niagara   Falls,  Milbert 
1697-1 87-.    Mat  8.) 

Milbert,  J.-G.  Chiate  du  Niagara  prise  du  cote  Americain.  Deroy 
Lith.  (In  Milbert,  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hudson  et  des 
parties  laterales  TAmerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux  pris  sur 
les  lieux.     Paris:     chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.     Editeurs.     No.  36.) 

Milbert,  J.-G.  Chute  general  du  Niagara, cote  du  Canada.  Adam 
et  Jacottet  Lith.  (/n  Milbert,  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hud- 
son et  des  parties  laterales  I'Amerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux 
pris  sur  les  lieux.  Paris:  chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.  Editeurs.  No. 
35.) 

Milbert,  J.-G.  Fer  a  cheval  de  la  chute  du  Niagara  cote  de  Canada. 
Sebatier,  Lith.  {In  Milbert,  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hudson 
et  des  parties  laterales  I'Amerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux 
pris  sur  les  lieux.  Paris:  chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.  Editeurs.  No. 
34.) 

These  drawings  of  Milbert's,  now  almost  a  hundred  years  old,  were  from 
sketches  made  on  his  visit  to  the  Falls  in  1818,  and  published  as  part  of  a 
folio  volume  which  accompanied  his  "  Itineraire  pittoresque."  The  folio 
drawings  are  printed  in  tint,  are  well  drawn  and  have  a  delicacy  of  color 
which  makes  them  both  pleasing  and  attractive.  The  titles  of  the  subjects 
are  given  in  French,  English,  German,  and  Latin. 

1819 

Darby,  William.     The  straits  of  Niagara.     6'/2  x  13.      (In  his  A      1819 
tour   from   the  city   of   New  York   to  Detroit  in   the   Michigan   territory.     "^  ^ 
N.  Y.:    For  the  author.     1819.    Opp.  p.   155.) 

1820 

(The)  Falls  of  Niagara.      1820.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.      1820 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  26.) 

Both  falls  are  pictured  from  the  Canadian  side  from  a  point  about  oppo- 
site the  American  Fall. 

Part   of   the   Fall   of   Niagara,   on   the   side   of   Canada.       (Grosvenor      1820 
library,  Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  8.) 

Taken  no  doubt  from  a  volume  of  the  "  New  voyages  and  travels  " 
edited  by  Sir  Richard  Phillips,  between  1820  and  1823. 

889 


Niagara  Falls 

1820  Wentworth,   T.    H.      View   In    1820.      "XXI."      Engraved   for 

Wentworth       Ingraham's  "  Description  of  Niagara." 

1822 

1822  MelISH,  John.     View  of  the  country  round  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
Meliih             6j/2  X  4.      (In  his  Geographical  description  of  the  United  States  with  the 

contiguous  countries  including  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.      New  ed. 
Phila.:     By  the  author.     1822.     P.  188.) 

1823 

1823  Prior,    Samuel.      Nagara    Falls   woodcut.       (In   his   The   universal 
Prior              traveller.     .     .     .     Lond. :     1823.     Pp.  579-582.) 

The  account  of  Niagara  Falls  is  embellished  by  a  woodcut  which  places 
the  "  Canadian  Fall  on  the  American  side  of  Goat  Island." 

1824 

1824  Darby  .     The  straits  of  Niagara,  from  a  map  by  Mr.  Darby. 

Darby  ^i/^  x  1 1/2-     (^n  Blane,  W.  N.,  Travels  through  the  United  States  and 

Canada.    Lond.:    Baldwin  &  Co.    1828.    Opp.  p.  404.) 

1825 

1825  Vanderburgh,  .      (del.)      Voute  sons  la  Chute  du  Niagara. 

Vanderburch    Boreda  por  debajo  de  la   Catarata   del    Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  8.) 

1827 

1827  De  Roos,  F.  F.      (delt.)      American  Falls  of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor 

De  Roos  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.      Mat 

10.) 

De  Roos,  F.  F.  (delt.)  The  crescent  seen  from  below  the  circular 
ladder.  Printed  by  C.  Hullmandel.  (1827.)  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat   10.) 

De  Roos,  F.  F.  (delt.)  River  Niagara.  Cloud  of  the  Falls. 
(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,  N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 

187-.    Mat  10.) 

These  drawings  are  delicate,  and  have  fully  caught  the  spirit  of  the 
Falls.  The  one  of  the  cloud  of  the  Falls  is  taken  from  a  point  about  fifteen 
miles  distant. 

890 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Hall,   Captain  Basil.      I.   Niagara   from  below,      II.   Niagara  from      1827 
above.     III.  Niagara  on  the  American  side.     IV.  Bridge  across  the  rapids  Hall 
at  Niagara.     V.  A  general  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     VI.  The  river 
Niagara  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  1  I .) 

Hall,  Captain  Basil.  Forty  etchings,  from  sketches  made  with  the 
camera  lucida,  in  North  America,  in  1827  and  1828.  4th  ed.  Edin- 
burgh and  Lond. :     1830.    No.  I-VI.) 

I.   Niagara  from  below.     (Horseshoe  Fall.) 
II.   Niagara  from  above.     (Horseshoe  Fall.) 

III.  Niagara  on  the  American  side.     (From  Goat  Island.) 

IV.  A  general  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
V.    Bridge  across  the  rapids  at  Niagara. 

VI.  The  River  Niagara  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario. 

These  views  were  made  in  1827-28  with  the  camera  lucida.  The  one 
showing  the  river  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario  was  taken  from  the  top  of 
General  Brock's  monument. 

1828 

Falls  of   Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,   N.   Y.     Views  of     1828 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat   16.) 

The  steel  engraving  by  H.  Adlard,  London,  published  by  J.  Duncan, 
1828. 

1829 

Warren,  H .     Falls  of  Niagara.     Inset  to  map  of  west  Canada;      1829 

engraved  by  Robert  Wallis.      (In  Martin,  R.  M.,  The  British  colonies.  Warren 
Lond.  and  N.  Y.:    J.  F.  Tallis.     [1829.]     Div.  1.) 

1830 

BloUET,  a .      (del.)     General  view  of  the  Falls  taken  from  the      1830 

Canada  shore.     (Print.)  ^l""^* 

These  Niagara  drawings  of  Blouet  form  the  basis  of  a  series  of  litho- 
graphs published  in  Paris  in  the  thirties. 

Blouet,  A .     (del.)     View  of  the  central  Fall  taken  from  Goat 

Island.      (Print.) 

Blouet,  A .      (del.)     View  of  the  great  Horseshoe  Fall  taken 

from  Goat  Island.     (Print.) 

891 


Niagara  Falls 


1830 

Blouet 


Blouet,   A- 


1830 

Vivian 


1831 

Beonetl 


(del.)       View    of    the   passage   under    the    great 
Horseshoe  Fail  taken  from  the  shore  on  the  Canada  side.      (Print.) 
Shows  the  under  side  of  Table  Rock  and  the  entrance  to  the  passage. 

Blouet,  A — 


(del.)     Vue  de  la  chute  de  Schlosser  prise  de  la 
rive  I'etat  de  New  York.     (Print.) 

This  view  of  the  Schlosser  Fall  taken  from  the  New  York  shore  shows 
the  shack  on  Prospect  Point  and  the  upper  end  of  the  stairs  to  the  foot 
of  the  Falls. 

Vivian,  W — 


-.     American  Fall  from  a  ravine  opposite.     Engraved 
on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes.     Published  by  C.  Hullmandel.     I  83-. 

This  print  gives  the  view  from  between  the  Falls  to  high  hills  in  the 
foreground. 

Vivian,  W .     British  or  Horseshoe  Fall.     Engraved  on  stone  by 

T.  M.  Baynes.    Printed  by  C.  Hullmandel.     1  83-. 

Vivian,  W .     Horseshoe  Fall  from  the  Canada  bank.     Engraved 

on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes.     Printed  by  C.  Flullmandel.     1  83-. 

Vivian,  W .      Niagara.     Engraved  on  stone  by  T.  M.   Baynes. 

Printed  by  C.  Hullmandel.     1  83-. 

Print  of  the  American  Fail  from  the  bank  above. 

Vivian,  W — 


-.  Side  of  the  American  Fall  and  Horseshoe  Fall  in 
the  distance.  Engraved  on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes.  Printed  by  C. 
Hullmandel.      1 83-. 

This  print  gives  the  view  of  the  Falls  from  below,  and  shows  the  sides 
as  almost  smooth  rocky  walls. 

1831 

Bennett,  W.  J.  Niagara  Falls.  View  of  the  American  Fall,  taken 
from  Goat  Island.     Published   by   H.    I.    Megarey.         (1831?) 

Bennett,  W.  J.  Niagara  Falls.  Part  of  the  American  Fail,  taken 
from  the  foot  of  the  stair-case.  Published  by  H.  I.  Megarey,  N.  Y. 
(1831?) 

Bennett,  W.  J.  Niagara  Falls.  View  of  the  British  Fall,  taken 
from  Goat  Island.     Published  by  H.  I.  Megarey,  N.  Y.    (1831  ?) 

Bennett,  W.  J.  Niagara  Falls.  F^art  of  the  British  Fall  taken 
from  under  the  Table  Rock.  Engraved  by  J.  Hill.  Published  by  H.  I. 
Megarey.  N.  Y.    (1831?) 

892 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Cole,  Thomas.     A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     From  an      1831 
original  picture  in  the  possession  of  Joshua  Bates,  Esq.     Painted  by  T.  Cole 
Cole,   Esq.    Engraved  and  printed  by  Fenner  Sears  &  Co.    ^Yl'^^Yl- 
Lond. :     I.  T.  Hinton  and  Simpkin  and  Marshall,    1831.      {In  Hinton, 
J.  H.  ed.,  Flistory  and  topography  of  the  United  States.     3d  ed.     Lond.: 
J.  Dowding.     1842.    Vol.  II.    Opp.  p.  484.) 

Cole  made  many  drawings  of  Niagara  on  his  first  visit  there  in  1  829, 
but  the  exact  date  when  he  painted  his  great  picture  is  not  definitely 
known.  In  its  day  the  picture  was  acclaimed  a  masterpiece,  and  has  a 
special  interest  for  us  today,  as  a  view  of  the  virgin  Niagara  surrounded  by 
forests.  The  same  view  is  found  in  "  Our  Globe  "  listed  below,  and 
Malte-Brune's  "  System  of  universal  geography." 

Cole,  Thomas.  A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  From  an 
original  picture  in  the  possession  of  Joshua  Bates,  Esq.  Painted  by  T. 
Cole,  Esq.  London:  Published  April  1,  1831,  by  I.  T.  Hinton  and 
Simpkin  and  Marshall.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  9.) 

Taken  from  Hinton's  "  History  and  topography  of  the  United  States." 

Cole,  Thomas.  A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Painted 
by  T.  Cole.  Engraved  on  steel  by  T.  S.  Woodcock.  5J/2  x  7^.  Bost. : 
S.  Walker,  1832.  (/n  Malte-Brune,  Conrad,  A  system  of  universal 
geography.     Bost.:     S.  Walker,  1 834.     Vol.11.     P.   199.) 

The  book  in  which  this  engraving  is  found  is  a  translation  of  the  author's 
Precis  de  la  geographic  universelle,"  Paris,  1810-1839.  Another  edi- 
tion was  published  in  Philadelphia  by  Finlay  in  1837.  Both  editions 
contain  a  description  of  the  Falls. 

Cole.  Thomas.  A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  painted  by 
T.  Cole,  Esq.  Engraved  on  steel  by  T.  S.  Woodcock.  Boston:  Pub- 
lished by  S.  Walker,  1832.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views 
of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  9.) 

From  Malte-Brune's  "  System  of  universal  geography,"   1  834. 

Cole,  Thomas.  The  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Twenty  years  ago.) 
3%  X  6.  {In  Our  globe;  a  universal  picturesque  album,  ed.  by  the  North 
American  bibliographic  institution.     Phila.:      1840.     Vol.  I.     P.  9.) 

The   Falls   of   Niagara.      (T^venty   years   ago.)       (Grosvenor  library,       1831 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  9.) 
Taken  from  "  Our  glo^e,"  Philadelphia,   1  840. 

893 


Niagara  Falls 

1831  Noble,  Louis  L.     The  course  of  empire,  Voyage  of  life,  and  other 

Noble  pictures  of  Thomas  Cole,   N.   A. :   with  selections   from  his  letters  and 

miscellaneous  writings;  illustrative  of  his  life,  character  and  genius.    N.  Y.: 
Cornish,  Lamport,  and  Co.     1853.     Pp.  104-106.     375-377. 

An  account  of  Cole's  disappointment  at  his  first  view  of  Niagara,  and 
his  feeling  that  even  after  close  acquaintance  Niagara  was  far  less  than 
the  mountains,  that  its  greatness  consisted  in  its  loneliness.  Account  is 
given  of  the  various  studies  that  he  made.  His  reflections  after  his  second 
visit  in  1847  are  also  given. 

September  4,  1 847. —  On  Tuesday  last,  Maria  and  I  returned 
from  an  excursion  to  Niagara.  Niagara  I  have  visited  before. 
Its  effect  on  my  mind  was  perhaps  as  great  as  when  I  first  saw  it. 
But  I  am  convinced  that,  sublime  and  beautiful  as  it  is,  it  would 
soon  cease  to  excite  much  emotion.  The  truth  is,  that  the  mind 
dwells  not  long  with  delight  on  objects  whose  main  quality  is 
motion,  unless  that  motion  is  varied.  Niagara,  stupendous  and 
unceasing  as  it  is,  is  nevertheless  comparatively  limited, —  limited 
in  its  resources  and  duration.  The  mind  quickly  runs  to  the 
fountain  head  of  all  its  waters;  the  eye  marks  the  process  of  its 
sinking  to  decay.  The  highest  sublime  the  mind  of  man  compre- 
hendeth  not.  He  stands  upon  one  shore,  but  sees  not  the  other. 
Not  in  action,  but  in  deep  repose,  is  the  loftiest  element  of  the  sub- 
lime. With  action  waste  and  ultimate  exhaustion  are  associated. 
In  the  pure  blue  sky  is  the  highest  sublime.  There  is  the  illimit- 
able. When  the  soul  essays  to  wing  its  flight  into  that  awful  pro- 
found, it  returns  tremblingly  to  its  earthly  rest.  All  is  deep, 
unbroken  repose  up  there  —  voiceless,  motionless,  without  the 
colours,  lights  and  shadows,  and  ever-changing  draperies  of  the 
lower  earth.  There  we  look  into  the  uncurtained,  solemn  serene 
—  into  the  eternal,  the  infinite  —  toward  the  throne  of  the 
Almighty. 

The  beauty  of  Niagara  is  truly  wonderful,  and  of  great 
variety.  Morning  and  evening,  noon  and  midnight,  in  storm  and 
calm,  summer  and  winter,  it  has  a  splendour  all  its  own.  In  its 
green  glancing  depths  there  Is  beauty ;  and  also  in  its  white  misty 

894 


Maps  and  Pictures 

showers.  In  its  snow-like  drifts  of  foam  below,  beauty  writhes  in  1831 
torment.  Iris,  at  the  presence  of  the  sun,  at  the  meek  presence  of  °  ^ 
the  moon,  wreathes  its  feet  with  brighter  glories  than  she  hangs 
around  the  temples  of  the  cloud.  Yet  all  is  limited.  It  cannot 
bear  comparison  with  that  which  haunts  the  upper  abysses  of  the 
air.  There  is  infinity  in  the  cloud-scenery  of  a  sunset.  Men  see 
it,  though,  so  commonly,  that  it  ceases  to  make  an  impression  upon 
them.  Niagara  they  see  but  once  or  so,  and  then  only  for  a  little 
while;  hence  the  power  it  exerts  over  their  minds.  Were  there 
Niagaras  around  us  daily,  they  would  not  only  cease  in  most 
cases  to  be  objects  of  pleasure,  but  would,  very  likely,  become 
sources  of  annoyance.  But  great,  glorious,  and  sublime  Niagara 
—  wonder  to  the  eye  of  man  —  I  do  not  wish  to  disparage  thee. 
Thou  hast  a  power  to  stir  the  deep  soul.  Thy  mighty  and 
majestic  cadence  echoes  in  my  heart,  and  moves  my  spirit  to  many 
thoughts  and  feelings.  Thy  bright  misty  towers,  meeting  the 
vault  on  high,  and  based  upon  the  shooting  spray  beneath,  are 
images  of  purity.  Thy  voice  —  deep  calling  unto  deep,  with  a 
might  that  makes  thy  hoary  cliffs  to  tremble,  leads  back  the  soul 
to  Him,  speaking  upon  Sinai's  smoking  summit.  Thy  steep-down 
craggy  precipices  are  the  triumphal  gate  through  which,  in  grand 
procession,  pass  the  royal  lakes  and  captive  rivers.  The  soul  is 
full  of  thee.  Favoured  is  the  man  who  treads  thy  brink.  Thank- 
ful should  he  be  to  God  for  the  display  of  one  of  His  most  won- 
derful works.  But  they  are  blessed  who  see  thee  not,  if  they 
will  accept  the  gift  which  God  vouchsafes  to  all  men, —  which, 
in  beauty  and  sublimity,  does  far  surpass  Niagara  —  the  sky. 
O  that  men  would  turn  from  their  sordid  pursuits,  and  lift  their 
eyes  with  reverential  wonder  there. 

(The)    Falls  of  Niagara.      (View.)      3'/^x4|4-      Un  The  lumiere,     1831 
containing    a    variety    of    topographical    views    in    Europe    and    America. 
N.  Y. :    H.  R.  Piercy  &  Co.     1831.    P.  52. 

A  view  of  the  Falls  from  the  Canadian  side  and  a  description  written  by 
some  one  who  had  been  there  in  1  797  and  again  after  the  Goat  Island 
bridge  was  built.  The  writer  saw  the  Falls  in  summer  and  winter,  and 
tells  of  the  "  myriads  of  wild  ducks  "  in  winter. 

895 


Niagara  Falls 

1831  Oakley,  G .     Rapids  and  bridge  above  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

Oakley  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 

187-.     Mat  23.) 

This  painting  by  Oakley  was  engraved  and  printed  by  Fenner,  Seats 
and  Co.,  London,  1831   and  by  I.  T.  Hinton  and  Simpkin  and  Marshall. 

1832 

1832  BURFORD,  RoBERT.     Description  of  a  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara, 
Burford           now  exhibiting  at  the  Panorama,  Leicester  square,  painted  by  the  proprietor, 

Robert  Burford,   from  drawings  taken  by  him  in  the  autumn  of    1832. 
Lond.:    Brettell.     1833. 

The  folding  sketch  which  accompanies  this  pamphlet,  contains  the  main 
features  of  Burford's  panorama  of  the  Falls,  painted  from  his  drawings 
made  at  the  Falls  in  1  832.  The  folding  sketch  is  historically  valuable 
since  it  indicates  the  location  of  buildings  now  gone. 

1832  ViGNE,  Godfrey  T.     Six  months  in  America.     Lond.:     Whittaker, 
Vigne               Treacher.     1832.     Vol.11.     Frontispiece. 

The  frontispiece  of  the  Falls  was  drawn  by  the  author. 

1833 

1833  CoCKBURN,  L'leut.-Col.   James  PattersoN,  R.  A.  Chute  du  Niagara 
Coclcburn         and  Entrance  to  the  Cave  of  the  Horseshoe,  Niagara,  on  the  English  side. 

(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,  N.   Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 
187-.    Mat  12.) 

Lieut. -Col.  Cockburn  was  a  British  army  officer  and  a  very  accomplished 
artist.  His  drawings  supplied  the  scenes  for  the  illustrated  editions,  annuals, 
etc.  These  drawings  are  taken  from  the  "  Drawing  room  scrap-book," 
London,  1844. 

Cockburn,  Lieut.-Col.  James  Patterson.  Falls  of  Niagara. 
Lond.:     Ackerman  &  Co.     1833. 

This  colored  view  is  from  a  drawing  "  from  the  upper  bank,  English 
side,"  and  "  is  by  special  permission  dedicated  to  Fhs  Most  Excellent 
Majesty,  William  the  Fourth,  1833."  It  shows  the  long  island  off  the 
main  shore,  since  by  filling  a  part  of  the  mainland. 

Cockburn,  Licut.-Col.  James  Patterson.  The  Falls  of  Niagara. 
Engraved  by  C.  Hunt.     Lond.:     Ackerman  &  Co.      1857. 

"  This  view  of  Table  Rock  and  Horseshoe  Fall,  is  by  special  permis- 
sion dedicated  to  Her  Most  Excc-llenl  Majesty,  Queen  Victoria." 

896 


Maps  and  Pictures 

HervIEU,  a .    Indians  at  Niagara.     (In  Power,  Tyrone,  Impres-      1833 

sions  of  America,  during  the  years  1833,  1834,  1835.     Lond. :     Richard  Hervicu 
Bentley.     1836.    Vol.1.    Pp.  391-411.) 

In  these  etchings  of  "  Indians  at  Niagara,"  the  Falls  are  used  as  a 
background. 

Pendleton,  .      Niagara;  Niagara  Falls.      (Grosvenor  library,      1833 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  12.)       Pendleton 

Lithograph  of  Pendleton's  taken  from  the  "  Traveller's  guide  "  pub- 
lished by  G.  M.  Davidson,  N.  Y.,   1833. 

Archer,  J .     Niagara  Falls.     As  seen  from  below.     Painted  by     1833 

Wall.   6  X  9J/2.      (In   Hinton,  J.   H.,   History  and  topography  of  the  Archer 
United  States.     New  ed.      Boston:     Samuel  Walker.      1834.     Vol.   I. 
Opp.  p.  348.) 

Fine  for  masses  of  water  on  the  American  Fall,  which  looks  dispro- 
portionately broad  because  of  the  great  distance  of  the  Horseshoe. 

Wall, .     Niagara  Falls  as  seen  from  below.     (Grosvenor  library,     1833 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  12.)  Wall 

This  view  "  painted  by  Wall,  engraved  by  Archer,"  is  taken  from 
Hinton's  **  History  and  topography  of  the  United  States,"  Boston,  1  834. 
Vol.  II.  P.  348.  Although  not  painted  as  a  winter  scene  the  Falls 
have  a  frozen  look. 

1835 

Bradford,    Thomas    Gamaliel.      Niagara    Falls    and    vicinity.     1835 
2  X  2'/^.      (In  his  Comprehensive  atlas,  geographical,  historical  and  com- ^'^^'^^°^° 
mercial.     Bost. :     Am.  Stationers  Co.      1835.     P.  56.) 

Too  small  to  be  satisfactory. 

1837 

Callington,   W.    R.      Birdseye   view   of   the   River   Niagara    from      1837 
Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario;   showing  the  situation   and  extent  of   Navy  Callington 
Island  and  the  towns  and  villages  on  the  banks  of  the  river  in  Canada  and 
the   United   States.        .      .      .      from   an   actual   survey   made  in    1837. 
Bost. 

,     .     Niagara  Falls.      (Chutes  du  Niagara.)      Paris:       1837 

1837. 

These  plates  are  from  sketches  made  from  nature  in  March,  1837.  The 
large  atlas  size  contains  six  plates  and  text  and  is  very  rare. 

57  S97 


Niagara  Falls 

1838 

1838  Miller,  Crosby.     Niagara  Falls,  No.  2.     View  of  the  Horseshoe 

Miller  Fall  from  Goat  Island.     Published  by  O.  G.  Steele.     Buffalo:     1838. 

Gorgeous  color  in  the  trees. 

1838  Steele  &  Co.     Lithographs  of  the  American  Fall  from  Goat  Island 

Steele  &  Co.    and  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  from  Goat  Island.     1  838. 
Colored.      The  bridge  across  the  central  falls  shown. 

1838  TatTERSALL,  O. .     The  destruction  of  the  Caroline  steamboat  by 

Taitersall  fire,  or  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  Upper  Canada,  on  the  night  of  Friday, 
the  29th  Dec,  1837.  Engraved  by  J.  Harris.  Lond. :  R.  Ackmer- 
mann.      1 838. 

The  boat  in  flames  is  shown  at  the  apex  of  the  Horseshoe. 

1838  Wyld,  James.     Sketch  of  the  Niagara  river.      11x7.     Lond.:  J. 

Wyld  Wyld.     1 838. 

1840 

1840  BaRTLETT,    W.    H.      The    Horse    Shoe    Fall,    Niagara  —  with    the 

Bartlett  tower.      7x4^.       (In  American   scenery.      From   drawings   by   W.   H. 

Bartlett.     The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis.     Lond. :     G.  Virtue. 
1840.    Vol.  I.     P.  32.) 

Bartlett,  W.  H.  The  landing  on  the  American  side.  (Falls  of 
Niagara.)  7x4%.  (In  American  scenery.  From  drawings  by  W.  H. 
Bartlett.  The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis.  Lond. :  G.  Virtue. 
1840.    Vol.  I.     P.  97.) 

Bartlett,  W.  H.  Niagara  Falls.  (From  near  Clifton  house.) 
Chutes  de  Niagara  vues  pres  de  Clifton  house. —  Der  wasserfall  Niagara 
vom  Cliftonchen  hotel  gesehen.  7x4|/2.  (In  American  scenery.  From 
drawings  by  W.  H.  Bartlett.  The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  WilHs. 
Lond.:     G.  Virtue.      1840.     Vol.  I.     P.  45.) 

Bartlett,  W.  H.      Niagara   Falls  from  the  ferry.      7  x  AYz-      (In 

American   scenery.  From   drawings   by   W.    H.    Bartlett.      The   literary 

department   by   N.  P.    Willis.      Load.:      G.    Virtue.       1840.      Vol.    I. 
P.  4.) 

Bartlett,  W.  H.  Niagara  Falls.  (From  the  top  of  the  ladder  on 
the  American  side.)  7|/4x4%.  (In  American  scenery.  From  draw- 
ings by  W.  H.  Bartlett.  The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis. 
Lond.:     G.  Virtue.      1840.     Vol.   II.     P.    12.) 

808 


Maps  and  Pictures 

BarTLETT,  W.  H.     The  rapids  above  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     7  xAYz.      1840 
(In  American  scenery.     From  drawings  by  W.  H.  Bartlett.     The  literary  BartleH 
department    by    N.    P.    Willis.      Lond. :    G.    Virtue.       1840.      Vol.    I. 
P.  16.) 

TTie  Niagara  drawings  of  Bartlett  form  an  Important  part  of  his  notable 
art  work  "American  scenery."  They  are  taken  from  various  points  of 
view  of  the  Falls  and  rapids  and  are  of  the  greatest  value  historically. 
Especially  valuable  is  the  view  of  the  ferry  landing  on  the  American  side, 
showing  the  stairs,  etc.,  by  which  the  ascent  to  the  top  of  the  cliff  was 
made.  The  text  describing  the  drawings  is  written  in  a  charming  literary 
style. 

Bartlett,  W.  H.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo.  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-.  Mat  13  and 
13a.) 

The  pictures  shown  on  these  two  mats  are  as  follows: 

13  — The  landing  on  the  American  side  (Falls  of  Niagara).     J.  C. 

Bentley. 

The  rapids  above  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (R.  Brandard.) 
Niagara  Falls  (From  near  Qifton  House).     (J.  Cousen.) 
The  Horse  Shoe  Fall,  Niagara  with  the  Tower.     (R.  Brandard.) 
1  3a  —  The  Horse-Shoe  Falls  (from  the  Canadian  side).    (J.  Cousen.) 
View  below  Table  Rock.      (J.  Cousen.) 

The  banks  of  the  River  Niagara  (below  the  Falls).      (R.  Brandard.) 
The  outlet  of  Niagara  River    (Lake  Ontario  In  the  distance).    (H. 

AdIard.) 

The  Whirlpool   (on  the  Niagara).      (E.  RadcHffe.) 

LangHEIM,  F .     Daguerreotypes  of  Niagara.      (1840?)  1840 

Lan{^etm 

1841 

De    Veaux,    Samuel.      Map    of   Niagara    Falls    and    guide   table.      1841 
12  X  16.     (In  his  The  traveller's  own  book,  to  Saratoga  Springs,  Niagara  De  Veaux 
Falls  and  Canada.      .      .      .      Buffalo:     Faxon  &  Read.      1841.) 

1843 

BODMER,    Charles.      View    of   Niagara    Falls.       (In   his   Atlas    of      1843 
eighty-one  plates   to   accompany   Wied-Neuwied,   M.   A.    P.   von   Prinz.  Bodmer 

899 


Niagara  Falls 

1843  Travels  in  the  interior  of  North  America.     Lond.:      Ackermann  &  Co. 
Bodmer  1843.     Plate  No.  39.) 

1844 

1844  HOLLEY,    OrVILLE    LuTHER.      Chart   of   Niagara    falls,    the   shores 
"°'   y             and   islands.      AYzxlYz.      {In  his   The  picturesque  tourists.      N.   Y. : 

Disturnell.      1844.     Opp.  p.    174.) 

"  View  from  Prospect  Point  showing  the  stairs  "  —  "  Niagara  Falls 
from  Prospect  Point." 

A  fine  chart  which  shows  all  the  islands  around  the  Falls  and  the  points 
of  interest  around  Goat  Island. 

HoLLEY,  Orville  Luther.  Map  of  Niagara  strait  and  parts  adja- 
cent. 5x3.  (In  his  The  picturesque  tourists.  N.  Y. :  J.  Disturnell. 
1844.    Opp.  p.  176.) 

1844  Steele's  Niagara  Falls  portfolio,  containing  eight  new  views  of  Niagara 
Falls  taken  from  the  most  striking  points.  Also  a  facsimile  of  a  view 
taken  by  Father  Hennepin,  in  1 678.  Lithographed  by  Hall  and  Mooney. 
Buffalo:    Steele's  press.     1844. 

Some  of  the  views  are  very  good,  being  based  apparently  upon 
Bartlett. 

1845 

1845  Hamilton, .     Niagara  Falls,  American  side.      1  1  x  24.     Eng. 

Hwnilton         by  J.  M.  Butler.     Phila.     (1845.) 

Hamilton,  J .     Niagara  Falls.     (American  side.)      (Grosvenor 

library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-. 
Mat  19.) 

This  view,  which  was  painted  by  J.  Hamilton  from  a  sketch  by  T. 
Taylor,  and  engraved  at  J.  M.  Butler's  establishment  in  Philadelphia,  gives 
a  broad,  low  view  of  the  Falls,  and  shows  the  stairs  on  the  American  side. 

Hamilton,  .      Niagara  Falls,   Canada  side.      1  1  x  22.      Eng. 

by  J.  M.  Butler.     Phila.:    (1845.) 

Hamilton,    J .      Niagara    Falls    (Canadian    side).      Grosvenor 

library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-. 
Mat  20). 

Another  painting  by  Hamilton,  from  a  sketch  by  T.  Taylor  and 
engraved  at  the  establishment  of  J.  M.  Butler,  Philadelphia.  It  is  another 
low,  broad  view  of  the  Falls  which  shows  the  Maid  of  the  Mist  at  the 
foot  of  the  Falls. 

900 


u 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Havell,  Robert.    Niagara  Falls.    Painted  from  the  Chinese  pagoda.      1845 
Point  View  Gardens.     Sing  Sing:     1845.  Havell 

Painted  from  Prospect  Park;  shows  Iris  Island,  the  ferry  house  on 
Prospect  Point,  the  ferry,  the  Horseshoe  Fall  and  the  stairs  on  the 
Canadian  side.     The  view  is  colored  from  a  painting. 

Friend,  Washington.     Views  of  Niagara   Falls.      (In  Falls  of     1845 
Niagara ;  a  complete  guide.     .     .     .     T.  Nelson  &  Sons.     Lond. :     Edin-  "'<='*° 
burg.  N.  Y.  &  Toronto:     1846. 

This  guide  contains  six  colored  views  of  Niagara,  among  them  one  of 
the  Horseshoe  Falls,  the  whirlpool  near  Niagara,  and  Brock's  monument 
which  are  credited  to  Washington  Friend. 

Friend.  Washington.  General  view  of  Niagara  Falls.  View  of 
the  Canadian  Fall.     1846. 

These  two  large  paintings  of  the  Falls  are  in  the  possession  of  the 
Royal  Family  of  Great  Britain.  The  artist,  an  Englishman,  made  a  num- 
ber of  studies  of  the  Falls,  which  formed  a  part  of  his  panorama  of 
American  scenery,  widely  exhibited  through  England.  Some  of  these 
Niagara  studies  may  be  found  reproduced  in  colors  in  English  guide-books. 

Havell,  Robert.     Panoramic  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,     1846.      1845 

Colored    view    of   the    Falls    by    Havell,    who    was    both   painter    and       ""^ 
engraver. 

VauDRICOURT,  a .     Views  of  the  cataract.      1845-6.  1845 

These  views  were  used  by  various  lithographers.  Vaudncourt 

1848?  1848? 

Davis,  Major  Henry.     "  Great  Horseshoe  Fall."      (1848?)  Davis 

1849 

[Brewer,   .]      A   description   of   the   Mammoth   Cave   of   Ken-      i849 

tucky,  the  Niagara  River  and  Falls,  Mount  Vernon,  etc.,  etc.,  to  illustrate  Brewer 
Brev.'er's     panorama.       Phila. :       U.     S.     Job    Printing     office.       1 849. 
Pp.  8-12. 

A  brief  description  of  all  points  of  interest,  historical  and  scenic,  on  both 
sides  of  the  river.  Brewer's  panorama  was  shown  in  American  cities  in 
the  early  fifties. 

901 


Niagara  Falls 

1849  Johnson,  H.  G.     A  map  of  Niagara  river,  four  miles  above  and  three 

John»on  miles  below  the  Falls.     [1849c.] 

Notes,  scenic  and  historical. 

1850? 
1850?  Groome,   W. — Graham,   A.    W.      Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Groome  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  16.) 

This  view  of  the  Horseshoe  Falls  apparently  taken  from  Goat  Island 
is  small,  colored,  shows  the  rainbow  and  two  Indians  in  the  foreground. 

1851 

1851  C.  R.  (del.)     Niagara  Falls.      (Horseshoe  Fall.)     John  Poppel  (sc.) 

C.  R.  PubHshed  for  Herman  J.  Meyer.     N.  Y. :     1  85  1 . 

Fine  view,  showing  the  Tower  and  the  Maid  of  the  Mist  in  the  river 
below. 

C.  R.  (del.)  John  Poppel  (sc).  Niagara  Falls.  (Horseshoe  Fall.) 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.    Mat  16.) 

1851  Prescott,  William  H.     Letter  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle  regarding  a 

Pretcott  Niagara  picture  by  Lebron,  under  date  of  January  27,    1851.      (Pub, 

Buf.  hist.  soc.     15:141-143.) 

Boston,  U.  S.,  January  27,  1851. 
My  Dear  Carlisle:  I  wrote  you  from  the  country  that, 
when  I  returned  to  town,  I  should  lose  no  time  in  endeavoring  to 
look  up  a  good  painting  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  I  have  not 
neglected  this ;  but  though  I  found  it  easy  enough  to  get  paintings 
of  the  grand  cataract,  I  have  not  till  lately  been  able  to  meet  with 
what  I  wanted.  I  will  tell  you  how  this  came  about.  When  Bul- 
wer,  your  Minister,  was  here,  I  asked  him,  as  he  has  a  good  taste 
in  the  arts,  to  see  if  he  could  meet  with  any  good  picture  of  Niag- 
ara while  he  was  in  New  York.  Some  time  after,  he  wrote  me 
that  he  had  met  with  "  a  very  beautiful  picture  of  the  Falls,  by  a 
Frenchman."  It  so  happened,  that  I  had  seen  this  same  picture 
much  commended  in  the  New  York  papers,  and  I  found  that  the 
artist's  name  was  Lebron,  a  person  of  whom  I  happened  to  know 

902 


Maps  and  Pictures 

something,  as  a  letter  from  the  Viscount  Santarem,  in  Paris,  com-  1851 
mended  him  to  me  as  a  "  very  distinguished  artist,"  but  the  note  '^"''°" 
arriving  last  summer,  while  I  was  absent,  I  had  never  seen  Mr. 

Lebron.     I  requested  my  friend,  Mr. ,  of  New  York,  on 

whose  judgment  I  place  more  reliance  than  on  that  of  any  other 
connoisseur  whom  I  know,  and  who  has  himself  a  very  pretty  col- 
lection of  pictures,  to  write  me  l"us  opinion  of  the  work.  He  fully 
confirmed  Bulwer's  report;  and  I  accordingly  bought  the  picture, 
which  is  now  in  my  own  house. 

It  is  about  five  feet  by  three  and  a  half,  and  exhibits,  which  is 
the  most  difficult  thing,  an  entire  view  of  the  Falls,  both  on  the 
Canada  and  American  side.  The  great  difficulty  to  overcome  is 
the  milky  shallowness  of  the  waters,  where  the  foam  diminishes 
so  much  the  apparent  height  of  the  cataract.  I  think  you  will 
agree  that  the  artist  has  managed  this  very  well.  In  the  distance  a 
black  thunderstorm  is  bursting  over  Goat  Island  and  the  American 
Falls.  A  steamboat,  the  "  Maid  of  the  Mist,"  which  has  been 
plying  for  some  years  in  the  river  below,  forms  an  object  by  which 
the  eye  can  measure,  in  some  degree,  the  stupendous  proportions 
of  the  cataract.  On  the  edge  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  is  the  frag- 
ment of  a  ferry-boat  which,  more  than  a  year  since,  was  washed 
down  to  the  brink  of  the  precipice,  and  has  been  there  detained 
until  within  a  week,  when,  I  see  by  the  papers,  it  has  been  carried 
over  into  the  abyss.  I  mention  these  little  incidents  that  you  may 
understand  them,  being  somewhat  different  from  what  you  saw 
when  you  were  at  Niagara;  and  perhaps  you  may  recognize  some 
change  in  the  form  of  the  Table  Rock  Itself,  some  tons  of  which, 
carrying  away  a  carriage  and  horses  standing  on  it  at  the  time, 
slipped  into  the  gulf  a  year  or  more  since. 

I  shall  send  the  painting  out  by  the  *'  Canada,"  February  12th, 
being  the  first  steamer  which  leaves  this  port  for  Liverpool,  and  as 
I  have  been  rather  unlucky  in  some  of  my  consignments,  I  think  it 
will  be  as  safe  to  address  the  box  at  once  to  you,  and  it  will  await 
your  order  at  Liverpool,  where  it  will  probably  arrive  the  latter 
part  of  February. 

903 


Niagara  Falls 

1851  I  shall  be  much  disappointed  if  it  does  not  please  you  well 

"'^°"  enough  to  hang  upon  your  walls  as  a  faithful  representation  of 

the  great  cataract ;  and  I  trust  you  will  gratify  me  by  accepting  it 
as  a  souvenir  of  your  friend  across  the  water.  I  assure  you  it 
pleases  me  much  to  think  there  is  anything  I  can  send  you  from 
this  quarter  of  the  world  which  will  give  you  pleasure.  .  ,  . 
And  believe  me,  dearest  Carlisle, 

Ever  faithfully  yours, 

W.  H.  Prescott. 

1851 .     Panoramic  view  of  Niagara.     c1852. 

This  colored  view  is  taken  from  the  Canadian  side,  and  shows  the 
edge  of  the  Canadian  shore  in  the  foreground. 

1851  Dana,    Charles   A.      Niagara   Falls    (general    view    from   Clifton 

Dana  house).     4x6.      (In  Dana,  C.  A.  ed.,  The  United  States  illustrated. 

2  vol.  in  one.     N.  Y.:     H.J.Meyer.      11853.]     Vol.1.     P.  13.) 

A  pretty  view  looking  full  into  both  falls  from  below  and  showing  the 
rainbow.     There  is  also  a  description,  pages  13—18. 

1853 

1853  (Frankenstein,  G.  N.)    Niagara.     (Harp.,  Aug.,  1853.    7:289- 

Frankenstein      305.) 

The  Falls  described  in  the  form  of  running  commentary  on  sketches  by 
G.  N.  Frankenstein,  made  as  studies  for  his  "  Panorama  of  Niagara  Falls." 
**  The  artist  from  whose  labors  we  have  so  largely  borrowed,  has  made 
the  study  of  the  Great  Cataract  a  labor  of  love.  He  summered  and 
wintered  by  it.  He  has  painted  it  by  night  and  by  day;  by  sunlight  and 
by  moonlight;  under  a  summer  sun,  and  amid  the  rigors  of  a  Canadian 
winter,  when  the  gray  rocks  wore  an  icy  robe,  and  the  spray  congealed 
into  icicles  upon  his  stiffened  garments.  The  sketches  from  which  we  have 
selected  have  grown  up  under  his  hands  for  a  half  score  of  years;  and  we 
can  not  doubt  that  many  to  whom  Niagara  wears  the  face  of  a  familiar 
friend  will  find  themselves  transported  to  it  in  imagination,  as  they  look 
upon  the  results  of  his  labors;  and  many  who  may  never  behold  the  Falls, 
will  gain  some  just  though  inadequate  conception  of  their  magnificence  and 
beauty." 

904 


Maps  and  Picturei 

Frankenstein,  G.  N.     Niagara  Falls.      (Jones  sc.)      E.  Ferrett  flc      1853 
Co.       Phila.:       (1853).  Franken.tcin 

A  general  view  of  the  Falls  taken  from  Hennepin's  point. 

Geil,   Samuel.      Map   of  the  vicinity  of   Niagara   Falls.      Phila,:      1853 
James  D.  Scott.     N.  d.  ^"' 

Geil,  Samuel  and  Delp,  J.  L.    Map  of  the  vicinity  of  Niagara     ^853 
Falls.    From  actual  surveys  by  Samuel  Geil.    Colored.    22  x  28.    Phila. :  ^  ^ 

[1853.] 

Guernsey,  Alfred  H.    Niagara.     (Harp..  Aug.,  1853.    7:289-     1853 

one   \  Guernsey 

Noteworthy  because  of  its  illustrations  which  were  selected  from  over 
a  hundred  views  painted  by  G.  N.  Frankenstein  as  studies  for  his  Pano- 
rama of  Niagara  Falls. 

I.  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Ferry.     II.  Aus  Fluss  des  Niagara.     III.      1853 
Outlet  of  the  Niagara.    IV.   Below  Table  Rock  (Niagara).    V.Niagara 
Falls  (central  view  from  Clifton  House).      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1  87-.     Mat  14.) 

These  views,  which  resemble  Bartlett,  are  taken  from  the  *'  United 
States  illustrated  "  edited  by  C.  A.  Dana,  and  published  by  H.  J.  Meyer, 
N.  Y.     (1855.) 

1854 

BuTTRE,   J.    C.      Niagara   Falls.      (Lit.   liv.   age.   May  27,    1854.      1854 
41  :385.)  Buttre 

A  very  fine  view  of  the  Falls  from  under  Table  Rock,  "  engraved  from 
an  original  sketch."  Somewhat  suggests  Bartlett's  treatment  of  the  same 
subject. 

JuDAH,  T.   D.      (Civil  engineer.)      Map  of  the  villages  of  Bellvue,      1859 
Niagara  Falls  and  Elgin.     30  x  42.     Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Lith.  of  Compton  Judah 
and  Gibson.     [1854.] 

The  details  show  a  "  section  of  strata  along  the  Niagara  River  from 
Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Erie,"  and  a  "  section  of  the  Falls  abreast." 

.     Niagara  Falls.     (General  view  from  Clifton  House.       1859 

Pub.  for  H.  J.  Meyer.     N.  Y.     [1854.]) 

.  Rapids  of  the  Niagara  above  the  Falls  for  the  pro- 
prietor H.  J.  Meyer.     Pub.  for  Paul  Bernard.     N.  Y. :      [1854.] 

905 


1859 


Niagara  Falls 

WiTMER,  Tobias.  Map  of  the  town  of  Niagara.  Drawn  from  sur- 
veys and  authentic  records  by  Tobias  Witmer,  surveyor,  1854.  24  x  50. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.:     Uth.  by  W.  Berggoetz.      [1854.] 

An  inset  gives  a  general  view  of  the  Falls  from  the  landing  on  the 
Canadian  side,  about  where  the  steamer  docks  now. 

1855 

BORNET,  John.  Niagara  Falls,  American  side.  Published  by  Goupil 
&  Co.,  772  Broadway.  N.  Y.:      1855. 

This  is  an  imposing  colored  view  showing  a  steamer  and  a  rowboat  in 
the  lower  river. 

Ferguson,  William.  America  by  river  and  rail,  or  Notes  by  the  way 
of  the  new  world  and  its  people.  Lond.:  James  Nisbet,  1856. 
Pp.  441-458. 

This  is  one  of  the  first  descriptions  from  a  distance.  The  frontispiece 
shows  the  Horseshoe  Falls  from  the  Canadian  side. 

1857 

Church,  Frederick  Edward.     Niagara.     1857. 

This  painting  of  Niagara,  hailed  in  1857  as  the  most  wonderful  repre- 
sentation of  the  great  waterfall,  still  stands  in  the  front  rank.  Ten  years 
after  it  was  painted  the  picture  won  a  prize  at  the  Paris  Exposition.  After 
being  widely  exhibited  in  Europe,  it  was  returned  to  this  country  and  is 
now  in  the  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  in  Washington.  In  the  National  Gal- 
lery of  Scotland  at  Edinburgh,  there  is  another  Niagara  by  Church. 

Church,  Frederick  Edward.  The  great  fall,  Niagara.  Painted 
by  Frederick  Edward  Church.  N.  Y.  Williams,  Stevens,  Williams  & 
Co.     1857. 

A  pamphlet  of  fourteen  pages  giving  press  opinions  of  the  great  paint- 
ing.     The  pamphlet  is  prefaced  by  Brainard's  "  Niagara." 


From  the  New  York  Dail^  Times. 

Church's  Niagara.  .  .  .  What  proposition  has  been  more 
universally  accepted  as  an  axiom  in  American  landscape  art  than 
this  —  that  Niagara  could  not  be  reproduced  on  the  canvas? 
Everybody  has  echoed  the  remark  —  everybody  has  believed  it 
—  nobody   could   question,   because   nobody   had   disproved   it. 

906 


Maps  and  Pictures 

And  now  there  comes  a  quiet  artist  quietly  forward,  who  calmly  1857 
puts  his  work  down  before  gazing  Broadway,  and  begs  leave  to 
differ  from  the  critics  and  the  public  —  and  in  the  twinkling  of 
an  eye  wins  all  the  world  over  to  his  side!  People  go  and  look 
at  Mr.  Church's  Niagara  and  come  away  only  wondering  that 
anybody  who  tried  to  do  it  every  failed  to  paint  the  Cataract.  It 
seems  the  simplest  thing  in  the  world,  for  it  has  been  done  simply 
—  with  the  simplicity  of  power,  and  the  wonderful,  convincing 
truth  of  simplicity. 

You  pass  from  the  bustle  of  the  street  into  the  small  back  room 
of  the  Messrs.  Williams  and  Stevens,  .  .  .  and  behold!  there 
is  the  marvel  of  the  Western  World  before  you.  The  broadening 
river  sweeps  curving  to  the  plunge  —  the  beryl  green  of  the 
central  watery  masses  charms  their  else  awful  night  into  delicious 
beauty  —  the  vaporous  white  veils  of  mingling  spray  and  mist 
float  lightly  and  tenderly  up,  smitten  through  and  through  with 
the  glory  of  the  diffusive  daylight  and  the  splendor  of  the  glitter- 
ing rainbow  —  far  away,  far  as  the  eye  can  follow  the  dreaming 
fancy,  the  distant  landscape  glows  and  mellows  through  every 
hue  of  purple,  gold  and  amethyst  —  and  overhead  the  sky  bends, 
warm  and  light,  and  soft  —  a  heaven  worthy  of  the  scene. 

To  write  of  this  picture  is  like  writing  of  the  Falls  themselves. 
You  think  of  it,  and  your  pen  hangs  idly  in  your  hand,  as  your 
imagination  brings  back  to  you  the  grandeur  and  the  grace  you 
gazed  upon.  The  painting  of  such  a  picture  marks  an  era  in  the 
art  of  our  country.    .    .  . 

From  the  Courier  and  Enquirer. 
Fine  Arts.  .  .  .  It  is  a  view  of  Niagara  Falls  which  will 
cause  all  others  ever  painted  to  be  forgotten.  We  know  of  no 
American  landscape  which  unites  as  this  does  the  merits  of  com- 
position and  treatment;  for  in  painting  such  a  picture  the  choice 
of  a  point  of  view  may  justly  be  called  composition.  We  have 
yet  to  see  the  modern  landscape  of  any  school  which  surpasses  in 
its  faithful  presentation  of  the  characteristic  facts  of  nature.     The 

907 


Niagara  Falls 

1857         picture  has  no  foreground,  to  speak  literally.     It  is  water  to  the 
Church  j^^gg  jjj^g^  ^j^j  water  everywhere.     The  only  land  that  appears  is 

in  two  strips  of  shore  in  the  far  distance;  which,  by  the  way,  are 
most  delicately  and  truthfully  painted.  The  view  is  from  a  point 
on  the  Ccinada  side,  a  little  above  the  Fall,  the  whole  curve  of 
which,  except  of  course  the  small  segment  next  to  the  spectator,  is 
taken  in  at  once  by  the  eye.  The  point  of  view  being  elevated, 
the  Fall  opposite  to  the  spectator  is  seen  at  its  full  height,  and 
just  above  it  the  river  stretches  away  into  miles  of  broken  surface. 
A  few  light  diffusive  clouds  in  the  sky ;  and  just  above  the  horizon 
peep  one  or  two  peaks  of  heavy  curnuli  The  rainbow  glows 
with  luminous  color,  as  if  it  were  cast  by  a  prism.  Its  grand  char- 
acter is  given  to  the  picture  by  the  skilful  presentation  of  the  great 
mass  of  water ;  and  the  marvel  of  its  treatment  is  the  expression  of 
mobility  which  every  part  of  it  conveys.  There  is  not  a  line  s 
breadth  upon  it  that  does  not  seem  in  motion ;  not  an  outline  in  it 
that  does  not  appear  to  be  just  passing  into  some  other  form.  One 
of  its  marvellous  passages  is  the  view  up  the  river,  where  the  dis- 
tance of  miles  is  clearly  expressed  in  a  space  of  half  a  hand's 
breadth." 

From  the  Ne-n>  York  Dail^  News. 

Church's  Painting  of  Niagara  Falls  —  ...  Mr.  Church 
has  shown  himself  the  great  artist  in  the  judicious  selection  of  his 
point  of  view,  and  the  scope  embraced  in  his  picture.  The 
Horse-Shoe  Fall,  viewed  from  the  Canada  shore  a  few  rods  above 
Table  Rock,  is  taken  in  at  one  sweep  of  the  vision  from  the  shore 
to  the  island;  while  the  tower,  the  rocks  below,  and  the  rapids 
receding  into  the  distance  contribute  to  make  this  view  the  most 
eminently  characteristic. 

Building  up  his  composition  upon  the  true  principles  of  the 
sublime,  he  has  not  marred  the  simple  grandeur  of  his  subject  by 
the  introduction  of  any  extraneous  forms  or  objects  of  animal  life. 
He  has  even  excluded  the  shore  from  his  "  foreground,"  and 
makes  the  moving  mass  of  waters  —  as  they  go  rushing  madly  at 

90S 


Maps  and  Pictures 

his  feet  over  angry  looking  rocks  here  and  there  revealed  amid  the     1857 
snowy-crested  breakers  —  serve  him  for  his  only,  and  the  most     ^^'^ 
appropriate,  foreground. 

In  some  respects  it  is  as  difficult  to  describe  this  picture  as  the 
subject  of  it.  Where  sound  and  motion  overwhelm  the  spectator, 
as  in  beholding  Niagara,  earth  and  sky  are  forgotten.  So  in  this 
painting,  we  have  no  earth  for  a  foreground,  and  a  sky  that  is  so 
fleecy  and  palpitating  for  a  distance,  that  until  a  section  of  a 
rainbow  (which  seems  to  counterfeit  nature)  paints  itself  upon 
the  rising  spray,  and  the  deep  emerald  of  the  falling  waters  carries 
your  eye  upward,  you  have  been  scarcaly  conscious  that  the  pic- 
ture had  any  sky  at  all :  but  you  now  feel  that  it  has,  and  the  most 
admirable  which  could  have  been  given  it ;  for  who  ever  thinlcs  of 
the  sky  when  viewing  Niagara? 

There  is  the  warm  glow  of  an  October  afternoon  reflected  back 
from  the  zenith  upon  the  waters:  and  with  this  delicate  amber 
tint,  flickering  between  sunlight  and  shade  —  foam  crested  waves 
and  their  deep  green  caverns,  this  picture  presents  the  most  truth- 
ful representation  of  water,  in  all  the  phases  of  color  and  motion, 
that  we  have  yet  seen  upon  the  canvas.  Your  eye  and  mind 
wander  up  the  "  Rapids  "  until  lost  in  contemplation;  and  you 
only  return  with  the  rush  of  waters,  to  leap  madly  into  the  chasm 
below,  to  be  lost  again  in  the  most  sublime  reverie ! 

The  picture  makes  you  feel  this ;  and,  if  you  have  imagination, 
much  more.  It  is  the  great  painting  of  the  grandest  subject  of 
nature!  It  is  the  chef  d'oeuvre  of  Niagaras  upon  any  canvas, 
and  must  give  to  its  painter  a  fame  as  imperishable  as  his 
subject. 

From  the  Boston  Weelily  Traveller. 

Church's  Painting  of  Niagara  —  ...  This  Niagara  of 
Church's  is  so  calm  and  satisfactory  that  ordinary  praise  is  imper- 
tinent. To  say,  "  How  beautiful  it  is!  "  is  like  saying  the  same 
thing  of  a  perfect  June  day.  A  thousand  pictures  have  been 
painted  of  the  same  great  scene ;  everybody  has  been  to  gaze  upon 

909 


Niagara  Falls 

1857  it,  and  to  listen  to  it,  and  remember  it  forever.  But  when  you 
see  this,  you  feel  at  once,  this  is  Niagara ;  the  eye  that  could  com- 
mand the  hand  has  seen  it  at  last,  and  the  future  pictures  of  the 
Cataract  may  be  different  —  they  cannot  be  superior  to  this. 

The  view  selected  is  the  simplest  and  most  comprehensive. 
The  spectator  stands  a  little  above  Table  Rock,  and  the  eye  looks 
along  the  level  of  the  rapids,  seeing  them  toss  and  curl  against 
the  sky  and  horizon,  and  the  spectator  understands  why  it  is  called 
an  ocean  pouring  itself  away.  The  foreground  is  the  swift, 
shattered  water  of  the  shallow  shore  —  rapids  gliding  to  the  brink 
of  the  Fall  which  forms  the  Canada  side  of  the  Horse-Shoe,  and 
the  middle  of  the  canvas  is  filled  with  the  plunge  of  the  main  sheet 
into  the  abyss.  It  is  all  water,  except  a  shore  of  Goat  Island  upon 
the  left,  and  the  long,  low,  woody  Canada  shore  upon  the  right. 
Over  all  shines  a  transparent  summer  sky,  with  a  dull,  distant 
thunder  mist  beyond  Goat  Island,  and  soft,  peaceful  clouds  over 
Canada.  A  rainbow  springs  from  the  abyss ;  but  it  is  only  frag- 
mentary, for  the  vapor  is  wafted  aside  and  broken.  This  rainbow 
is  the  purest  light  I  ever  saw  in  painting.  Turner,  whose  later 
life  was  a  long  effort  to  produce  light,  and  a  marvellous  success 
in  doing  it,  has  nothing  which  seems  to  me  so  wonderful  as  this 
broken  rainbow  of  Church's.  It  is  hard  to  believe  that  it  is  not  a 
reflection  thrown  upon  the  canvas  from  a  prism. 

Will  you  not  be  surprised  to  hear,  too,  that  if  the  young 
American  has  rivaled  Turner's  light,  he  has  also  equaled  the  pre- 
Raphaelite  detail?  Not  as  the  pre-Raphaelites,  but  with  a  con- 
scientious finish  of  minuteness,  which  does  not  in  the  least  clash 
with  the  broad  beauty  of  the  whole.  The  stones  in  the  little 
round  tower  upon  the  American  side  of  the  Great  Fall  are  per- 
fectly made  out,  if  you  will  look  to  see;  and  far  away  upon  the 
northern  shore  of  the  rapids,  the  details  of  a  country  yard  are 
visible. 

But  the  calmness  and  simplicity  of  the  picture  are  its  charms. 
Everybody  remembers  how  tranquil  his  remembrance  of  the  scene 
is,  and  how  simple  its  grandeur  is.     Niagara  makes  no  appeal  to 

910 


Maps  and  Pictures 

your  admiration;   and  art  is  true  to  its  sympathy  with  nature,     1857 
when,  as  I  said,  it  almost  scorns  your  approval.    A  rose  is  beauti-  ^^"'"^^ 
ful  for  its  own  beauty,  not  for  our  praise ;  and  this  picture  makes 
no  points,  has  no  rhetoric,  and  takes  no  postures;  but  challenges 
your  homage  as  Sabrina  fair  challenges  it,  under  the  glassy  wave, 
or  as  the  water's  own  transparency  compels  it. 

[Church's  Niagara.]      (Lit.  Hv.  age.  Oct.  24.   1857.     55:254-255.      1857 

But  Mr.  Church  has  painted  the  stupendous  cataract 
with  a  quiet  courage  and  a  patient  elaboration,  Tvhich  leaves  us, 
for  the  first  time,  satisfied  thai  even  this  atvful  reality  is  not 
be])ond  the  range  of  human  imitation. 

Mr.  Church's  picture  is  an  oblong  of  some  seven  or  eight  feet 
by  three  and  a  half,  if  our  eyes  have  not  deceived  us.  The  view 
is  taken  from  the  Canadian  side,  a  little  above  Table  Rock,  and 
it  includes  the  whole  sweep  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  to  the  corner 
of  Goat  Island.  There  is  no  foreground  or  shore.  The  spectator 
looks  right  along  the  Canadian  rapids,  as  their  swirls  converge  for 
the  tremendous  leap.  A  shattered  tree  trunk  is  caught  in  the 
opposing  eddies,  which  churn  and  chafe  into  foam  over  the  layers 
of  brown  rock,  the  sunlight  striking  their  edges  into  transparent 
green  where  they  fling  themselves  over  the  lips  of  the  ledges,  in 
their  hurrying  course  to  the  plunge  of  the  mighty  river.  About  the 
center  of  the  picture  the  bend  of  the  barrier  enables  us  to  watch 
the  downward  leap  of  the  river,  not  in  a  sheet,  but  in  innumerable 
cascades  from  every  projecting  point,  shivered  into  fine  fringes  of 
foam,  and  losing  themselves  in  the  spray  to  which  the  mass  of 
water  is  churned  by  its  fall.  Across  the  wet  air  of  this  spray  cloud 
the  rainbow  flings  Its  prismatic  arch.  Beyond  we  see  the  distant 
lines  of  foam  that  mark  the  rapids,  and  further  still  the  terraces 
of  the  Chippeway  shore  flushed  with  the  rich  hues  of  American 
Autumnal  forest.  The  time  is  towards  evening.  ...  It 
bears  throughout  unmistakable  evidence  of  the  most  close  and  suc- 
cessful study.  To  paint  running  water  is  always  difficult.  But 
when  the  running  water  is  the  expanse  of  a  mighty  river,  broken 
into  countless  eddies  by  rock  ledges,  and  hurrying  to  such  a  fall, 

911 


Niagara  Falls 

1857         it  may  well  be  conceived,  what  labor  has  been  necessary  to 
"''*'  apprehend  the  bewildering  facts,  what  patient  mastery  to  repre- 

sent them,  so  as  to  leave  the  spectator  impressed,  as  by  the 
presence  of  the  stupendous  reality,  with  the  abstraction  of  motion 
and  sound.     .    .    . 

1857  Fairbanks,  J.  H.     A  map  of  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls.     Drawn 

Fairbanks        from  actual  survey  for  Tunis'  guide.     16x21.     Buffalo,  N.  Y. :     E.  R. 
Jewett  &  Co.     1857. 

Shows  Gull  Island,  and  various  points  on  the  American  and  Canadian 
shores  are  indicated  —  the  Pavilion,  Prospect  House,  etc.  There  are  two 
small  views  of  the  Falls. 

1859 

1859  Gignoux's  Niagara.     (Harp,  w.,  July  9,  1859.     3:436.) 

An  engaving  of  "  Gignoux's  Niagara  —  The  Property  of  August  Bel- 
mont." 

We  have  the  pleasure  of  laying  before  our  readers  an  engrav- 
ing of  M.  Gignoux's  Niagara,  one  of  the  noblest  works  of 
American  art.  It  will  be  remembered  that  M.  Gignoux  executed, 
5ome  eighteen  months  ago,  a  painting  of  Niagara,  which  was 
exhibited  together  with  a  painting  on  the  same  subject  by  Mr. 
Church.  Both  became  the  property  of  a  firm  of  print-sellers. 
Mr.  August  Belmont,  the  well-known  banker  and  millionaire, 
who  expected  to  purchase  M.  Gignoux's  picture,  was  so  much 
disappointed  at  losing  it  that  he  gave  the  artist  a  commission  to 
execute  a  new  Niagara  for  him.  The  result  of  that  order  is  the 
admirable  work  which  we  now  engrave.  ...  M.  Gignoux 
has  painted  Niagara  by  moonlight,  the  point  of  view  being  from 
Goat  Island,  and  the  main  scene  the  Horseshoe  Fall.  Words 
fail  to  describe  the  beauty  of  the  original  work.  It  is  one  of 
those  delicious  scenes  on  which  the  eye  can  feast  for  hours 
together.  One  almost  fancies,  in  gazing  into  the  soft  summer 
night-air  which  envelops  the  scene,  that  the  ear  hears  the  roar  of 
the  cataract  as  the  eye  sees  the  floating  moonbeams  which  dance 
over  the  broad  rushing  stream. 

912 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Beside  the  Falls  the  picture  shows  a  bit  of  Goat  Island  and  the  Henne-      1859 
pin   Tower  in   the   foreground,   the  bend  of  the   Horseshoe  and  the  dim 
distant  Canadian  shore. 

RiCHARDT,    Ferdinand.      The    great  international    railway   bridge.     1859 
Engraved  by  D.  E.  Glover.     1859.  Richardi 

The  Falls  are  visible  in  the  background. 

RiCHARDT,  Ferdinand.  Niagara  Falls.  (From  the  American 
shore.)     A.  H.  Payne  (sc).     (1859.) 

This  print  shows  Prospect  Park  and  the  old  railings  of  wood. 

RiCHARDT,  Ferdinand.    The  Tower.    A.  H.  Payne  (sc).  (1859.) 

Hess,  B .     The  Falls  of  Niagara,  from  the  Canada  side.     1859.      1859 

This   beautiful   colored   view   shows   the   angle    of   the    Horseshoe,   the 

tower.  Goat  Island  and  part  of  the  American  Fall,  with  the  rainbow  by 

the  Horseshoe. 

.     View  of  Niagara  Falls.     (In  Engleheart,  Gardner,     1859 

D.,  Journal  of  the  progress  of  H.  R.  H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  through 
British  North  America;  and  his  visit  to  the  United  States,  10th  July  to 
15th  November,    1860.     Privately  printed.      1860.     Pp.  63-66.) 

This  brief  journal  of  three  days  spent  at  the  Falls  and  in  their  vicinity 
is  embellished  by  a  handsome  view  of  the  Falls  from  Goat  Island  showing 
the  tower,  and  the  angle  of  the  Horseshoe. 

1860 

BierstaDT,   E American   Falls   from  Goat   Island.     (Grosvenor      1860 

library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1 697-1 87-.  Bierstadt 
Mat  18.) 

An  artotype. 

Birch,   T.      Falls   of   Niagara   from   the   American   ladder.      1860?      i860 
(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,   N.  Y.      Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- Birch 

187-.    Mat  16.) 
This  drawing  by  Birch  was  engraved  by  J.  D.  Steel, 

Birdseye  view  of  Niagara  Falls  and  surrounding  country.  1860? 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
!87-.     Mat  18.) 

58  913 


Niagara  Falls 

I860  Cataract  house,  Niagara  Falls.    [I860?]    (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  17.) 
A  letterhead. 

Cataract  house,  Niagara  Falls.    [I860?]    (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat   17.) 

Clifton   house,     Niagara  Falls.      [I860?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buf- 
falo. N.  \.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  17.) 

Fall    of   Niagara,   Canada.       [I860?]      Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  16.) 

Taken  from  the  Canadian  side,  some  distance  down  stream  from  the 
Falls. 

1860  Hall  and  MoONEY.     Niagara  Falls  from  near  the  head  of  the  ferry 

Hall  and         stairs.     (1860?)     Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 
°*^'^  Falls.     1697-1 87-.    Mat  17.) 

Hall  and  Mooney.    View  from  the  pagoda.     ( 1  860?)     (Grosvenor 
library.  Buffalo.  N.  Y.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  17.) 

Both  the  above  are  lithographs. 

1860  HoLLOWAY,  F .     American  Fall  from  the  ferry  and  the  Horse- 

Holloway        shoe  Fall  from  Table  Rock.     1860.     (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1870.     Mat   15.) 

These  two  views  were  drawn  by  F.  Holloway  about  1  860. 

1860  J.  V.  C.   (del.)     View  of  Niagara  River  and  Lake  Ontario  from  the 

J.  V.  C.  (qp    gf    jj^g    mountain    at    Lewiston.      Jewett,    Thomas    &    Co.,    printers. 

[I860?]       (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 
1697-1 87-.    Mat  16.) 

Stereotyped  view. 

1860  Krausse and  Eltiner (sc) .     Eisenbahn  Hangerbrucker 

^'*""  El^ntr  "^^^    den    Niagara.       [I860?]        (Grosvenor    library.    Buffalo.    N.    Y. 
'"^' Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-.      Mat    1  7.) 

I860  (Niagara   frontispiece)    and  Niagara   Falls   from  the  American   shore. 

(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo.  N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 
187-.     Mat  15.) 

The  first  of  these  two  pictures  looks  like  a  Washington  Friend  produc- 
tion.     Both    of    them    are    taken    from    the    "  Historical    and    statistical 

914 


Maps  and  Pictures 

gazetteer  of  New  York  State  "  by  John  H.  French,  published  by  R.  P.      I860 
Smith,  Syracuse.    1 860. 

Noel,  J .      (del.)     Outhwaite  (sc).     Les  cataracts  du  Niagara.      1860 

[I860?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  No«l 
1697-1 87-.     Mat  16.) 

A  view  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  from  Goat  Island  showing  the  tower 
and  the  Maid  of  the  Mist.  Three  figures  and  a  dog  appear  in  the  fore- 
ground on  the  left  and  the  Canadian  shore  is  seen  in  the  distance. 

Noel,    J .      (del.)      Outhwaite    (sc).      Pont   suspender  sur  Ic 

Niagara.       [I860?]       Grosvenor   hbrary,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views    of 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  22.) 

Printed  by  Ch.  Charden,  Paris. 

Sainson,  DE .   (del.)   Chute  du  Niagara.      (1836.)     Grosvenor      iggg 

library,    Buffalo,     N.    Y.      Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1 697-1 87-.  Sainwa 
Mat  16.) 

Shrade,  (sc).     Chute  du  Niagara.      (1860?)      (Grosvenor      i860 

Hbrary,     Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1 697-1 87-.  Shr*de 
Mat  18.) 

Published  by  Furne  of  Paris. 

Suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls.      (1860?)       (Grosvenor  library,     1860 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat   16.) 

This  was  engraved  for  the  Family  Circle  and  Parlor  Annual. 

Three  views  in  colors   from  the   "  Falls   of   Niagara  "    (guide-book)      i860 
1 860.      (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,  N.   Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 
1 697-1 87-.    Mat  15.) 

The  Table  Rock  and  Terrapin  Tower  £ind  the  Horseshoe  Fall  from 
Goat  Island  taken  from  photographs,  and  one  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  from 
a  drawing  by  Washington  Friend. 

WinckeLMANN,    ,    and    ScHUE,    .       Aussicht    auf    den      I860 

Niagara  Fall.      (1860?)      (Grosvenor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  Winckelmann 
of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  1  7.)  and  bchue 

This  lithograph,  made  in  Berlin,  gives  the  view  from  an  open  window 
overlooking  the  Falls. 

915 


Niagara  Falls 

1864 

1864  DoRE,  GUSTAVE.     Atala  album,  photographs  of  twelve  illustrations  to 

Dore  Chateaubriand's  Atala.     Phila. :     Frederick  Leypoldt.     N.  Y, :      F.  W. 

Christem.      1 864. 

Contains  photograph  of  Dore's  splendid  view  of  the  Falls  with  several 
others  showing  the  gorge  and  the  rapids. 

1868 

1868  Mr.  Church's  new  picture  of  Niagara.      (Lit.  liv.  age,  May  15,  1868. 

Church  97:441-443.) 

so  he  has  painted  the  Falls  a  second  time,  and  now 
from  the  opposite  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Our  readers  may  remember  that  Mr.  Church's  former  picture 
of  the  Falls  of  Niagara  was  an  oblong,  whereas  this  is  an  upright 
one;  the  other  also  was  in  great  part  a  study  of  the  rapid  just 
before  the  fall,  whilst  this  is  mainly  a  study  of  the  fall  itself  and 
of  the  basin  below  it.  If  asked  which  of  the  two  pictures  we 
should  most  care  to  possess,  we  should  be  much  embarrassed,  for 
each  illustrates  and  supplements  the  other.  The  two  together  are 
a  splendid  proof  of  what  landscape-painting  may  do  in  a  direc- 
tion which,  though  secondary  to  poetical  or  creative  art,  is  never- 
theless equally  important,  and  far  more  hkely  to  be  of  service  to 
the  generality  of  mankind. 

The  present  picture  has  what  is  usuall)'  considered  a  disad- 
vantage, in  an  exceedingly  high  horizon.  It  is,  in  fact,  almost  a 
bird's-eye  view  of  the  basin  under  the  fall,  the  spectator  being  on 
the  level  of  the  rapid  above;     .     .     . 

The  effect  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding  picture. 
The  sky  is  of  a  dull  dusty  warm  gray,  with  warm  white  clouds 
low  on  the  horizon.  The  woods  on  the  distant  Canadian  shore 
are  obscured  by  the  mist  rising  from  the  fall,  which  adds 
immensely  to  the  artistic  availableness  of  the  subject.    The  reader 

916 


Maps  and  Pictures 

will  remember  that  the  falls  are  divided  by  a  mass  of  rock  which  1868 
is  crowned  by  a  dense  wood ;  this  wood  is  also  obscured  by  mist,  ^'^^^^ 
but  partially,  and  much  less  so  than  that  in  the  distance;  and  the 
effects  of  mist  on  these  woods  are  full  of  interesting  study,  and 
surprisingly  truthful.  Let  us  now  follow  the  fall  from  the 
Canadian  shore  to  the  American,  from  which  we  see  it.  First, 
we  have  three  or  four  white  cascades  like  a  Swiss  fall,  then  a 
rather  broader  mass,  and  then  for  a  space  we  see  no  water  at  all 
on  account  of  the  rising  mist.  A  little  to  the  left  of  the  mist, 
however,  there  is  a  broad  sheet  of  pure  emerald,  whose  translucent 
beauty,  though  it  really  covers  only  a  few  square  inches  of  canvas, 
leads  the  imagination  to  give  an  ideal  splendour  to  the  whole 
waterfall.  .  .  .  This  transparent  passage  is  followed  by  one 
of  dull,  opaque  white,  and  then  we  come  to  the  rocks  in  mid- 
stream, whose  thick  vegetation  is  watered  by  the  ever  ascending 
mist  and  trembles  at  the  eternal  thunder.  From  here  to  the  spec- 
tator is  nothing  but  the  rippling  rapid  above,  and  the  ragged  sheet 
of  heavily  falling  water,  losing  itself  below  in  masses  of  rolling 
cloud.  In  the  way  of  immediate  foreground  we  have  a  cliff  to 
the  left,  and  before  us  its  scattered  debris. 

The  most  original  passage  remains  to  be  described.  Below 
every  waterfall  there  is  a  pool,  whose  motion  is  in  great  part 
determined  by  the  continual  rising  from  below  of  the  water  which 
the  force  of  the  cascade  has  driven  down  to  the  very  bed  of  the 
river.  A  fall  like  Niagara  actually  dives  and  strikes  the  bottom, 
from  v/hich  it  continually  rebounds.  The  effects  on  the  surface 
of  the  pool  are  amongst  the  most  curious  of  all  the  phenomena  of 
water.  One  very  remarkable  result  is  that,  although  there  may  be 
nothing  like  what  v>^e  are  accustomed  to  call  a  wave,  the  water  is 
not  level ;  it  often  perceptibly  rises  into  gentle  eminences,  flowing 
away  from  these  in  all  directions.  Sometimes  the  whole  pool  is 
visibly,  though  slightly  domed,  and  this,  from  Mr.  Church's 
record,  appears  to  be  the  case  with  Niagara.  There  was  no  great 
technical  difficulty  in  rendering  this  appearance,  but  Mr.  Church 
has  achieved  a  very  great  feat  in  his  interpretation  of  the  surface- 

917 


Niagara  Falls 


1868 

Church 


markings;  we  have  never  seen  the  Hnes  of  currents  and  the 
stretching  streaks  of  foam  more  thoroughly  studied  than  in  this 
picture.  The  difficulty  of  painting  such  a  large  space  of  water 
would  have  been  great  under  anj'^  circumstances,  but  in  this  case, 
when  it  is  covered  with  elaborate  markings,  every  one  of  which  is 
a  result  of  motions  and  forces  exceedingly  difficult  to  analyze  and 
comprehend,  and  seen  from  such  a  height  that  all  these  markings 
must  be  thoroughly  mapped  out,  the  difficulty  is  so  tremendous 
that  nothing  but  very  extraordinary  powers  of  observation  and 
memory  could  have  overcome  it. 


1870 


Cur 


1870 

Endicott 


1870 

Glover 


1870 

Kellogg 


1870 

Currier,    N .      Niagara    Falls    from    Table    Rock.       [1870?] 

(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,  N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara   Falls.      1697- 
187-.      Mat  21.) 

Lithograph  published  by  N.  Currier. 

Der  Niagara   Fall.      [1870?]       (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo.   N.   Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-1870.     Mat  25.) 

In  colors,  after  Weld. 

Die  Schnellen  des  Niagara.      [1870?]       (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  22.) 


Endicott, 


American     Fall     of    the     Niagara.        [1870?] 


(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 
187-.     Mat  23.) 

Glover,  H.  J.  The  great  international  railway  suspension  bridge 
over  the  Niagara  river  in  full  view  of  the  Falls,  connecting  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  the  New  York  Central  and  Great  Western  Railways. 
[1870?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 

1697-1 87-.    Mat  17.) 

Kellogg,  E.  B.  and  E.  C.  Niagara  and  its  wonders.  [1870?] 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat  26.) 

A  lithograph  published  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  showing  suspension  bridge 
surrounded  by  ten  small  views  of  the  Falls  from  various  points  of  view. 


918 


Maps  and  Pictures 

(Large   view    of    terrapin    tower    and    Horseshoe    Fall.)       [1870?]      1870 
(Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,  N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 
187-.     Mat  27.) 

Map  of  North  America  with  Niagara  Falls  inset  of  Kalm-Hennepin     1870 
type.     [1870?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-1 87-.     Mat  22.) 

Ontario  and  St.   Lawrence  steamboat  company.      Inset  oP  Horseshoe     1870 
Fall.     [1870?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1 697-1 87-.    Mat  22.) 

This  inset  appears  in  "  Routes  from  Albany  to  Niagara  Falls,  Buffalo, 
and  Montreal." 

Rapids  of  the  Niagara  Fall.      [1870?]      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,     1870 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-.     Mat  25.) 
A  poor  view,  apparently  of  the  lower  rapids. 

SCHLITZER,  Frank  Cecil.     Two  views  of  the  Falls  from  the  Ameri-      1870 
can  shore  below.     Lithographed  by  Sage,  Sons  &  Co.     Buffalo:     1870.       Schlitzer 

These  two  colored  views  taken  from  paintings,  are  apparently  of 
different  dates.  They  show  the  inclined  railway  structure  and  other 
buildings  on  the  slope  on  the  American  side,  but  the  terminals  are  different 
in  the  two  pictures. 

Schuster,  S .     Niagara  Falls.      [1870?]      (Grosvenor  library,     ^870 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  21.)         ^'^"*''' 
Both  falls  are  shown  from  the  Canadian  side.     A  very  poor  picture. 

The  three  sisters,  Niagara  river  above  the  Falls.     [1870?]    (Grosvenor     1870 
library,    Buffalo.    N.     Y.      Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1697-1 87-. 
Mat   23.) 

This  very  pretty  view  by  J.  H.  Bufford  and  Sons,  lithographers,  Bos- 
ton, shows  the  rapids  and  the  river  above  the  Falls. 


1872 

Fenn,  Harry.     Niagara.     S.  V.  Hunt,     (sc.)     D.  Appleton  and  Co.      ^872 
873.      (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,   N.   Y.     Views  of   Niagara   Falls.  ^'="" 
1 697-1 87-.    Mat  15.) 

Taken  from  "  Picturesque  America  "  edited  by  William  Cullen  Bryant. 
i872. 

919 


Niagara  Falls 

1872  Fenn,  Harry.     Niagara.     S.  V.  Hunt   (sc.)      N.  Y.     D.  Apple- 

Fenn  ton  and  Co.     1873. 

In  this  view  from  above  the  Horseshoe  Fall  on  the  Canadian  side  the 
w^ater  effects  are  fine,  but  the  details  are  inaccurate.  A  bridge  is  shown 
from  the  Canadian  side  to  Goat  Island  in  the  rapids  with  suspension 
bridge  and  the  American  city  in  the  distance. 

1877 

1877  The  season   at  Niagara   Falls —  (Photographic  visitors   drawn   by   J. 
Wells  Champney).     (Harp,  w.,  Aug.  18.  1877.     21  :645-646.) 

1878 

1878  De  Haas,  Mauritz  Frederick  Hans.     The  rapids  above  the 

Dc  Haas  Falls.      (1878.) 

The  painter  of  this  picture  was  a  Dutch  artist,  who  was  closely  identified 
with  American  art  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  this  country  in  1859. 
He  was  a  winner  of  many  medals  in  this  country,  and  a  member  of  the 
National  Academy  of  Design.  This  superb  picture  of  the  rapids  was 
exhibited  at  the  Paris  Exposition  in  1  878  and  was  the  subject  of  much 
comment  in  the  press  and  various  art  journals. 

1880 

1880  Falls  of   Niagara,   reprints  of  Hennepin,   Lahontan,  newspaper    1764, 

Ellicott,  Rush,  C.  WiUiamson.    (Mag.  Am.  hist.,  July,  1  880.   5:47-56.) 

1880  New   York.   State.      Reservation   Commission   at   Niagara.      Map    and 

guide    of    the    New    York    State    Reservation    at    Niagara.       Buffalo: 
(188-?) 

A  folded  map  ^vith  a  description  on  the  reverse  side. 

1885 

1885  Fenn,  Alice  Maud.    Niagara.     (Art  jour.    1885.    38:237-241.) 

Fcnn  Describes  the  beauties  of  Niagara  and  is  illustrated  from  drawings  by 

Harry  Fenn. 

1885  HaTTON,     Joseph.        Niagara     illustrated.        (Art     jour.        1885. 

Hatton  37:13-14.) 

A  criticism  and  description  of  the  picture  of  Niagara  by  Her  Royal 
Highness  the  Princess  Louise.     This  picture  illustrates  the  article. 

920 


Maps  and  Pictures 

WiTTEMAN,  AdoLPH.     New  bond  paper  map  of  Niagara  Falls  and      1885 
vicinity.     7|/2x13.     N.  Y.     A.  Witteman.      1885.  Wittem^n 

1886-1889 

SangstER,  Amos  W.     Niagara  River  and  Falls  from  Lake  Erie  to  1886-89 
Lake  Ontario:   a  series  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  original  etchings,      "^'**'^ 
etched   on   copper,    from   his   own   drawings ;    ed.    by   James   W.    Ward. 
Buffalo:     Fryer.     1886-89. 

Some  fifty  plates  and  vignettes  of  Falls  scenery.  The  whole  work  is 
accompanied  by  a  descriptive  text. 

1888 

PhiloppoTEAUX,     Paul.        Cyclorama     of     Niagara.      400x50.      1888 
(1888.)  Philoppotcaux 

This  cyclorama  was  painted  by  the  same  artist  that  painted  the  "  Battle 
of  Gettysburg."  Associated  with  him  in  the  painting  of  the  gigantic 
"  Niagara  *'  were  other  artists  of  repute.  The  "  Cyclorama  of  Niagara  " 
was  opened  to  the  public  in  London  in  1  888.  The  painting,  so  those  who 
viewed  it  tell  us,  had  decided  artistic  merit,  and  the  arrangements  for  light- 
ing were  so  superior  that  the  exhibition  was  a  great  success,  for  a  time. 
It  was  afterward  brought  to  America,  and  exhibited  with  discouraging 
results  at  Chicago.     Its  present  whereabouts  is  unknown. 

1889 

Buffalo:     Some  representative  views  collected  under  the  direction  of  the      1889 
Buffalo    merchants'    exchange,    for   presentation    to    the    delegates    of    the 
International  American  conference  as  a  souvenir  of  their  visit  to  the  city 
on  October  1 4,  I  889. 

Views  of  the  Falls  from  Prospect  Point,  from  the  Canadian  side,  and 
of  the  Cave  of  the  Winds. 

Hill,  J.  Henry.      (Horseshoe  Fall  from  Goat  Island.)      1889.  1889 

An  etching.  ^'" 


Hayes 


1891 

Hayes,   James.      A   note   on   Niagara   literature.      (The  bookworm.  ,  ^^^^^ 
(Lond.:)     1891.    4:337.) 

Contains  a  reference  to  what  the  author  believed  "  the  earliest  engraving 
of  the  Falls." 

921 


Niagara  Falls 

1893 

1893  (Bamburgh,  William  Gushing).     Niagara  Falls  from  uncommon 

Bunburgh        points  of  view.     N.  Y.:     Phoenix  Art  Pub.  Co.     1893. 

Contains  eighteen  views  of  the  Falls  —  photographs  pasted  in  with  brief 
appreciative  comments  preceding  each. 

1893  Flynne.  P.  C.    Niagara  Falls.    8x15.     1893. 

Flynne  This  large  picture  was  painted  for  the  state  of  New  York  for  exhibi- 

tion in  the  New  York  Building  at  the  Chicago  Fair  in  1  893.  It  embraces 
both  the  American  and  Canadian  Falls.  In  1  894,  Mr.  Flynne  presented 
it  to  the  State  of  New  York,  and  since  then  it  has  hung  on  the  wall  of  the 
Senate  lobby  in  Albany. 

1893  Hopkins,  G.  M.    Atlas  of  the  vicinities  of  the  cities  of  Niagara  Falls, 

Hopkin.  North  Tonawanda  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Phila.:    G.  M.  Hopkins.     1893. 

Of  the  thirty-three  plates,  numbers  3  and  5  show  the  Falls  and  the 
Reservation. 

1893  MiGNOT,  Louis  R.     Niagara.      (A  painting.)      1893. 

Mignot  This  study  of  Niagara  was  exhibited  at  the  Columbian  exhibition  in 

1893. 

1894 

1894  Du  MoND,  F.  V.     Niagara  illustrations.      (In  Trumbull,  William. 
Du  Mond        Legend  of  the  white  canoe.     N.  Y.  and  Lond. :     Putnam.     1894.) 

TTiese  illustrations  are  photogravures  from  the  designs  of  F.  V.  Du 
Mond,  to  illustrate  this  Indian  legend  of  the  sacrifice  of  a  beautiful  maiden 
to  the  Spirit  of  the  Falls. 

1899 

1899  WaldrON,   HolmAN   D.     With  pen  and  camera   at  Niagara   Falls. 

Waldron  Portland,   Me.:      Chisholm.      c    1899. 

Some  views  of  the  milling  district  and  of  Niagara  in  harness. 


1900 

1900  International  waterways  commission.     Message  from  the  President  of  the 

United  States  transmitting  the  final  report  of  the  international  waterways 
commission  upon  the  proposed  dam  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie.  (63d  Cong. 
1st  sess.     Sen.  Doc.   118.) 

Contains  a  map  of  the  Niagara  river. 

922 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Johnston,    W .    and    A.    K.      Quebec,    Niagara,    Montreal.      1900 

10  X  7|/2.     (In  their  World-wide  atlas  of  modern  geography,  etc.     5th  ed.  Johnston 
fol.     Edinburgh  and  Lond. :     W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston.     1900.     P.  116.) 

This  small  map  of  the  river  indicates  the  points  of  interest  on  the 
reservation. 

1901 

Cutter  and  KooNZ.     Panoramic  views  of  Niagara  Falls.     Niagara      1901 
Falls :    Cutter  and  Koonz.    1901.  C^''^"-  *"d 

Koonz 

Among  other  views  a  very  good  one  of  the  old  iron  bridge  to  Goat 
Island. 

Underwood  and  Underwood.     Map  of  Niagara  Falls.     8x9|/2.     1901 

1  90  1 .  Underwood 

and 
1905  Underwood 

Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop.    A  map  of  the  gorge  of     1905 

the  Niagara  River,  to  accompany  a  report  on  New  discoveries  in  the  physics  '^P^"*^^' 
of  the  Falls.      1905.      (In  back  of  his  "  Outline  of  the  evolution  of  the 
Falls  of  Niagara:  contrast  with  the  Falls  of  Zambesi":   for  the  Inter- 
national Zoological  Congress.) 

1908 

Brown,  James  Francis.    The  red  man's  fact.    (1908?)  1908 

Brown,  James  Francis.    The  white  man's  fancy.     (1908?) 
These  two  paintings  preserved  at  Niagara  Falls  illustrate  Indian  legends, 

Mathews,  Catharine  van  Cortlandt.    Andrew  Ellicott,  his  life     1908 
and  letters.     N.  Y.:     Grafton.     1908.     Pp.  72-76.  Mathew* 

Contains  on  pages  72-76  a  report  to  President  Washington  of  his  dis- 
agreeable treatment  by  the  British  commandant  at  Fort  Niagara.  There 
is  also  a  map  of  the  Straight  of  Niagara  to  be  handed  to  General  Wash- 
ington on  his  return. 

1909 

Keller,    Major  Charles.      Niagara   River   from   above  the   Falls     1909 
to  Lake  Ontario;  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Major  Charles  Keller.  Keller 
Corps  of  Engr's,  U.  S.  Army.      1  909. 

This  map  is  a  part  of  a  "  survey  of  the  northern  and  northwestern  lakes 
made  in  obedience  to  acts  of  Congress  and  orders  from  Headquarters  of 
the  Corps  of  Engr's,  U.  S.  Army."  It  shows  the  Falls,  the  power  houses, 
etc.,  incidentally. 

923 


Niagara  Falls 

1911 

1911  PennelL,      Joseph.        Niagara      Falls.        (Cent.,      May,      1911. 

Pennell  82:77-82.) 

Six  lithographs  by  Joseph  Pennell  sketched  from  nature  in  the  autumn 
of  1910:  I.  View  from  the  railway  station  overlooking  the  Falls  on  the 
Canadian  side;  II.  Building  the  power  house  on  the  Canadian  side  —  the 
American  Falls,  below;  III.  Rainbows  over  the  Canadian  Falls,  as  seen 
from  the  Canadian  side;  IV.  The  Rapids  below  the  upper  steel  arch  bridge 
—  the  American  power  house  on  the  left ;  V.  The  rapids  below  the  steel 
arch  bridge  from  the  Canadian  side;  VI.  The  upper  steel  arch  bridge  from 
the  Canadian  side  looking  down  stream.  In  these  views  the  emphasis  is 
laid  upon  the  industrial  aspects  of  the  scene. 

No  Date 
No  date  Beck,  Raphael.     Niagara  Falls.      (Painting.) 

"^'^''  This  painting,  similar  to  1  homas  Cole's  in  point  of  view  and  treatment 

of  the  cataract  as  primitive  Niagara,  hangs  in  the  Buffalo  Historical 
Society  Building  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Cox«  CoxE,  Reginald.    The  Luna  Fall. 

CoxE,  Reginald.    Study  of  the  rapids. 

Both  these  modern  canvases  hang  in  the  Historical  Building  at  Buffalo. 

Day  Day,   W .    (Lith.)      Great   Horseshoe   Fall.      On   stone   by   A. 

Picken,  Jr. 

This  print  shows  the  Falls  from  below,  as  a  broad  straight  line,  then 
an  angle  with  the  mist  rising.  Below  there  are  wild  stereotyped  waves, 
and  figures  are  seen  on  the  rocks  by  the  stream  on  the  left. 

These  stupendous  falls  (the  largest  yet  discovered)  may  be 
heard  at  the  distance  of  40  miles,  the  cloud  of  spray  continually 
overhanging  them  is  distinctly  seen  at  the  distance  of  70  miles 
with  the  naked  eye. 

There  are  1  13,510,000  gallons,  or  672,000  tons  of  water  per 
minute  precipitated  over  these  Falls. 

Delarochette         DelAROCHETTE,  L .     Bowle's  new  pocket  map  of  North  America 

divided  into  its  provinces,  colonies,  etc.,  by  J.  Palairet,  lately  revised  and 
improved  with  many  additions,  from  D'Anville,  Mitchell,  and  Bellini,  by 
L.  Delarochette.     Lond. :     N.  d. 

"Niagara  Fall,   140  feet." 

924 


Maps  and  Pictures 

Der  Niagara  fluss.     Verlag  d.  Englishen  Kinstantalt  v.  A.  H.  Payne.  No  date 
Leipzig  and  Dresden. 

This  print  shows  a  bridge  across  the  upper  river  and  the  American  Fall 
as  a  great  smooth  sheet.     Goat  Island  is  also  visible. 

Edwards,  Ernest.     Niagara;  photo-gravures  from  originals.     Troy:  Edwards 
Nims  and  Knight.   N.  d. 

Exquisite. 

LoTTER,  Matthieu  Albert.  Carte  nouvelle  de  I'Amerique  Angloise  Lotter 
contenant  tout  ce  que  les  Anglois  possedent  sur  le  Continent  de  I'Amerique 
Septentrionale  savoir  le  Canada,  la  Nouvelle  Ecosse  ou  Acadie,  les  treize 
Provinces  unies.  .  .  .  avec  la  Floride.  Gravee  exactment  d'apres  les 
determinations  geographiques  dernierement  faites  par  Matthieu  Albert 
Lotter  a  Augsburg. 

Summary 

It  may  be  truthfully  said  that  no  natural  wonder  of  our  world 
has  been  more  universally  pictured  than  Niagara  Falls.  The 
views  have  taken  a  multiplicity  of  form  —  maps,  panoramas, 
engravings,  wood-cuts,  aqua-tints,  paintings,  lithographs.  The 
earliest  view,  which  was  accepted  as  the  correct  conception  of 
Niagara  for  one  hundred  fifty  years  was  the  famous  Hennepin 
picture  of  1 697,  known  to  all  students  of  Niagara,  and  it  is  a 
curious  fact  that  the  inaccuracies  of  this  picture  persisted  as  a 
model  for  other  artists,  long  after  Lieutenant  Pierie's  more  real 
conception  had  been  presented  to  the  world. 

Many  of  the  old  maps  of  the  eighteenth  century,  drawn  for  a 
world  anxious  and  interested  to  know  something  of  the  new 
hemisphere,  contain  a  record  of  Niagara  Falls,  although  in  many 
cases  this  is  only  a  break  in  the  river  with  not  even  the  name 
attached.  Some  of  these  old  maps  contain  curious  and  interest- 
ing insets  giving  the  popular  views  of  the  Falls. 

In  the  nineteenth  century,  the  popularity  of  the  panoramic 
views  of  the  Falls  in  England  and  the  United  States  gave  the 
most  widely  disseminated  knowledge  as  to  their  real  appear- 
ance. In  our  own  day,  in  books  and  magazines,  views  of  the 
Falls  under  all  aspects  are  usual  and  common.     There  are  many 

925 


Niagara  Falls 

private  collections  of  Niagara  pictures.  An  especially  rare  col- 
lection of  Niagara  aqua-tints  is  that  of  Judge  Alphonso  T.  Clear- 
water of  Kingston,  New  York,  a  Commissioner  of  the  State 
Reservation  at  Niagara. 

Many  artists  have  painted  the  Falls  with  varying  degrees  of 
success.  Up  to  the  present  time  the  palm  easily  goes  to  Mr. 
Frederick  E.  Church's  picture  of  Niagara  which  hangs  in  the 
Corcoran  Gallery  in  Washington.  The  waters  of  Niagara  are 
so  vital,  vibrant,  and  changing  that  their  representation  on  canvas 
presents  unusual  difficulties,  and  it  is  not  surprising  that  so  many 
artists  have  tried  in  vain  to  picture  its  beauty  of  form  and  color. 


926 


Chapter  X 


Chapter  X 

INDUSTRIAL  NIAGARA 


1799 

LlANCOURT,  Duke  DE  la  RocHEFOUCAULT.     Travels  through  the      1799 
United  States  of  North  America,  the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  and  upper  Liancourt 
Canada,  in  the  years  1795,  1796,  and  1797;  with  an  authentic  account 
of   lower   Canada.      2   vols.      Lend. :     R.    Phillips.      1 799.      Vol.   I. 
Pp.  221,223.224. 

Chippaway  was  formerly  the  chief  place  of  an  Indian  tribe, 
which  now  inhabits  the  borders  of  Virginia.     .     .     . 

About  a  mile  above  the  falls,  two  corn-mills  and  two  saw- 
mills have  been  constructed  in  the  large  bason,  formed  by  the 
river  on  the  left.  We  examined,  with  peculiar  attention,  the 
most  distant  of  them.  It  is  the  most  remarkable  chiefly  on  this 
account,  that  the  logs  are  cut  here  into  boards,  thrown  into  the 
Chippaway  creek  near  its  mouth,  and  by  means  of  a  small  lock 
conveyed  into  a  canal,  formed  within  the  bed  of  the  river  by  a 
double  row  of  logs  of  timber,  fastened  together  and  Boating  on 
the  water.  The  breaking  of  these  is  prevented  by  other  large 
balks  floating  at  a  certain  distance  from  each  other,  which  form, 
as  it  were,  the  basis  of  this  artificial  canal.  The  water  retains 
in  this  canal  the  rapidity  of  the  current,  and  conveys  the  logs  into 
the  lower  part  of  the  mill,  where,  by  the  same  machinery  which 
moves  the  saws,  the  logs  are  lofted  upon  the  jack  and  cut  into 
boards.  Only  two  saws  at  a  time  are  employed  in  this  mill.  The 
power  of  the  water  is  almost  boundless,  but  the  present  wants  of 
the  country  do  not  require  a  greater  number  of  saws.  The  very 
intelligent  owner  of  the  mill  has  constructed  it  on  a  plan,  which 
admits  of  the  addition  of  a  greater  number  of  courses,  according 
59  929 


Niagara  Falls 

1799         as  these  shall  be  required  by  an  increased  consumption.     On  the 

lancour         same  principle  he  has  built  his  corn-mill  which  has  at  present  only 

four  courses.     The  miller's  dues  for  grinding,  as  fixed  by  the 

legislative  power,   amounts  to   a  twelfth  throughout  all  upper 

Canada,  and  for  sawing  logs  to  a  moiety  of  the  wood  sawed. 


An  iron-mine,  too,  has  lately  been  discovered  near  Chippaway 
creek.  A  company  has  associated  for  the  working  of  this  mine 
and  resolved  on  erecting  an  iron-forge  in  the  vicinity  of  the  falls. 
But  this  they  dare  not  establish  without  the  governor's  permission ; 
for  the  mother  country  still  persists  in  supplying  all  its  colonies 
with  its  own  manufactures ;  and  refuses  to  relinquish  a  monopoly, 
that  has  already  cost  it  that  part  of  America,  which  composes 
the  United  States.  But  the  company  hope  to  obtain  the  desired 
permission. 

Throughout  this  whole  tract  of  country,  labourers  are  not 
easily  procured;  and  they  receive,  besides  their  board,  from  five 
to  six  shillings  per  day.  The  winter  continues  only  from  the 
middle  of  December  to  the  beginning  of  April. 

1857 

1857  Articles  of  incorporation,   together  with   the  by-laws   of   the   Niagara 

Falls  Water  Power  Co.,  as  amended  April  1 1,  1857.     N.  Y.:     Baker 
and  Godwin.      1  85  7. 

The  subscribers  have  associated,  and  do  associate  themselves 
together  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  on  and  conducting  manufac- 
turing, chemical  and  mechanical  business,  at  the  village  of 
Niagara  Falls,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  by  means  of  water 
power  drawn  from  the  Niagara  river  immediately  above  Niagara 
Falls,  pursuant  to  the  act  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New 
York  entitled,  "  An  Act  to  authorize  the  promotion  of  corpora- 
tions for  manufacturing,  mining,  mechanical,  or  chemical  pur- 
poses," passed  February  1  7,  1848,  and  the  several  acts  passed  in 

930 


Industrial  Niagara 

addition  thereto;  and  they  do  hereby,  for  themselves  and  their     1857 
successors  and  assigns,  enter  into  the  following  covenants  and 
agreements,  to  wit: 

Article  I. 

Sec.  1 .  The  name  to  distinguish  the  Company,  and  to  be 
used  for  its  dealings,  shall  be  **  The  Niagara  Falls  Water- 
Power  Company." 

Sec.  2.  The  objects  for  which  this  Company  was  formed, 
are  for  carrying  on  such  manufacturing,  chemical  and  mechanical 
business  as  may  be  carried  on  and  conducted  by  means  of  water- 
power  to  be  obtained  from  the  water  of  the  Niagara  river, 
immediately  above  the  great  cataract,  at  the  village  of  Niagara 
Falls  in  the  State  of  New  York ;  and  also,  the  construction  of  a 
suitable  and  sufficient  navigable  hydraulic  canal  with  its  gates, 
bridges,  wharves,  and  other  appurtenances,  including  the  opening 
and  improving  the  shore  and  channel  of  Niagara  river  as  to 
navigable  width  and  depth,  so  far  as  the  same  may  be  necessary 
for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  together  with  the  exercise  of  all  such 
other  powers  as  are  or  may  be  connected  therewith,  or  incident 
to  the  conducting  of  the  business  of  the  said  Company,  in  con- 
formity to  the  aforesaid  act  of  the  Legislature,  and  several  other 
acts  supplemental  or  amendatory  thereof. 

Sec.  3.  The  amount  of  the  capital  stock  of  the  said  Com- 
pany shall  be  Five  Hundred  Thousand  Dollars,  with  power  to 
diminish  the  same  or  increase  it  to  any  amount  not  exceeding  one 
million  of  dollars,  and  also  to  extend  or  change  the  business  of 
the  Company  in  the  manner  provided  by  law,  subject  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act  aforesaid. 

Sec.  4.  The  term  of  existence  of  the  said  Company,  shall 
be  fifty  years  from  the  date  hereof,  unless  sooner  dissolved 
according  to  law. 

Sec.  5.  The  capital  stock  of  the  said  Company  shall  con- 
sist of  five  thousand  shares,  and  each  share  shall  be  of  the  sum 
of  one  hundred  dollars. 

931 


Niagara  Falls 

1877 

1877  Siemens,  Sir  Carl  Wilhelm.     Inaugural  address;  delivered  at  the 

Siemens  annual  general  meeting  of  the  iron  and  steel  institute  held  in  London, 

March,  1877.     Newcastle-upon-Tyne.:     Lambert.     1877.     Pp.  12-13. 

Wasted  Water  Powers. 

Take  the  Falls  of  Niagara  as  a  familiar  example.  The 
amount  of  water  passing  over  this  fall  has  been  estimated  at  one 
hundred  millions  of  tons  per  hour,  and  its  perpendicular  descent 
may  be  taken  at  150  feet,  without  counting  the  rapids,  which 
represent  a  further  fall  of  150  feet,  making  a  total  of  300  feet 
between  lake  and  lake.  But  the  force  represented  by  the  prin- 
cipal fall  alone  amounts  to  16,800,000  horse-power,  an  amount 
which  if  it  had  to  be  produced  by  steam,  would  necessitate  an 
expenditure  of  not  less  than  266,000,000  tons  of  coal  per  annum, 
taking  the  consumption  of  coal  at  4  lbs.  per  horse-power  per 
hour.  In  other  words,  all  the  coal  raised  throughout  the  world 
would  barely  suffice  to  produce  the  amount  of  power  that  con- 
tinually runs  to  waste  at  this  one  great  fall.  It  would  not  be 
difficult,  indeed  to  realize  a  large  proportion  of  the  power  so 
wasted,  by  means  of  turbines  and  water  wheels  erected  on  the 
shores  of  the  deep  river  below  the  Falls,  supplying  them  from 
races  cut  along  the  edges.  But  it  would  be  impossible  to  utilize 
the  power  on  the  spot,  the  district  being  devoid  of  mineral  wealth, 
or  other  natural  inducements  for  the  establishment  of  factories. 
In  order  to  render  available  the  force  of  falling  water  at  this  and 
hundreds  of  other  places  similarly  situated,  we  must  devise  a 
practicable  means  of  transporting  the  power.  .  .  .  Time  will 
probably  reveal  to  us  effectual  means  of  carrying  power  to  great 
distances,  but  I  cannot  refrain  from  alluding  to  one  which  is  in 
my  opinion,  worthy  of  consideration,  namely,  the  electrical  con- 
ductor. Suppose  water  power  to  be  employed  to  give  motion  to 
a  dynamo  electrical  machine,  a  very  powerful  electrical  current 
will  be  the  result,  which  may  be  carried  to  a  great  distance, 
through  a  large  metallic  conductor  and  then  be  made  to  impart 

932 


Industrial  Niagara 

motion  to  electro-magnetic  engines,  to  ignite  the  carbon  points  of  1877 
electric  lamps,  or  to  effect  the  separation  of  metals  from  their  '*'"^* 
combinations.  A  copper  rod  3  inches  in  diameter  would  be 
capable  of  transmitting  1 ,000  horse-power  a  distance  of  say  thirty 
miles,  an  amount  sufficient  to  supply  one-quarter  of  a  million 
candle  power  which  would  suffice  to  illuminate  a  moderately 
sized  town. 

1881 

Niagara  Falls  as  a  source  of  energy.      (Am.  jour,  sci.,  Nov.,    1881.      1881 
122:397.) 

The  conclusions  of  Sir  William  Thompson  quoted  from  Nature,  Sep- 
tember 8,  1881,  page  435. 

1885 

McElrOY,  Samuel.      Water  power  at  Niagara   Falls.      (Sci.   Am.      1885 
supp.,  Nov.  14.  1885.    20:8217-8218.)  McElroy 

The  hydraulic  power  has  been  utilized  by  the  hydraulic  canal, 
Witmer's  grist  mill,  the  upper  and  lower  races  and  the  paper  mill 
on  Bath  Island;  below  the  falls  by  Witmer's  grist  mill  at  the 
Suspension  Bridge. 

Rhodes,  Benjamin.     Electrical  transmission  from  Niagara.     (Trans.      1885 
A.  S.  C.  E.    May,  1885.     14:205-211.)  R^^^^e. 

The  object  of  this  paper,  which  was  read  at  the  annual  convention 
June  10,  1884,  is  "to  show  what  has  been  done  or  what  may  be  done 
toward  the  utilization  of  Niagara  for  electrical  purposes."  Some  account 
of  the  power  already  developed  is  given,  and  the  future  development, 
especially  with  its  application  to  electricity  at  a  distance,  is  studied  and 
forecast. 

Enough,  however,  has  been  said  to  show  that  the  power  of 
Niagara  can  be  transmitted  to  a  distance  of  25  miles,  with  a 
great  saving  over  the  power  of  steam,  and  that  with  improvements 
in  storage-batteries  and  electro-motors,  this  distance  can  be 
increased,  with  economy,  to  100  or  150  miles.  With  further 
improvements  in  dynamos  and  insulating  material  to  permit  the 
use  of  currents  of  higher  intensity,  such  as  may  be  confidently 
looked  for,  the  economical  distance  may  be  still  further  increased, 

933 


Niagara  Falls 

1885  until  some  of  the  present  generation  may  see  the  prophecy  of  Sir 
William  Thomson  hterally  fulfilled  and  the  power  of  Niagara 
used  in  all  the  large  cities  of  this  country. 

1885  Trowbridge,  John.     Niagara  Falls  considered  as  a  source  of  elec- 

Trowbridge      trical  energy.      (Sci..  May  1 5,  1 885.     5:401-403.) 

The  author  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  the  facility  with  which  energy 
in  the  shape  of  coal  can  be  transported  from  place  to  place  counterbalances 
at  present  the  cheapness  of  a  very  remote  source  of  energy  in  the  shape  of 
a  waterfall. 

The  reasons  for  and  against  the  utilization  of  the  energy  of 
Niagara  Falls  as  a  source  of  light  apply  also  to  the  question  of 
the  electrical  transmission  of  power,  with  this  exception,  that  the 
electrical  transmission  of  power  has  not  reached  even  the  per- 
fection which  systems  of  electric  lighting  have  attained. 

1887 

1887  Utilizing  Niagara.     .     .     .     (Industries  of  Buffalo.     Buffalo:     Elstner 

Pub.  Co.     1887.     Pp.  66-71.) 

A  review  of  the  prospectus  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Tunnel 
Power  and  Sewer  Co.  together  with  the  report  of  Thomas  Evershed  on 
the  undertaking  and  a  letter  of  Elnathan  Sweet,  State  Engineer  and  Sur- 
veyor, endorsing  Mr.  Evershed's  views.  The  review  calls  the  project  "  one 
of  the  most  daring  and  colossal,  yet  practical,  of  modern  enterprises," 

1889 

1889  Long,   Elias  A.     An  acre  in  the  city.      A  brief  treatise  on  land. 

Long  millionaires,   fortunes  in  real  estate,   Buffalo,   Niagara  power.      No.  pub. 

N.d.    Pp.  24-30. 

A  brief,  crisp  exposition  of  "  Niagara  power,  electric  power  as  revolu- 
tionizers  in  the  industrial  world."  The  author's  message  is  summed  up  in 
the  following:  "Let  but  the  (1)  vastness  and  (2)  cheapness  of  the 
power,  coupled  with  the  (3)  limitless  raw  materials  of  the  lake  regions, 
attainable  here  at  (4)  a  saving  of  milhons  of  dollars  yearly  on  freight,  and 
then  the  (5)  cheap  distribution  to  the  world's  markets  be  considered,  and 
who  can  fail  to  be  startled  at  the  aggregate  advantages  presented  by 
Niagara." 

934 


Industrial  Niagara 

Long,  Elias  A.     Niagara  power;  the  utilization  of  the  world's  greatest      1889 
waterfall  for  power  purposes.     .     .     .     Buffalo :     The  Wemborne-Sumner  Long 
Co.     (1889.) 

(A)    scheme   for  the  electrical   utilization   of   Niagara.      (Elec.   wld.,      1889 
Feb.  9.  1889.     13:71-72.) 

A  description  of  a  plan  for  erecting  vertical  pipes  behind  the  Falls  to 
catch  the  water  and  carry  it  downward  to  turbines  directly  connected  with 
lines  of  shafting  in  chambers  excavated  under  the  Falls.  By  this  means  it 
was  hoped  to  get  the  power  without  disfiguring  the  scenery. 

Utilizing  Niagara  Falls.      (Elec.  wld..  Aug.   1 0.  1 889.     14:88.)  1889 

A  short  description  of  the  plan  of  the  Niagara  River  Hydraulic  Tunnel, 
Power  and  Sewer  Company  for  the  construction  of  a  subterranean  tunnel 
around  the  Falls  from  the  upper  river  to  the  lower  river. 

Utilizing     the     power     of     Niagara.        Nation,     Aug.     8,      1889.      1889 
49:104-105.) 

The  author  holds  that  "  the  question  of  utilizing  Niagara  is  one  for 
the  skill  of  the  engineer  and  not  for  the  ingenuity  of  the  inventor."  He 
points  out  that  the  "  head  "  system  is  the  only  practicable  one  for  Niagara 
and  discusses  plans  for  securing  head. 

Watts,   H.   F.      The   Hamilton'  plan   for  utilizing   Niagara.      (Elec.      1889 
wld.,  Mar.  2.   1889.      13:133-134.)  Watt, 

"A  criticism  of  Mr.  Flamilton's  plan,  together  with  suggestions  for  the 
improvement  of  its  electrical  points." 

1890 

Business    men's    association    of    Niagara    Falls.      The   water-power    of      1890 
Niagara  applied  to  manufacturing  purposes;  the  hydraulic  tunnel  of  the 
Niagara   Falls   Power  Company;   an   accurate  description  of  one  of  the 
greatest    industrial    undertakings    of    the    age.       (Buffalo:       Matthews, 
Northrup.      1890c.) 

Niagara,  scenic,  historical  and  industrial. 

The  great  tunnel  at  Niagara.      (Power,  Sept.,   1890.      12:1-2.)  1890 

A  description  of  the  tunnel  scheme  and  a  bit  of  Niagara  ancient 
geological  history. 

935 


Niagara  Falls 

1890  Map  and  section  of  canals  and  tunnel  proposed  by  Cataract  construc- 

tion  company.      (Eng.   news,   May    17,    1890.     23:462.      May   24, 
1890.    24:484.) 

Contains  also  a  description  of  the  geological  formations  to  be  encountered 
in  the  development  plans. 

1890  Niagara    Falls    power    company.       (Eng.    news,    Nov.    8,     1890. 

24:418.) 

Gives  the  details  of  tunnel  construction  then  in  process  of  building. 

1890  The  utilization  of  Niagara.      I.      (Eng.    (Lond.),  Sept.   26,    1890. 
50:355-358.) 

Plans  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Company  and  its  efforts  to  procure 
information. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.  II.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Oct.  17,  1890. 
50:449-451.) 

A  history  of  the  discovery  and  geology  of  the  Falls  together  with  a 
discussion  of  their  advantages  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.  III.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Oct.  24,  1890. 
50:473-475.) 

A  discussion  of  the  volume  and  drainage  area  of  the  Falls  and  of  the 
facilities  for  the  development  and  use  of  power. 

1891 

1891  BoGART,  John.    Letter  as  to  the  diversion  of  water  near  Niagara  Falls. 
Bogart              (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  State  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:     1891.     7:118.) 

This  letter  from  the  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor  gives  it  as  his  opinion 
that  the  amount  of  water  that  could  be  diverted  through  the  tunnel  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  would  not  affect  the  depth  of  the  water 
flowing  over  the  Falls  to  any  visible  extent. 

1891  Long    and    Long.      Niagara    power.      Niagara    shore    real    estate. 

Long  and         (Buffalo,  N.  Y. :    cl891.) 

Account  of  the  power  development  at  Niagara,  of  the  best  residence  and 
business  sites,  and  the  advantages  of  the  use  of  Niagara  power. 

1891  Sellers,  Coleman.     The  utilization  of  the  power  of  Niagara  Falls 

Sellers  and   notes   on   engineering  progress.      (Jour.   Frank.    Inst.      July,    1891. 

132:30-53.) 

936 


Industrial  Niagara 

An  amplification  of  an  address  delivered  before  the  Institution,  May  20,      1891 
1 89 1 ,  and  dealing  with  the  reasons  why  Niagara  was  not  used  sooner,  the  Seller* 
development  of  the  Niagara  project,  the  advantages  of  the  tunnel  scheme 
and  the  transmission  of  the  power  to  be  generated. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.      VII.      (Eng.    (Lond.),  Jan.   2.    1891.       1891 
51:14.  19-21.) 

A  discussion  of  the  recession  of  the  Falls. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.  VIII.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Feb.  27,  1891. 
51:235-236.) 

Letters  on  the  volume  of  the  Falls  and  the  award  of  prizes  in  the  Niagara 
competition. 

The  utilization  of  the  power  of  Niagara  Falls.     (Eng.  rec,  Aug.  15,      1891 
1891.    24:174-175.) 

The  tunnel  and  its  advantages,  the  central  station,  the  advantages  of 
Niagara  for  power  development,  and  the  transmission  of  the  power 
generated. 

18S2 

Bacl£.  L.    L'utilisation  de  la  force  hydraulique  des  chutes  du  Niagara.      1892 
(Le  Genre  Civil.    Sept.  24,  1  892.     21:342-345.)  Bade 

Gives  an  account  of  the  early  uses  of  the  power  at  Niagara,  and 
describes  the  Niagara  Fails  Power  Company's  project. 

Forbes,   George.     The  utilization  of  Niagara.      (Jour,   soc.   arts,     1392 
Dec.  16,  1892.    41:90-97.)  Forbe. 

A  discussion  showing  "  generally  the  character  of  the  work  which  had 
to  be  undertaken,  the  objects  to  be  fulfilled,  and  the  extent  to  which  these 
plans  have  been  completed  up  to  the  present  moment." 

Herschel,  Clemens.     UtiHzation  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Eng.      1892 
news.  Jan.  23.  1892.     27:74-76.)  H«.chel 

A  discussion  of  the  advantages  of  water  power,  the  physical  and  legal 
difficulties  which  had  to  be  met  at  Niagara  Falls,  the  capacity  of  the  pro- 
posed construction,  and  the  plan  of  the  works  in  progress. 

The  new  hydraulic  works  at  Niagara  Falls.      (R.  R.  gaz.,  Dec.  23,      1892 
1892.) 

This  article  is  reprinted  from  the  Iron  Age  of  December  8,  by  per- 
mission.    It  describes  the  general  plan,  the  first  steps,  the  general  aspects 

937 


Niagara  Falls 


1892 

Herschel 

1892 


1892 


1892 


1892 

Pritchard 


1892 


1892 


1892 

Szuts 


1892 


1892 
Werner 


and  the  5,000  horse-power  turbine  of  the  Niagara  Power  Company's 
development. 

The  Niagara  Falls  tunnel.      (Elec.  rev..  Feb.  20.   1892.      19:352.) 
A  description  of  the  shafts,  the  boring  and  the  machinery  used. 

Niagara  mastered.      (Eng.   (Lond.).  Oct.   14,  1892.     74:319.) 

Describes  the  scheme  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  and  the 
uses  of  the  development. 

Niagara  power  plant.   I.    (Eng.  rec,  Sept.  24,  1892.    26:266-268.) 
General  plans  for  the  utilization  of  the  Falls. 

Pritchard,  F.  E.  Power  transmission  at  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld., 
April  16,  1892.     19:258.) 

"  That  rope  drive  is  to  figure  conspicuously  in  the  development  of 
power  at  Niagara  in  the  future  remains  no  longer  a  doubt  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  have  given  it  a  fair  and  impartial  trial." 

Projects  for  water  power  development  about  Niagara  Falls.  (Eng. 
news.  Nov.  24,  1892.     28:489.) 

Schemes  for  the  development  of  power  on  the  lower  Niagara 
at  Queenston  and  Lewiston. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Dec.  23,  1892. 
54:787.) 

A  description  of  the  turbines  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Company. 

Szuts,  Bela.  The  utilization  of  Niagara  Falls;  scheme  by  Messrs. 
Ganz.     (Eng.     (Lond.),  Feb.  19,  1 892.     53:228-230.) 

A  discussion  of  a  design  submitted  for  the  Niagara  competition. 

The  utiHzation  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.,  Sept.  24,  1892. 
20:193-194.) 

A  discussion  of  modifications  made  in  the  original  plans  for  the  tunnel, 
of  methods  of  securing  power  available  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  of  steps 
toward  Canadian  development. 

Werner,  Charles  H.  The  Niagara  Falls  tunnel.  (Cass.,  June, 
1892.    2:73-94.) 

A  historical  sketch  of  power  development  at  the  Falls  and  an  account  of 
the  chief  features  of  the  Niagara  Power  Company's  development  and  its 
efforts,  through  investigation  and  competition  to  get  the  latest  and  best 
devices. 

938 


Industrial  Niagara 
Trowbridge,    John.      Niagara,    the    motor    for    the    World's    Fair.      1892 

(Chaut,,  Jan.,    1892.       14:441-445.)  Trowbridge 

A  glance  at  previous  methods  of  transmitting  power  by  electricity  over 
long  distances,  and  the  plan  by  which  a  German  electrician  proposed  to 
transmit  5,000  horse-power  from  the  Falls  of  Niagara  to  the  World's  Fair 
at  Chicago. 

1893 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.      I.      (Eng.   rec,      1893 
Jan.  14,  1893.     27:132-136.) 

Test  boring,  surveys,  monuments,  tunnel  power  sites,  best  railway,  etc. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  II.  (Eng.  rec, 
March  II,  1893.    27:293-294.) 

A  map  and  description  of  the  equipment  at  shaft  no.  2,  the  arrange- 
ment of  the  power  house,  connections  of  pressure  mains,  and  operation  of 
air  compressors. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  III.  (Eng.  rec, 
April  22.  1893.     27:415-416.) 

The  hoisting  engine,  shaft  cage,  hoisting  bucket,  and  system  of  col- 
lecting water. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant,  IV.  (Eng.  rec, 
May  20,  1893.    27:490-491.) 

Tunnel  construction,  method  of  drifting,  system  of  drilling,  electric 
battery,  exploder,  suspended  track,  air  pipe,  and  drill  column. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  V.  (Eng.  rec, 
July  8,  1893.    28:87-88.) 

Continues  the  description  of  the  tunnel  construction;  describes  the 
timbering  and  pumps  and  gives  a  diagram. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydrauHc  plant.  VI.  (Eng.  rec, 
Aug.  19.  1893.    28:183-184.) 

Describes  the  tunnel  brick-work  with  a  diagram. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  VII.  (Eng.  rec, 
Sept.  30,   1893.     28:280-281.) 

Describes  the  power  plant  at  the  inlet  canal,  the  air  compressors,  coffer- 
dam, and  ice-boom.     Contains  a  diagram. 

939 


Niagara  Falls 

1893  Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.     VIII.     (Eng.  rec, 

Oct.  21.  1893.    28:328-329.) 

Describes  with  a  diagram  the  stationary  and  traveling  derricks  and  rock 
drills. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  IX.  (Eng.  rec, 
Nov.  4.  1893.    28:360.) 

Describes  the  dump  cars,  the  wheel  pit,  shaft,  etc.,  with  a  diagram. 

1893  The  five  thousand  horse-power  turbines  for  the  Niagara  power  plant. 

(Eng.  news.  March  30,  1893.    29-294.) 

The  conditions  under  which  designs  were  prepared  and  plans  submitted 
to  the  International  Niagara  Commission,  together  with  a  description  of  the 
turbines  and  their  method  of  regulation. 

1893  Grimshaw,  Robert.     Three  million  horse-power  in  winter.      (Cass., 

Grimshaw       Jan.,  1893.     3:173-179.) 

Illustrated  by  some  fine  photographs  of  winter  scenery  at  the  Falls. 

1893  Herschel,    Clemens.      The    Niagara    turbines.       (Cass.,    March. 

Herschcl         1893.    Pp.  387-389.) 

This  article  contains  detailed  diagrams  as  well  as  descriptions  of  the 
wheels. 

It  is  but  natural  that  a  work  of  the  magnitude  and  novelty 
appertaining  to  the  utilization  of  the  first  lot  of  100,000  horse- 
power at  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  should  have  given  rise,  in  the 
course  of  its  construction,  to  many  new  methods  and  structures. 
Some  of  these,  as  for  example,  its  most  noted  characteristic,  the 
tunnel  tail-race,  lined  with  brick,  and  the  special  construction  of 
the  portal  of  the  tunnel ;  the  wheel  pit  slot  of  the  Central  Power 
Station,  instead  of  the  usual  single  wheel-pits;  the  setting  of  the 
wheels  directly  over  their  branch  tail-race,  and  deepening  the 
slot  to  form  this  branch  tail-race  and  other  features  of  the  work, 
have  already  been  referred  to  and  described  in  this  magazine. 

1893  MunrO,  J.     Electricity  from  Niagara.      (Chambers'  jour.,  March  25, 

Munro  1893.    70:177-180.) 

A  historical  survey  of  power  development  at  the  Falls  with  special 
reference  to  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  project  together  with  a 

940 


Industrial  Niagara 

discussion  of  the  problems  encountered,  and  the  advantages  of  Niagara      1893 
Falls  as  an  industrial  center.  Munro 

Seyrig,    William.      L'Utilisation   du    Niagara.      (Le   Genre   Civil.      ^893 
Feb.  4.  1893.    22:224-226.)  Seyrig 

Account  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  plan  and  equipment. 

StilLWELL,  Lewis  Buckley.   Electric  power  generation  at  Niagara.      1893 
(Cass.,  July.  1895.     8:253-304.)  StiUwell 

The  author,  an  electrical  engineer  and  assistant  manager  of  the  West- 
inghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company,  had  under  supervision  the 
installation  of  electric  apparatus  at  Niagara  Falls.  The  "apparatus  con- 
stituting the  system  "  adopted  is  described,  a  detailed  description  of  the 
generators  is  given,  and  an  account  of  the  "  means  adopted  for  delivering 
these  currents  to  the  supply  circuits  which  convey  them  from  the  power- 
house to  the  premises  of  the  users  of  power." 

Electricity  as  an  agent  for  transmitting  and  distributing  power 
has  received  its  most  weighty  endorsement  in  its  adoption  by  the 
Cataract  Construction  Company,  of  New  York,  for  their  great 
project  at  Niagara.  No  enterprise  of  modern  times,  involving 
special  and  extraordinary  engineering  problems,  has  been  more 
carefully,  more  patiently,  more  systematically  or  more  intelligently 
studied  than  has  the  utilization  of  this,  the  greatest  water  power 
in  the  world.  The  officers  and  directors  of  the  company,  con- 
trolling financial  means  ample  for  their  purpose,  have,  for  five 
years,  energetically  and  persistently  endeavored  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  best  resources  of  modern  engineering  science.  Con- 
fronting a  problem  without  precedent  in  its  magnitude,  and 
almost  without  parallel  in  its  significance,  they  have  attacked  it 
with  energy  and  ability  of  the  highest  order,  studied  it  with  keen 
insight  and  sound  judgment  and,  in  solving  it  with  success,  have 
contributed  a  chapter  of  rare  interest  and  meaning  to  the  history 
of  industrial  progress. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara  for  industrial  purposes  imposes 
upon  those  undertaking  it  a  responsibility  far  beyond  that  which 
is  measured  by  the  capital  invested.  Science  is  cosmopolitan; 
she  recognizes  no  boundary  of  race  or  nation;  and  engineering 

941 


Niagara  Falls 

1893         science  of  the  twentieth  century,  in  passing  judgment  upon  the 

Stillwcl         methods  and  apparatus  employed,  while  not  failing  to  take  into 

consideration    the    difficulties    and    limitations    imposed    by    the 

boundaries  of  our  present  knowledge,  will  allow  no  excuse  for 

failure  to  find  out  and  use  the  best  means  known  to  our  age. 

It  is,  therefore,  a  source  of  profound  gratification  that,  from 
the  outstart,  the  policy  of  the  company  has  been  characterized 
by  a  breadth  of  view  commensurate  with  the  far-reaching 
importance  of  the  enterprise.  The  directors  have  allowed  no 
local  or  even  national  prejudice  to  bias  their  judgment.  They 
early  threw  the  lists  wide  open  and  in  the  original  competition 
which  they  inaugurated,  the  international  commission  passed  upon 
no  less  than  twenty-two  plans  covering  practically  the  whole 
known  range  of  electric,  hydraulic  and  pneumatic  distribution  of 
power,  and  originating  from  places  as  far  east  as  the  city  of 
Buda-Pesth,  and  as  far  west  as  San  Francisco. 

It  must  be  gratifying  to  Americans  that  under  these  conditions 
a  system  developed  by  an  American  company  has  been  adopted, 
but  for  the  recent  rapid  advancement  in  engineering  science  which 
has  made  this  work  possible,  America  is  in  no  position  to  claim 
exclusive  credit,  if  she  would.  In  the  plans  for  the  hydraulic 
plant,  Switzerland,  the  land  of  water  powers,  shows  the  way, 
while  in  the  design  of  the  great  electric  generators,  the  most 
powerful  as  yet  produced,  Great  Britain  is  represented  directly  in 
the  excellent  general  form  of  construction  adopted,  which  was 
proposed  by  Prof.  Geo.  Forbes,  and  indirectly  in  the  work  of 
Hopkinson,  Kapp,  Thompson,  Mordey  and  others,  whose  careful 
study  of  the  principles  underlying  the  construction  of  electrical 
machinery  has  done  much  to  make  it  possible  to  design  a  machine 
so  far  beyond  the  range  of  actual  experience,  in  full  confidence 
that  the  results  predicted  from  theory  would  be  realized  in 
practice.  Perhaps  no  country  is  more  largely  or  more  creditably 
represented  in  the  great  Niagara  installation  than  Smiljan  Lika, — 
that  sturdy  little  province  on  the  Adriatic,  which  has  honored 
itself  by  producing  Mr.  Nikola  Tesla,  and  v/ere  it  possible  to 

942 


Industrial  Niagara 

trace  to  its  true  source  each  one  of  the  great  number  of  ideas  1893 
embodied  in  the  complete  installation,  it  is  probable  that  we  "  ^^ 
should  find  nearly  every  civilized  nation  represented  —  England, 
America,  Switzerland,  France,  Germany,  Italy,  some  in  greater 
degree,  some  in  less,  but  all  co-operating  to  achieve  what  is, 
beyond  question,  one  of  the  most  significant  triumphs  of  nineteenth 
century  engineering  skill. 

The    utilization    of    Niagara.       (Dub.    rev.    sci.    not.      April,    1893.       1893 
112:435.) 

The  advantages  of  the  Falls  as  regards  engineering  facilities  are  cited. 
Estimates  are  given  of  the  volume  of  the  Falls,  and  an  account  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  development,  and  the  views  of  Professor  Forbes  are 
exploited. 

1894 

Brown,    Curtis.      The    diversion    of    Niagara.       (Cosmop.,    Sept.,      1894 
1894.      Pp.  526-545.)  Brown 

A  historical  account  of  power  development  on  the  Niagara,  an 
untechnical  description  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  plant, 
other  developments  on  the  Niagara  and  the  transmission  of  power  to  great 
distances. 

(The)    Falls  of  Niagara  and  its  water  power.      (Nature,  March  22,       1894 
1894.     49:482-486.) 

A  technical  description  of  the  works  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company. 

Edwards,    E.    Jay.      The   capture   of   Niagara.       (McCIure,    Oct..      1894 

1894.      Pp.   423-435.)  Edwards 

A  discussion  of  the  purpose  of  the  power  plant,  the  organization  of  the 
power  company,  the  difficulties  of  the  work,  the  various  constructions,  the 
commercial  problem,  and  the  transmission  of  the  power  generated. 

It  was  the  first  intention  of  the  engineers  to  carry  the  electric 
current  from  the  water-house  by  means  of  wires  stretched  through 
a  subway  conduit,  whose  beginnings  may  now  be  seen  at  a  point 
near  the  power-house.  But  it  has  been  discovered  that  the  con- 
struction of  such  a  conduit  will  be  too  costly,  and  the  electricity  is 
to  be  transmitted  by  overhead  wires. 

943 


Niagara  Falls 


1894 
F.  C.  H. 


1894 
Geyelin 


1894 
Gillette 


1894 


1894 

Johnson 


1894 

Le  Sueur 


F.  C.  H.  Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara,  (La  Genre  Civil. 
Aug.  4.  1894.    25:21^217.) 

Describes  the  canal,  the  wheel  pit,  the  tunnel,  the  turbines  and  the 
dynamos. 

Geyelin,  EmiL.  Geyelin-Jonval  turbines  in  the  plant  of  Niagara  Falls 
Paper  Company.    (Eng.  news,  April  5,  1894.   31  :278-279.) 

A  discussion  of  the  problem  and  how  it  was  met  by  the  designing 
engineer. 

Gillette,  King  C.  The  human  drift.  (Bost. :  New  Era  Pub. 
Co.     1894.    Pp.  87-89.) 

Description  of  a  scheme  for  the  formation  of  a  "  United  Company  " 
consisting  of  all  the  people  and  having  for  its  object  the  control  of  produc- 
tion and  distribution  of  the  necessities  of  life.  The  writer  takes  the  posi- 
tion that  "  under  a  perfect  economical  system  of  production  and  distribution, 
and  a  system  combining  the  greatest  elements  of  progress,  there  can  be 
only  one  city  on  a  continent,  and  possibly  only  one  in  the  world."  The 
city  in  question  would,  because  of  power  possibilities,  be  located  on  both 
sides  on  Niagara  Falls.  The  Falls  would  be  protected  from  desecration 
by  developing  the  power  on  pipe  lines  laid  between  Lakes  Erie  and 
Ontario,  west  of  the  Falls. 

Inverted  Geyelin- Jonval  turbines  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Eng.  rec.,  April 
7,  1894.    29:297.) 

TTie  wheel  pits,  turbines  and  superstructure  gears. 

Johnson,  Wallace  C.  New  development  of  power  at  Niagara. 
(Cass.,  Feb..  1894.    5:326-330.) 

The  use  of  waste  water  for  the  development  of  power  by  the  Cliff 
Paper  Mill. 

Johnson,  Wallace  C.  The  pulp  mill  of  the  Cliff  Paper  Company 
of  Niagara  Falls,  New  York,  and  discussion.  (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E, 
Aug.,  1894.     32:214-230.) 

The  paper  deals  with  the  use  of  waste  water  and  gives  numerous  views 
and  diagrams. 

Le  Sueur,  Ernest  A.  Commercial  power  development  at  Niagara. 
(Pop.  sci.  mo.,  Sept.,  1894.    45:608-630.) 

A  technical  description  of  the  methods  employed  by  various  commercial 
Interests  in  the  application  of  Niagara  power. 


944 


Industrial  Niagara 

That  this  situation  is  the  finest  in  the  world  for  developing  ^^^^ 
mechanical  power  has  long  been  realized,  but  the  local  demands 
at  Niagara  were  comparatively  trifling,  and  only  lately  have  our 
facilities  for  transmitting  power  over  distances  become  sufficiently 
developed  to  warrant  such  an  undertaking  as  is  now  in  hand. 
The  power  company  does  not,  however,  look  entirely  to  distant 
points  for  consumers  of  their  output;  on  the  contrary,  a  very  large 
amount  will  be  used  almost  on  the  spot  by  manufactures  which  are 
now  moving  to  Niagara.  The  variety  of  purposes  to  which  this 
power  will  be  put  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  they  are  as 
diverse  as  the  m.anufacture  of  "  mechanical  "  wood  pulp  and  the 
smelting  of  aluminum. 

There  are  already  at  the  falls  a  few  establishments  using 
power  developed  by  turbines,  and  which  have  been  quietly  at 
work  for  years.  There  is  a  canal  known  as  the  Hydraulic  Canal 
on  the  American  side,  skirting  the  city  of  Niagara  Falls,  and 
terminating  on  the  cliffs,  half  a  mile  below  the  cataract.  There 
are  a  number  of  mills  here  which,  for  the  most  part,  however, 
utilize  only  a  fraction  of  the  total  fall  available,  probably  for  the 
reason  that  when  they  were  built  there  were  not  in  existence  the 
high-grade  water  wheels  suitable  for  great  head  that  are  on  the 
market  to-day. 

People  in  general  have  the  idea  that  the  Niagara  water  power 
is  inexhaustible,  and  so  it  probabl}^  is,  so  far  as  human  require- 
ments go.  There  are,  however,  some  tolerably  close  data  on 
which  to  figure  the  total  horse  power.  The  Lake  Survey  Board 
and  Mr.  R.  C.  Reid,  examining  the  matter  independently,  have 
come  to  a  very  fair  agreement  in  their  conclusions  on  this  point. 
From  their  figures  it  would  appear  that  the  average  flow  is  about 
270,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  and  this  is  almost  exactly  the 
same  as  the  almost  unthinkable  quantity  of  1 ,000,000,000  pounds 
per  minute.  A  horse  power  of  Vv^ork  is  the  equivalent  of  33,000 
foot  pounds  per  minute,  and  as  the  weight  above  mentioned  fails 
16!  feet,  the  horse  power  of  the  total  is  expressed  as  follows: 
161X1 ,000,000,000  -  33,000  --  close  on  five  million. 

60  945 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  Owing  to  the  lack  in  full  efficiency  of  even  the  best  commercial 

turbine  wheels,  we  may  take  the  limit  of  power  that  could  be 
developed  as  about  4,000,000  horse  power. 

The  average  power  is  not  departed  from  to  any  great  extent  at 
different  seasons,  as  is  the  case  with  other  water  powers,  because 
the  spring  thaws  and  summer  droughts  affect  hardly  at  all  the 
level  of  Lake  Erie,  from  which  the  falls  get  their  supply. 

The  system  of  Great  Lakes  above  Ontario  would  require  a 
year  in  order  to  have  their  level  reduced  by  three  feet  and  a 
half  by  even  the  enormous  drain  of  a  thousand  million  pounds 
of  water  per  minute  above  referred  to,  supposing  the  system  to  be 
entirely  cut  off  from  its  normal  supply.  A  paper  by  Mr.  R.  C. 
Reid  before  the  Royal  Scottish  Society  of  Arts  in  March,  1885, 
gives  the  following  data:  Total  water-shed  area  down  to 
Niagara,  290,000  square  miles;  total  lake  surface,  92,000  square 
miles;  average  rain-fall  in  the  lake  district,  thirty-six  inches  — 
and  that  we  may  assume  twenty  inches  annually  of  evaporation 
and  absorption,  leaving  sixteen  inches  over  the  whole  area  finding 
its  way  to  the  lakes.  From  the  lake  surface  proper,  there  occurs 
evaporation  to  the  extent  of  twenty-four  inches  per  annum. 
Further,  in  reference  to  the  enormous  storage  capacity  of  the 
system,  he  shows  that  *'  it  would  take  six  months  for  the  full 
effect  of  a  flood  in  Lake  Superior  to  be  spent  at  Niagara  Falls." 
It  is  easy,  therefore,  to  understand  how  little  fluctuation  of  level 
there  can  be  due  to  seasonal  variation  in  rainfall.  Thus  v/e  see 
that  quite  apart  from  the  fact  of  the  vast  volume  and  head  avail- 
able, and  of  there  being  no  necessity  for  building  a  dam  to  back 
up  the  water,  the  situation  is  peculiarly  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  a  constant  power  all  the  year  round. 

In  spite  of  the  generally  equable  level  of  Lake  Erie,  there  are 
sometimes  very  considerable  fluctuations,  not  of  volume,  but  of  dis- 
tribution, due  to  high  winds  sweeping  the  length  of  the  lake  and 
causing  a  considerable  banking  of  water  at  the  end  blown  into. 
Sometimes  such  storms  have  lasted  for  days,  and  have  had  a  very 
noticeable  effect  in  increasing  or  diminishing  the  volume  going 

946 


Industrial  Niagara 

over  the  fall.  A  more  serious  cause  of  low  water  is  an  ice  jam  at  1894 
the  head  of  the  Niagara  River.  It  is  on  record  that  in  March,  ^^  ^^^^^ 
1847,  the  water  practically  ceased  to  flow,  "  not  enough  going 
over  to  turn  a  grindstone,"  as  a  local  paper  had  it  at  the  time. 
These  two  circumstances  do  not,  however,  affect  the  evenness  of 
the  flow  to  any  extent  worth  mentioning  compared  with  the 
seasonal  variations  in  rivers  in  general. 

The  total  fall  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  is  three  hundred 
and  twenty-nine  feet,  and  is  made  up  as  follows:  From  Lake 
Erie  to  the  head  of  the  falls,  seventy  feet;  the  falls,  one  hundred 
and  sixty-one  feet,  and  below  to  Lake  Ontario,  ninety-eight  feet. 
Consequently,  the  total  power  running  to  waste  is  more  than 
double  the  five  million  horse  power  on  the  falls.  An  idea  of  the 
proportion  that  this  total  bears  to  what  may  be  called  the  world's 
consumption  of  power  may  be  had  from  the  fact  that  it  is  com- 
puted to  be  equal  to  the  total  of  all  the  steam-generated  power  in 
the  world. 

The  geographical  situation  of  the  falls  with  respect  to  nearness 
to  the  at  present  great  power-consuming  centers  is,  as  hinted  above, 
not  quite  all  that  could  be  desired;  but  there  are,  nevertheless, 
several  cities  v/ithin  reach,  electrically  speakmg,  which  Vv^ill  use  an 
enormous  amount.  Buffalo  may  be  said  to  be  next  door,  and 
Rochester  is  within  easy  reach.  In  the  not  too  distant  future  we 
may  expect  to  see  the  great  electrical  manufacturing  works  in 
Schenectady  operated,  as  is  meet,  by  electrical  power  from 
Niagara. 

The  power  company  has,  however,  made  branch  track  connec- 
tions between  the  territory  owned  by  it  and  three  important  rail- 
way lines  which  all  pass  within  a  few  miles  of  the  property. 
These  conpections  and  the  good  freight  rates  which  have  been 
contracted  for  in  various  directions,  together  v/ith  the  cheapness 
of  power,  will  in  all  likelihood  attract  to  the  spot  manufactures 
besides  those  which  have  already  undertaken  to  go  there,  to  an 
extent  that  will  make  it  the  foremost  power-consuming  center  in 
■  he  world, 

947 


Niagara  f'alls 

1894  The  chief  piece  of  work  in  connection  with  the  power  installa- 

^  "^""^  tion  has  been  the  construction  of  what,  in  almost  any  other  situa- 
tion, would  be  termed  the  tailrace.  In  this  case  the  head  utilized 
is  so  great  that  what  is  ordinarily  understood  by  a  tailrace  would 
be  an  artificial  chasm  of  abysmal  proportions  that  would  almost 
require  illummation  other  than  the  natural  to  be  visible  to  the 
bottom  at  midday.  Instead,  a  tunnel  has  been  excavated,  of 
which  the  dimensions  are  so  remarkable  as  to  make  it  unique 
among  engineering  exploits  of  the  kind. 

The  location  of  the  power  house,  on  account  of  difficulty  in 
acquiring  sufficient  adjacent  lands  and  rights  of  way  and  for 
other  reasons,  is  not  very  close  to  the  falls.  The  Cataract  Con- 
struction Company  has  established  itself  about  a  mile  and  a  half 
above  the  American  Fall,  and  has  dug  a  canal  of  considerable 
width,  of  a  depth  of  twelve  feet,  and  length  fifteen  hundred  feet. 
Along  its  edge  for  a  distance  of  at  present  one  hundred  and  forty 
feet  is  dug  a  great  trench  or  slot  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  down, 
with  arrangements  in  the  form  of  gates  in  the  masonry  wall 
separating  it  from  the  canal,  by  which  water  m.ay  be  admitted  to 
penstocks  placed  vertically  in  the  slot  and  supplying  the  turbine 
wheels.  A  penstock,  as  many  of  our  readers  are  aware,  is  a  great 
tube,  usually,  in  these  days,  of  boiler  plate,  of  a  diameter  running 
up,  it  may  be,  to  thirteen  feet,  conveying  water  under  head  into 
the  wheel  case  in  which  the  turbine  revolves. 

In  the  present  instance  the  penstocks,  which  are  seven  and  a 
half  feet  in  diameter,  seem  very  small,  considering  that  they  ei.cK 
supply  a  pair  of  wheels  of  five  thousand  horse  power,  but  that  is 
on  account  of  the  enormous  pressure  under  which  the  wheels 
work,  giving  a  greater  power  for  a  given  volume  of  water  than 
with  the  smaller  heads  more  comm.only  used. 

The  turbines  discharge  their  waste  water  into  the  tunnel  above 
referred  to,  which  is  no  less  than  six  thousand  seven  hundred  feet 
long,  and  which  discharges  into  the  chasm  below  the  falls  just 
past  the  Suspension  Bridge. 

The  details  of  this  tunnel,  which  was  excavated  through  three 

94^ 


Industrial  Niagara 

shafts,  one  in  the  face  of  the  cHff  and  two  vertical  ones,  are  as  1894 
follows :  Length,  six  thousand  seven  hundred  feet,  and  sectional 
area  three  hundred  and  eighty-six  square  feet  throughout,  the 
average  height  and  width  being  about  twenty-one  and  nineteen 
feet  respectively.  The  cross-section  somewhat  resembles  a  horse- 
shoe. The  excavation  was  much  larger  than  the  finished  inside 
dimensions,  on  account  of  the  subsequent  lining  with  four  courses 
of  brick.  The  mouth  of  the  tunnel  has,  besides,  a  lining  on  the  top 
and  sides  of  iron.  The  work  has  been  done  most  substantially 
and  is  built  to  stay.  The  tunneling  was  done  through  strata  of 
limestone  and  shale,  and  harder  material  was  met  with  than  had 
been  expected  in  the  beginning,  so  that  the  three  million  cubic 
feet  of  excavation  has  cut  a  very  important  figure  in  the  total  cost 
of  the  power  plant.  The  tunnel  has  a  grade  of  0.7  per  cent 
(seven  feet  fall  per  thousand  length)  and  runs  directly  under  the 
city  of  Niagara  Falls  to  the  lower  river  level. 

The  work  of  excavation  was  carried  on  on  three  benches, 
thviding  the  total  height  of  twenty-six  feet  about  into  three  equal 
portions. 

The  whole  undertaking  has  been  so  entirely  novel  in  many 
ways  that  the  engineers  in  charge  have  had  their  resources  taxed 
to  the  utmost  in  overcoming  the  various  difficulties  that  presented 
themselves  during  the  design  and  construction  of  the  power  house, 
electrical  and  hydraulic  apparatus,  and  tunnel.  The  power-house 
building  is  as  yet  of  comparatively  small  proportions,  but  is 
intended  to  be  enlarged  as  the  number  of  dynamos  and  turbines 
IS  increased.  It  might  be  thought,  and  was  thought  at  first  by 
some  of  the  projectors  of  the  scheme,  that  the  great  amount  of 
power  that  was  to  be  developed  would  admit  of  considerable 
subdivision,  not  only  of  the  units  of  power  production  (each  unit 
consistmg  of  a  turbine  and  generator) ,  but  also  of  the  ways  in 
which  the  electrical  power  would  best  be  sent  out  to  consumers. 

As  already  mentioned,  a  number  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments are  locating  themselves  on  the  property  owned  by  the 
C  ataract  Construction  Company,  and  to  these  it  would  at  first 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  sight  seem  natural  and  best  to  deliver  electrical  power  straight 
Sueur  from  the  power-house  generators  to  their  motors,  seeing  that  this 
could  easily  be  done  without  much  loss  of  voltage  on  the  carrying 
line ;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  for  distant  work,  as  at  Buffalo  and 
Rochester,  to  use  a  high  potential  on  the  line  with  transformers 
at  the  consuming  end  or  at  both  ends.  It  has,  however,  been 
decided  not  to  thus  take  advantage  of  the  mechanical  subdivision 
of  the  plant  to  use  different  types  of  generators  for  different  kinds 
of  work,  but  to  adopt  as  a  standard  one  good  form  of  machine 
and  use  it  throughout,  at  least  until  the  plant  is  increased. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  consequence  of  this  step  will  be 
that  the  Pittsburg  Reduction  Company,  which  manufactures 
metallic  aluminum  by  the  action  of  electricity  upon  certain  com- 
pounds of  that  metal  in  a  state  of  fusion,  and  which  expects  to 
use  some  thousands  of  electrical  horse  power  when  established 
at  the  falls,  will  receive  it  in  the  form  of  an  alternating  current, 
which  will  be  passed  into  an  alternating-current  motor  driving  a 
direct-current,  low-voltage  generator  furnishing  at  last  the  desired 
electrolyzing  current.  It  has  seemed  best  to  submit  to  this  com- 
plication of  apparatus  in  order  to  gain  the  advantage  of  entire 
uniformity  and  interchangeability  of  power  units  in  the  generating 
plant.  Of  course,  if  the  power  company  were  to  put  in  a  direct- 
current  dynamo  for  the  benefit  of  the  Reduction  Company,  all 
that  would  be  necessary  would  be  to  send  the  current  over  a  wire 
straight  to  its  work;  and  it  seems  remarkable,  in  view  of  the 
thousands  of  horse  power  required,  that  the  extra  expense  of  a 
motor  and  dynamo  to  transform  this  quantity  appears  preferable. 
The  electrical  power  unit  which  has  been  decided  on  after  the 
most  exhaustive  and  presumably  competent,  expert  examination 
of  the  requirements  of  the  situation,  will  be  of  a  capacity  for 
continuous  work  of  five  thousand  electrical  horse  power  (or  three 
thousand  seven  hundred  kilowatts),  and  will  be  directly  con- 
nected with  a  pair  of  turbines  of  similar  power.  All  the  gen- 
erators will  be  mechanically  identical  in  construction  and  have 
parts  interchangeable  with  each  other.     The  advantage  of  this, 

950 


Industrial  Niagara 

besides  the  obvious  one  of  having  a  single  set  of  spare  parts  1894 
suffice  against  the  breakdown  of  any  machine  in  the  station,  is 
that,  from  a  point  of  view  of  the  electrical  aspect  of  the  case,  of 
the  machines  being  able  all  to  be  put  in  parallel,  as  it  is  called. 
The  expression  may  not  be  a  familiar  one  to  some  of  our  readers, 
and  the  following  hydraulic  analogy  may  be  of  service  in  leading 
to  an  understanding  of  what  is  meant  by  it.  Let  us  assume  that 
we  have  several  pumping  engines  of  equal  power,  and  that  we 
are  using  them  all  to  pump  water  from  one  reservoir  into  another 
at  a  higher  level.  Obviously  the  total  amount  of  water  pumped 
will  be  what  a  single  machine  handles  multiplied  by  the  number 
of  them.  Had,  say,  one  of  the  pumps  been  weaker  than  the 
others  —  had  it,  that  is,  not  been  strong  enough  to  force  water 
up  to  the  height  that  the  others  did  —  the  result  would  be  that, 
instead  of  doing  any  work  when  put,  as  we  may  say,  in  parallel 
with  the  others,  it  would  have  been  unable  to  withstand  the  head, 
and  water  would  have  forced  itself  back  through  it  into  the  lower 
reservoir.  The  same  way  with  dynamos,  or  generators  as  they 
are  usually  called  when  referring  to  the  machinery  in  a  power 
as  distinct  from  a  lighting  station.  The  advantage  of  working 
in  parallel  is,  that  if  we  have,  say,  six  machines  all  "  pumping  " 
current  into  the  same  mains  and  one  breaks  down,  we  may  take 
it  out  of  circuit,  and,  by  temporarily  overloading  the  other  five, 
which  can  always  be  done  for  a  short  time  with  good  machines, 
keep  on  supplying  full  current  to  consumers.  Should  the  power 
company  have  decided  to  put  in  a  special  machine  for  aluminum, 
and  other  special  ones  for  other  local  work,  and  still  more  for 
distant  work,  each  w^ould  have  its  own  circuit,  and,  if  it  broke 
down,  the  whole  dependent  system  would  be  idle  until  repairs 
v/ere  completed.  One  of  the  great  aims  of  the  company  appears 
to  be  to  msure  the  permanence  and  continuousness  of  their  power 
senice  —  which  is,  of  course,  of  the  utmost  importance  to  manu- 
facturers. 

A  remarkable  method  of  construction — not,  however,  unique — 
is    employed    m    the    generators    to    secure    means    for    direct 

coupling  to  the  turbine  shafts.     These  latter  are  vertical,  and 

951 


Niagara  Fails 

1894  come  up  over  one  hundred  and  forty  feet  out  of  the  wheel  pits 
from  the  rotating  water  wheels,  which  make  two  hundred  and 
fifty  revolutions  per  minute.  In  order  to  obtain  direct  driving  — 
that  is,  without  the  intervention  of  toothed  or  friction  gearing,  or 
belt  or  rope  driving  —  the  revolving  portions  of  the  generator 
are  arranged  to  rotate  in  a  horizontal  instead  of,  as  is  usual,  a 
vertical  plane. 

A  dynamo  of  any  type  whatever  consists,  as  is  well  known, 
essentially  of  two  portions,  one  of  which  possesses  motion  with 
respect  to  the  other,  viz.,  the  armature  and  the  field  magnets. 
Since  the  field  magnets  are  almost  invariably  much  heavier  and 
much  less  compact  than  the  armature,  the  latter  is  usually  chosen 
as  the  moving  part.  In  the  case  under  discussion  the  contrary 
has  been  decided  on,  the  armature  being  fixed  and  the  field  mag- 
nets rotating.  This  gives  certain  advantages  in  the  matter  of  less 
complicated  electrical  connections  and  of  dispensing  with  the 
armature's  rubbing  collectors  altogether;  it  also  gives  the  advan- 
tage —  much  more  important  m  this  case  than  with  smaller 
machines  —  that,  since  the  revolving  magnets  are  arranged  on  a 
ring  and  point  inward,  the  attraction  between  them  and  the  arma- 
ture core  tends  toward  neutralization  of  the  strains  of  centrifugal 
force.  The  greatest  advantage,  however,  attained  by  this  method, 
and  again  one  which  is  of  far  greater  value  in  the  present  case 
than  in  ordinary  practice,  is  the  high  degree  of  insulation  possible 
with  fixed  armature  coils  and  connections.  The  requirements 
that  had  to  be  met  in  the  way  of  limiting  the  centrifugal  strains 
were  that  the  product  of  the  sum  of  the  weights  of  the  revolving 
parts  in  pounds  and  the  square  of  their  velocities  in  feet  per  second 
should  not  exceed  eleven  hundred  million.  7  he  weight  of  the 
moving  parts  of  each  dynamo  was  also  limited  to  eighty  thou- 
sand pounds,  while  the  weight  of  the  turbine  and  its  shaft  amounts 
to  seventy-tv\o  thousand  pounds. 

This  whole  weight  oi  seventy-s;x  tons  acts  in  one  vertical 
line  —  1.  e.,  that  of  the  turbine  shaft  —  and  revolves  two  hundred 
and  fifty  times  per  minute.     It  would  have  been  very  difficult  to 

952 


Industrial  Niagara 

construct  thrust  bearings  to  take  up  the  whole  of  this  strain,  and  1894 
a  hydraulic  balancing  piston  has  been  resorted  to  for  supporting  "^^  "^"' 
it.  This  device  is  simply  a  circular  piston  fast  on  the  vertical 
turbine  shaft,  set  in  a  vertical  cyclinder.  The  supporting  force 
consists  of  hydraulic  pressure  admitted  to  the  under  side  of  the 
piston.  This  pressure  is  derived  simply  from  the  water  in  the 
penstock  supplied  to  the  turbine,  and  when  the  latter  is  working 
under  full  gate  —  that  is,  is  taking  water  to  its  full  capacity  — 
the  pressure  in  the  penstock  is  decidedly  less,  just  as  the  pressure 
in  a  water  pipe  is  partly  relieved  by  the  opening  of  a  faucet. 
This  causes  the  supporting  force  on  the  under  side  of  the  piston 
to  materially  decrease,  and  a  thrust  bearing  —  that  is,  a  bearing 
adapted  to  withstand  either  pressure  or  pull,  so  as  to  hold  the 
shaft  against  the  tendency  to  end  play  —  has  to  be  resorted  to 
in  order  to  take  up  the  difference.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  differ- 
ence between  the  supporting  force  when  the  flow  is  a  minimum 
and  that  when  the  gate  is  wide  open  is  about  two  tons  in  thje 
seventy-six.  The  way  this  is  handled  is  to  arrange  the  area  of  the 
piston  and  the  depth  below  the  upper  water  level  so  that  at  mini- 
mum flow  the  supporting  pressure  will  be  about  one  ton  more  than 
the  total  weight,  and  at  full  gate  about  the  same  amount  less. 
At  the  normal  rate  of  working  there  is  very  little  to  be  taken  up 
by  the  thrust  bearings. 

An  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  proportions  of  the  generators 
may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  the  designers  were  limited 
in  the  size  of  base  plates  that  they  could  use  by  the  inability  of 
the  railways  to  transport,  even  by  specially  large  and  powerful 
cars,  pieces  of  proportions  originally  designed  from  the  factories 
to  the  falls. 

It  is  stated  that,  had  it  not  been  for  the  tariff  restrictions 
imposed  on  the  importation  of  electrical  machinery,  the  generators 
would  probably  have  been  purchased  abroad.  As  it  was,  they, 
as  well  as  the  motors  which  will  operate  on  iheir  circuits,  are  the 
work  of  a  great  Pittsburg  company.  In  the  case  of  the  turbines 
the  design  was  by  a  Geneva  firm,  and  the  construction  mainly 

953 


Niagara  Fails 
1894         done  in  Philadelphia.     Certain  of  the  fittings  were  French,  and 

Le  Sueur  .1  o 

the  governors  owiss. 

One  of  the  details  in  the  power  house  is  a  traveling  crane 
capable  of  handling  pieces  weighing  up  to  fifty  tons,  which  com- 
mands every  portion  of  the  floor  of  the  building.  The  presence 
of  this  piece  of  apparatus  is  of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  case 
of  anything  going  wrong  with  one  of  the  generators  or  turbines. 
With  its  assistance  any  portion  of  either  of  these  ponderous  pieces 
of  mechanism  which  may  need  repair  can  be  moved  with  the 
greatest  expedition,  and  a  spare  interchangeable  part  put 
in  its  place.  Frequently  in  an  installation  of  heavy  machinery, 
although  perhaps  much  less  ponderous  than  these  in  question,  a 
break  occurs  which  may  cause  a  shut-down  of  many  hours,  when, 
if  sufficiently  powerful  means  of  moving  heavy  parts  were  at 
hand,  the  damaged  piece  could  be  replaced  in  a  comparatively 
short  time.  A  traveling  crane  of  this  description,  as  most  of  our 
readers  are  aware,  consists  of  a  long  carriage  having  a  pair  of 
rails  on  v/hich  runs  the  crane  truck  carrying  the  lifting  machinery. 
The  long  carriage,  which  is  supported  a  suitable  height  above  the 
floor,  stretches  across  the  width  of  space  to  be  commanded,  and 
itself  has  a  sideway  movement  on  several  supporting  rails  which 
run  the  length  of  the  space  to  be  operated  over.  Thus  by  a  com- 
bination of  the  two  movements  the  crane  truck  commands  the 
whole  floor. 

During  the  work  of  assembling  the  penstocks,  wheel  cases, 
turbines,  etc.,  at  the  wheel  pit,  a  view  of  this  great  slot  with  its 
contents  was  wonderfully  impressive  in  giving  an  idea  of  the 
vastness  of  the  whole  enterprise.  The  great  depth  of  this  long, 
narrow  pit,  which  made  it  impossible  to  see  to  the  bottom  except 
with  the  assistance  of  lamps  in  the  lower  part,  the  mysterious- 
looking  pipes  (the  penstocks)  rising  vertically,  new  sections  being 
constantly  added  much  in  the  same  way  that  a  stovepipe  is  put 
together,  except  for  the  permanence  given  by  the  heavy  riveted 
seams,  and  the  enormous  power  and  flexibility  of  operation  of 
the  immense  traveling  crane  which  rapidly  conveyed  in  every 

954 


Industrial  Niagara 

direction  great  masses  of  iron  and  steel  obedient  to  the  turn  of  a  1894 
switch,  made  a  combination  of  impressive  effects  not  quickly  ^"*'"' 
forgotten. 

It  may  be  mentioned  that,  to  withstand  the  very  considerable 
hydraulic  pressure  at  the  lower  part  of  the  penstocks,  these  tubes 
are  built  of  thicker  and  thicker  plates  from  the  top  downward. 

There  has  been  very  little  criticism  of  the  mechanical  details 
of  construction  so  far  referred  to ;  on  the  contrary,  very  little  can 
be  said  except  in  praise  of  the  fertility  of  resource  and  high  gen- 
eral competence  of  the  engineers  who  have  had  this  work  in  hand. 
With  regard,  however,  to  the  particular  design  of  the  generators 
from  an  electrical  rather  than  a  mechanical  standpoint  much  and 
lavish  criticism,  if  not  condemnation,  has  appeared  in  various 
quarters.  Whether  the  grounds  for  this  criticism  are  well  founded 
or  not  it  would  be  presumptuous  at  this  time  to  attempt  to  declare, 
but  we  may  say  that  where,  as  in  this  case,  one  man  has  had 
practically  the  entire  control  of  the  design  of  the  electrical 
apparatus,  we  may  usually  look  for,  rather  than  be  surprised  at, 
a  great  amount  of  setting  up  cf  individual  opinion  against  the 
vit\v5  which  he  may  embody  in  practice,  often  a  good  deal  irre- 
spective of  the  probably  cogent  reasons  which  may  have  induced 
him  to  adopt  the  coui'se  in  question. 

Without  attempting  to  decide  between  the  various  viev/s  which 
are  plentifully  to  Fiand  in  criticism  of  certain  electrical  details  in 
the  design  and  proposed  method  cf  utilizing  the  current  of  the 
generators,  v/e  may  glance  at  what  has  been  decided  on,  and 
review  the  more  important  points  raised  in  connection  therewith. 

In  the  first  place,  the  use  of  an  alternating  as  opposed  to  a 
direct  current  was  decided  on,  as  was  to  have  been  expected. 
The  development  within  the  last  year  or  two  of  alternating- 
current  motors  has  rendered  possible  the  distribution  of  electricity 
for  power  (as  opposed  to  lighting)  purposes  over  distances  before 
almost  out  of  the  question.  It  has  been  for  a  number  of  years 
past  possible  to  transmit  large  quantities  of  electrical  energy  for 

955 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  lighting  which  was  not  suitable  for  running  the  then  known 
Le  Sueur  motors.  The  method  of  electrical  distribution  for  lighting  pur- 
poses that  is  used  in  cities  is  available  also  for  transmission  to 
considerable  distances.  It  consists,  as  is  well  known,  of  a  dynamo 
supplying  current  at  a  high  voltage  to  the  street  lines,  and  a  system 
of  transformers  each  taking  a  portion  of  this  current  at  high 
voltage  and  giving  in  return  a  current  of  greater  amperage  or 
volume  and  of  lower  voltage  for  house  consumption,  the  object 
being  simply  to  avoid  loss  of  voltage  or  pressure  by  transmitting 
a  heavy  current  over  a  light  wire.  As  this  may  not  be  quite 
clear  to  every  reader,  it  may  be  as  well  to  say  a  little  more  about  it. 
The  energy  of  any  current  is  determined  by  and  is  equal  to 
the  product  of  two  of  its  properties,  its  volume  or  amperage  and 
its  pressure  or  voltage.  Letting  C  represent  the  amperes  and 
V  the  voltage,  we  have  that  the  energy  ==  CV.  In  passing  any 
current  over  any  wire  there  is  a  loss  of  voltage  determined  by  and 
equal  to  the  product  of  two  things  —  i.  e.,  the  amperage  of  the 
current  and  the  resistance  of  the  wire;  so  we  have  loss  of 
voltage  =  CR.  Now,  if  we  have  two  currents  —  one,  say,  of 
ten  amperes  and  one  volt,  and  the  other  of  one  ampere  and  ten 
volts  —  the  energy  will  be  the  same,  or  ten  watts  as  it  is  called. 
If  we  pass  both  through  a  given  resistance,  R,  we  shall  have  a 
loss  of  voltage  (=  CR)  ten  times  greater  m  the  first  than  in  the 
second  case.  But  a  given  loss  of  voltage  amounts  to  only  one 
tenth  as  m.uch  energy  (CV)  in  the  second  case  with  C  =^  one 
ampere  as  it  does  in  the  first  with  C  =  ten  amperes,  so  that  with 
only  one  tenth  the  given  loss  of  voltage  the  energy  lost  will  be  onl}^ 
one  one-hundredth  that  lost  in  the  first  case.  What  it  amounts  to 
is  that  the  loss  in  passing  a  given  amount  of  electrical  energy 
through  a  given  resistance  is  proportional  to  the  square  of  the  cur- 
rent, or  amperage,  and  consequently  inversely  proportional  to  the 
square  of  the  pressure,  or  voltage. 

If,  therefore,  current  is  used  in  a  house  at  fifty  volts  and  trans- 
mitted to  the  house  at  one  thousand  volts,  the  loss  will  be  only 
one  four-hundredth  as  much  over  a  given  wire  as  it  would  be  if 


Industrial  Niagara 

transmitted  at  fifty  volts.  The  advantage  that  alternating  cur-  1894 
rents  have  over  direct  for  long-distance  transmission  is  that  they 
may  easily  be  transformed  up  or  down  —  that  is,  their  voltage 
at  the  generating  end  may  be  increased  (at  the  expense,  of  course, 
of  their  amperage)  and  reduced  at  the  consuming  end.  In  point 
of  fact,  it  is  frequently  and  usually  unnecessary  to  employ  such 
devices  at  the  generating  end,  for  the  reason  that  the  generators 
themselves  can  work  perfectly  well  at  the  high  voltage  requisite 
to  transmit.  The  objection  to  using  the  same  high  voltage  on 
the  consuming  machinery  is  simply  that  there  is  more  danger  of 
accident  Vv^ith  numerous  small  motors  scattered  in  various  places 
and  in  the  hands  of  unskilled  persons  than  in  a  power  station 
containing  only  two  or  three  highly  guarded  machines  attended 
by  trained  operatives. 

In  connection  with  the  Niagara  Falls  work  there  is  the  further 
advantage  which  the  alternating  current  has  over  the  direct,  and 
that  is  what  may  be  termed  the  "  flexibility,"  commercially,  of 
the  former.  The  alternating-current  machines  operated  in  parallel 
at,  say,  two  thousand  volts,  may  have  a  portion  of  their  current 
taken  from  them  at  that  voltage  for  use  in  the  immediate  neigh- 
borhood and  the  rest  transformed  up  for  distant  transmission. 

Lately,  and  particularly  owing  to  the  brilliant  work  of  a  young 
man,  a  native  of  Smiljan  Lika,  a  border  country  of  Austria- 
Hungary,  by  name  Nikola  Tesla,  there  have  been  devised  forms 
of  apparatus,  generating  as  well  as  consuming,  by  means  of  which 
alternating  currents  may  be  economically  used  for  operating 
motors.  To  express  it  very  roughly,  his  method  amounts  to 
arranging  an  armature  within  a  magnetic  ring  and  causing  oppo- 
site magnetic  poles  to  revolve  around  the  ring  so  as  to  cause 
rotation  of  the  armature. 

The  operation  of  these  devices  is  preferably  by  means  of  a 
polyphase  alternating  current  —  that  is,  a  flow  of  electricity  hav- 
ing more  than  one  pulsating  current. 

0^7 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  Before  finally  deciding  on  what  system  of  transmission  to  use, 

the  Cataract  Construction  Company  asked  for  plans  for  a  system 
for  the  purpose  from  a  number  of  electrical  engineering  estab- 
lishments. Twenty-four  distinct  ones  were  submitted,  more  than 
one  of  the  tendering  companies  having  sent  several  different  plans 
to  be  chosen  from.  No  individual  one  was,  however,  accepted 
in  toto,  but  instead  a  design  was  adopted  embodying  such  points 
of  value  as  could  be  assembled  in  one  suitable  type  of  machine, 
p.nd  the  Westmghouse  Company  received  the  contract  for  it. 
The  system  on  which  the  generators  work  is  the  Tesla  two-phase, 
and  is  notably  peculiar  on  account  of  the  low  periodicity  of 
alternation. 

The  number  of  pulsations  of  commercial  alternating  currents 
is  usually  over  one  hundred  per  second  and  is  frequently  double 
that  amount.  The  reasons  for  this  high  frequency  are  mainly 
two:  The  first,  that  with  any  given  alternating-current  dynamo 
the  number  of  alternations  depends  directly  on  the  speed,  and, 
as  this  must  usually  be  high  in  order  to  get  as  much  work  as  pos- 
sible out  of  the  machirxC,  the  periodicity  is  also  high.  The  second 
reason  is  that  in  lighting  work  it  is,  of  course,  highly  undesirable 
to  employ  a  current  of  which  the  pulsations  are  so  slow  as  to 
leave  the  incandescent  filament  or  the  arc  visibly  dimmer  between 
separate  bents,  as  we  may  call  them,  than  during  the  passage  of 
the  full  current  strength.  In  the  case  in  hand  one  is  impressed 
with  the  effort  that  has  been  made  to  steer  a  middle  course  in 
the  design  of  the  generators  so  as  to  obtain  a  portion  of  the  advan- 
tage of  the  dnect  current  for  motor  work  and  of  the  alternating 
for  transformation.  The  periodicity  for  the  first  portion  at  least 
of  the  electrical  equipment  is  to  be  as  low  as  twenty-five  per 
cent,  and  this  at  once  limits  the  scope  of  the  use  of  the  current 
in  the  matter  of  electric  lighting.  Prof.  Forbes  states  that  light- 
ing by  the  current  direct  is  a  comparatively  small  portion  of  the 
work  in  contemplation,  and  that  the  plant  is  rather  to  be  regarded 
as  essentially  for  power  distribution.  The  expression,  *'  lighting 
by  the  current  direct,"  is  used  because  a  very  important  branch 

958 


Industrial  Niagara 

of  the  power  work  will  be  the  lighting  of  the  city  of  Buffalo.  1894 
This  is  at  present  done  by  the  ordinary  direct-current  arc  machines 
operated  by  engines  of  some  three  thousand  horse  power.  In 
changing  over  to  the  Niagara  Falls  pov/er  the  whole  electrical 
system  will  be  untouched,  but  the  engines  will  be  replaced  by 
motors  operated  by  current  from  the  falls  station. 

The  voltage  at  which  the  first  installation  of  generators  is  to 
operate  is  somewhat  over  two  thousand.  Considering  the  per- 
fection to  which  European  practice  has  been  carried  in  the  con- 
struction of  alternating-current  machines  for  much  higher  elec- 
trical pressures  than  the  above,  it  seems  strange  that  this  voltage 
should  have  been  decided  on  in  a  situation  where  one  would 
expect  the  very  highest  degree  of  perfection  to  Le  attained.  It  is 
stated,  however,  that  it  was  largely  on  account  of  the  compara- 
tively backward  condition  of  that  branch  of  electrical  engineering 
construction  in  America  that  the  voltage  had  to  be  placed  so  low. 

In  a  case  like  the  present  one,  where  the  power  station  will  be 
under  the  supervision  of  skilled  engineers,  and  not  merely  of  men 
whose  chief  qualifications  are  those  of  sobriety  and  an  ability  to 
stay  awake  at  night,  there  appears  no  sufficient  reason  why  the 
generators  should  not  be  operated  at  five  times  the  voltage  named. 
The  fact  of  the  armatures  in  these  machines  being  fixed  gives, 
moreover,  additional  security  against  danger  consequent  on  such 
high  voltage  on  account  of  the  very  much  more  perfect  insula- 
tion possible. 

The  advantage,  of  course,  of  using  a  very  high  electrical 
pressure  lies  in  the  principle  stated  above  of  the  loss  m  sending 
a  given  amount  of  energy  over  a  given  wire  being  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  square  of  the  voltage. 

Intimately  associated  with  this  question  is  the  problem  of  how 
to  convey  current  at  this  tremendous  potential  of  twenty  thousand 
volts  to  distances.  An  idea  of  what  it  means  may  be  had  from 
the  facts  that  two  thousand  is  relied  on  to  be  sufficient  to  instantly 
kill  a  human  being,  and  that  the  energy  of  a  current  given  up  in 

959 


Niagara  Falls 
1894         passing  through  any  given  resistance  varies  as  the  square  of  the 

Le  Sueur  i. 

voltage. 

The  chief  difficulty  to  be  met  in  such  line  construction  is  that 
of  efficiently  insulating  the  w^ires.  If  any  one  attempted  to  use 
a  line  insulated  merely  as  an  ordinary  telegraph  line  is,  there 
would  be  an  enormous  loss,  amounting  practically  to  the  whole 
of  the  transmitted  current,  in  moist  weather,  by  leakage  over  the 
damp  surface  of  the  glass  or  other  insulators.  The  remedy  for 
this  leakage  would,  however,  be  a  comparatively  simple  matter 
by  means  of  well-known  oil-holding  arrangements  for  the  insu- 
lators were  it  not  for  the  further  fact  that  it  is  imperatively  neces- 
sary not  to  have  the  two  wires,  the  going  and  return  ones,  farther 
apart  than  can  not  be  avoided  on  account  of  what  are  known  as 
the  effects  of  self-induction.  The  wires  strung  on  telegraph  poles 
would  have  to  be  so  far  apart  in  order  to  insure  their  never,  by 
any  possibility,  coming  in  contact,  that  the  self-induction  losses 
would  make  that  method  impracticable. 

The  evil  efl-ects  of  self-induction  are  directly  proportional  to 
the  number  of  alternations  of  the  current  in  a  given  time,  and 
consequently  the  twenty-five-period  current  adopted  for  the 
Niagara  Falls  work  is  highly  advantageous  from  this  point  of 
view. 

The  so-called  "  skin-resistance  "  of  an  alternating  current  cir- 
cuit is,  in  brief,  due  to  the  fact  that  an  alternating  current  pene- 
trates only  a  short  distance  into  the  body  of  the  metal  of  which 
the  carrying  wire  is  composed,  instead  of,  as  in  the  case  of  a 
direct  current,  flowing  across  the  whole  cross-section  of  the  wire 
in  an  even  manner.  This  also  is  less  serious  the  lower  the 
periodicity. 

The  form  decided  on  in  which  to  construct  the  conveying  lines 
is  that  of  a  conduit  or  subway  of  large  proportions.  One  which 
has  been  already  constructed  for  a  length  of  half  a  mile  is  as 

960 


DC 


u.     — 


< 


Industrial  Niagara 

follows:  The  walls  are  arched,  and  the  width  is  greatest  at  1894 
about  two  thirds  of  the  height.  The  conductors  are  earned  on 
insulated  brackets  along  the  sides,  spaced  at  intervals  of  thirty 
feet.  The  subway  is  lined  with  concrete,  and  manholes  at  inter- 
vals allow  of  access;  besides,  there  are  small  pieces  of  pipe  let  in 
at  the  bottoms  of  the  manhole  ducts  for  the  purpose  of  inserting 
such  wires  as  may  from  time  to  time  be  required  to  tap  the  line 
conductors.  The  subway  is  five  and  a  half  feet  high  and  three 
feet  ten  inches  wide.  A  track  runs  along  it,  and  the  line 
inspectors  will  make  their  tnps  on  an  electrically  propelled  car; 
heavy  wire  screens  the  height  of  the  subway,  extending  on  both 
sides  of  the  track,  protecting  the  occupants  from  any  possible 
discharge  from  the  main  conductors. 

The  Cataract  Construction  Company  expect  to  be  able  to 
deliver  pov/er  in  Buffalo  at  a  cost  per  horse  power,  for  twenty- 
four  hours  a  day  yearly,  greatly  belovv^  the  cost  of  steam  power 
as  now  produced  in  Buflalo  v/ith  coal  at  one  dollar  and  a  half 
per  ton.  The  generators  are  expected  to  operate  at  five  thousand 
horse  power  each,  with  an  efficiency  of  ninety-eight  per  cent  on 
the  power  delivered  to  them  by  the  turbines,  and  there  v/ill  be 
only  three  and  a  half  per  cent  drop  of  pressure  in  transmitting 
at  twenty  thousand  volts  to  the  northern  part  of  Buffalo.  This 
last  appears  wonderful  when  we  consider  that  it  is  less  than  the 
drop  from  the  generators  of  an  electric  railway  system  to  the 
motors  of  cars  within  as  short  a  distance  as  half  a  mile,  quite 
apart,  moreover,  from  the  extra  losses  in  the  latter  case  due  to 
imperfect  trolley  contacts.  It  is  hoped  also  to  transmit  power 
before  long  to  the  Erie  Canal,  on  which  at  the  close  of  last  season 
there  was  an  interestmg  development  in  the  line  of  electrical 
canal-boat  propulsion.     .     .     . 

Linrits   to   the  profitable  development   of  water  power.      (Eng.   news,      1894 
Oct.  4,  1894.     32:276-278.) 

1  lie  ;:lans   of  the   Niagara    Po^ver   anr]   Development  Company   for  a 
tunnel  and  model  city.      Remarks  on  the  speculative  nature  of  investment 
in  power  development  for  which  llicrc  i:.  no  immediate  market. 
(.1  Ool 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  The  power  stations  at  Niagara.     (Sci.  Am.  supp.,  Feb.  3,   1894.) 

A  quotation  from  Power  dealing  with  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Com- 
pany's development. 

1894  SuPLEE,  Henry  H.     An  interesting  hydraulic  power  plant.      (Cass., 

Suplee  Nov.,  1894.     7:85.) 

A  description  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Paper  Mill,  the  unique  features  of 
its  machinery,  wheels,  penstocks,  transmission  capacity,  etc.,  with  views  and 
diagrams. 

1894  Recent  work  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Company.      (Nature,  May 

3,  1894.    50:11.) 

Gives  an  account  of  the  uses  of  the  power  with  a  description  of  the  con- 
struction and  unique  features  of  Forbes's  dynamo. 

1895 

lg95  Abbott,    Arthur   Vaughan.      Industrial    Niagara.      (R.    of   R.. 

Abbott  Sept..  1895.     12:295-299.) 

A  description  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  plant  together 
with  a  brief  discussion  of  the  industrial  utilization  of  the  power  developed 
by  that  company. 


1895 


Abbott,  Lyman.    Niagara  Falls  in  harness.    (Outl.,  Nov.   16,  1895. 
.bbott  52:788.) 

A  popular  account  of  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.  Dr. 
Abbott  came  away  from  the  v/orks  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Com- 
pany "  with  a  new  sense  of  awe  in  the  conte;nplat;on  of  the  powers  of 
nature,  which  ^v•e  are  but  just  beginning  to  understand  and  use;  with  a  new 
sense  of  admiration  for  the  skill  of  man,  who  is  just  beginning  to  take 
possession  of  the  earth  and  to  subdue  it ;  and  with  a  new  and  larger  respect 
for  the  energy,  enterprise  and  public  spirit  of  at  least  some  American 
millionaires." 


1895 


Cassier's  magazine.     Niagara  power  number.   July,  1895.    8:173-384. 

"A  complete  story  of  the  great  Niagara  power  enterprise,  comprised  in 
ten  articles,  with  nearly  two  hundred  illustrations,  including  portraits  of  the 
officers  and  directors  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Company,  the  members 
of  the  International  Niagara  Falls  Commission,  and  the  engineers  under 
whose  supervision  the  work  was  carried  out." 

962 


Industrial  Niagara 

Harnessing  of  Niagara.     (Gassier  mag.  co.     N.  Y.  &  Lond. :     1895.)       189S 
A  publication  in  book  form  of  Cassier's  power  number  of  July,  1895. 
Contents: 

Use  of  the  Niagara  Water  Power.      Francis  Lynde  Stetson. 

Mechanical  Energy  and  Industrial  Progress.  Prof.  \V.  Cawthorne 
Unwm. 

Some  Details  of  the  Niagara  Tunnel.     Albert  H.   Porter. 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Tunnel,  Wheelpit  and  Canal.  George  H. 
Burbank. 

Niagara  Mill  Sites,  Water  Connections  and  Turbines.  Clemens 
Hcrschei. 

Eleclric  Povv^cr  Generation  at  Niagara.     Lewis  Bulkley  Stillwell. 

The  Industrial  Village  of  Echota  at  Niagara.     John  Bogart. 

Notable  European  Water  Power  Installations.  Colonel  Thomas  Tur- 
rettini. 

Diflribution  of  the  Electric  Energy  from  Niagara  Falls.  S.  Dana 
Greene. 

The  Niagara  Region  in  History.      Peter  A.  Porter. 

DuNLAP,   Orrin   E.       (The)    Niagara   Falls   Hydraulic  Power   and      jggg 
Manufacturing    Company's    new    work.       (Elec.    eng.,    Dec.    4,    1895..Dunlap 

20:337-39.) 

A  brief  description  of  the  new  station  and  ils  machinery. 

FIcclrical  Niagara.      (Power.     Feb.,   1895.      15:12.)  1395 

Pl/otographs  and  description  of  the  actual  condihon  of  the  power  work 
at  Niagara. 

FoRBlr.s,  George.     Harnessing  Niagara.      (Blackwood,  Sept.,   1895.      i895 

Pp.   434^444.)  Forbes 

A  collection  of  personal  experiences,  and  information  concerning  the 
problems  met  at  Niagara. 

Greene,  S.  Dana.     Distribution  of  the  electrical  energy  from  Niagara      1895 

Falls.       (Cass.,  July,    1895.      8:333-362.)  Greene 

The  ri'thor  states  that  it  is  the  purpose  of  his  article  "  to  point  ovi  some 
of  ihe  anpHcations  to  which  the  electric  energy  generated  at  the  Fall?  has 
olre^dy  been  put,  and  to  discuss  other  applications  which  suggest  them- 
selves ac-  probabilities."  The  article  deals  with  the  transmission  and  use  of 
clcclnc  motive  power,  and  discusses  the  advantage  of  electrically  trans- 
)iuLtcd  water  power  over  steam  power  furnished  by  fuel, 

06.^ 


Niagara  Falls 

1895  Herschel,    Clemens.      Niagara  mill   sites,  water  connections   and 

Herschel  turbines.      (Cass.,  July,   1895.     8:227-250.) 

This  is  another  article  in  Cassier's  "  Niagara  Power  Number." 

One  of  the  present  series  of  articles  must  evidently  treat  of  the 
power  producing  plant,  and  its  installation, —  two  essential  ele- 
ments in  the  series  of  mechanisms  that  convert  the  flow  of  the 
Niagara  river  over  the  Falls,  into  other  forms  of  energy, —  finally 
represented  by  a  revolving  shaft  in  the  factory,  by  the  speeding 
car  in  the  street,  or  by  other  of  its  manifold  forms  of  utility. 
It  is  this  part  of  the  description  of  the  manner  of  utilizing  Niagara 
Falls  that  is  to  fall  to  the  lot  of  the  present  article. 

The  standard  American  method  of  utilizing  a  large  amount  of 
water-power,  has  hitherto  been,  to  distribute  the  v/ater  to  the 
several  consumers,  or  mill-owners,  by  means  of  a  system  of  head- 
races, so-called,  with  fcicilities  for  its  discharge  at  a  lower  level, 
to  be  utilized  as  the  owner  or  lessee  saw  fit,  and  generally  on  his 
own  premises.  This  led  to  long  head-canals,  and  to  insignificant 
tail-races,  whereas,  as  v/e  shall  presently  see,  the  Niagara  plant 
consists  oi  a  common  tail-race,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  with  com- 
paratively insignificant  head-races.  The  old-time  water-power 
company  sold  cr  leased  the  right  to  draw  a  definite  quantity  of 
water,  at  defined  times,  with  the  privilege  of  discharging  it  at  a 
lower  level,  and  the  mill-owner  did  the  rest;  whereas,  at  Niagara 
Falls,  the  right  is  leased  to  discharge  a  definite  quantity  of  water 
into  the  t-^.il-race  tunnel,  with  the  privilege  of  drawing  this  quan- 
tity from  the  head-canal,  or  from  the  river.  But  over  and  above 
this  the  product, —  power, —  may  be  contracted  for  at  Niagara 
Falls,  delivered  on  the  shaft. 

To  create  a  Ir.rge  group  of  mill-sites  of  the  older  sort,  there 
Vv-as  necessary,  in  the  first  instance,  a  large  continuous  body  of 
land,  properly  located  for  the  purpose.  If  this  could  not  be 
bought  up  secretly,  and  in  large'  blocks,  the  v/hole  \vater-power 
enterprise  would  fail  to  come  to  fruition.  In  Europe,  however, 
several  such  enterprises  carne  ml)  being  in  spile  of  the  inability 
of  the  projectors  to  primarily  'juy  tracts  of  land  such  as  have 
been  described.      This  v/as  dor.~  by  establishing  central  power 

964 


Industrial  Niagara 
stations  near  the  dam,  or  head  canal,  and  then  transmitting;  the     ^895 

1  1     •  1       r  11  Herschel 

power  produced,  mstead  or  water  to  produce  it,  to  the  consumers, 
or  mill-owners.  Up  to  within  say  five  years,  this  had  always 
been  accomplished  by  means  of  wire-rope  transmissions  of  power, 
and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  invention  of  the  electrical  transmission 
of  power  v/ould  give  this  form  of  the  utilization  of  a  large  water- 
power  a  great  impetus.  Many  such  plants  are,  therefore,  already 
in  existence,  many  are  building,  but  among  them  all,  no  one  is 
probably  so  celebrated,  and  is  attracting  the  attention  of  all 
intelligent  men  as  this  at  Niagara  Falls. 

The  work  at  Niagara  is  designed  to  be  utilized  in  both  of  the 
methods  above  described,  and  examples  of  both  methods  of  dis- 
tributing power  are  built.  The  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Paper 
Company  is  an  example  of  the  first  and  older  method  of  power 
utilization,  while  the  Central  Power  Station  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company  is  the  grandest  example  yet  undertaken  of  the 
second  described,  and  the  later  method  of  power  distribution. 
The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Compan}'  also  owns  some  1 200  acres 
of  land  adjoining  the  Central  Power  Station  and  the  present  head 
canal,  all  of  v/hich  can  be  utilized  for  the  sites  of  manufacturing 
establishments  by  one  or  the  other  of  the  m.ethocls  described. 
This  has  been  laid  out  in  streets  and  blocks,  with  a  freight  rail- 
road, to  be  spoken  of  presently,  connecting  the  mill  sites  with  all 
the  trunk  lines  that  pass  Niagara  Falls,  and  adjoins  the  residential 
district  being  developed  by  the  Niagara  Development  Company, 
whose  nrst  fruits  are  the  village  calleci  Echota,  and  the  adjoining 
wharf  and  other  property.  But  over  and  beyond  all  this,  a  trans- 
mission of  power  to  Buffalo,  only  20  miles  off,  and  possibly  still 
iurther,  is  within  the  scope  and  design  of  the  Centro.l  Station  now 
building. 

One  of  the  neatest  and  most  valuable  attributes  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company's  mill  sites  is  the  road  of  the  Niagara 
Junction  Railway  Company.  Niagara  Falls  is  already,  or  is 
destined  to  be,  one  of  the  greai  railroad  centres  of  the  United 

965 


Niagara  Falls 

1895  States.     Two  railroad  bridges  cross  the  river  there,  each  used  by 

Hersche  several  East  and  West  trunk  lines,  and  other  such  bridges  are 

already  talked  of.  Railroad  freight  rates  are  in  competition  with 
each  other,  and  with  lake  and  canal  rates,  and  are  to-day  no 
greater  from  Niagara  Falls  to  New  York  and  to  Boston,  than 
they  are  from  the  established  manufacturing  centres  of  the  East 
to  these  cities,  while  they  are,  on  the  other  hand,  very  materially 
less  from  Niagara  Falls  to  the  great  cities  of  the  West,  Southwest 
and  South  than  they  are  from  these  same  older  manufacturing 
centres.  The  present  favorable  conditions  will  bring  more  manu- 
facturing into  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  district,  and,  as  such 
things  always  operate,  will  also  bring  in  still  other  trunk  lines  of 
railroad. 

It  is  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  occupant  of  any  mill-site 
of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  to  receive  cars  shipped 
to  him  by  any  line  of  railroad  entering  the  Buffalo-Niagara  Falls 
district,  and  of  delivering  cars  directly  to  any  such  railroad,  that 
the  Niagara  Junction  Railway  Company  was  organized  and  the 
road  built.  It  is  an  allied  enterprise  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company  and  will  do  no  little  in  furthering  the  growth  and  busi- 
ness of  the  new  city,  benefiting,  in  turn,  all  the  trunk  lines  that 
do  now  or  will,  eventually,  traverse  the  Niagara  Falls  neck  of 
land  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario.  Lake  transportation, 
and  transportation  on  the  Erie  canal  are,  however,  also  available 
to  the  occupants  of  these  mill-sites.  Many  of  them  front  directly 
on  the  Niagara  river,  where  it  is  navigable,  and  none  of  them  are 
any  great  distance  from  it. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  to  say  much  more  on  the  subject  of 
water  connections  at  the  Niagara  mill-sites.  The  Niagara  Falls 
Paper  Company  has  a  square  wheel-pit,  which  is  connected  with 
the  mam  tunnel  tail-race  by  a  branch  tail-race,  7  feet  in 
diameter.  All  dimensions  of  underground  work  are  kept  as  small 
as  possible  at  Niagara  Falls,  to  economize  rock  excavation,  as,  for 
example,  the  branch  tail-race  just  mentioned.  Fall  being  a  com- 
modity of  less  than  the  usual  value  on  these  sites,  it  is  economy 

966 


Industrial  Niagara 

to  spend  some  of  it  toward  reducing  cross  sections.     This  pro-     1895 
duces  high  velocities,  but  the  tail-races  are  built  of  first-class  ^ 

materials,  and  are  set  in  a  rock  excavation.  The  water  used 
carries  no  sand,  and  experience  has  already  shown  that  the  tail- 
races  line  themselves  with  a  layer  of  slime  in  spite  of  the  great 
velocity  in  them.  So  long  as  this  slime  adheres  to  the  brick  and 
to  the  cement  joints,  there  can  evidentlj^  be  no  wear  of  the  brick 
masonry  Immg. 

The  wheel-pit  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  is  a  long 
sloi  cut  in  the  rock,  instead  of  a  group  of  small  wheel-pits,  and 
to  save  excavation,  though  at  the  cost  of  some  fall  wasted,  the 
vv'heels  are  set  on  plate-girder  bridges  spanning  the  slot,  and  so 
as  to  leave  a  tail-race  beneath  the  plate  girders.  This  tail-race, 
or  bottom  of  the  slot,  is  connected  by  a  short  curve  with  the  main 
tail-race  tunnel. 

The  fashionable  turbine  of  the  present  day,  in  the  United 
Slates,  is,  no  doubt,  the  twin  turbine,  with  horizontal  axis,  this 
axis  projecting  from  the  wheel  case,  at  one  or  both  ends,  and 
cither  driving  its  attached  machine  directly,  or  carrying  a  pulley, 
to  belt  from.  Several  attempts  \vere  made  to  fit  this  general  form 
of  motive  power  for  the  case  m  hand. 

(The  remainder  of  the  article  is  largely  taken  up  with  a  very  technical 
discussion  of  the  turbines  used  at  Niagara,  and  a  comparison  with  turbines 
used  for  water  power  purposes  in  Euorpe.) 

Le  Sueur,  Ernest  A.     Professor  Forbes  on  "  Harnessing  Niagara."      1895 

(Pop.   sci.   mo.,   Dec,    1895.      48198-204.)  Le  Sueur 

A  scathing  review  of  Professor  Forbes  article  on  "Harnessing  Niagara." 

Nikola  Tesla  and  tlie  electrical  outlook  —  the  new  development  in  power      1895 
transmission.      (R.  of  R.,  Sept..   1  895.      12:293-294.) 

An  account  of   1  esla's  discovery  of  the  "  rotating  magnetic  field." 

"  The  rotating  magnetic  field,"  which  opened  the 
way  to  the  conversion  (by  means  of  alternating,  as  against  the 
direct  current)  of  electrical  into  mechanical  energy  and  the 
econom}cal  transmission  of  power  through  long  distances.  This 
discovery  forms  the  basis  of  the  Niagara  Company's  attempt  to 

utilize  on  a  large  scale  Niagara  Falls  river. 

%7 


Niagara  Falls 

1895  Pe:rk:ins,  Frank  C.     The  Niagara  power  transmission  plant.      (Elec. 

Perkins  wld..  Fcb.  9,  1 895 .    25:165-167.) 

A  detailed  description  oF  the  transmission  plant  and  apparatus. 

1895  Pope,  Franklin  Leonard,  and  Pope,  Ralph  R.    The  distribution 

Pope  of  electnc  power  at  Niagara.     (Eng.  mag.,  Dec,  1895.      10:407-417.) 

&  Pope 

"A  5;i;mmary  of  some  important  contributions  recently  made  to  the 
problem  of  electrical  transmission  of  power  with  special  reference  to  the 
case  of  the  Niagara  plant." 

1895  Porter,  Albert  H.     Some  details  of  the  Niagara  tunnel.      (Cass., 

Porter  July,  1895.     8:203-210.) 

"  Mr.  Porter  was  the  resident  engineer  for  the  Cataract  Construction 
Company  until  the  completion  of  the  tunnel  and  the  orehmmary  work  was 
done  under  his  immediate  r^upervision." 

This  article  describes  how  the  surface  aUgnment  for  the  tunnel  was 
obtained,  how  the  alignment  and  grade  of  the  tunnel  were  maintained,  the 
system  of  blasting  used,  the  solution  of  the  drainage  difficulties,  the  timber- 
ing and  lining  of  the  tunnel. 

1835  Power  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing 

Company.      (Power,  Dec.   1  7,   1  895.     15:17.) 

This  description  of  the  lower  plant  and  equipment  of  tlie  Hydraulic 
Power  and  Manufacturing  Company  is  taken  from  the  Canadian  Journal 
of  Commerce. 

\H9T^  SteI'SON,  FllANCLS  FyndE.     The  use  of  the  Niagara  water  power. 

Stetson  (Cass.,  July,   1895.     8:173-192.) 

To  most,  the  first  impression,  and  to  many  the  enduring  impres- 
sion, is  that  of  awe,  in  which  the  subjective  mood  prevails  and  a 
certain  sense  of  personal  danger  dominates  all  other  thoughts  of 
this  irughty  moving  flood,  pouring  rcsistlessly  down  through  tlic 
gorge.  .  .  .  Danger  there  certainly  is,  and  death  in  this  resist- 
less, remorseless  tide  has  been  found  and  also  lias  been  sought  by 
hundreds;  but  notwithstanding  its  iippalling  a.spect,  it  is  through 
this  very  sense  of  resistless  power  that  the  Falls  speak  to  minds  of 
great  dignity  and  self-restraint,  and  lead  them  to  observe  as  did 
Mr.  Carter  of  New  York,  in  his  characteristically  fine  oration  at 
the  opening  of  Niagara  Park,  that  the  "  sense  which  responds  to 
this  magnificent  motion  "  ii  the  "  sense  of  power." 

968 


Industrial  Niagara 

And  why  should  it  not  be  so?  Nearly  6000  cubic  miles  of  1S95 
water,  pouring  down  from  the  upper  lakes  v/ith  90,000  square  *  *°° 
miles  of  reservoir  area,  reach  this  gorge  of  the  Niagara  river  at  a 
point  where  its  extreme  width  of  one  mile  is  by  islands  reduced 
to  two  channels  of  only  3,800  feet.  Here,  in  less  than  half  a 
mile  of  rapids,  the  Niagara  river  falls  55  feet,  cuid  then,  with  a 
depth  of  about  20  feet  at  the  crest  of  the  Horse  Shoe  Falls, 
plunges  165  feet  more  into  the  lower  river.  The  ordinary  flow 
has  been  found  to  be  about  275,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  and  in 
its  daily  force,  equal  to  the  latent  power  of  all  the  coal  mined  in 
the  world  each  day  —  something  more  than  200,000  tons. 

This  natural  comparison  at  once  suggests,  as  through  the  cen- 
tury it  has  invited,  an  estimate  of  this  power  in  the  terms  of 
mechanics,  and  it  has  been  computed  by  Professor  Unv/in  that 
these  falls  represent  theoretically  seven  million  horse-power 
(other?  think  more),  and  for  practical  use,  without  appreciable 
diminution  of  the  natural  beauty,  several  hundreds  of  thousands 
of  horse-power.  The  idea  of  subjecting  to  industrial  uses  some 
part  ot  ihe  enormous  power  of  Niagara  F  alls  has,  since  the  loca- 
tion of  the  pioneer  saw-mill  in  1  725,  occupied  the  minds  and 
stirred  the  inventive  faculty  of  engineers,  mechanics  and  manu- 
facturers. Early  in  the  century,  the  pioneers  in  the  locality,  to 
which  they  then  gave  the  name  of  Manchester,  contemplated 
tlic  probability,  but  w^ere  unable  to  demonstrate  the  practicability, 
of  reducing  this  mighty  force  to  obedient  and  useful  service. 
They  dvvelt  upon,  and  to  some  extent  exploited,  the  idea;  but 
before  Ihe  development  or  adoption  of  any  method  promising 
satisfacloiy  returns,  steam  and  steam  engines  had  properly 
attained  rucli  a  place  in  the  favorable  estimation  of  manufac- 
turers that  water-powers  in  general,  and  especially  those  incon- 
veniently situated  and  variable  in  quantity  and  quality,  fell  in 
comparative  disesteem. 

No  om  needs  much  persuasion  to  admit  that,  except  for  the 
decided  merits  of  water-power  even  in  competition  with  steam. 

'^9 


Niagara  Falls 

1895         the  names  of  Manchester,  Lowell,  Lawrence,  Holyoke,  Paterson, 
Stetson  Cohoes  and  Minneapolis,  in  the  United  States,  would  possess 

nothing  like  their  present  significance. 

In  view  of  the  obvious  advantages  offered  by  water-powers 
such  as  these,  Augustus  Porter,  one  of  the  principal  proprietors  at 
Niagara,  in  1 842  proposed  a  considerable  extension  of  the  system 
of  canals  or  races  then  employed,  and  in  January,  1847,  in  con- 
nection with  Peter  Emslie,  a  civil  engineer,  he  published  a  formal 
plan,  which  became  the  subject  of  negotiations  with  Walter 
Bryant  and  Caleb  S.  Woodhull,  formerly  Mayor  of  New  York, 
An  agreem.ent  was  finally  reached  with  these  gentlemen  by  which 
they  were  to  construct  a  canal,  for  which  they  were  to  receive  a 
right  of  way,  1 00  feet  in  width,  together  with  a  certain  amount 
of  land  at  its  terminus.  After  various  interruptions,  in  1861 ,  their 
successor,  Horace  H.  Day,  completed  a  canal,  about  35  feet  in 
width,  8  feet  in  depth,  and  4400  feet  in  length,  by  Vv'hich  the 
water  of  the  upper  Niagara  river  was  brought  to  a  basin  or 
reservoir  at  the  high  bluff  of  the  lower  river,  214  feet  above  the 
water  below.  Upon  the  margin  of  this  basin  have  been  con- 
structed various  mills,  to  whose  wheels  the  v/ater  was  conducted 
from  the  canal  and  discharged  by  short  tunnels  through  the  bluff 
into  the  river  below,  so  that  in  1885,  about  10,000  horse-power, 
substantially  the  available  capacity  of  the  canal,  was  in  use. 

In  that  year  there  happened  to  be  at  Niagara  an  able  and 
experienced  engineer,  engaged  in  the  State's  service  in  laying  out 
a  proposed  reservation,  just  as  nearly  fifty  years  before  he  had 
been  there  engaged  m  assistmg  the  State  Geological  vSurvey  of 
Prof.  James  Hall,  v/ho,  in  his  report  on  the  Niagara  river  district 
for  1843,  specially  mentions  the  sen/ices  of  Thomas  Evershed. 
During  this  very  long  interval.  Mr.  Evershed  had  been  engaged 
as  a  public  engineer,  usually  upon  the  Erie  canal  in  that  vicinity, 
and  it  was  natural  that  he  should  be  called  upon  to  devise  a 
system  for  the  development  of  hydraulic  power  from  ihe  river 
with  which  his  whole  professional  career  had  been  associated, 
his  last  great  work  being  in  connection  with  the  effort  to  protect 


Industrial  Niagara 

Niagara,  in  its  principal  character  as  the  most  magnificent  and  ^^^^ 
impressive  terrestrial  natural  object,  from  vandalism  and  utilitarian  ' 
desecration.  This  protection  of  the  natural  beauty  of  Niagara 
v/as  the  underlying  idea  in  his  conception  and  development  of 
his  plan,  which  contemplated  the  taking  of  water  and  the  develop- 
ment of  power  in  a  district  more  than  a  mile  above,  and  out  of 
sight  oi  the  Falls,  with  an  outlet  tunnel  discharging  inconspicu- 
ously at  the  river's  edge  below  the  Falls,  involving  the  diversion 
of  less  than  four  per  cent  of  the  total  flow  of  the  river,  and  a 
reduction  of  the  depth  of  the  water  at  the  crest  of  the  Falls  by 
less  than  two  inches. 

After  conference  with  Mr.  Evershed,  Capt.  Charles  B.  Gaskill, 
the  oldest  user  of  power  on  the  hydraulic  canal,  with  seven  other 
gentlemen  of  Niagara  Fails,  obtained  from  the  Legislature  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  a  special  charter,  passed  March  31, 
1886,  which  has  since  been  amended  and  enlarged  by  several 
successive  acts.  Upon  July  1 ,  1 886,  Mr.  Evershed  issued  his 
first  formal  plan  and  estimate,  which  was  considered  worthy  of 
discussion  in  Appleton's  Cyclopaedia  for  1887,  where  it  is 
described  in  general  terms.  But,  of  course,  the  publication  of 
this  plan  invited  and  encoantered  the  demonstration  of  its  absolute 
impracticability,  as  well  as  the  improbability  of  the  use  of  the 
power  if  developed. 

For  three  years  the  originators  of  the  Niagara  water-power 
pi  eject  were  engaged  in  convincing  capitalists  that  it  would  be 
commercially  profitable  to  undertake  and  complete  the  develop- 
ment of  Mr.  Evershed's  plan,  and  the  first  step  necessary  to  be 
taken  was  to  demonstrate  the  advantage  of  the  locality.  It  was 
shown  that  the  capacity  of  the  original  tunnel,  about  120,000 
horse-po\v'er,  would  exceed  the  combined  theoretical  horse-power 
of  Lawrence,  Lowell,  Holyoke,  Turners  Falls,  Manchester, 
Windsor  Locks,  Bellows  Falls  and  Cohoes,  and  would  very 
largely  exceed  the  actual  developed  power  of  all  these  places, 
and  Augusta,  Paterson  and  Minneapolis  in  addition.  Consider- 
ing the  further  right  to  construe!,  an  additional  tunnel  of  1 00,000 

971 


Niagara  Falls 

1895  horse-power   on   the   American    side,    and   to   develop   at   least 

etson  250,000  horse-power  on  the  Canadian  side,  it  was  readily  recog- 

nized how  vastly  this  local  development  promised,  in  extent,  to 
surpass  the  combined  water-powers  of  almost  any  American 
State  or  section. 

The  question  of  the  practical  importance  of  the  Niagara  power 
being  settled,  Mr.  Atkinson's  next  question  arose  as  to  the  advan- 
tages of  Niagara  as  a  locality,  and  to  this,  answer  was  readily 
made  by  pointing  out  that  there  in  the  very  heart  of  densest  popu- 
lation, touched  by  nearly  all  the  East  and  West  trunk-lines, 
within  a  night's  journey  of  Boston,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 
Washington,  Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Chicago, 
Toronto  and  Montreal,  was  a  natural  port  of  the  great  lakes, 
sustained  by  a  salubrious  and  fruitful  country  and  protected  by 
the  orderly  and  established  institutions  and  traditions  of  the  most 
opulent  and  populous  of  the  states  of  the  Union.  The  existence 
of  manufacturing  establishments  sufficient  to  exhaust  all  of  the 
power  then  supplied  by  the  hydraulic  canal,  and  the  subsequent 
applications  for  the  new  power,  were  and  are  the  complete 
answer  to  the  question  whether,  as  a  locality,  Niagara  would  be 
attractive  to  users  of  power. 

But  the  question  still  remained  whether  water-power  could  be 
used  successfully  in  competition  with  steam,  and  there  are  few 
places  in  respect  of  which  this  question  can  be  asked  with  more 
deadly  effect;  for,  in  the  city  of  Builalo,  and  indeed  through  the 
entire  length  of  the  district  lying  north  of  Pittsburgh,  good  steam- 
ing coal  can  be  obtained  at  less  than  $1.50  a  ton.  With  coal  at 
this  price,  it  would,  at  first,  seem  impracticable  to  establish  any 
power  plant  capable  of  operating  in  competition  with  sleam.  But 
a  careful  examination  has  satisfied  me,  at  least,  that  with  coal 
furnished  free  at  the  furnace  yard,  it  would  still  be  economical 
for  the  manufacturer  to  employ  water-power  such  as  that  at 
Niagara. 

(The  remainder  of  the  arlicle  describes  the  establishment  of  the  Cataract 
Construction   Company,   the   formation   and   purposes  of  the   International 

972 


Industrial  Niagara 

Niagara     Commission,     and     the     electrical     and     mechanical     problems      1895 
encountered  in  the  transmission  of  Niagara  power.)  Stetson 

Thomson,  Sylvanus  P.     Utilizing  Niagara.     (Sat.  rev.,  Aug.  3,     1895 

1895.  134-135.)  Thomson 

A  sketch  of  pioneer  work  in  electrical  transmission,  the  power 
machinery,  and  the  uses  and  price  of  Niagara  power. 

Unwin,  W.  CawthoRNE.     .     .     .     Mechanical  energy  and  industrial      1895 
progress.      (Cass.,  July,   1 895.     8:195-200.)  ^n^'" 

The  author  is  "  one  of  the  best  known  engineers,  authors  and  teachers 
of  engineering  science  in  England,  as  well  as  in  America.  He  was  a 
memher  of  the  International  Niagara  Falls  Commission." 

Writing  however  on  the  European  side  of  the  Atlantic,  it  will  be 
wisest, —  not  to  say  most  modest, —  to  avoid  details  and  to  deal,  in  prefer- 
ence, with  some  general  considerations  bearing  on  the  question  of  utilizing 
and  dist»-ibuting  power." 

So  the  author  says  and  so  he  does.  1  he  article  is  a  very  brief  account 
of  the  cost  of  power  as  an  item  in  the  cost  of  production,  and  the  economic 
advantage  of  water  power  over  steam.  According  to  Professor  Unwin, 
"  in  the  best  steam  eng^lnes  the  limit  of  possible  economy  has  been  nearly 
reached.  .  -  .  Nor  is  there  much  hope  of  considerable  economy  from 
the  improvement  of  other  heat  engines.  Short  of  going  to  Iceland,  there 
is  only  one  v\adely  distributed,  easily  utilizable  source  of  mechanical  energy, 
and  that  is  water  power." 

BuRBANK,  George  B.    The  construction  of  the  Niagara  tunnel,  wheel      ^'^95 
pit  and  canal.     (Cass.,  July,  1 895.     8:213-224.)  B"'^^^"'' 

A  detailed  description  of  the  masonry  lining  of  the  tunnel,  wheel  pit, 
and  canal  by  the  resident  consulting  engineer  and  later  chief  engineer  of 
the  construction  company. 

1896 

CoE,    Ben   F.      Evolution   of   Niagara  power.      (Coll.   w.,   May   28,      1896 

1896.  Pp.  11-12.)  Coe  "" 

Sketches  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing 
Company  and  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  developments,  and  of 
some  of  the  concerns  using  the  power. 

Dumas,  A.     L'utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara  pour  la  production  de      1896 
renergicelcctrique.      (Le  Genre  civil.      F"eb.  8.   1896.     28:225-228.)       Dumas 

973 


Niagara  Falls 

1896  Gives  the  general  plan  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Po'vcr  Company,  describes 

Dumas  the  system  of  distribution,   the  general  electric  installation,   tells  how  the 

power  developed  is  used  near  the  Falls  and  at  a  distance. 

1896  DUNLAP,  OrrIN  E.  Calcic  carbide  plant  at  Niagara  Falls.    (W.  dec, 

Dunlap  Jan.    18,   1896.      18:28-29.) 

This  is  a  description  of  the  first  plant  of  its  kind  in  America.  Its 
product  is  used  for  the  manufacture  of  acetylene  gas. 

"  One  important  feature  of  this  plant  is  that  an  alternating  current 
furnace  is  to  be  used,  whereas  all  the  other  electric  manufacturing  plants  at 
Niagara  Falls  use  vdirect  current." 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Conveying  the  roar  of  Niagara  by  telephone  to 
New  York.     (W.  elec,  May  30,  1 896.     1 8  :265.) 

A  brief  statement  of  the  process  by  which  the  roar  of  Niagara  Falls 
was  transmitted  to  an  electrical  exposition  in  New  York  by  telephone. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Electric  power  transmission  at  Niagara.  (W. 
elec,  Feb.  8,  1896.     18:61-62.) 

An  excellent  popular  account  of  the  rapid  progress  in  pov.^er  develop- 
ment. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  The  manufacture  of  carbon-ndum.  (Elec. 
power,  Jan.,   1896.     9:1-5.) 

An  interesting  nontechnical  description  of  the  process  of  making  car- 
borundum in  electric  furnaces  with  Niagara  power. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  The  manufacture  of  chemicals  by  Niagara 
power.      (Elec  eng.,  Sept.  9,  1896.     22:248-249.) 

A  description  of  the  plant  and  processes  of  the  Chemical  Construction 
Company. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  More  power  at  Niagara  Falls.  (W.  elec, 
March  21,  1896.     18:133-134.) 

"Written  at  the  time  of  the  erection  of  tlie  third  5,000  horse-power 
generator  in  the  central  station  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Pc/'er  Com.pany. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  New  pov/er  development  at  T^'iagara  Falls. 
(Cass.,  March,  1896.     9:484-487.) 

Description  of  the  installation  of  the  new  plant  of  the  Niagara  Fall? 
Mydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Company. 

974 


Industrial  Niagara 

DuNLAP,  Orrim  E.     Niagara  model  for  the  electric  exposition.     (W.      1896 
elec,  April   18.   1896.      18:181-182.)  Dunlap 

A  description  of  the  model  made  for  the  electric  exposition  at  New 
York  of  the  upper  Niagara,  the  city,  the  gorge,  the  Canadian  shore,  and 
the   Niagara   Power   Company  plant. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Nikola  Tesla  at  Niagara  Falls.  (W.  elec, 
Aug.  1,  1896.     19:55.) 

An  account  of  Tesla's  first  visit  to  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power   Company   and   his  impressions. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Old  hydraulic  canal  plant  at  Niagara  Falls 
transformed  for  electric  transmission.  (W.  elec,  Dec  5,  1896.  19: 
27.3-274.) 

An  account  of  the  changes  and  improvements  made  in  the  canal  prop- 
yl 13'  by  the  Niagara  Palls  Fiydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, especially  during  the  construction  of  its  new  plant  at  the  water's 
edge. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  One  year  of  electric  power  transmission  at 
Niagara  Falls.      (W.  elec,  April  4,  1896.     18:163.) 

A  review  of  the  achievements  of  the  first  year. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Transmission  of  Niagara  power  to  Buffalo. 
(Elec  eng.,  Oct.  28,    1896.      22:413-415.) 

A  description  of  th(^  construction  of  this  important  transmission  line. 

The   gorge   road   at   Niagara.      (Sci.   A.m.,    March   28,    1896.      74:       1896 
193-199.) 

Account  oi  this  road  ijeing  run  by  Niagara  power  from  the  Niagara 
I  alls   Hydraulic  Power   and   Manufacturiiig  Company. 

MarTLN,  Thomas  Commerford.     Niagara  on  tap.      (Jour.,  Frank.      1896 
i.-.st.    Oct.  &  Nov.,  1896.     142:287-302  and  354-366.)  ^^^-^'i" 

A  lecture  delivered  before   the  institute  January   3,    1896. 

Martin,  Thomas  Commerford.  The  utilization  of  Niagara, 
a-^rinted  ir.  Proc.  of  Royal  Inst,  of  Gr.   Br.      i  5:269-279.) 

"  Read  at  extra  evening  meeting  of  Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain, 
June  19,  1896."  From  the  extract  quoted  below  are  omitted  some  of 
liie  purely   technical   descriptions. 

975 


Niagara  Falls 

1896  The  broad  idea  of  the  utilisation  of  Niagara  is  by  no  means 

new,  for  even  as  early  as  1  725,  while  the  thick  woods  of  pine  and 
oak  were  still  haunted  by  the  stealthy  redskin,  a  miniature  saw- 
mill was  set  up  amid  the  roaring  water.  The  first  systematic  effort 
to  harness  Niagara  was  not  made  until  nearly  one  hundred  and 
fifty  years  later,  when  the  present  hydraulic  canal  was  dug  and 
the  mills  were  set  up  which  disfigure  the  banks  just  below  the 
stately  falls.  It  was  long  obvious  that  even  an  enormous  extension 
of  this  surface  canal  system  would  not  answer  for  the  proper 
utilisation  of  the  illimitable  energy  contained  in  a  vast  stream  of 
such  lofty  fall  as  that  of  Niagara. 

Niagara  is  the  point  at  which  are  discharged,  through  two 
narrowing  precipitous  channels  only  3,800  feet  wide  and  160  feet 
high,  the  contents  of  6,000  cubic  miles  of  water,  with  a  reservoir 
area  of  90,000  square  miles  draining  300,000  square  miles  of 
territory.  The  ordinary  overspill  of  this  Atlantic  set  on  edge  has 
been  determined  to  be  equal  to  about  275,000  cubic  feet  per 
second,  and  the  quantity  passing  is  estimated  as  high  as  1 00,000,- 
000  tons  of  water  per  hour. 

.  .  .  Between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario  there  is  a  total 
difference  of  level  of  300  feet  (fig.  1,),  and  the  amount  of 
power  represented  by  the  water  at  the  falls  has  been  estimated 
on  different  bases  from  6,750,000,  horsepcvv'er  up  to  not  less 
than  16,800.000  horsepower,  the  latter  being  a  rough  calcula- 
tion of  Sir  William  Siemens,  who,  in  1877,  was  the  first  to  sug- 
gest the  use  of  electricity  as  the  modern  and  feasible  agent  of 
converting  into  useful  power  some  of  this  m.ajestic  but  squandered 
energy. 

It  may  be  noted  that  the  water  passing  out  at  Niagara  is 
wonderfully  pure  and  '*  soft,"  contrasting  strongly,  therefore, 
with  the  other  body  of  water,  turbid  and  gritty  that  flo\vs  from 
the  north  out  through  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi.  The  annual 
recession  of  the  American  Fall,  of  7|/2  inches,  and  of  the  Horse- 
shoe, of  2.18  feet,  would  probably  have  been  much  greater  had. 
the  water  been  less  limpid. 

Q76 


Industrial  Niagara 

It  was  Mr.  Thomas  Evershed,  an  American  civil  engineer,     1896 
who  unfolded  the  plan  of  diverting  part  of  the  stream  at  a  con-  '^*'^^'" 
siderable   distance   above   the   falls,   so  that  no   natural   beauty 
would  be  interfered  with,  while  an  enormous  amount  of  power 
would  be  obtained  with  a  very  slight  reduction  in  the  volume  of 
the  stream  at  the  crest  of  the  falls. 

The  time  honored  plan  in  water-power  utilisation  has  been  to 
string  factories  along  a  canal  of  considerable  length,  with  but  a 
short  tail  race.  At  Niagara  the  plan  now  brought  under  notice  is 
that  of  a  short  canal  with  a  very  long  tail  race.  The  use  of  elec- 
tricity for  distributing  the  power  allows  the  factories  to  be  placed 
away  from  the  canal,  and  in  any  location  that  may  appear 
specially  desirable  or  advantageous. 

The  perfected  and  concentrated  Evershed  scheme  comprises  a 
short  surface  canal  250  feet  wide  at  its  mouth,  1 1/^  miles  above 
the  falls,  far  beyond  the  outlying  Three  Sisters  Islands,  with  an 
intake  inclined  obliquely  to  the  Niagara  River.  This  canal 
extends  inwardly  1 ,700  feet,  and  has  an  average  depth  of  some 
1 2  feet,  thus  holding  water  adequate  to  the  development  of  about 
1 00,000  horse-power.  The  mouth  of  the  canal  is  600  feet  from 
the  shore  line  proper,  and  considerable  work  was  necessary  in  its 
protection  and  excavation.  The  bed  is  now  of  clay,  and  the  side 
walls  are  of  solid  masonry  I  7  feet  high,  8  feet  at  the  base,  and 
3  feet  at  the  top.  The  northeastern  side  of  the  canal  is  occupied 
by  a  power  house,  and  is  pierced  by  ten  inlets  guarded  by  sentinel 
gates,  each  being  the  separate  entrance  to  a  wheel  pit  in  the  power 
house,  where  the  water  is  used  and  the  power  is  secured.  The 
water  as  quickly  as  used  is  carried  off  by  a  tunnel  to  the  Niagara 
River  again. 

The  massive  canal  power  house  is  a  handsome  building, 
designed  by  Stanford  White,  and  likely  to  stand  until  Niagara, 
ppendihrift  fashion,  has  consumed  its  way  backward,  through  its 
own  crumbling  strata  of  shale  and  limestone,  to  the  base  of  it. 
Tliis  building  is  outwardly  of  hard  limestone  and  inwardly  of 
enamel  brick  and  ordinary  brick  coated  with  white  enamel  paint. 

62  ^77 


Niagara  Falls 

1896  It  is  200  feet  in  length  at  present,  and  has  a  50-ton  Sellers  elec- 

Martin  j.j.j^  traveling  crane  for  the  placing  of  machinery  and  the  handling 

of  any  parts  that  need  repair. 

It  is  a  curious  fact  that  the  proposal  to  transmit  the  energy  of 
Niagara  long  distance  over  wire  should  have  been  regarded  with 
so  much  doubt  and  scepticism,  and  that  the  courageous  backers 
of  the  enterprise  should  have  needed  time  to  demonstrate  that  they 
were  neither  knaves  nor  fools,  but  simply  brave,  far-seeing 
men. 

We  must  not  overlook  some  of  the  fantastic  schemes  proposed 
for  transmitting  the  power  of  Niagara  before  electricity  was 
adopted.  One  of  them  was  to  hitch  the  turbines  to  a  big  steel 
shaft  running  through  New  York  State  from  east  to  west,  so  that 
where  the  shaft  passed  a  town  or  factory  all  you  had  to  do  was 
to  hitch  on  a  belt  or  some  gear  wheels,  and  thus  take  off  all  the 
power  wanted.  Not  much  less  expensive  was  the  plan  to  have  a 
big  tube  from  New  York  to  Chicago,  with  Niagara  Falls  at  the 
center,  and  with  the  Niagara  turbines  hitched  to  a  monster  air 
compressor,  which  should  compress  the  air  under  250  pounds 
pressure  to  the  square  inch  in  the  tube. 

So  far  as  actual  electrical  long-distance  transmission  from 
Niagara  is  concerned,  it  can  only  be  said  to  be  in  the  embryonic 
stage,  for  the  sole  reason  that  for  nearly  a  year  past  the  Power 
Company  has  been  unable  to  get  into  Buffalo,  and  that  not  until 
last  year  was  it  able  to  arrive  at  acceptable  conditions,  satisfactory 
to  itself  and  to  the  city.  Work  is  now  being  pushed,  and  by  June, 
1 897.  power  from  the  Falls  will,  by  contract  v^/ith  the  city  be  in 
regular  delivery  to  the  local  consumption  circuits  at  Buffalo. 
Recent  official  investigations  have  shown  that  steam  power  in 
large  bulk  costs  today  in  Buffalo  £10  per  year  per  horsepower 
and  upward.  Evidently  Niagara  power,  starting  at  £2  on  the 
turbine  shaft  or  say  less  than  £4  on  the  line,  has  a  good  margin 
for  effective  competition  with  steam  in  Buffalo. 

What  this  enterprise  at  Niagara  aims  to  do  is  not  to  monopolise 

978 


Industrial  Niagara 

the  power  but  to  distribute  it,  and  it  makes  Niagara,  more  than  it  1896 
ever  was  before,  common  property.  After  all  is  said  and  done, 
very  few  people  ever  see  the  falls,  and  then  only  for  a  chance 
holiday  once  in  a  lifetime;  but  now  the  useful  energy  of  the 
cataract  is  made  cheaply  and  immediately  available  every  day  in 
the  year  to  hundreds  and  thousands,  even  millions  of  people,  in  an 
endless  variety  of  ways. 

We  must  not  omit  from  our  survey  the  Erie  Canal,  in  the 
revival  and  greater  utilisation  of  which  as  an  important  highway 
of  commerce  Niagara  power  is  expected  to  play  no  mean  part. 
In  competition  with  the  steam  railway,  canals  have  suffered  greatly 
the  last  fifty  years.  In  the  United  States,  out  of  4,468  miles  of 
canal  built  at  a  cost  of  £40,000,000  about  one-half  has  been 
abandoned  and  not  much  of  the  rest  pays  expenses.  Yet  the  canals 
have  enormous  carrying  capacity,  and  a  single  boat  will  hold  as 
much  as  twenty  freight  cars.  The  New  York  State  authorities 
have  agreed  to  conditions  by  which  Niagara  energy  can  be  used 
to  propel  the  canal  boats  at  the  rate  of  £4  per  horsepower 
year.  Where  steamboat  haulage  for  242  tons  of  freight  now 
costs  about  6|/2d.  a  boat  mile,  it  is  estimated  that  electric  haul- 
age will  cost  not  to  exceed  5|/4d.,  while  with  the  energy  from 
Niagara  at  only  £4  per  horsepower  per  year  it  will  cost  much 
less.  Some  two  years  ago  the  first  attempt  was  made  in  the 
United  States  on  the  Erie  Canal  with  the  canal  boat  "  F.  W. 
Hawley,"  when  the  trolley  system  was  used  with  the  motor  on  the 
boat  as  it  is  on  an  electric  car,  driving  the  propellor  as  if  it  were 
the  car  wheels.  Another  plan  is  that  of  hauling  the  boat  from 
the  towpath,  and  that  is  what  is  now  being  done  with  the  electric 
system  of  Mr.  Richard  Lamb  on  the  Erie  canal  at  Tonawanda, 
near  Niagara.  Imagine  an  elevator  shaft  working  lengthwise 
instead  of  vertically.  There  is  placed  on  poles  a  heavy  fixed 
cable  on  which  the  motor  truck  rests,  and  a  lighter  traction  cable 
is  also  strung  that  is  taken  up  and  paid  out  by  a  sheave  as  the 
motor  propels  itself  along  and  pulls  the  canal  boat  to  which  it  is 
attached.     If  the  boats  come  from  opposite  directions  they  simply 

979 


Niagara  Falls 


1896 

Marrin 


1896 


1896 


1896 


exchange  motors,  just  as  they  might  mules  or  locomotives,  and  go 
on  without  delay. 

The  American  company  has  also  preempted  the  great  utilisa- 
tion of  the  Canadian  share  of  Niagara's  energy.  The  plan  for 
this  work  proposes  the  erection  of  two  power  houses  of  a  total 
ultimate  capacity  of  125,000  horsepower.  Each  power  house  is 
fed  by  its  own  canal  and  is  therefore  an  independent  unit.  Owing 
to  the  better  lay  of  the  land,  the  tunnels  carrying  off  the  water 
discharged  from  the  turbines  on  the  Canadian  side  will  have 
lengths  respectively  of  only  300  and  800  feet,  thus  avoiding  the 
extreme  length  and  cost  unavoidable  on  the  American  side.  With 
both  the  Canadian  and  American  plants  fully  developed,  no  less 
than  350,000  horsepower  will  be  available.  The  stationary 
engines  now  in  use  in  New  York  State  represent  only  500,000 
horsepower.  Yet  the  350,000  horsepower  are  but  one  twentieth 
of  the  7,000,000  horsepower  which  Professor  Unwin  has  esti- 
mated the  falls  to  represent  theoretically.  If  the  350,000  horse- 
power were  estimated  at  £4  per  year  per  horsepower,  and  should 
replace  the  same  amount  of  steam  power  at  £1 0  the  annual  saving 
for  power  in  New  York  State  alone  would  be  more  than 
£2,000,000  per  year. 

Martin,  Thomas  Commerford.  The  utilization  of  Niagara.  (Ann. 
rep'ts  Smith,  inst.     1896.     5  1  :pt.   1 ,  223-232.) 

The  new  water  power  development  below  Niagara  Falls.  (Eng.  news, 
Mar.  26,   1896.     35:201.) 

A  description  of  the  new  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power 
and  Manufacturing  Company. 

Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  power  plant.  (Sci.  Am.,  April  4,  1896. 
74:215.) 

Description  of  the  turbine  water  wheels. 

Power  interests  at  Niagara  Falls.  (W.  elec,  Mar.  14,  1896. 
18:127.) 

Editorial  on  proposed  legislation  in  favor  of  the  power  companies  and 
regarding  power  transmission  from  Canada. 

980 


Industrial  Niagara 

Replogle,  Mark  A.  Electricity  and  water  power  and  their  inter-  1896 
relations;  a  popular  treatise.  N.  Y. :  Elec.  Rev.  Pub.  Co.  1 896.  Replogle 
Pp.  132-146. 

The  whole  book  is  written  in  popular  style  and  contains  one  chapter  on 
*'  The  Greatest  of  Electric  Water  Power  Propositions,  Niagara  Falls." 

Richardson,  Alex.    Niagara  Falls  and  water-power.   Good  words,     i896 

(Lond.)    Mar.,    1896.      Pp.    183-189.)  Richardson 

A  brief  description  of  the  Niagara  works.  There  is  much  digression 
about  the  small  power  developments  in  various  parts  of  Great  Britain. 

Trolley  to  cross  Niagara.     (St.  ry.  rev.,  Feb.  15,  1896.     6:109.)  1896 

The  writer  of  this  article  believes  this  railroad  project  to  be  the  "  most 
marked  effect  yet  seen  of  the  electric  development  at  Niagara." 

TuTTLE,  W.  E.  Electricity  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.,  Mar.  7,  igge 
1896.    27:256.)  Tuttle 

A  description  of  a  new  plant  under  construction  by  the  Niagara  Falls 
Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Company  which  it  was  tliought 
would  produce  the  cheapest  power  for  the  money  invested  of  any  plant 
in  this  country. 

Wood,  De  VolSON.  A  turbine  of  the  Niagara  power  company.  1896 
(Am.  mach..  Jan.  23.  1896.     19:106-107.)  Wood 

1  he  possibilities  of  a  large  turbine  of  the  Fourneyron  type  based  upon 
data  supplied  by  Professor  Coleman  Sellers. 

(The)    Niagara    Falls  electric   power   plant.      (Sci.    Am.,    Jan.   25.      1896 
1896.     74:55.) 

"A  description  of  the  power  house  with  its  water  connections  and 
electric  plant.  The  illustrations  show  the  relation  of  the  surface  canal, 
whicji  takes  water  from  the  Niagara  River  above  the  falls,  to  the  power 
house." 

Niagara  power  for  the  Buflalo  railway  system..  (St.  ry.  jour.,  Dec,  1896 
1896.     12:772-775.) 

A  description  of  the  methods  by  which  Niagara  power  is  supplied  to 
the  Buffalo  railway  system. 

1897 

AUBERT,  F.  Transport  de  force  par  I'electricite  des  chutes  du  Niagara  1897 
a  Buffalo.      (Le  Genre  Civil.     July24,   1S97.      31:201-202.)  Auber, 

Description  of  the  transmission  line,  the  transformers,  etc. 

9S1 


Niagara  Falls 

1897  BlaNCHARD,  Frank   Leroy.      Niagara  power  at  Buffalo.      (Harp. 

Blanchard       w.,  June  5.  1 897.    41:569-570.) 

An  account  of  "  how  the  electric  current  is  brought  over  the  twenty-six 
miles  of  wire  to  Buffalo." 

1897  Cazin,  F.  M.   F.      Niagara  power.      (Elec.   wld.,  July   17.    1897. 

Cazin  30:72-74.) 

According  to  the  author,  the  purpose  of  his  paper  "  is  to  discuss  the 
features  of  power  absorption  from  the  falling  waters  as  actually  prac- 
tised, and  to  indicate  a  line  for  improved  methods  and  machinery." 

1897  DUNLAP,   Orrin   E.     Additional  power  facilities  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Dunlap  (W.  elec.  Nov.  27.  1897.    21:299-301.) 

Account  of  the  enlargement  of  the  existing  plants  on  the  American  side, 
and  the  Canadian  projects. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  The  extension  of  the  power  plant  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  power  company.     (Eng.  news.  Oct.  14.  1897.     38:242.) 

The  extension  of  the  wheel  pit  and  erection  of  the  new  power  house 
described  with  special  reference  to  nevv'  methods  employed. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Lord  Kelvin  and  the  Niagara  power  trans- 
mission.     (Elec.  eng..  Aug.  26.  1897.) 

An  account  of  an  interview  with  Lord  Kelvin,  the  president  of  the 
International    Niagara   Commission. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Power  transmission  from  Niagara  Falls.  (Cass.. 
Jan.,  1897.     11:197-204.) 

An  account  of  the  Niagara— Buffalo  transmission  line.  According  to 
Mr.  Dunlap,  "it  is  probable  that  no  pole  line  was  ever  better  constructed 
than  that  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Buffalo."  The  article,  which  is  non- 
technical, descriptive  and  historical,  may  also  be  found  in  the  Journal 
of  the  Western  Society  of  Engineers,  January.  1897,  vol.  2,  pages  80-84. 

1897  (The)    Electric   features  of   Niagara.      (Elec.   wld.,   June   5,    1897. 

29:719-734.) 

Contains  a  number  of  articles  and  views  on  transmission,  power  and 
its  applications. 

1897  (The)    Electric  railways  of  the  Niagara  river  region.      (St.  ry.  jour., 

Oct..  1897.     13:585-611.) 

A  full  account  of  the  way  in  which  Niagara  electric  railways  are  using 
Niagara  Falls  power. 

982 


Industrial  Niagara 

Electrical  development  at  Niagara  Falls.     The  new  wheel-pit.     (Elec.      1897 
rev.,  April  14.  1897.    30:169-170.) 

Account  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  extension. 

Electricity  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Am.  elec,  June,  1  897.     9:211-219.)       1897 

"A  profusely  illustrated  article  on  the  present  state  of  the  various  elec- 
trical industries  at  Niagara. 

"  The  subject  of  this  article  is  perhaps  the  most  hackneyed  in  the  entire 
range  of  periodical  literature;  indeed,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  com- 
mercial development  in  any  branch  of  industry  which  has  been  more 
exhaustively  described.  In  what  follows  therefore,  no  attempt  will  be 
made  to  give  the  usual  journalistic  descriptions,  but  instead  a  brief  and 
concise  review  will  be  presented  of  the  present  situation  at  Niagara  with 
respect  to  electrical  development,  with  particular  reference  to  the  newest 
applications  and  to  details  of  operation." 

Electro-chemistry   at   Niagara   Falls.      (Pub.    opin.,    July   22,    1897.       1897 
23:111.) 

An  excerpt  from  an  article  on  this  subject  by  Frederick  Overbury  in 
the  July  number  of  Cassier's  Magazine. 

(The)  Falls  harnessed.     (St.  ry.  jour.,  Oct.  15,  1897.     7:660-668.)       1897 
A  historical  study  of  two  of  the  power  companies  at  the  Falls. 

Fitzgerald.  Francis  A.     The  manufacture  and  development  of     1897 
carborundum    at    Niagara    Falls.       (Jour.    Frank,    inst.       Feb.     1897.  Fi^^g^a'd 
143:80-96.) 

An  interesting  lecture  by  the  chemical  engineer  of  the  carborundum 
works,  delivered  before  the  Franklin  institute,  December  11,  1 896,  and 
dealing  with  the  evolution  of  the  carborundum  furnace,  the  process,  and 
the  uses  and  advantages  of  carborundum.  According  to  Mr.  Fitzgerald 
the  carborundum  industry  "  stands  as  a  conspicuous  illustration  of  the 
possibilities  of  the  electric  furnace  as  the  source  of  hitherto  unknown  and 
valuable  products." 

Haskin,  J.   R.     The  Niagara   Falls  and   Lewiston  railway.      (Elec.      1897 
wld.,  June5,   1897.   29:725.)  Haskin 

An  account  of  the  building  of  the  road,  the  difficulties  encountered,  the 
equipment,  and  the  use  of  Niagara  Falls  power, 

983 


Niagara  Falls 

1897  Local  distribution  of  the  cataract  power  at  Niagara  Falls.    (Elec.  eng., 

Feb.  10.  1897.    23:153.) 

Contains  a  map  showing  the  location  of  factories  using  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company's  power  at  Niagara  Falls. 

1897  New  uses  for  Niagara  power.    (Elec.  eng.,  June  23,  1897.   23:729.) 

Account  of  power  from  Niagara  used  for  elevators  in  Buffalo. 

1897  (The)     Niagara-Buffalo    transmission    line.       (Elec.    rev.,    June    23, 

30,  1897.     30:298-310.) 

Read  before  the  National  Electric  Light  Association  June  9,  1897, 
by  J.  G.  White. 

1897  (The)    Niagara-Buffalo  transmission  line.      (Elec.   rev.,  July  7,    14, 

1897.     31:4,   16-17.) 

Read  before  the  National  Electric  Light  Association  June  9,  1897, 
by  J.  G.  While.      (Concluded  from  vol.  30,  p.  310.) 

1897  Niagara   Falls  hydraulic  power  and  manufacturing  company.      (Elec. 

wld.,  June  5,   1897.     29:730.) 

The  tremendous  impetus  that  has  been  given  to  the  operations 
of  this  company  by  the  installation  of  electrical  apparatus  is  worthy 
of  note.  For  nearly  fort}^  years,  nothing  was  done  with  the 
gigantic  power  available  at  the  point  where  their  works  are 
located  other  than  the  grinding  of  flour,  and  the  manufacture  of 
paper  by  the  Cliff  Paper  Company.  Now  that  electric  trans- 
mission has  added  a  new  means  to  those  at  the  disposal  of 
engineers  this  plant  has  increased  greatly  in  size  and  is  already  a 
formidable  competitoi  to  the  Niagara  F  alls  Power  Company, 
which  operates  the  hydraulic  tunnel. 

1897  (  Fhe)    Niagara  Falls  po\vcr  company.      (Elec.  wld.,  June  3,    1897. 

29:721-723.) 

Perhaps  no  plant  has  ever  been  so  much  and  so  fully  described 
as  that  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company.  The  colossal 
hydraulic  developments  which  were  undertaken  to  supply  po^ver 

for  the  generation  of  electric  current  on  a  scale  hitherto  unknown, 
the  enormous  machinery  v.-hich  was  installed,  the  serious  attempt 


Industrial  Niagara 

to  transmit  a  very  great  power  to  a  considerable  distance,  and  the     1897 
discussion  by  electricians  the  world  over  of  the  problems  involved 
in  its  construction,  have  all  contributed  to  make  it  the  most  inter- 
testing  development  of  the  electric  arts. 

Niagara  power.     (Elec.  rev..  July  7,  1897.     31:10.)  1897 

A  lecture  delivered  before  the  National  Electric  Light  Association  at 
Niagara  Falls  June  9,  1897,  by  L.  B.  Stillwell.  He  calls  Niagara  "a 
great  solar  engine,"  and  deals  with  the  actual  and  potential  types  of  trans- 
mission and  its  limitations. 

Niagara  power  in  Buffalo.     (Elec.  rev..  Dec.  29,   1897.     31  :309.)      1897 

Two  of  the  largest  grain  elevators  in  the  world,  built  in 
Buffalo,  New  York,  during  the  summer,  at  a  cost  of  nearly 
$1,000,000  are  now  successfully  using  vast  quantities  of  the  new 
Niagara  Falls  power,  and  within  a  few  weeks,  and  as  soon  as 
the  necessary  electric  machinery  can  be  installed,  the  wheels  and 
machinery  of  the  Union  Drydock,  one  of  the  leading  shipbuilding 
plants  on  the  Great  Lakes,  will  also  be  turned  by  the  Falls  cur- 
rent. .  .  .  The  Great  Northern  Elevator  receives  1 ,000 
horse-power  and  the  new  Electric  Elevator  450  horse-power, 
while  the  Union  Drydock  Company  will  use  between  500  and 
1 ,000  horse-power. 

Calcium  carbide.     (Elec.  wld.,  June  5,  1 897.     29:733-734.)  1897 

A  feature  of  peculiar  interest  in  connection  with  this  process 
for  the  manufacture  of  the  so-called  rival  to  the  incandescent 
light  is  that  the  calcium  carbide,  upon  which  its  commercial 
manufacture  largely  depends,  is  the  product  of  the  electric 
furnace,  and  can  only  be  commercially  manufactured  by  the  aid 
of  electricity. 

Kr.NNEDY,   William,   Jr.      Canadian   water  powers.      With   :-pecial      1S97 

reference  to  the  utilization  for  electrical  purposes.  (British  assoc.  for  the '^^""^°y 

advancement  of  science.      I  oronlo  meeting,   1897.  Handbook  of  Canada. 
Toronto:      1897.      Chap.   8,   pp.    385-387.) 

A  brief  consideration  of  the  charter  and  equipment  of  the  Canadian 
Niagara  Power  Company  projects. 

985 


Niagara  Falls 


1897 


1897 

Overbury 


1897 

Rankine 


1897 


1898 

Dunlap 


1898 

Foster 


1898 


1898 

Knight 


Lord  Kelvin's  views  on  Niagara  development.      (W.  elec,  Aug.  21, 

1897.  21:109.) 

Lord  Kelvin  visited  the  Falls  in  August,  1897,  and  this  article  is  the 
summary  of  the  views  he  expressed  at  that  time,  as  prepared  for  the  West- 
ern Electrician  by  its  Niagara  correspondent. 

Overbury,  Frederick.  Electro-chemistry  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Cass., 
July.  1897.     12:227-230.) 

Has  special  reference  to  the  Chemical  Construction  Company,  manu- 
facturers of  chlorate  of  potash. 

Rankine,  William  B.  The  accomplished  utilization  of  Niagara. 
(Elec.  eng.,  Jan.   6,    1897.      23:21.) 

Written  by  the  secretary  of  the  Niagara  Power  Company.  It  calls 
for  more  power  and  gives  a  list  of  contracts  for  power  up  to  November, 
1896,  totaling  25,625  horse  power. 

White,  J.  G.  The  electric  power  transmission  line  between  Niagara 
Falls  and  Buffalo.     (St.  ry.  jour.,  July,  1897.    13:425-427.) 

A  popular  account  of  the  construction  of  this  famous  power  trans- 
mission line. 

1898 

Dunlap,  OrrIN  E.  Developing  power  of  lower  Niagara.  (W.  elec, 
June  18.   1898.     22:360.) 

Five  plans  for  the  development  of  power  at  the  rapids  of  the  lower  river. 
Foster,  Horatio  A.     Niagara  power  in  Buffalo.      (W.  elec,  Jan.  8, 

1898.  22:26-27.) 

A  discussion  of  the  development,  distribution,  and  cost  of  Niagara 
power  together  with  other  questions. 

(A)  Great  power  house  at  Niagara.  (Sci.  Am.,  June  18,  1898. 
78:393-394.) 

A  full  and  rather  technical  description  of  recent  power  developments 
at  the  Falls. 

Knight,  S.  S.  The  new  twenty-five  hundred  horse  power  turbines  at 
Niagara.     (Sci.  Am..  Dec   10,  1898.     79:373-374.) 

A  description  of  the  Geyelln-Johval  horizontal  axis  turbines  which  had 
just  been  installed. 


986 


Industrial  Niagara 

1899 

(The)   Power  of  Niagara.      (Pub.  opin..  Sept.   7.    1899.    27:303.)      1899 

Editorial  comment  on  figures  from  the  London  Times  showing  the 
amount  of  power  drawn  by  factories  served  by  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company. 

BiRKlNBINE,  John.     Proposed  water-power  improvement  in  the  gorge      1899 
of    the    Niagara    River,    New    York.       (Proc.    eng.    club,    Phila.      Jan.,  Birkinbine 
1899.     16:38-45.) 

Outlines  of  a  plan  for  diverting  a  portion  of  the  river  into  a  canal  to 
deliver  1  0,000  cubic  feet  per  second  at  a  moderate  velocity  for  the  pro- 
duction of  35,000  horse  power. 

(The)  Birkinbine  plan  for  utilizing  Niagara  gorge  power.    (Elec.  eng.,      1899 
N.  Y.     Feb.  9,  1899.) 

(The)     Canadian    power    plant.        (Elec.     wld..    Jan.     14.     1899.       1899 
33:47-49.) 

A  description  of  the  installation  of  the  plant  with  views  of  the  machinery. 
The  article  states  that  "  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  river  there  is  but  one 
hydraulic  power  plant  in  operation,  supplying  power  to  the  lines  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  Park  and  River  Railway  Company  and  equipped  also  with 
two  generators  belonging  to  the  Canadian-Niagara  Power  Company." 

Henry,   Georges,      Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara.      £tat  actual      1899 
des  installations   hydro-electriques.      (Le  Genre  Civil.      June    17,    1899."^'^ 
35:101-105.) 

Description  of  the  building,  the  wheel  pit,  the  turbines,  lubrication,  elec- 
trical matters,  the  capacity  and  the  conclusions  to  be  drawn. 

(The)    Hydraulic  features  of  Niagara  power.      (Elec.  wld.,  Jan.    14,       1899 
1899.) 

Editorial  summary  of  various  plans  for  the  hydraulic  equipment. 

Johnson,  Wallace  C.  Power  development  at  Niagara  Falls  other  1899 
than  that  of  the  Niagara  Power  Company.  (Jour,  ass'n  eng.  soc.  Aug.,  Jo"n*°" 
1899.    23:78-90.) 

A  paper  read  in  1  896  and  dealing  with  early  power  developments. 

(The)  Power  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  power  and  manu-  1899 
facturing  company.      (Elec.  wld.,  Jan.    14,   1899.     33:43-46.) 

987 


Niagara  Falls 

1899  Description  of  the  machinery  and  system  of  this  plant,  which  "  is  laid 

out  on  more  conservative  lines  than  that  of  its  neighbor  up  the  river,  and 
is  certainly  subject  to  far  lower  fixed  charges  per  kilowatt  output." 

1899  Rafter,  George  W.     Water  resources  of  the  State  of  New  York. 

Rafter  Pt.  2.      (Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  sur- 

vey. No.  25.     Wash.:     1899.     Pp.  135-143.) 

A  short  discussion  of  the  history  of  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls, 
with  special  reference  to  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manu- 
facturing Company  and  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company.  Illustrated 
with  views  and  diagrams. 

1899  WooDBRIDGE,  J.   E.    The  Niagara   Falls  power  plant.     (Elec.   wld., 

Woodbridge    Jan.  7,  1899.     33:3-15.) 

Gives  a  full  description  of  the  plant, —  the  supeistructure,  the  wheel 
pits,  the  hydraulic  passages,  the  turbines,  the  oiling  system,  the  governors, 
the  electrical  generators,  the  switchboards,  the  exciters,  the  lines,  the 
transformers,  and  the  loads. 

No  better  proof  of  the  success  of  the  original  installation  from 
a  mechanical  and  electrical  standpoint  can  be  offered  than  the 
absence  of  any  important  changes  in  the  recent  additions.  These 
have  been  made,  as  the  above  description  shows,  with  only  detail 
modifications,  not  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  the  whole  installa- 
tion uniform  but  solely  because  the  original  general  plan  was 
found  to  be  the  best  one.  A  consideration  of  the  state  of  the 
art  at  the  time  the  main  features  of  the  original  plant  were  settled, 
namely,  1 890  and  1  89 1 ,  will  show  the  remarkable  foresight  of 
the  members  of  the  original  commission.  Multiphase  work  was 
absolutely  unknown  in  this  country;  the  only  alternating-current 
apparatus  consisted  of  small  single-phase  belted  machines,  never 
run  in  parallel  and  never  running  motors.  There  were  no  records 
of  experience  from  which  to  draw  conclusions  as  to  the  relative 
merits  of  two-phase  or  three-phase  systems,  as  to  the  proper 
frequency  within  limits  of  10  to  100  cycles  per  second;  there 
was  no  available  data  on  the  difficulties  to  be  anticipated  with 
high  voltages  other  than  that  of  the  Lauffen-Frankfurt  test 
transmission  which  carried,  comparatively  speaking,  a  very  small 

08S 


Industrial  Niagara 

amount  of  power  and  that  with  considerable  trouble.     The  size     1899 
of  the  units  adopted  was  far  greater  than  anything  ever  before  "  ^^ 

attempted.  The  type  was  absolutely  new,  the  peripheral  speed 
was  extremely  high,  the  weight  of  the  rotating  parts  was  many 
times  greater  than  that  of  any  machinery  previously  built  on  ver- 
tical shafts,  and  the  speed  of  rotation  was  high.  The  daring 
nature  of  the  undertaking  was  only  equalled  by  the  care  with 
which  the  best  expert  advice  to  be  obtained  the  world  over  was 
considered  and  made  use  of.  One  remarkable  feature  of  the 
plant  as  a  whole  is  the  fact  that  the  changes  in  the  electrical  equip- 
ment have  been,  as  a  rule,  far  less  than  those  of  the  hydraulic, 
and  in  the  two  new  machines  which  will  soon  be  contracted  for 
there  will  be  absolutely  no  changes  from  the  last  five,  while  the 
new  turbines  will  be  subject  to  several  modifications. 

1900 

Cheap  electricity   for   all.      (Conservation  Commission  of  the  State  of      1900 
New  York.     N.  d.) 

A  tiny  pamphlet  on  the  undeveloped  hydraulic  power  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  Including  that  at  Niagara,  pointing  out  the  advantages  which 
would  accrue  from  vesting  the  water  powers  of  the  State  in  the  hands  of  a 
commission  similar  to  the  Hydro-Electric  Commission  of  Ontario. 

G.  H.     Installation  Hydro-electrique  des  chutes  du  Niagara.    Nouveaux      1900 
developpements.      (Le  Genre  Civil.     Mar.  3,   1900.     26:280-302.)  "^^  ^^• 

Describes  the  changes  in  developm.ent  and  in  the  mode  of  exploitation. 

Niagara   Falls  industrial   number.       (Sci.   Am.   supp.,   Mar.    3,    1900.       1900 
49:20207-20220.) 

A  number  devoted  to  the  history,  geology  and  industries  of  Niagara 
Falls. 

L.a  nouvelle  fosse  aux  turbines  d  I'usinc  hydro-cleclriquc  de  la  Niagara       1900 
halls  power  company  a  Niagara  Falls.     (Le  Genre  Civil.     June  1  6,  1900. 
37:123.) 

Niagara  power.      (Cur.  lit.,  Aug.,    1900.      29:127-128.)  1900 

A  brief  but  lucid  article  abridged  from  t!ie  New  York  Evening  Post, 
explaining  how  the  use  of  Niagara  power  became  possible. 

9S9 


Niagara  Falls 

1900  Pioneer  work  at  Niagara.       (Am.  elec,  Jan.,  1900.       12:38.) 

Editorial  on  new  problems  presented  and  solved. 

1900  Power  of  the  flood.     (Cur.  lit..  Aug..  1900.     29:127-128.) 

An  editorial  on  the  utilization  of  Niagara  power  and  the  futiHty  of 
trying  to  popularize  electrical  science. 

1900  WooDBRIDGE,  J.  E.     The  development  and  extension  of  the  Niagara 
Woodbridge     power  system  up  to  date.     (Am.  elec.  Jan.,  1900.     12:1-20.) 

An  account  "  replete  v\ath  valuable  illustrations  and  information  on 
the  most  advanced  developments  of  polyphase  work." 

1901 

1901  Andrews,    William    C.      How   Niagara   has   been   "  harnessed." 
Andrews         (R.  of  R.,  Junc,  1 90 1 .    23:694-697.) 

A  clear  and  interesting  sketch  of  the  history  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company  together  with  a  description  of  its  equipment,  the  difficulties  and 
problems  of  power  transmission,  and  the  uses  of  the  power  developed. 

1901  Buck,   Harold  W.     Niagara   Falls  power.      (Cass.,   May,    1901. 

Buck  20:3-20.) 

In  this  article  Mr.  Buck  gives  the  history  of  power  development  at 
Niagara  since  1895,  the  present  capacity  of  the  power  house  of  the 
Niagara  Fails  Power  Company,  the  classes  of  service,  the  various  indus- 
tries supplied,  the  amount  and  kind  of  power  used  and  the  probable  future 
lines  of  development.  In  a  word,  the  status  of  power  distribution  from 
tlie  power  house  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  in  1  90 1  and  the 
probable  lines  of  development  in  the  future. 

Probably  more  has  been  wirtten  about  electric  power  develop- 
ment at  Niagara  Falls  than  about  any  other  power  plant  in  the 
world,  partly  because  it  is  the  largest  electric  plant  in  operation, 
involving  remarkable  features  of  hydraulic  and  electrical  engineer- 
ing, and  partly  also  because  the  power  is  furnished  by  the  most 
famous  waterfall  in  existence.  Few,  however,  are  familiar  with 
the  remarkable  growth,  during  the  past  few  years,  of  the  indus- 
trial system  which  receives  its  supply  of  energy  from  the  Niagara 
generators,  and  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  article  to  outline  the  many 

99Q 


o 


Industrial  Niagara 

uses   to   which   the   power   has   already   been   appHed   and   the     1901 
engineering  methods  by  which  it  has  been  accompHshed. 

In  electrical  engineering  to-day  a  polyphase  alternating-current 
system  is  considered  the  only  rational  system  to  install  for  general 
power  distribution.  Ten  years  ago,  however,  at  the  beginnings 
of  the  Niagara  power  enterprise,  the  application  of  energy  to 
industrial  uses  was  on  a  basis  quite  different  from  that  of  to-day, 
and  the  only  factories  which  could  be  considered  available  as 
customers  for  such  a  power  development  were  those  who  required 
on  their  premises  mechanical,  and  not  electrical,  power.  Conse- 
quently, schemes  suggested  then,  which  now  seem  somewhat  fan- 
tastic, for  transmitting  power  from  the  Falls  by  compressed  air 
and  various  other  means,  deserved,  at  that  time,  more  serious  con- 
sideration. The  arts  of  electric  lighting,  electric  traction,  and, 
above  all,  electro-chemistry,  were  only  just  beginning,  and  had 
not  assumed  the  vast  proportions  of  the  present  time,  so  that  trans- 
mission of  Niagara  power  by  electrical  methods  did  not  have  the 
arguments  in  its  favor  that  it  has  now.  To-day  the  large  majority 
of  the  users  of  Niagara  power  are  those  who  require  on  their 
premises  not  mechanical  power,  but  electrical  current  for  lighting, 
smelting,  electrolysis,  or  traction. 

Considering  this,  it  is  remarkable  that,  at  that  time,  in  spite  of 
the  undeveloped  state  of  electrical  engineering  and  the  prejudice 
existing  against  the  alternating  current,  the  engineers  connected 
with  the  Niagara  enterprise  should  have  had  foresight  enough  to 
select  for  the  power  plant  the  polyphase  system,  which  stands 
to-day  as  modern  and  meets  every  requirement  of  the  latest 
developments  in  the  application  of  energy  to  industry.  Every 
user  of  Niagara  power  requires  his  current  delivered  in  some 
special  form,  and  it  is  here  that  the  flexibility  of  the  low  fre- 
quency, polyphase,  alternating-current  system  demonstrates  its 
value. 

DuNLAP,  OrRIN  E.     The  wonderful  story  of  the  chaining  of  Niagara.       190I 
(Wld's  work,  Aug..   1901.     2:1052-1054.)  Dunlap 

991 


Niagara  Falls 

1901  G.   H.      La  nouvelle  fosse   aux  turbines  de  la   Niagara   Falls  power 

G.  H.  company.      (Le  Genre  Civil.      May    11.    1901.      39:26.) 

Describes  ihe  existing  installation  and  the  new  installation  after  an 
account  in  the  Engineering  Record. 

1901  General  Electric  Company.     Niagara  power  on  the  street  railways  of 

Buffalo  and  vicinity.     Schenectady:    1901. 

The  largest  utilization  of  water  power  for  street  railway  pur- 
poses in  the  world  is  that  of  the  International  Traction  Company, 
of  Buffalo,  New  York.      .      .      . 

Practically  all  this  system  is  now  operated  by  electric  power 
derived  from  the  power  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company. 

1901  Hartt,    Rollin    LyNDE.      The    new    Niagara.       (MrClure,    May. 

H-rtt  1901.     17:78-84. 

An  interesting  and  graphic  account  of  the  significance  of  Niagara  power 
in  industry  telling  how  the  Falls  made  vassals  of  the  producers  of  the 
West  and  turned  what  had  been  a  market  into  a  factory. 

1901  The   new   power    transmission    line.       (Eng.    news,    Jan.     17,    1901. 

43:51.) 

Details  in  which  the  second  Niagara  Fails-Buffalo  line  differed  from 
the  old  one. 

1901  The  new  wheelpit  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company.      (Eng.   rec, 

leb.    16,   1901.     43:150    131.) 

A  description  of  the  wheel  pit,  tunnel  and  cofferdam. 

1901  Niagara  River  development.      (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.    12,   1901.     83-230.) 

Preparations  for  Canadian  power  development. 

1901  StiLLWELL,    Lewis    B.      The    electric    transmission    of    power    Irom 

Stillwell  Niagara  balls.     (  1  rans.  Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.     Buffalo:  Aug.  23,  1901. 

17:445-544.) 

The  problems  presented,  the  system  adopted,  the  apparatus  used,  the 
new  pole  line  and  the  terminal  house  and  its  equipment. 

1901  Weeks,    Arthuii    B.      Recent    developments    at    the    Niagara    Falls 

We.L,  power  plant.      (Sci.  Am..  Apr.  1  3.  1901 .     84-229.) 

992 


Industrial  Niagara 

"A  rather  technical  description  of  the  most  important  mechanical  devices      1901 
in  use  at  the  Niagara  Falls  power  plant,"  with  special   reference  to  the  Weeks 
aluminum  transmission  line  by  which  electric  current  will  be  sent  to  the 
Pan-American  Exposition. 

1902 

Barton,  Philip  P.     Niagara  Falls  power.      (Cass,,  Jan.,   1902.     1902 
21:179-205.)  ^'^^'''" 

/\n  interesting  article  by  the  superintendent  of  the  operating  department, 
describing  the  organization  of  the  operating  department,  the  problems  and 
principles  involved,  and  the  importance  of  the  work. 

Bowman,  A.  A.    Power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Can.  eng.,      1902 
Nov.,    1902.      9:295-297.)  Bowman 

Description  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  plant  and  that  of 
the  Canadian— Niagara  Power  Company. 

Buck,  Harold  W.     The  new  generating  plants  of  the  Niagara  Falls     19C2 
power    com.pany.       (Trans.    Am.    inst.    elec.    engrs.       Great    Barrington,  Buck 
Mass.:      June   18,    1902.      19:765-780.) 

Account  of  the  generators,  ezciter  plant,  and  main  switchboard  of  the 
Canadian  plant. 

Buck,  Harold  W.  The  new  generating  plants  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
power  company.      (Eng.  news,  July  3,   1902.     48:9-11.) 

Canadian-Niagara  power  company's  development.      (Can.  eng.,  Nov.,      1902 
1902.     9:290-292.) 

Description  of  the  tunnel,  canal,  cofferdam,  penstocks,  wheel  pit  and 
power  house. 

DunlaP,  Orrin  E.     The  new  p!:mt  of  the  Canadian  Niagara  Falls      1902 
company.      (Sci.  Am.,  Dec.  6,    !  902.     87:375-376.)  '^""'^P 

Description  and  views. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Power  development  on  the  Canadian  side  of 
Niagara  Fails.      (Eng.  news,  Dec.   11,   1902.     48:490-491.) 

The  work  of  the  Canadian-Niagara  Power  Company  and  the  develop- 
ment of  the  Ontario  Power  Company  described. 

Fawcett,  Walden.     The  new  Niagara.      (Am.  mf.  and  ir.  wld.,      1902 
Dec.  25.   1902.     Pp.  717-720.)  ^""^wcett 

rv-.  993 


Niagara  Falls 

1902  That  the  eyes  of  the  engineering  world  are  now  turned  upon 

the  "  new  Niagara  "  as  it  has  been  appropriately  designated,  is 
due  in  great  measure  to  the  fact  that  electric  power  transmission 
at  Niagara  Falls  has  been  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  of  its 
kind  anywhere  and  moreover  the  operations  on  the  Niagara 
frontier  are  in  every  respect  typical  of  those  conducted  in  other 
sections  of  the  country  where  water  power  is  abundant. 

Considered  in  the  aggregate  the  power  development  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  great  cataract  is  impressive  in  its  magnitude. 
Already  the  capital  invested  amounts  to  $32,500,000,  and  a 
number  of  the  projects  are  yet  far  from  consummation. 

1902  Further  development  of  Niagara  Falls  power.      (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.    11, 

1902.     87:234.) 

Editorial  notice  of  the  Canadian-Niagara  Power  Company's  develop- 
ment and  of  station  no.  2  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Com.pany. 

1902  Niagara  Falls  as  an  electro-chemical  center.      (Cur.  lit.,  June,   1902. 
32:728-729.) 

An  abstract  of  a  lecture  by  Joseph  W.  Richards  giving  a  brief  history 
of  electro-chemical  enterprises  at  the  Falls.  Taken  from  the  Age  of 
Steel 

1903 

1903  Brush,   Harlan  W.      Development  of  Niagara  power.      (Consular 
B'u^h            ,ep'ts.     Mar.,  1903.     Vol.  71,  No.  270,  pp.  448-450.) 

The  author,  who  was  United  States  consul  at  Niagara  Falk,  Ontano, 
takes  up  especially  the  Canadian  enterprises.  He  gives  evidence  to  show 
that  the  flow  is  not  affected  by  the  power  plants. 

Brush,  Harlan  W.  Electric  power  at  Niagara.  (Sci.  Am.  supp., 
Jan.  24,  1903.     55:22633-34.) 

A  reprint  from  the  United  States  consular  reports. 

1903  Buck,  Harold  W.     Recent  developments  in  Niagara  power.     (Cass., 

Buck  Dec,  1903.    25:104-115.) 

An  illustrated  description  of  the  plants  and  a  list  of  the  customers  of 
the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  by  the  company's  electrical  enginee.-. 

994 


Industrial  Niagara 

Canadian  electrical  development  at  Niagara.     (Eng.  (Lond.).  Aug.  7,      1903 
1903.     96:136-139.) 

Gives  plans  and  views  of  the  three  companies  with  diagrams  of  the  work. 

DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.     Developments  at  Niagara  Falls  for  the  utilization      1903 
of  its  power.     (Elec.  rev.,  Sept.   12,   1903.     43:344-349.)  Dunlap 

Account  of  the  "  progress  being  made  on  both  sides  of  the  Niagara 
River."  Illustrations  of  the  plants,  construction,  work  and  machinery 
are  given. 

Dunlap,   Orrin   E.      New  power  house  at   Niagara   Falls.      (Sci. 
Am.  supp.,  June  13.  1903.    55:22941-42.) 
Description  and  illustrations. 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Prospects  of  Niagara  power  on  the  Canadian 
side  of  the  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.,  Mar.  7,   1903.      88:1  76.) 

A  summary  of  the  terms  under  which  the  three  Canadian  companies 
received  their  franchises. 

Eraser,  John  Foster.    America  at  work.    Lond.:    Cassell.     1903.     1903 

Pp.    177-188.  Fraser 

A  bright  and  original  article  in  journalistic  style  giving  an  interesting 
account  of  the  development  and  uses  of  Niagara  power. 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company.       1903 

I.  (Eng.  rec,  Nov.  21,  1903.     48:616-619.) 

General  considerations,  canal,  and  intakes. 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company. 

II.  (Eng.  rec,  Nov.  28,   1903.     48:652-655.) 

Wheel  pits,  tunnel,  turbine  and  equipment. 

f hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company. 

III.  (Eng.  rec,  Dec.  5,  1903.    48:691-693.) 

Oiling  system,  governors. 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company. 
I\'.     (Eng.  rec.  Dec  19,  1903.    48:763-767.) 

Exciter  plant,  utilization  of  power  and  Canadian  turbine. 

La  nouvelle  usine  hydro-electrique  des  chutes  du  Niagara,      (L>e  Genre      1903 
Civil.     Jan.  3,  1903.     42:149-153.) 

00", 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  A  description  of  the  new  installations  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company  and  the  development  of  the  Canadian-Niagara  Pov/er  Com- 
pany with  special  reference  to  the  turbines  and  generator?.  Contains  also 
a  detailed  diagram. 

1903  The  new  Niagara.     (Harp,  w.,  Jan.  3,  1903.     47:pt.  1 ,  1  1 ,  31 .) 

A  discussion  of  existing  and  contemplated  projects  on  both  sides  of  the 
river.  According  to  this  author,  "  the  utilization  of  Niagara  below  the 
Falls  is  in  reality  something  to  be  discouraged,  from  the  aesthete  stand- 
point, as  it  leads  to  the  placing  of  bu'ldings  and  plants  at  some  of  the 
most  picturesque  spots  in  the  gorge.  The  utilization  above  the  Falls,  a 
mile  or  two  back,  offends  no  one's  eye  and  cannot  be  detected  save  by 
the  white  foaming  tide  that  shoots  out  from  the  portal  of  the  long  tunnel 
just  under  the  first  bridge." 

1903  Niagara   Falls  power  company's  new  turbines.      (Eng.   rec,  Oct.    18, 

1903.     68:443-644.) 

Ten  5,500  horse  power  \vatcrwheels  with  45-inch  diameter  runners 
and  cylinder  gate  speed  control  to  replace  original  installations. 

1903  Perkins,  Ffl^NIC  C.     Six  Niagara  power  installations  rnder  way  — 

Perkins  ^  million  horse-power  to  be  developed  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Elcc.  wld.  & 

eng.,  Apr.  11,  1903.    41:601-604.) 

Gives  the  plans,  and  describes  the  construction,  electric  equipment  and 
capacity  of  the  six  companies  installing  new  plants  and  rnakirig  prepara- 
tions for  installation. 

1903  Van  Cle\'E,  A.   Howell.      Utilization  of  water  power  at  Niagara 

Van  Cleve       Falls.      (Bulletin  of  the  Buf.  soc.  of  nat.  sci.     Vol.  8.  No.   1.) 

An  address  delivered  before  the  Buffalo  Socieiy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
March    13,    1903. 

Of  all  the  water  power  developments  that  marked  the  close  of 
the  last  century  none  was  on  so  large  a  scale,  none  has  attracted 
such  world-wide  interest,  and  none  is  of  such  importance  to  citi- 
zens of  Buffalo  and  its  vicinity  as  the  utilization  of  the  power  of 
Niagara  Falls.  It  is  true  that  the  power  of  this  river  was  used  as 
early  as  1  725  when  the  settlers  operated  a  saw  mil),  en  the  rapids 
above  the  Falls,  but  it  v/as  not  until  after  the  year  1890  that 
power    development    at    Niagara    assumed    more    than    a   local 


Industrial  Niagara 

interest.     Wilh  the  success  of  electrical  generation  and  transmis-     1903 
sion  there  commenced  a  new  phase  in  the  history  of  industrial  ^" 
Niagara  and  it  i;;  with  this  later  form  of  power  utilization  that  we 
are  concerned  tonight. 

There  is  of  course  nothing  new  in  the  idea  of  utilizing 
Niagara's  energy.  Every  man  of  a  mechanical  turn  of  mind  who 
ever  contemplated  the  resistless  force  of  its  falling  water  has  been 
impressed  with  the  fact  that  vast  industrial  progress  would  result 
from  the  diversion  of  even  a  small  proportion  of  this  power  into 
useful  channels.  Among  those  who  many  years  ago  felt  the 
mighty  power  of  the  falling  waters  and  contemplated  the  results 
of  using  it  to  produce  useful  mechanical  power  was  the  famous 
Dr.  Siemens,  who  in  a  lecture  delivered  in  1  877  before  the  Iron 
and  Steel  Institute  of  Great  Britain  referred  to  his  impressions  of 
Niagara  and  stated  that  all  the  coal  raised  at  that  time  throughout 
the  entire  world  would  be  required  to  produce  energy  equal  to 
that  produced  by  the  falls  alone,  without  considering  the  force  of 
the  rapids.  This  statement  may  have  been  somewhat  exaggerated 
but  the  following  figures  are  believed  to  be  accurate.  The  total 
difference  in  level  of  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  is  328  feet.  The 
minimum  flow  in  the  Niagara  River,  as  observed  by  the  govern- 
ment engineers  is  1 78,000  cubic  feet  per  second.  The  total 
energy  represented  by  this  amount  of  water  in  passing  from  one 
lake  to  the  other  therefore  equals  6,635,000  H.  P.  or  in  pass- 
ing from  the  upper  river  above  the  rapids  to  a  point  above 
the  lower  rapids  equals  4,380,000  H.  P.  But  such  figures 
are  like  those  representing  the  capital  of  the  steel  trust,  (although 
this  is  not  entirely  a  "  v/ater  "  power) ,  or  the  distance  to  the 
nearest  fixed  star  - —  they  convey  but  little  meaning.  But  take, 
as  an  example,  the  energy  produced  by  a  single  cubic  foot  of 
svater  per  second  in  dropping  from  the  upper  river  to  a  poinl 
below  the  falls,  which  is  25  H.  P.  That  does  not  seem  a  large 
amount  in  these  days  of  large  numbers,  but  what  does  it  repre- 
sent? A  force  sufficient  to  raise  a  one  pound  weight  2V2  miles 
m  one  second,  to  raiie  a  large  sized  passenger  locomotive  to  the 

997 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  height  of  a  man's  head  in  one  minute,  or  to  raise  an  audience  of 
500  people  from  the  floor  to  the  ceiling  of  an  ordinary  room  in 
one  minute.  And  this  is  done  by  a  bucket  of  water.  Perhaps 
this  may  give  us  some  idea  of  the  power  that  has  carved  the  his- 
tory of  the  ages  on  the  rocky  walls  of  Niagara's  gorge. 

The  first  company  to  engage  in  the  development  and  sale  of 
power  on  a  large  scale  was  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power 
and  Manufacturing  Co.  The  plan  under  which  this  com- 
pany is  working  was  outlined  by  Augustus  Porter  of  Niagara 
Falls  in  1847.  Previous  to  that  time  a  few  water  wheels  had 
been  operated  from  a  canal  above  the  falls  and  a  paper  mill  had 
been  built  on  Bath  Island,  but  Mr.  Porter  sought  for  some 
method  of  development  that  would  not  mar  the  scenic  features  of 
the  falls  and  therefore  proposed  that  a  canal  should  be  cut  from 
the  upper  river,  just  above  the  rapids,  to  a  point  on  the  top  of 
the  high  bank  of  the  river  below  the  falls,  the  water  from  such 
canal  to  be  discharged  into  the  lower  river  after  operating  wheels 
set  below  the  level  of  the  ground  surface.  The  almost  level  sur- 
face of  the  ground  between  the  points  of  entry  and  discharge  and 
the  substantial  character  of  the  rock  through  which  it  would  pass 
made  the  project  an  ideal  one.  Nevertheless  Mr.  Porter  failed 
to  interest  capital  in  this  project  and  it  was  not  until  after  his 
death  that  work  was  commenced.  Even  then  the  excavation  of 
the  canal  was  carried  on  intermittently  by  various  parties  until  in 
1861  Horace  H.  Day  completed  a  canal  4,400  feet  long,  36 
feet  wide  and  8  feet  deep.  At  the  lower  end  of  this  canal  was 
constructed  a  basin  or  forebay,  parallel  with  the  face  of  the  cliff 
and  about  350  feet  from  it,  the  present  size  of  this  basin  being  70 
feet  by  600  feet  although  it  was,  of  course,  much  smaller  at  first. 
Even  then  the  opportunities  of  the  power  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  appreciated  and  it  was  not  until  1  870  that  the  first  mill  was 
built  to  use  water  from  this  canal.  In  1877  the  canal  r»nd  the 
property  and  rights  belonging  thereto  were  purchased  by  Mr. 

998 


Industrial  Niagara 

Jacob  F.  Schoellkopf  and  Mr.  A.  Chesborough  who  organized  1903 
the  present  company.  The  number  of  mills  utilizing  this  source  '"  *^^ 
of  power  has  steadily  increased  until  at  the  present  time  the 
various  industries  in  the  lower  milling  district  (so  called)  develop 
about  7,500  H.  P.  including  that  in  use  in  the  lower  mill  of  the 
Cliff  Paper  Co.  Most  of  these  factories  have  constructed  their 
own  wheelpits  and  installed  their  own  wheels. 

A  good  indication  of  the  progress  made  in  hydraulic  develop- 
ment in  the  last  few  years  is  the  fact  that  the  original  grants  of 
the  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Co.  did  not  include 
the  slope  of  the  bank  between  the  bottom  of  the  vertical  cliff  and 
the  edge  of  the  lower  river,  giving  a  right  to  excavate  only  1 00 
feet  below  the  top  of  the  bank,  as  it  was  considered  that  wheels 
would  never  be  constructed  to  operate  under  a  greater  head  than 
this,  and  it  was  not  until  1886  that  the  Hydraulic  Co.  secured 
deeds  for  this  lower  slope.  As  a  matter  of  fact  none  of  the 
mills  thus  far  mentioned  utilized  a  head  of  more  than  50  or  60 
feet  and  many  of  them  used  a  still  lower  fall.  The  consequence 
is  that  an  engineer  when  looking  at  the  cliff  below  these  mills  and 
seeing  the  lar.ge  amount  of  water  falling  from  the  outlets  of  the 
various  wheelpits  is  impressed  with  the  vast  amount  of  power 
going  to  waste.  At  least  1 0,000  H.  P.  is  thus  lost,  or  enough 
to  supply  all  the  industries  of  many  a  good  sized  city. 

In  1881  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manu- 
facturing  Co.    installed   their   first   plant    for    supplying   power. 

In  1892  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manu- 
facturing Co.  commenced  to  enlarge  their  canal  to  a  width  of 
70  feet  and  a  depth  of  14  feet.  In  the  same  year  a  change 
was  made  in  the  plan  of  development  and  a  system  inaugurated 
which  was  in  many  respects  similar  to  that  now  employed.  The 
Cliff  Paper  Mill  desired  additional  power  for  grinding  pulp  and 
as  the  capacity  of  the  original  canal  was  exhausted  and  they  were 
not  willing  to  wait  for  the  completion  of  the  canal  extension,  it 

999 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  ^v-as  determined  to  use  the  discharge  water  from  the  wheels  then 
Van  Cleve  installed  in  the  wheelpit  above  described.  Accordingly  a  new 
tunnel  was  driven  from  the  face  of  the  cliff  to  connect  with  the 
bottom  of  the  wheelpit  and  the  discharge  water  was  thus  led  to  a 
steel  penstock  8  feet  in  diameter  laid  on  the  same  slope  as  the 
talus.  In  case  sufficient  water  is  not  discharged  from  the  upper 
wheels  an  arrangement  is  provided  for  admitting  water  from  the 
basin  directly  into  the  upper  tail  race 

The  plant  for  the  Cliff  Paper  Co.  was  the  fore-runner  of 
the  present  electrical  power  plant  of  the  Hydraulic  Co.  As 
soon  as  the  company  saw  that  electrical  generation  and  trans- 
mission was  an  assured  success  and  that  Niagara  Falls  was 
destined  to  become  one  of  the  great  electro  chemical  centers  a 
line  of  pipe  was  laid  from  the  basin  to  the  edge  of  the  lower  river 
and  water  under  a  head  of  2 1 0  feet  thrown  from  ?  giant  nozzle 
or  "  Monitor  "  commenced  to  wash  away  the  rock  that  for  ages 
had  fallen  from  the  bank  above  to  the  shores  of  the  gorge  below. 
A  level  strata  near  the  waters  edge  was  cleared,  the  fallen 
boulders  were  used  for  masonry  and  a  power  house  1 00  feet  wide 
was  built  immediately  below  the  old  mills,  being  located  a  short 
distance  above  the  upper  steel  arch  bridge. 

a  figure  to  be  carried  away  with  you  tonight  is  that  the 
wheels  now  installed  by  the  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufac- 
turing Co.  and  its  customers  have  a  total  capacity  of  38,000 
H.  P.,  an  amount  approximately  equal  to  the  total  power  at 
Holyoke.  Very  important  is  the  announcement  that  a  new  power 
house  with  a  capacity  of  50,000  H.  P.  is  about  to  be  commenced. 
This  power  house  v/ill  contain  high  voltage  dynamos  and  will  be 
used  for  supplying  new  industries  in  the  district  just  mentioned. 
Niagara  Falls  will  then  contain  three  great  factory  districts  using 
an  amount  of  electrical  power  far  exceeding  that  of  any  city  in 
the  world  which  employs  water  as  its  motive  force. 

1000 


Industrial  Niagara 

In  the  year  1885  there  came  to  Niagara  Falls  in  the  course  ^^^-^ 
of  his  professional  services  for  the  State  of  New  York  an  engineer 
whose  name  should  ever  be  remembered  by  those  interested  in  the 
commercial  prosperity  of  the  Niagara  Frontier,  Thomas  Ever- 
shed,  the  man  with  the  idea.  Engaged  in  plans  to  prevent  the 
spoliation  of  one  of  the  most  sublime  of  nature's  spectacles,  he 
saw  that  such  plans  were  not  inconsistent  with  the  utilization  of  a 
part  of  the  enormous  power  represented  by  Niagara's  falling 
waters.  He  believed  that  by  driving  a  tunnel  from  the  lower 
river  to  a  point  above  the  mouth  of  the  Hydraulic  Power  Com- 
pany's canal  such  tunnel  could  be  used  for  the  discharge  of  water 
from  the  upper  river  after  it  had  done  its  work  in  the  generation 
of  power.  This  idea  of  a  discharge  tunnel  was  not  entirely  a 
new  one,  as  it  had  previously  been  employed  at  St.  Anthony's 
Falls  on  the  Mississippi,  but  the  application  of  this  principle  to 
Niagara  had  apparently  never  been  suggested  until  it  was  advo- 
cated by  Mr.  Evershed.  Having  the  courage  of  his  convictions 
he  soon  interested  local  business  men  in  his  scheme  and  a  com- 
pany of  eight  was  formed  which  on  March  3 1  st,  1 886,  obtained 
from  the  State  of  New  York  a  special  charter  which  permitted 
the  diversion  of  sufficient  water  from  the  upper  river  to  generate 
250,000  H.  P.  On  June  1st,  1886,  Mr.  Evershed  issued  hin 
first  formal  plan  and  estimate  to  which  the  attention  of  capitalists 
was  soon  attracted  and  in  1 889  was  formed  a  strong  combination 
of  men  whose  financial  reputation  was  world-wide.  They  organ- 
ized the  Cataract  Construction  Co.  to  build  the  plant  of  the 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Co.,  the  parent  Co.  The  Cataract  Con- 
struction Co.  has  now  practically  gone  out  of  business,  the 
investors  who  formerly  composed  it  having  acquired  a  control- 
ling interest  in  The  Niagara  Power  Co.  and  continuing  operations 
in  its  name.  The  plant  of  this  company,  especially  in  its  earlier 
stages,  has  been  so  fully  described  in  both  the  engineering  press 
and  in  the  local  papers  that  its  principal  features  are  familiar  to 
you  all  and  it  is  the  intention  of  ^he  oresent  lecture  to  call  atten- 

1001 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  tion  to  only  the  more  unusual  or  interesting  of  its  details  with  such 

Van  Cleve      ^  brief  description  of  its  general  plans  as  may  be  necessary  to  an 
understanding  of  such  details. 

In  the  first  place  consider  the  main  conception, —  a  tunnel  1  '/4 
miles  long,  200  feet  beneath  the  surface,  with  an  area  of  335 
square  feet,  designed  to  carry  water  at  the  rate  of  29  feet  per 
second,  an  aqueduct  such  as  was  never  before  built  in  the  history 
of  man  —  a  conception  such  as  could  come  only  to  a  man  with 
an  imagination,  an  imagination  touched  by  the  inspiration  of  the 
great  cataract  within  whose  sound  he  had  toiled  so  long.  Its 
immensity  may  impress  us  more  when  we  think  that  when  run- 
ning to  its  designed  capacity  such  a  tunnel  will  carry  enough 
water  in  one  minute  to  supply  a  city  of  1  0,000  inhabitants  with 
drinking  water  for  a  year  and  a  quarter. 

Mr.  Evershed's  plan  was  no  sooner  formulated  than  it  received 
severe  criticism  and  eminent  men  condemned  it  as  impracticable. 
Fortunately  for  Buffalo  the  results  have  amply  proven  the  incor- 
rectness of  such  criticism.  The  faith  of  the  investors  was  not 
shaken  and  the  preparation  of  working  plans  was  immediately 
begun.  In  order  that  such  plans  might  be  as  perfect  as  possible 
an  International  Niagara  Falls  Commission  was  formed  June 
1890  composed  of  five  noted  engineers  from  America,  England, 
France  and  Switzerland.  Com.petitivc  designs  for  power  develop- 
ment were  invited,  prizes  amounting  to  22,000  dollars  v/ere 
offered  and  by  January  first  1891  22  designs  v.^ere  received  from 
engineers  dwelling  from  Buda  Pesth  to  San  Francisco.  From 
these  designs  that  of  Faesch  &  Piccard  of  Geneva,  Switzerland, 
was  considered  worthy  of  first  prize  and  they  proceeded  with  the 
design  of  the  turbine  wheels. 

Before  the  commencement  of  their  operations  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Co.  and  Cataract  Construction  Co.  had  purchased 
tracts  of  land  on  which  their  future  tenants  could  locate,  such 
holdings  embracing   1581    acres  or  2|/2   square  miles,   most  of 

1002 


Industrial  Niagara 

which  is  now  within  the  city  hmits  of  Niagara  Falls.  A  part  1903 
of  these  holdings  were  taken  over  by  the  Niagara  Development  ^  ^* 
Co.  for  a  model  town  and  by  the  Niagara  Junction  Railway 
Co.  for  a  terminal  railway  to  transport  raw  material  and  finished 
products  to  and  from  the  several  factories,  connections  being 
planned  with  all  trunk  railroads  entering  the  city.  The  Power 
Company's  property  has  a  river  frontage  of  about  two  miles  and 
the  acquisition  of  lands  under  water  gives  dockage  facilities  for 
this  entire  length.  A  railway  dock  was  built  in  1 893  and 
material  can  thus  be  transported  by  water  and  the  Niagara 
Junction  Railway  to  the  doors  of  any  tenant.  Ample  land  and 
transportation  facilities  were  thus  provided  by  the  company  for 
ail  factories  using  their  power. 

To  revert  to  the  history  of  the  plant, —  the  power  furnished 
was  so  satisfactory  and  the  demand  for  such  power  increased  so 
rcipidly  that  on  January  22nd  1 897  a  contract  was  let  for  five 
additional  units  of  5000  H.  P.  and  on  January  25th,  1899 
a  further  contract  was  made  for  two  additional  units,  making  a 
total  of  50,000  H.  P.  As  this  amount  of  power  still  proved 
insufficient  to  serve  the  purpose  of  local  tenants  and  of  the  Buffalo 
load  a  still  further  installation  became  necessary  and  the  important 
question  arose  as  to  where  such  additional  power  should  be 
developed.  As  the  tunnel  was  originally  built  with  a  capacity 
of  100,000  H.  P.  the  water  from  the  future  wheels  to  the  extent 
of  50,000  H.  P.  would  of  course  be  discharged  into  the  tunnel, 
but  the  question  was  whether  additional  wheels  should  be  placed 
in  an  extension  of  the  first  wheelpit  or  in  a  new  wheelpit  placed 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  canal.  After  careful  consideration, 
the  latter  plan  was  adopted  and  on  November  3rd,  1899,  a 
contract  was  let  to  excavate  a  new  wheelpit  468  feet  long,  20  feet 
wide  and  about  1  78  feet  deep,  an  extension  of  the  tunnel,  650 
feet  long,  being  made  to  connect  such  wheelpit  with  the  old 
tunnel.  The  plan  adopted  has  many  advantages,  among  them 
being   the   opportunity   to   build    a    power   house    which    should 

1003 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  embody  the  results  of  the  experience  gained  in  operating  the  first 

Van  Cleve  powcr  house,  the  distribution  of  current  between  the  two  sides  of 
the  canal,  and  the  added  security  against  interruption  of  service. 
In  other  words,  the  eggs  would  not  all  be  in  one  basket. 
This  second  wheelpit  has  now  been  completed  and  six  5500 
H.  P.  turbines  with  their  shafting  and  generators  are  now 
installed  in  it.  Five  additional  units  are  ordered  and  their  installa- 
tion has  now  commenced.  By  next  fall  such  units  will  be  com- 
pleted and  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Co.  will  thus  have  a  total 
of  1  10.000  electrical  H.  P.  for  sale. 

Time  forbids  more  than  a  brief  reference  to  that  most  inter- 
esting problem,  the  manner  in  which  electric  power  is  transmitted 
to  Buffalo.  The  current  from  the  generators  flows  to  the  switch- 
board where  the  controlling  devices  are  situated  and  thence  to 
the  largest  transformers  ever  manufactured  where  the  voltage  or 
intensity,  of  current  is  raised  from  2200  volts  to  22,000  volts.  It 
then  passes  over  bare  copper  wires  through  the  intermediate  towns 
to  the  terminal  house  in  this  city  where  the  voltage  is  reduced  to 
2200  volts  for  local  distribution  to  the  various  sub-stations.  Three 
separate  and  distinct  transmission  lines  of  three  wires  are  now  in 
use  and  if  any  of  these  lines  is  interrupted  the  current  can  be 
transmitted  on  the  other  two  lines.  These  lines  are  daily  patrolled 
and  constant  watchfulness  is  exercised  to  prevent  such  interruption. 

But  while  power  development  on  the  American  side  has  thus 
been  advancing  by  leaps  and  bounds,  the  Canadian  shores  have 
not  escaped  the  attention  of  capitalists  anxious  to  utilize  a  part  of 
Niag-'.ra's  energy.  The  material  features  of  the  problem  there 
presented  are  quite  similar  to  those  already  described,  but  the 
business  aipfcts  of  the  case  are  somewhat  different.  The 
Piovince  of  Ontario  has  set  aside  for  park  purposes  a  large  tract 
lying  between  the  upper  Suspension  Bridge  and  the  Dufferin 
Islands  and  in  addition  control  a  strip  of  land  66  feet  wide  extend- 
ing from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario.  As  the  works  of  any  water 
power  plant  must  necessarily  cross  under  or  over,  or  be  situated 

1004 


Indusirlal  Niagara 

upon  such  park  lands  it  is  evident  that  all  Canadian  water  power     1903 
development  must  be  subject  to  the  control  of  the  Park  Com-  ^'"  ^'*^« 
missioners  and  in  turn  to  the  Ontario  Legislature.     It  was  evident, 
however,  that  a  power  house  located  in  Queen  Victoria  Niagara 
Falls  Park  whether  on  the  upper  or  lower  river  would  be  much 
nearer  the  falls  than  would  be  possible  on  the  American  side 
as  the  State  of  New  York  would  permit  no  power  development 
withm  the  boundaries  of  its  property.     Being  desirous  of  securing 
an  opportunity   for  so   favorable  a  development,   a  number  of 
American    and    Canadian    capitalists    organized    the    Canadian 
Niagara  Power  Co.,  with  the  late  Albert  H.  Shaw  as  Presi- 
dent, and  on  April  7th,   1892  entered  into  an  agreement  v/ith 
the  Park  Commissioners  whereby  upon  the  payment  of  certain 
rentals  such  company  was  authorized  to  develop  one  hundred 
twenty-five  thousand  horse  power  within  the  park  lands  in  their 
first  power  house.    This  agreement  was  confirmed  by  the  Ontario 
Legislature  April  8th,  1 892  and  a  charter  issued  to  the  company. 
But  in   1892   electrical  generation  on  a  large  scale  was  com- 
paratively new  and  long  cljst^.nce  transmission  was  In  its  infancy. 
As  a  number  of  the  same  men  were  interested  in  both  The 
Niagara  Falls  Power  Co.   and  the  Canadian   Niagara   Power 
Co.   they  desired  to  obtain  the  benefit  of  the  experience  to  be 
gained  from  the  American  plant  before  building  the  costly  struc- 
ture required  for  their  development.     Accordingly  a  new  agree  - 
ment  was  made  with  the  Park  Commissioners  July  1  5th,  1 899, 
and  an  extension  of  time  secured  for  the  beginnmg  of  power 
development.     The  plan  for  utilizing  the  power  is  similar  in  gen- 
eral principles  to  that  of  The  Niagara  Falls  Povv^er  Co.     Tha 
power  house  will  be  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  slope  forming 
the  former  river  bank  and  just  below  the  old  Carmalite  Mon- 
astery and  south  of  the  Falls  View  Station.     To  the  power  house 
thus  beautifully  situated  water  will  be  conducted  from  the  rapids 
by  a  symmetrically  shaped  canal  spanned  by  a  stone  bridge  of  5 
50  foot  arches.     The  discharge  vvater  from  the  turbines  will  be 
conducted  to  the  lower  river  by  a  tunnel  having  liie  same  horse- 

1005 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  shoe  form  as  the  American  tunnel,  but  four  feet  greater  depth. 
Van  Cleve  Ths  most  interesting  feature  of  the  plant  is  the  size  of  the  units. 
The  original  plans  contemplated  the  use  of  5000  H.  P.  machines, 
but  it  was  found  that  both  the  turbine  designers  and  the 
electrical  manufacturers  were  willing  to  undertake  the  building  of 
units  of  double  that  size,  although  nothing  of  the  kind  had  ever 
been  done  successfully.  The  advantages  of  the  plan  are  evident 
as  a  reduction  of  nearly  50%  is  made  in  the  length  of  the  wheel- 
pit,  canal,  and  power  house  per  given  amount  of  power  develop- 
ment. The  result  of  the  designers  skill  will  be  machines  of  mon- 
strous size.  Imagine  if  you  can,  a  single  machine  capable  of 
generating  1  Va  times  the  entire  amount  of  electricity  employed 
for  all  purposes  at  the  late  lamented  Pan-American  Exposition. 
A  penstock  10'  2"  diameter  conducts  the  water  to  a  wheel  case 
1 3  feet  diameter  and  1 4  feet  high,  discharging  water  through  two 
Jonval  type  turbine  wheels  with  draft  tubes,  the  total  head  being 
136  feet.  This  monster  when  fully  loaded  will  use  four  times 
the  quantity  of  water  in  a  given  length  of  time  that  is  supplied  to 
the  entire  city  of  Buffalo  from  all  its  enormous  pumps. 

The  next  company  to  engage  in  power  development  on  the 
Canadian  side  v/as  the  Ontario  Power  Co.  in  which  Buffalo 
capital  is  so  largely  interested.  This  company  entered  into  an 
agreement  with  the  Park  Commissioners  April  11th,  1900,  by 
which  they  were  given  rights  for  two  forms  of  development.  The 
first  method  was  to  bring  water  through  an  open  canal  from  the 
Welland  River  near  its  junction  with  the  Niagara  River  to  the 
top  of  the  high  bluff  west  of  the  park,  v-.-here  a  fall  of  about  50 
feet  was  available  upon  wheels  in  a  power  house  located  within 
the  Park  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff.  The  discharge  water  was  to 
be  at  first  conducted  to  the  upper  river  but  at  a  later  time  to  flow- 
in  a  canal  to  the  high  bank  of  the  lower  river  near  the  Table 
Rock  Plouse,  where  it  would  enter  penstocks  and  there  be  led 
to  wheels  in  a  power  house  situated  in  the  gorge  on  the  bank  of 
the  lower  river.     The  powers  of  the  Ontario  Power  Co,  have 


Industrial  Niagara 

since  been  increased  and  its  plans  have  been  somewhat  changed.  1903 
A  large  temporary  coffer  dam  of  timber  and  puddle  has 
been  constructed  in  the  upper  river  near  the  Dufferin  Islands, 
thus  cutting  off  the  flow  of  water  around  these  islands  for 
the  first  time  in  history.  While  this  coffer  dam  is  in  place  a 
permanent  stone  wing  dam  will  be  constructed  with  its  top  below 
the  surface  of  the  water.  The  bottom  of  the  river  will  be 
dredged  and  there  will  be  built  an  entrance  forebay  with 
regulating  devices  from  which  an  underground  pipe  1 8  feet  in 
diameter  will  be  laid  to  a  point  just  north  of  the  Table  Rock 
House.  Provision  will  be  made  for  three  pipes,  one  of  which  will 
supply  the  first  installation.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  head 
works  it  is  the  intention  of  the  Co.  to  remove  the  coffer  dam 
and  to  restore  the  natural  features  at  the  Dufferin  Islands  to  prac- 
tically their  original  condition.  None  of  the  works  of  the  Ontario 
Co.  will  appear  above  the  surface  of  the  ground  in  the  Park 
proper.  .  .  .  Plans  still  continue  for  the  utilization  of  power 
from  water  to  be  brought  from  the  Welland  River,  but  these 
plans  will  probably  not  be  carried  out  until  the  first  project  is 
completed.  Considerable  work  has  already  been  done  in  blast- 
ing away  the  rock  for  the  power  house  and  preparations  are  com- 
pleted for  active  work  at  the  entrance. 

A  third  company  has  recently  entered  the  field  of  power 
development  on  the  Canadian  side.  This  Company,  composed 
of  Toronto  capitalists  and  known  as  the  Toronto  and  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Co.,  have  obtained  rights  for  the  development  of 
125,000  H.  P.  Their  plans  are  not  yet  worked  out  in  detail 
but  they  include  in  general  a  power  house  on  the  upper  river 
shore  supplied  with  water  from  a  forebay  created  by  building 
a  wing  dam  into  the  upper  rapids.  The  wheels  will  be  situated 
in  a  wheelpit  and  water  will  be  discharged  by  a  tunnel  at  a  point 
beneath  the  horse  shoe  falls. 

Power  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  present  and  proposed, 

may  be  summarized  as  follows : 

1007 


Niagara  Falls 

1903  The  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Co.  have  38,000 

H.  P.  developed,  are  commencing  a  power  house  for  50,000 
H.  P.  additional  and  can  make  a  total  development  of  125,000 
H.  P.  The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  have  80,000  H.  P. 
ready  for  service,  are  installing  25,000  H.  P.  additional,  which 
will  be  completed  next  fall,  and  have  rights  for  an  additional 
125,000  H.  P.  The  Ontario  Power  Company  contemplate 
using  300,000  H.  P.  and  are  at  Vv'ork  on  the  installation  of 
50,000  H.  P.  The  Toronto  and  Niagara  Falls  Power  Co. 
have  obtained  rights  for  developing  125,000  H.  P.  and  are  com- 
mencing the  installation  of  50,000  H.  P.  The  following  are  the 
totals ;  now  developed,  I  1 8,000  H.  P. ;  in  process  of  develop- 
ment, 225,000  H.  P.;  rights  secured  for  1,150,000  H.  P. 
Please  remember  that  the  total  water  power  developed  in  the 
United  States  in  1900  was  less  than  2,000,000  H.  P. 

Such  is  the  history  of  water  power  utilization  at  Niagara  in  the 
past  and  its  condition  at  present.  But  v/hat  of  the  future  and 
of  the  influence  of  that  future  on  the  prosperity  of  Buffalo?  And 
by  Buffalo  we  mean  the  greater  Buffalo.  Must  we  leave  to  our 
real  estate  friends  all  the  roseate  views  of  Buffalo  future  great- 
ness ?  I  think  not ;  I  believe  that  as  scientific  men  and  women  we 
may  look  forward  with  all  confidence  to  a  marvelous  growth  in 
our  city.  That  water  power  generatmg  electricity  is  to  h?,  tlie 
power  of  the  20th  century  needs  but  little  argument.  Wood  as 
a  source  of  heat  and  pov/er  need  not  be  considered  and  it  needs 
no  prophet  to  foresee  the  time  when  the  coal  mjnes  of  the 
U.  S.  will  be  exhausted.  Long  before  that  time  the  price  of 
coal  will  be  so  high  as  to  prohibit  its  use  for  the  generation  of 
large  blocks  of  power.  You  are  all  aware  of  the  marked  increase 
in  the  normal,  (not  strike),  prices  of  soft  coal  in  the  last  ten 
years.  The  exhaustion  of  the  natural  gas  fields  is  so  rapid  that 
gas  is  not  a  factor  in  the  problem.  Look  which  way  we  may 
the  inevitable  conclusion  is  that  recourse  by  the  great  factories 
must  be  had  to  the  water  powers  of  the  country.     Of  all  the 

hydraulic  developments  that  the  20th  century  will  witness,  which 

JOOS 


Industrial  Niagara 

is  best  situated,  which  is  on  the  grandest  scale,  which  is  most  1903 
unfailing?  Without  question  that  at  Niagara  Falls.  With  a 
reservoir  capacity  in  the  Great  Lakes  of  90,000  square  miles, 
(twice  the  area  of  the  Empire  State),  unaffected  by  the  droughts 
of  summer  or  the  freshets  of  winter,  Niagara  will  stand  through 
the  centuries  as  the  emblem  of  mighty,  unfailing,  never  ceasing 
power.  With  this  mighty  giant  delivering  the  fruits  of  his  labors 
at  her  very  doors,  with  unsurpassed  railroad  facilities,  with  the 
iron  of  Messaba,  the  copper  of  Michigan,  the  grain  of  Dakota 
transported  by  water  to  her  wharves,  what  city  in  the  world  can 
offer  to  manufacturing  interests  such  inducements  to  locate  within 
her  boundaries?  Buffalo's  future  greatness  rests  on  no  vain 
product  of  the  imagination  but  on  solid,  scientific  facts  which 
cannot  be  belittled  or  gainsaid,  and  only  the  fleeting  passage  of 
time  brief  as  the  days  of  a  man  is  needed  to  make  Buffalo  the 
great  manufacturing  center  of  the  land.  .  .  .  The  fable  of 
the  rainbow  has  come  true  and  the  shimm^ering  bow  that  ever 
spans  Niagara's  gorge  holds  at  either  end  the  hoarded  wealth  of 
the  ages  which  will  be  poured  into  the  lap  of  the  Queen  City  of 
the  nation. 


Weeks.  Arthur  B.     Canadian  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.      1903 
(Elec.  rev.,  June  6,  1903.     41  :961.)  ''^'''" 

The  tunnels,  wheel  pits,  forebays,  and  olher  construction  work  of  the 
Canadian  companies  described. 

White,   Eugene  R.     Niagarics.  the  new  force.      (Munsey,  Apr..      1903 
1903.    29:29-30.)  White 

A  story  of  the  "  remarkable  things  that  have  been  done  by  harnessing 
the  vast  power  of  great  waterfalls  and  the  still  more  wonderful  things  that 
will  probably  be  accomplished  in  the  near   future." 

1904 

(The)    Institution  of  civil  engineers  at  Niagara  Falls,  September  27,      1904 
1  904.     Presented  by  the  local  committee  of  the  Canadian  society  of  civil 
engineers.     Niagara  Falls,  Canada. 

An  illustrated  pamphlet  descriptive  of  the  American  and  Canadian 
power  enterprises  at  Niagara  Falls. 

64  ^^^ 


Niagara  Falls 

1904  (The)   Niagara  Falls  electrical  handbook.     Being  a  guide  for  visitors 

from  abroad  attending  the  international  electrical  congress,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
September,  1 904.  Published  under  the  auspices  of  the  Am.  inst.  of  elec. 
engrs.     Niagara  Falls.     1904. 

A  well-written  little  book,  profusely  illustrated  with  views  and  dia- 
grams of  the  scenic  and  industrial  features  of  the  Niagara  region.  The 
first  thirty-six  pages  are  given  up  to  an  account  of  the  history  and  geology 
of  the  Falls  and  the  various  points  of  interest  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 
The  remainder  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  a  detailed  and  scientific  account 
of  power  development,  American  and  Canadian,  and  a  brief  but  clear 
account  of  each  of  the  various  industries  using  the  power  in  question. 

The  utilization  of  the  power  of  Niagara  Falls  has  for  years 
been  the  dream  of  engineers  and  of  all  those  interested  in  indus- 
trial development.  In  the  past  many  schemes  for  this  purpose 
have  been  suggested  by  engineers  and  inventors,  but  never,  until 
the  advent  of  the  modern  era  in  electrical  engineering,  has  the 
proposition,  on  a  large  scale,  been  able  to  stand  upon  a  basis 
attractive  to  the  capitalist.  The  difficulty  in  the  past  has  not 
been  to  apply  the  waters  of  Niagara  for  the  turning  of  a  water 
wheel,  for  many  of  the  schemes  then  suggested  would  have 
accomplished  this  successfully;  but  what  to  do  with  the  power 
when  thus  developed  at  the  water  wheel  shaft  was  the  problem 
before  the  engineer.  Obviously  here  the  question  of  transmission 
arose  as  of  prime  importance. 

Among  the  numerous  early  plans  suggested  will  be  found 
extensive  systems  of  pneumatic  tubes  operated  by  turbine  driven 
air  compressors,  the  air  pipes  leading  therefrom  to  factories 
located  in  the  vicinity  of  a  power  house,  each  factory  having  its 
own  air  motors  thus  operated.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  note  that 
one  of  these  early  plans  contemplated  the  transmission  of  power 
to  Buffalo  by  this  means. 

Another  plan  consisted  In  lines  of  countershafting  bracketed 
on  columns,  extending  radially  from  a  central  power  station,  this 
long  shafting  to  be  driven  by  water  wheels  at  the  power  station 
through  a  system  of  gearing.     Factories  were  to  be  located  along 

1010 


Industrial  Niagara 

these  lines  of  shafting  and  were  to  receive  their  power  by  clutches     1904 
connected  to  these  shafts. 

Still  another  plan  involved  the  construction  of  a  network  of 
surface  canals  fed  by  a  common  intake  from  the  upper  Niagara 
River.  Factories  were  to  be  established  along  these  canals  and 
take  water  from  them  for  the  operation  of  individual  turbines ;  the 
dead  water  to  be  discharged  in  branch  tunnels  connected  to  a 
main  trunk  tunnel  leading  to  the  lower  river. 

These  plans  now  look  grotesque,  but  twenty  years  ago  or  so 
they  were  seriously  considered  by  good  engineers.  They  were 
discarded  largely  for  financial  reasons,  the  systems  showing  low 
efficiency  and  high  cost  of  construction  and  maintenance.  The 
final  solution  of  the  problem  by  electrical  methods  is  almost  ideal 
in  its  simplicity  and  efficiency  as  a  means  of  transmitting  the 
energy  of  Niagara  to  the  consumers. 

In  the  electrical  distribution  of  Niagara  power  an  essential 
advantage  has  resulted  which  was  not  fully  recognized  at  the 
time  of  its  first  adoption.  As  the  uses  of  this  power  have  devel- 
oped it  has  been  found  that  not  only  was  power  wanted  for 
industrial  purposes  but  primarily  electric  poTver.  This  is 
especially  true  in  the  case  of  the  electrochemical  and  electric 
lighting  applications.  If  pneumatic,  hydrauHc  or  mechanical 
power  had  been  supplied  for  use,  it  would  have  been  necessary 
for  all  the  electrochemical  plants  to  convert  the  power  into  elec- 
tric current,  before  they  could  use  it,  with  all  the  loss  m  power 
which  would  result  from  this  conversion.  So  also  with  the 
electric  lighting  and  electric  railway  applications,  where  power 
is  wanted  in  form  of  electric  current. 

When  the  first  power  house  at  Niagara  Falls  was  proposed 
for  a  capacity  of  50,000  horse  power,  with  an  ultimate  tunnel 
capacity  of  100,000  horse-power,  many  people  wondered  how 
it  would  be  possible  to  dispose  commercially  of  such  a  large 
amount  of  electric  power. 

1011 


Niagara  Falls 

1904  Since  that  time,  however,  great  developments  have  taken  place 

in  the  electrical  arts  which  have  made  possible  the  present 
realization  of  such  a  demand  for  power.  The  developments 
which  have  created  this  demand  have  been,  first  of  all,  in  electro- 
chemistry, though  the  output  of  the  Niagara  plant  is  not  con- 
fined to  electro-chemical  applications,  as  is  generally  supposed. 
Large  blocks  of  its  power  are  in  use  for  electric  railway  pro- 
pulsion, electric  lighting,  and  mechanical  power  application. 
One  of  the  recent  and  important  factors  in  the  growth  of  this 
power  system  has  been  the  introduction  of  the  electric  motor  drive 
for  factory  appliances.  The  evolution  of  economical  methods 
in  power  transmission  has  made  the  delivery  of  Niagara  power 
commercially  possible  to  a  widely  scattered  market. 

As  a  result  of  these  developments  in  the  application  of  elec- 
trical energy  the  first  power  house  has  reached  the  limit  of  its 
capacity  of  50,000  horse  power  and  the  second  plant,  having  a 
capacity  of  55,000  horse  power  is  well  along  toward  its  limit. 

The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company's  distributing  system  now 
covers  a  very  large  territory ;  thousands  of  people  are  dependent 
upon  it  in  their  daily  lives,  and  commercial  interests  of  great 
importance  are  involved  in  it.  The  industrial  world  has  learned 
that  the  Niagara  power  enterprise  is  no  longer  an  experiment,  and 
that  it  has  already  become  an  important  factor  in  the  manufac- 
turing status  of  this  continent. 

When  the  Canadian  plant  is  completed  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company  and  the  Canadian  Niagara  Power  Company 
will  have  available  three  large  independent  power  houses  for  the 
operation  of  their  system  and  will  be  the  only  power  companies 
having  more  than  one  power  house  for  the  protection  and  assur- 
ance of  continuous  supply  of  power.  This  is  a  matter  of  great 
importance  to  customers.  In  case  of  some  unforeseen  accident 
to  any  one  of  the  plants,  interconnections  can  at  once  be  estab- 

1012 


Industrial  Niagara 

lished  so  that  the  most  important  users  of  power  supplied  normally  1904 
can  be  supplied  with  power  from  the  other  two  without  interrup- 
tion. This  is  especially  important  where  the  public  utilities  are 
involved,  such  as  the  electric  railways  and  electric  lighting  com- 
panies. As  the  manufacturing  arts  advance,  the  element  of 
power  becomes  more  and  more  important  and  cheap  power  there- 
fore more  demanded.  Electro-chemistry  is  a  new  art,  and  one 
which  has  great  possibilities  ahead  of  it.  The  high  temperatures 
obtainable  in  electric  furnaces  have  opened  up  a  new  field  to 
chemical  synthesis,  and  it  is  likely  that  many  as  yet  undiscovered 
processes  which  will  require  large  amounts  of  electrical  power  for 
their  operation,  will  be  brought  to  light.  The  supply  of  power 
for  electro-chemical  purposes  is  especially  desirable  in  a  water 
power  plant  where  large  investment  is  necessary,  for  the  power 
used  by  these  processes  is  practically  constant  for  twenty-four 
hours  of  the  day,  thus  tending  to  reduce  load  **  peaks  **  on  the 
total  station  output. 

The  economical  distance  to  which  power  can  be  transmitted 
extends  every  year  as  the  general  demand  for  power  increases 
and  methods  of  handling  high  voltages  improve,  and  the  electric 
equipment  of  steam  railway  systems,  which  is  certain  to  come  in 
time,  will  open  up  a  further  field  for  the  long  distance  trans- 
mission of  large  amounts  of  power  from  a  central  point. 

All  these  tendencies  in  industrial  conditions,  which  have  been 
mentioned,  result  in  an  accelerating  demand  for  power  from 
Niagara  Falls. 

Power    development    of   the    Toronto    and    Niagara    power    company.      1904 
(Eng.  rec.  Feb.  13,  1904.    49:180-183.) 

A  description  of  the  general  features  and  construction  methods  of  this 
development. 

Buck,    Harold   W.      UtiKzation   of   Niagara   power.       (Jour,    ass'n      1904 
engsoc.    June.  1904.    32:344-351.)  ^^'^ 

An  outHne  of  the  existing  status  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Com- 
pany's system,  describing  the  plants,  and  reporting  the  principal  applica- 
tions of  the  power  generated.  The  author  takes  the  view  that  the  bulk 
of  the  power  will  be  used  near  Niagara. 

1013 


Industrial  Niagara 

1904  Williams,  Archibald.    The  romance  of  modem  engineering.     .    .    . 

William.  2d  ed.     Phila.:     Lippincott.     Lond.:     Pearson.      1904.     Pp.    11-33. 

A  history  of  power  development  at  Niagara  with  special  reference  to 

the  plants  on  the  American  side,  and  a  discussion  of  the  uses  to  which 

Niagara  power  is  applied. 

With  power  so  abundant  it  may  well  be  cheap.  In  how  many 
regions  of  the  world  would  you,  for  the  sum  of  $8  (£]  12s) 
obtain  from  year's  end  to  year's  end,  without  a  break,  energy 
representing  one  horsepower?  Having  these  figures  before  us 
we  can  understand  why  the  Pittsburgh  Reduction  Company, 
which  controls  the  aluminum  industry  of  America,  left  Pitts- 
burgh, where  good  coal  costs  but  68  cents  (2s.  lOd.)  a  ton,  and 
migrated  to  Niagara;  and  how  it  comes  about  that  many  manu- 
facturers can  here  save  enough  on  power  in  one  year  to  pay  for 
building  and  cost  of  removal. 

Great  factories  are  springing  up  for  the  manufacture  of  car- 
bide of  calcium  and  other  chemicals.     .     .     . 

Paper,  silver-nitrate,  graphite,  lamp,  cloth,  and  steel  factories 
are  rapidly  rising  within  sound  of  the  Falls.  Electricity  heats 
the  ovens  in  the  huge  establishments  of  the  Natural  Food  Com- 
pany. At  Tonawanda  electricity  saws  and  planes  vast  sticks 
of  timber;  at  Lockport  it  whirls  heavy  trains;  at  Buffalo  it  runs 
the  street  cars,  prints  one  of  the  leading  newspapers,  handles 
thousands  of  tons  of  cereals,  helps  in  the  creation  of  steel  bridges, 
operates  refrigerators,  supplies  the  motive  power  for  great  dock- 
yards, tanyards,  breweries,  and  pumps. 

(See  "The  Wonders  of  Modern  Engineering"  by  the  same  author.) 

(The)  works  of  the  Ontario  power  company.     I.     (Eng.  rec,  Oct.  8, 
1904.     50:420-422.) 
A  history  of  this  development  and  a  description  of  the  head  works. 

(The)  works  of  the  Ontario  power  company.    II.     (Eng.  rec,  Oct.  15, 
1904.     50:460-462.) 
The  head  works  and  pipe  line. 

1014 


1904 


lams 


Industrial  Niagara 

(The)    works    of   the    Ontario   power    company.      III.      (Eng.    rec,       1904 
Oct.  22.  1904.     50:480-482.) 

The  penstocks,  power  house  and  its  equipment. 

(The)  works  of  the  Ontario  power  company.  IV.  (Eng.  rec, 
Oct.  29.   1904.     50:504-505.) 

A  description  of  construction  methods. 

1905 

Adams,   Alton   D.      Niagara  power   at   Goat  Island.      (Sci.   Am.,      1905 
Apr.   15,   1905.     92:299.)  Ada 

The  author  thinks  that  "  if  Niagara  Falls  is  abolished,  Goat  Island 
■\\nll  become  the  greatest  power  site  in  the  world." 

Adams,  Alton  D.  Pipe  line  power  in  Niagara  gorge.  (Cass., 
Dec.  1905.     29:126-131.) 

According  to  Mr.  Adams,  "  so  much  water  has  already  been  granted 
for  power  purposes  above  the  cataract,  that  further  concessions  must  be 
limited  mainly  to  the  gorge  and  lower  rapids  if  the  American  Falls  are 
to  be  saved."  7  he  author  discusses  the  possibilities  and  advantages  of 
pipe  line  power  development  in  the  gorge. 

Adams,  Alton  D.  Power  sites  about  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am., 
Aug.  26,  1905.    93:155.)  • 

A  proposal  for  canals  back  from  the  river  and  a  discussion  of  the 
advantages  of  the  American  side  with  a  notice  of  existing  plants. 

Adams,  Alton  D.  Utilizing  the  power  of  the  Niagara  rapids.  (Eng. 
mag.,  June,   1905.     29:381-387.) 

Mr.  Adams's  paper  "  proposes  a  way  by  which  the  probably  inevitable 
continuance  of  the  power  demands  may  be  fully  met  wfth  a  minimum  of 
loss  to  the  natural  beauty  of  the  region." 

Adams,  Alton  D.  Wheel  pits  and  tunnels  for  Niagara  power. 
(Elec  rev..  May  20,   1905.     46:805-809.) 

Gives  the  capacity  and  cost  per  horse-power  of  excavating  on  the 
American  and  Canadian  side,  and  the  heads  under  which  the  wheels  are 
operated.  "  On  the  Canadian  side  of  the  Falls  a  great  saving  has  been 
effected  in  the  excavation  of  wheel  pits,  through  the  adoption  of  electric 
generators  of  fully  twice  the  individual  capacity  of  those  in  the  plant  of 
the  Niagara  Palls  Power  Company." 

1015 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  Canadian-Niagara    power   to-day.      (Elec.    wld.    and   eng.,    Jan.    7, 

1905.    45:17-20.) 

Development  of  the  Canadian-Niagara  Power  Company's  plant;  its 
capacity  and  its  connection  with  the  American  plant. 

1905  Clark,    George    L.       Niagara    Falls    power,     different    types    of 

ark  development.     (Cass.,  May.  1905.     28:79-81.) 

Nearly  every  type  of  water  power  development  known  to  the 
art  may  be  seen  about  Niagara  Falls.  There  we  find  a  deep, 
vertical  shaft  or  pit  near  the  intake,  with  water  wheels  at  the 
bottom,  and  a  long  horizontal  tunnel  for  carrying  off  the  tail 
water  to  a  point  in  the  river  gorge  below  the  falls.  There,  too, 
is  the  open  surface  canal  that  leads  water  from  the  intake  to  a 
forebay  at  the  top  of  the  cliff  at  one  side  of  the  canon,  and 
delivers  it  to  steel  penstocks  that  drop  to  a  power  house  at  the 
edge  of  the  river  below. 

In  a  third  case  a  long  steel  pipe  line  takes  the  place  of  a 
canal  for  leading  the  water  from  an  intake  above  the  falls  to  a 
point  at  the  top  of  the  cliff,  whence  it  drops  through  steel  pen- 
stocks to  a  generating  station  in  the  gorge.  Still  another  plan 
is  that  by  which  a  power  canal,  several  miles  long,  draws  water 
from  the  Welland  Ship  Canal,  expands  at  several  points  into 
large  storage  reservoirs,  and  finally  terminates  at  the  top  of  the 
Niagara  escarpment,  whence  steel  penstocks  run  to  a  power  sta- 
tion near  the  Lake  Ontario  level  below. 

Besides  these  existing  plants,  there  is  the  proposal  to  dig  a 
long  open  canal  from  the  upper  Niagara  River,  and  conduct 
the  water  to  a  point  in  the  gorge  below  the  whirlpool.  There  is 
also  the  plan  to  excavate  a  tunnel  with  its  head  below  the  water 
level  in  the  gorge  above  the  Whirlpool  Rapids,  and  its  mouth 
below  the  whirlpool,  about  one  and  one-half  miles  down  stream, 
where  the  power  house  will  be  located. 

Even  the  underground  type  of  electric  water-power  station  is 
to  have  an  example  at  Niagara  Falls,  if  the  proposal  of  one 
engineer  should  materialize.  This  is  to  sink  a  vertical  shaft  near 
the  upper  river  to  a  depth  approximately  equal  to  the  height  of 

1016 


Industrial  Niagara 

the  falls,  and  at  the  lower  end  to  excavate  a  room  in  the  shale     1905 
and  limestone  large  enough  for  the  generating  machinery.     From 
this  underground  power  station,  a  nearby  horizontal  tunnel  would 
carry  the  tail  water  from  the  wheels  to  some  point  near  the  foot 
of  the  falls. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  suggestion  in  the  way  of  new 
power  developments  at  Niagara,  is  that  to  sink  a  vertical  shaft 
at  the  upper  end  of  Goat  Island,  and  then  to  excavate  a  nearly 
horizontal  tunnel  from  the  foot  of  this  shaft  to  the  lower 
end  of  the  island,  near  the  water  level  in  the  gorge.  The  power 
plant  in  this  plan  may  be  located  either  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
island  and  have  an  equipment  of  vertical  shafts,  wheels  and 
generators,  or  at  the  lower  end  of  the  island  and  near  the  tail 
water  level. 

Among  the  types  of  power  development  now  represented  at 
the  falls,  that  with  the  vertical  shaft  or  pit  near  an  intake,  the 
wheels  at  the  bottom  of  this  pit,  and  the  generators  at  the  tops  of 
vertical  shafts  in  a  power  house  above,  is  the  most  common. 
This  plan,  first  executed  by  the  Niagara  Power  Company  at  their 
two  generating  stations  on  the  American  side  of  the  great  cata- 
ract, has  since  been  followed  by  the  Canadian  Niagara  Power 
Company  and  the  Toronto  &  Niagara  Power  Company,  whose 
plants  are  both  located  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  falls. 

Prior  to  the  developments  with  deep  wheel  pits  and  long  dis- 
charge tunnels,  came  that  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power 
and  Manufacturing  Company  with  its  open  surface  canal  extend- 
ing from  the  intake  above  to  the  cliffs  below  the  falls,  and  its 
power  house  at  the  foot  of  the  cliff.  This  type  of  plant  has  its 
latest  development  in  the  works  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company, 
whose  generating  station  is  being  built  in  the  gorge  near  the  foot 
of  Horse  Shoe  Falls;  in  this  case,  however,  a  long  line  of  steel 
pipe,  instead  of  a  canal,  brings  water  from  the  upper  river. 

In  each  of  these  types  of  development,  whether  it  be  the  pit 
and  tunnel  with  power  house  at  the  level  of  the  upper  river  or 

1017 


Niagara  Falls 

the  canal  or  pipe  line  with  a  power  house  in  the  Niagara  gorge 
at  the  foot  of  the  long  line  of  escarpment  that  faces  Lake  Ontario, 
the  general  problem  is  the  same.  Namely,  to  utilize  more  or  less 
of  the  total  fall  of  about  327  feet  made  by  the  discharge  of 
Lake  Erie  before  it  reaches  the  Lake  Ontario  level. 

In  order  to  render  any  great  part  of  this  fall  effective  at 
water  wheels,  they  must  be  located  near  the  lower  level.  This 
being  so,  a  main  distinction  between  the  two  general  types  of 
development  is  that  in  one  the  hole  or  pit  in  which  the  wheels 
are  located  must  be  excavated  in  existing  rock,  while  in  the 
other  type  the  work  of  excavation  has  been  done  by  nature,  either 
in  the  Niagara  Gorge  or  at  the  foot  of  the  escarpment. 

Where  the  level  at  which  the  wheels  are  placed  is  a  natural 
one,  the  tailrace  requires  little  or  no  excavation;  this  is  the  case 
in  the  Niagara  Gorge,  or  at  the  foot  of  the  escarpment.  If 
the  wheel  pit  is  excavated  to  a  great  depth,  then  the  tailrace 
takes  the  form  of  a  long  tunnel  through  the  limestone  or  shale 
that  underlies  the  Niagara  region.  When  the  power  house  is 
located  in  a  natural  depression  like  the  gorge,  or  on  the  plain 
at  the  foot  of  the  escarpment,  a  channel  must  be  excavated  on  a 
pipe  line  laid  near  the  natural  ground  level  to  bring  water  from 
the  upper  river. 

Other  things  being  equal,  the  location  of  the  water  wheels 
and  power  house  at  some  natural  level,  instead  of  in  and  partly 
above  an  excavated  pit,  saves  at  the  start  most  of  the  cost  of 
such  a  pit.  In  a  given  case  the  length  of  the  water  conduit, 
whether  canal,  pipe  line  or  tunnel,  must  be  substantially  the 
same,  but  a  canal  or  pipe  line  is  quite  sure  to  have  a  materially 
lower  cost  than  that  for  a  tunnel  of  equal  capacity.  With  a  given 
head  of  water  on  the  wheels,  the  length  of  steel  penstocks  must 
be  about  the  same  whether  these  wheels  are  in  an  excavated  pit, 
in  the  gorge,  or  at  the  foot  of  the  escarpment.  The  pit  with 
wheels  at  the  bottom  and  a  power  house  at  the  top  has  the 
further  disadvantage   that  the  length  of  shaft  connecting  each 

1018 


Industrial  Niagara 

generator  with  its  wheel  must  be  about  equal  to  the  head  of     ^^^^ 
water,  and  that  the  weight  and  cost  of  the  shaft  and  of  its  sup- 
ports must  be  correspondingly  great. 

For  these  reasons,  the  plants  now  under  construction  about 
Niagara  Falls  have  either  their  generators  and  wheels  in  pits  as 
close  as  possible  to  the  falls,  so  as  to  reduce  the  amount  of 
excavation  in  both  pits  and  tunnels,  or  else  have  them  located 
in  the  gorge  or  at  the  foot  of  the  escarpment  and  supplied  with 
water  through  a  canal  or  pipe  line.  For  future  plants  designed 
to  develop  power  with  water  from  the  upper  river,  canals  or  pipe 
lines  are  quite  certain  to  have  the  preference. 

(The)      Conclusions     of     the     Niagara     pov/er     companies     regarding       1905 
Niagara.      (Elec.  rev.,  March  25,  1905.     46:494.) 

The  Ontario  Power  Company's  summary  of  power  available  at 
Niagara  and  the  courses  open  to  municipalities  in  relation  to  its  develop- 
ment. 

DeWeese,  Truman  A.     How  Niagara  is  "  harnessed."     (R.  of  R.,      1905 
July.    1905.      32:58-64.)  DeWeese 

A  discussion  of  power  development  in  progress  on  the  Canadian  side, 
taking  up  the  problems  presented,  the  difficulties  to  be  met,  the  engmeering 
features  of  the  various  constructions,  the  uses  of  the  power  developed,  and 
the  effects  of  diversion.  The  author  tliinks  that  "  the  real  danger  to  the 
falls  will  come  from  the  granting  of  additional  franchises  in  the  future." 

DuNLAP,   Orrin   E.      Canadian  electric  power  stations   at  Niagara,  p^^? 
(Nature,  Dec.   14,  1905.     73:161-162.)  ""  "^ 

A  brief  description  of  the  plans  of  the  three  Canadian  companies. 

DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.  The  Canadian  Niagara  Falls  development. 
(Elec.  rev..  May  5.  1905.     56:737.) 

A  review  of  the  1  9th  Annual  Report  of  the  Queen  Victoria  Niagara 
Falls  Park  Commissioners  on  electrical  development  on  the  Canadian 
side. 

DuNLAP,  Orrin  E.  Curious  engineering  feat  at  Niagara.  (Scl.  Am., 
Nov.   11,  and  25,  1905.     93:382-423.) 

An  account  of  the  concrete  column  which  was  erected  on  shore  and  then 
tipped  over  inLo  the  river  in  order  to  act  as  a  dam  and  raise  the  water  in 
the  power  company's  intake. 

1019 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.   Electrical  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada. 

Dunlap  (Elec.  rev.,  Feb.  10.  1905.    56:231.) 

A  description  of  the  plans  and  plant  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company. 

1905  (The)  Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.    (Sci.  Am.,  Aug. 

12.  1905.    93:117-118.) 

Editorial  comment  together  with  a  bird's-eye  view  of  Niagara  Falls  and 
vicinity  showing  the  location  of  the  three  great  power  plants  under  con- 
struction on  the  Canadian  side. 

1905  (The)    Electro-chemical   industries   of   Niagara   Falls.      Electro-chem. 

and  metal,  ind.     July,   1905.     3:253-255.) 

"An  address  on  this  subject,  delivered  on  June  22,  by  Mr.  Francis 
A.  J.  Fitzgerald  of  Niagara  Falls  at  the  Buffalo  meeting  of  the  American 
Chemical  Society,  was  highly  interesting  and  suggestive  in  two  respects; 
firstly,  for  the  reason  that  Mr.  Fitzgerald  treated  the  subject  from  an 
evolutionary  point  of  view,  observing  the  effects  of  those  most  important 
factors  in  evolution,  the  struggle  for  existence,  the  influence  of  environ- 
ment, etc.,  in  the  development  of  the  Niagara  electro-chemical  products 
made  commercially  at  Niagara  Falls  were  here  publicly  discussed  for  the 
first  time." 
1905  Hydraulic  features  of  the  latest  Niagara  power  plant.      (Eng.  news, 

Nov.  30,   1905.     54:577-578.) 

Deals  with  the  special  features  and  the  boldness  of  design  of  the  Ontario 
Power  Company  in  comparison  with  the  older  companies.  Especially 
interesting  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  hydraulic  engineer. 

1905  Hydro-electric    developments    of    the    Ontario    power    company.       I. 

(Elec.  wld.  and  eng..  Aug.  26,  1905.    46:342-345.) 

Gives  the  general  plan,  describes  the  intake  works,  in  detail  with  views 
and  diagrams. 

Hydro-electric    developments    of    the    Ontario    power    company.       II. 
(Elec.  wld.  and  eng.,  Sept.  2.  1905.    46:387-389.) 
Describes  the  pipe  line  and  the  power  station. 

Hydro-electric  developments  of  the  Ontario  power  company.  III. 
(Elec.  wld.  and  eng.,  Sept.  9,  1905.     46:440-441.) 

Deals  v/ith  the  distribution  and  control  of  the  current,  the  distributing 
stations  and  the  transmission  line. 

Niagara  power  in  the  gorge.  I.  (Elec.  wld.  and  eng.,  Nov.  18. 
1905.     46:857-859.) 

1020 


Industrial  Niagara 

A  historical   study  of  the  power  situation  in  the  gorge  with  special      1905 
reference  to  the  lower  plant  of  the  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  and  the  uses  of  the  power  so  developed. 

Niagara  power  in  the  gorge.  II.  (Elec.  wld.  and  eng.,  Nov.  25, 
1905.    46:899-900.) 

Account  of  the  development  of  the  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manu- 
facturing Company  with  a  description  of  the  new  station  and  equipment. 

Niagara  power  in  Toronto.      (Elec.   wld.  and  eng.,  June  24,    1905.       1905 
46:1167-1170.) 

Description  of  transmission  lines  and  stations. 

NUNN,  Paul  N.     The  development  of  the  Ontario  power  company.      1905 
(Presented  at  22d  ann.  conv.  of  the  Am.  inst.  elec,  eng'rs.     Asheville,  ^""^ 
N.  C    June  19-23.  1905.) 

New  departures  at  Niagara  Falls. 

NuNN,  Paul  N.  Hydro-electric  enterprise  in  Canada.  (Can.  eng., 
March.  1905.     13:72-88.) 

Ontario  power  company's  plant  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.   Am..   Feb.       1905 
11.  1905.     92:126.) 

A  description  of  the  forebay,  flumes,  generators,  and  capacity  of  the 
plant. 

Ontario  power  plant  at  Niagara.      (Elec.  wld.  and  eng..  March  18,       1905 
1905.    45:508.) 

Progress  and  development  of  the  plant. 

Opening   of   the    Niagara    Canadian   power    company's   plant.       (Sci.       1905 
Am..  Feb.  4.  1905.    92:104-105.) 

A  discussion  of  the  capacity  and  units  of  the  new  plant  and  its  relation 
to  the  American  plant. 

Kenyon,  O.  a.     Utilization  of  Niagara  Falls.     (Elec.  wld.  and  eng..      1905 
June  3.  1905.    46:1038.)  ^^"y"" 

Letter  to  the  editor  on  the  economic  value  of  Niagara  Falls. 

Rise   of    Niagara    power.      (Elec.    wld.    and   eng..    Oct.    14,    1905.       1905 
46:654-656.) 

This  clear  and  concise  account  of  the  rise  and  development  of  Niagara 
power  is  both  readable  and  accurate. 

Hydraulic  developments  for  power  purposes  about  Niagara 
Falls  represent  neither  an  invention  nor  a  revolution,  but  a  growth. 

1021 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  Substantially  every  type  of  hydraulic  construction  in  the  great 
plants  now  nearing  completion  has  had  a  forerunner  on  an 
humble  scale.  Wheel  pits  and  tunnels,  canals  and  pipes,  hori- 
zontal wheels  and  vertical  shafts,  stations  above  the  falls  and 
stations  in  the  gorge  below,  have  been  repeatedly  constructed  on 
different  scales  as  the  engineering  arts  and  the  methods  of  power 
distribution  have  advanced. 

Perhaps  the  first  industrial  application  of  Niagara  power  was 
that  in  the  sawmill  built  by  the  French  in  1725,  on  the  New 
York  bank  of  the  river  near  the  upper  rapids,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  lumber  to  be  used  in  Fort  Niagara.  From  the  date 
just  named  down  to  about  1800  sawmills  appear  to  have  been 
constantly  in  use  along  these  rapids.  Augustus  Porter  built  a 
sawmill  on  the  New  York  bank  of  the  upper  river  in  1805,  and 
two  years  later  Porter  and  Bacon  erected  a  gristmill  near  the 
same  location.  It  seems  probable  that  small  heads  of  water  were 
obtained  at  these  mills  by  means  of  short  canals  approximately 
parallel  with  the  river  bank.  From  about  1822  to  1885,  in 
which  latter  year  the  mainland  opposite  Goat  Island  was  taken 
as  a  part  of  the  New  York  State  Park,  a  canal  ran  from  near 
the  head  of  the  upper  rapids  down  toward  the  American  Falls, 
and  mills  were  built  between  this  canal  and  the  river.  In  these 
rapids  there  is  a  fall  of  about  50  feet,  and  a  part  of  this  head 
was  utilized  by  taking  water  from  the  canal  to  the  wheels,  and 
then  discharging  it  into  the  river  above  the  falls.  Bath  Island 
lies  between  the  New  York  bank  and  Goat  Island,  and  was  the 
site  of  a  paper  mill  as  early  as  1825.  This  mill,  destroyed  bj'^ 
fire  in  1858,  was  replaced  by  another  which  met  a  like  fate  in 
1882,  and  the  third  mill  seems  to  have  been  in  operation  on  this 
island  when  it  v/as  taken  for  the  state  park  in  1885.  Five  tons 
of  paper  was  the  daily  production  of  the  second  mill.  The  third 
mill  had  turbines  of  400  hp  capacity.  The  head  of  water  for 
these  wheels  could  have  been  no  more  than  the  fall  of  the  rapids 
along  the  sides  of  this  small  island.     As  late  as  the  year  last 

named  there  was  standing  between  a  canal  and  the  river,  a  little 

1022 


Industrial  Niagara 

above  the  Cataract  House,  a  gristmill  of  Witmer  Brothers,  built  ^®°^ 
in  1822,  which  operated  with  three  turbine  wheels.  Not  far 
from  the  Cataract  House  a  wing  clam  ran  out  into  the  rapids  and 
diverted  water  into  a  short  canal,  as  late  as  1882,  and  between 
this  canal  and  the  river  were  several  mills  with  turbine  wheels 
that  had  an  aggregate  capacity  of  at  least  525  hp.  The  largest 
of  these  mills  was  that  of  Hill  &  Murray,  where  1 0  tons  of  wet 
pulp  were  manufactured  daily  with  the  aid  of  turbines  of  400  hp 
capacity.  From  this  same  canal,  in  1 879,  water  began  to  be  taken 
to  operate  a  Brush  arc  dynamo  with  a  capacity  for  twenty  4,000 
cp  lamps.  The  dynamo  was  driven  by  a  33-in.  turbine  wheel  of 
36  hp  capacity  under  the  water  head  of  12  ft.  Prospect  Park 
and  the  Falls  were  lighted  by  arc  lamps  equipped  with  reflectors 
and  connected  to  this  dynamo.  Thus  it  seems  that  before  1885, 
when  the  state  park  displaced  most  of  these  mills,  the  rapids  above 
the  American  Falls  were  operating  turbines  with  a  total  capacity 
of  about  1 ,000  hp,  at  heads  much  less  than  the  50  ft.,  which  these 
rapids  might  have  been  made  to  furnish.  Water  used  for  this 
power  development  was  returned  to  the  river  above  the  crest  of 
the  Falls.  Meantime  the  diversion  of  water  above  the  Great 
Cataract,  and  its  discharge  into  the  gorge  below  for  power  pur- 
poses, had  already  begun.  As  early  as  1842  Augustus  Porter 
proposed  a  canal  to  lead  water  from  the  upper  Niagara  River  to 
the  gorge,  and  in  1853,  the  Porter  family  granted  the  Niagara 
Falls  Hydraulic  Co.  a  plot  of  land  having  a  frontage  of  425  ft. 
on  the  upper  river,  extending  for  nearly  a  mile  along  the  Gorge 
below  the  Falls,  and  with  a  width  of  1 00  ft.  in  a  strip  4,400 
ft.  long  between  these  river  frontages.  The  object  of  this  grant 
was  to  secure  the  construction  of  a  canal  from  a  point  above  to 
one  below  the  Falls,  so  that  mills  might  locate  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  canal  and  have  a  high  head  of  water.  Excavation  of  this 
canal  began  with  a  celebration  in  1853. 

Completion  of  the  work  was  delayed  for  lack  of  funds,  but 
Horace  FI.  Day  secured  the  property  in  1 860,  and,  on  July  1 , 
1861,  finished  the  canal  with  a  length  of  4,400,  a  width  of  36, 

1023 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  and  a  depth  of  8  ft.  This  canal  terminates  in  a  basin  near 
the  top  of  the  Gorge  with  a  water  surface  of  210  ft.  above  that 
of  the  river  below.  Further  development  was  arrested  at  this 
time  by  the  Civil  War,  and  it  was  1 870  before  any  of  the  great 
power  thus  made  available  was  utilized.  About  that  time  the 
Gaskill  gristmill  was  built  at  the  lower  end  of  the  canal.  This 
mill  appears  to  have  been  equipped  with  turbines  of  100  hp 
capacity  under  not  less  than  25  ft.  head.  In  1877  the  canal 
just  mentioned  and  the  river  frontages  at  its  upper  and  lower 
ends  were  purchased  by  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power 
&  Manufacturing  Co.  and  Schoeilkopf  &  Matthews  began 
the  erection  of  a  flour  mill  to  utilize  a  part  of  the  power  in 
the  same  year.  This  mill  was  located  at  the  top  of  the  cliff 
near  the  lower  end  of  the  canal,  was  64  x  1 26  ft.  on  the 
ground  in  its  main  part,  six  stories  in  height,  and  was  equipped 
with  two  American  turbine  wheels  with  a  combined  capacity 
of  900  hp  under  a  head  of  50  ft.  Water  was  carried  down 
to  these  wheels  through  a  boiler-iron  pipe  9  ft.  in  diameter, 
and  this  development  had  the  highest  head  and  the  greatest 
power  capacity  of  any  that  had  been  made  at  Niagara  Falls 
up  to  that  time.  The  original  Gaskill  mill,  that  of  Schoeilkopf 
&  Matthews  nearby,  and  all  those  erected  at  the  end  of  the 
canal  in  question  for  about  tv^^enty  years  utilized  the  water 
power  by  sinking  wheel  pits  in  the  cliff  and  then  excavating 
a  nearly  horizontal  tunnel  from  the  bottom  of  each  pit  to 
the  face  of  the  cliff  in  the  Gorge.  Turbine  wheels  were 
located  at  the  bottoms  of  these  pits,  the  water  from  the  canal 
after  passing  through  the  wheels  was  discharged  from  the  tunnels, 
and  a  vertical  shaft  from  each  wheel  delivered  its  power  at  the 
top  of  the  cliff.  All  of  these  wheel  pits  were  excavated  before 
turbine  wheels  for  heads  of  100  ft.  and  over  could  be  readily 
procured,  and  the  depths  of  the  pits  ranged  approximately 
between  25  and  90  ft.  Water  being  thus  discharged  into  the 
Gorge  high  up  on  the  face  of  the  cliff,  the  greater  part  of  the 

1024 


Industrial  Niagara 

power  that  might  have  been  obtained  from  it  was  wasted.  In  1905 
1881,  one  of  the  wheel  pits  in  question  was  sunk  to  a  depth  of 
86  ft.  below  high  water  level  in  the  canal,  and  was  given  an 
area  of  20  x  40  feet.  From  the  bottom  of  this  pit  a  tunnel 
1 60  feet  long  and  10x6  ft.  in  cross-section  was  cut  to  the  face 
of  the  cliff.  In  the  pit  three  45-in.  turbine  wheels  were  placed, 
and  each  of  these  wheels,  rated  at  1 ,000  hp,  was  supplied 
with  water  through  an  iron  penstock  seven  ft.  in  diameter. 
About  one  year  earlier  than  this,  in  1880,  the  Cataract  Manu- 
facturing Co.  installed  a  48-inch  American  turbine  in  a  pit 
of  sufficient  depth  to  give  a  water  head  of  83  feet  to  furnish 
1 ,300  hp  for  the  manufacture  of  wood  pulp.  The  two 
wheels  first  installed  quickly  broke  under  the  head  just  named, 
but  the  third  was  of  much  greater  strength  and  able  to  withstand 
the  pressure.  For  this  48-in.  wheel  a  circular  pit  8  ft.  in 
diameter  was  excavated  through  the  rock,  and  from  the  bottom  a 
tunnel  6  ft.  in  diameter  was  cut  to  the  face  of  the  cliff.  The 
v/heel  was  placed  on  the  ledge  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  which 
filled  with  water  during  operation,  and  the  vertical  shaft  was 
braced  at  intervals  by  stays  across  the  pit.  A  distinct  advance 
in  the  use  of  high  water  heads  at  Niagara  Falls  was  made  in 
the  two  pits  last  named,  and  what  was  there  done  has  been 
repeated  on  a  larger  scale  in  some  of  the  recent  power  work.  A 
number  of  pits  besides  those  named  were  sunk  from  time  to 
time  along  the  top  of  the  cliff  at  the  lower  end  of  the  canal,  and 
the  discharge  from  their  tunnels  creates  a  miniature  Niagara 
even  to  this  day. 

During  the  winter,  water  falling  from  the  tunnel  outlets 
freezes  before  it  reaches  the  river,  and  forms  a  small  mountain 
of  ice  m  the  Gorge.  In  1899  the  aggregate  capacity  of  the  water 
wheels  supplied  by  the  canal  and  mechanically  connected  to  the 
m.achinery  of  manufacturing  plants  along  the  cliff  was  7,523  hp. 

Among  these  plants  was  that  of  the  Cliff  Paper  Company, 
especially  notable  as  the  first  to  utilize  substantially  the  entire 

65  '"25 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  head  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  first  to  be  located  in  the  Gorge. 
This  company  operates  a  paper  mill  at  the  top  of  the  cliff,  and  a 
pulp  mill  at  its  foot,  at  the  edge  of  the  river.  After  passing  down 
a  wheel  pit  in  the  cliff  and  driving  turbines  under  a  head  of  75 
ft.  the  water  for  the  pulp  mill  goes  into  an  iron  penstock  and 
drops  another  125  ft.  to  horizontal  Leffel  wheels  that  develop 
about  2,500  hp.  From  the  tail  race  of  these  wheels  the  water 
flows  directly  into  the  river.  This  pulp  mill  in  the  Gorge 
was  erected  and  operated  before  either  of  the  great  electric 
stations  at  Niagara  Falls  were  built,  and  prior  to  1895,  only 
two  of  these  stations,  one  on  the  /jnerican  and  another  on  the 
Canadian  side  of  the  river,  have  since  followed  it  to  the  foot  of 
the  cliffs.  One  of  these  stations,  that  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Hydraulic  Power  &  Manufacturing  Co.  close  to  the  pulp  mill  of 
the  Cliff  Paper  Co.  began  to  generate  electric  power  in  1896, 
vs'ith  horizontal  turbines  operating  under  a  water  head  of  210  ft. 
from  the  canal  above.  This  was  the  first  electric  station  to  locate 
in  the  gorge. 

During  the  previous  year  another  plan  for  the  development  of 
power  with  the  combined  head  of  the  Falls  and  upper  rapids 
had  been  carried  to  completion  in  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company.  Between  1883  and  1885,  Thomas  Evershed, 
an  engineer  engaged  in  the  survey  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Park 
Reservation,  proposed  a  tunnel  running  beneath  the  city  of 
Niagara  Falls,  and  a  system  of  canals  and  wheel  pits,  for  the 
purpose  of  power  production.  The  tunnel  was  to  have  a  length 
of  about  2.5  miles,  was  to  connect  with  smaller  tunnels, 
and  was  to  vent  at  water  level  in  the  Gorge,  just  north  of  the 
reservation.  Main  and  branch  canals  were  to  divert  water  from 
Niagara  River  above  the  upper  rapids,  and  to  deliver  it  in  wheel 
pits  along  the  lines  of  tunnels,  for  turbine  wheels  located  on  the 
pit  floors.  A  company  was  formed  to  carry  out  this  idea  in  a 
revised  form,  under  which  the  wheel  pits  were  brought  close 
together  and  electric  distribution  of  power  was  to  take  the  place 
of  branch  canals  and  tunnels.     For  the  development  of  electric 

1026 


Industrial  Niagara 

energy  the  generators  were  to  be  mounted  at  the  tops  of  vertical  1905 
shafts  that  rose  from  turbine  wheels  near  the  bottom  of  each  pit. 
The  plan  finally  adopted  included  a  surface  canal  250  ft.  wide 
at  its  head  on  the  river  front,  1 .23  miles  above  the  American 
Falls,  1 ,700  ft.  long  in  a  direction  approximately  at  right  angles 
with  the  river,  and  12  ft.  deep.  On  either  side  of  this  canal  a 
wheel  pit  was  to  be  excavated  to  a  depth  of  1  78  ft.,  and  a  tunnel 
7,436  ft.  long  was  to  connect  the  bottoms  of  the  pits  with  the 
river,  in  the  gorge  below  the  Falls.  The  tunnel  width  was  1 8.82 
ft.,  its  height  21  ft.,  and  its  area  in  cross-section  386  sq.  ft. 
Ground  was  broken  for  this  development  on  October  4,  1 890, 
and  the  first  sale  of  electric  energy  was  to  the  Pittsburg  Reduction 
Co.  for  the  production  of  aluminum  on  August  26,  1895.  The 
canal  and  tunnel  were  designed  for  a  capacity  of  120,000  hp.,  at 
the  head  of  136  ft.  utilized  in  the  first  wheel  pit.  In  the  great 
wheel  pit  and  tunnel  of  1895  may  be  seen  an  extension  of  the 
plan  followed  in  the  hydraulic  development  for  the  Gaskill  mill 
more  than  twenty  years  earlier.  Each  plant  included  a  canal  to 
bring  the  water  from  the  upper  river,  a  wheel  pit  with  turbines 
at  the  bottom,  a  vertical  shaft  rising  from  each  wheel  to  the 
ground  level  and  a  tunnel  to  discharge  the  tail  water  into  the 
gorge.  In  the  later  development,  however,  the  tunnel  is  more 
than  a  mile  instead  of  only  a  few  feet  in  length,  the  head  in  1 36 
ft.  to  150  ft.  instead  of  25,  and  the  capacity  is  120,000  instead 
of  lOOhp. 

The  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  set  the  pat- 
tern for  electric  stations  with  wheel  pits  and  tunnels,  and  the 
Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  &  Manufacturing  Co.  by 
locating  its  generating  equipment  at  the  foot  of  the  cliff,  in  1 895, 
fixed  a  type  for  those  who  run  pipes  down  into  the  Gorge 
and  connect  them  with  horizontal  turbine  wheels  for  the  opera- 
tion of  electric  generators.  Both  of  these  examples  on  the 
American  side  of  Niagara  River  have  been  followed  on  the 
Canadian  bank.     In  Queen  Victoria  Park  the  generating  plants 

1027 


Niagara  Falls 

1905  of  the  Canadian  Niagara  Power  Co.  and  the  Toronto  Niagara 
Power  Co.  are  reproductions  of  the  electric  stations  with  tunnels, 
wheel  pits  and  vertical  shafts  on  the  New  York  bank,  with  such 
minor  improvements  as  experience  has  dictated. 

In  the  Gorge,  close  to  the  foot  of  the  Horseshoe  Falls  and 
diagonally  across  the  river  from  its  American  prototype  of  ten 
years  ago,  is  the  new  plant  of  the  Ontario  Power  Co.  This  plant, 
like  that  of  the  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Co. 
across  the  Gorge,  takes  water  above  the  upper  rapids,  leads  it 
from  the  top  to  the  foot  of  the  cliffs  in  steel  pipes,  passes  it 
through  horizontal  turbines  that  are  direct  connected  to  their 
electric  generators,  and  discharges  it  into  the  lower  river.  While 
the  much  larger  and  later  plant  of  the  Ontario  Power  Co. 
presents  many  modifications'  of  detail,  perhaps  its  most  striking 
departure  from  its  prototype  is  in  the  use  of  a  steel  pipe  line 
instead  of  a  canal  to  bring  the  water  to  the  top  of  the  clijff, 

1905  Significance    of    the    hydro-electric    developments    at    Niagara    Falls. 

(Elec.  rev.,  Feb.  11,  1905.    46:224-225.) 

An  editorial  on  the  amount  of  power  in  use  and  prospective.  Power 
development  in  the  United  States  is  compared  with  that  in  other  countries. 

1905  Smith,    Cecil    B.      Construction   of   Canadian    Niagara   power   corn- 

Smith  pany's  one  hundred  thousand  horse-power  hydro-electric  plant  at  Niagara 

Falls,  Ont.      (Trans.     Can.  soc.  c.  e.     Jan.,   1905.      19:62-82.) 

A  description  of  the  construction  work,  buildings,  and  machinery.  An 
abstract  of  the  article  may  be  found  in  the  Electrical  RevieU',  New  York, 
New  York,  December  2,  1905. 

Smith,  Cecil  B.  Hydro-electric  power  plants  in  the  Canadian 
Niagara  district.      (Eng.  mag.,  Feb.,  1  905.     28:727-752.) 

A  comprehensive  survey  of  the  advantages  of  the  district  and   of  the 
various    plants    and    their    distinctive    features    by    one    "  most    intimately 
familiar   with   the  entire   scheme   of   development   of   the   Niagara   water 
power." 
1905  Turbines    of    the    Ontario    power    company,    Niagara    Falls.       (Elec. 

wld.  and  eng.,  April   11.   1905.     45:652.) 

Describes  the  turbines  of  the  horizontal  type,  of  the  largest  capacity 
ever  built. 

1028 


Industrial  Niagara 

Electric  power  development  at   Niagara   Falls.      I.      (Sci.   Am.,  Aug.      1905 
12,  1905.    93:125-126.) 

A  general  survey  of  the  power  situation,  in  which  it  was  shown 
that  at  the  present  time  there  are  in  operation,  or  under  construc- 
tion, on  both  sides  of  the  Niagara  River,  electric  power  plants 
whose  combined  horse-power  is  about  500,000  and  that  if  to 
this  amount  be  added  the  total  amount  of  power  for  which  charter 
rights  have  been  granted,  the  total  development  at  Niagara,  when 
the  full  limit  of  these  charters  has  been  reached  will  be  about 
9.000,000  horse-power. 

Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.  II.  (Sci.  Am.,  Oct. 
21,  1905.    93:320-321.) 

A.  description  of  the  125,000  horse-power  plant  of  the  Electrical 
Development  Company. 

(The)  Waste  of  Niagara.    (Indep..  March  16,  1905.   58:618-620.)       1905 
An   editorial   in   humorous   and  sarcastic  vein   on  the  wastefulness   of 
Niagara  as  a  scenic  spectacle  merely. 

1906 

Adams,  Alton  D.    Proposed  dam  for  Lake  Erie.     (Sci.  Am.,  Feb.      I90e 
10.    1906.      94:127.)  Adams 

A  scheme  for  insuring  a  more  constant  volume  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Buck,    Harold   W.      Niagara    F'alls    from   the   economic   -tandpoint.       190e 

(Out!.,  May  19,  1906.    83:133-136.)  Buck 

An  arp;ument  in  defense  of  comrsercial  utilization  of  the  hall;.  For 
editorial  comment,  see  pages  106-107. 

"  The  author  of  this  arlicle  is  an  electrical  engineer  of  standing,  who 
has  had  a  long  and  authoritative  experience  m  the  scientific  developm.ent 
of  electric  power  at  Niagara  Falls." — EJ.  note. 

There  is  another  side  to  this  question,  however  —  the  economic 
one  —  which  has  been  forced  to  the  front  by  the  developments 
m  science,  engineermg,  and  mdustry  durmg  the  past  ten  years, 
and  this  phase  of  the  situation  cannot  be  set  aside  without  careful 
consideration.  The  development  of  power  at  Niagara  to-day  is 
not  the  result  of  vandalism.     It  is  not  a  manifestation  of  the  greed 

102') 


Niagara  Falls 

1906         of  the  capitalist  for  further  wealth,  nor  is  it  the  evidence  of  the 
"'^  granting  by   legislatures  of  monopolistic  privileges  to  the   few. 

Broadly  speaking,  it  is  solely  the  physical  expression  of  the  law 
of  supply  and  demand. 

The  water  is  being  diverted  for  power  purposes  solely  because, 
in  the  economic  and  industrial  development  of  the  country,  the 
power  is  needed.  This  dememd,  like  all  commercial  demands,  is 
the  net  result  of  the  actions  and  desires  of  all  the  individuals  of 
the  country. 

The  author  goes  on  to  state  that  the  capitalists  are  not  the  only  ones 
benefited  by  the  development  of  the  Niagara  power,  but  that  the  real 
benefit  goes  to  the  manufacturer  and  purchaser  of  the  products  cheapened 
by  the  use  of  electricity. 

The  economic  side  of  the  Niagara  problem  is  a  serious  one, 
and  it  cannot  be  set  aside  as  secondary  to  that  of  the  scenic 
interests.  It  must  be  cleared  of  the  prejudices  which  now  dis- 
credit it,  and  its  importance  to  the  country  at  large  must  be  recog- 
nized. Niagara  Falls  is  a  great  continental  asset,  not  only  as  a 
scene,  but  also  as  a  source  of  power,  and  any  fair  adjustment 
between  the  two  interests  must  be  made  upon  the  basis  of  a  rea- 
sonable compromise.  The  wave  of  exaggerated  sentimentalism 
now  passing  should  not  be  allowed  to  sweep  aside  all  reason,  nor 
be  the  only  thing  considered. 

1906  DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.     The  crime  against  Niagara.      (Harp,  w.,  April 

Dunlap  7^  ,906.    ,    .    .    50:pt.  1.    474-476.) 

"  It  has  been  estimated,"  says  Mr.  Dunlap,  "  That  should  all  the 
power  companies  which  have  authority  to  use  water  from  the  Niagara 
river,  carry  out  their  undertakings  upon  anything  like  the  scale  adopted 
by  the  companies  whose  works  are  now  under  construction,  the  falls  of 
Niagara,  considered  as  a  scenic  spectacle,  would  be  most  grievously 
impaired,  if  not  entirely  destroyed." 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  A  great  concrete  retaining  wall.  (Sci.  Am., 
May  12.  1906.    94:395-396.) 

This  wall,  supposed  to  be  the  highest  concrete  wall  in  existence,  was 
built  by  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany to  face  the  cliff  and  protect  its  power  station. 

1030 


Industrial  Niagara 

DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.     a  new  1  30,000  horse-power  plant  at  Niagara      1906 
Falls.     (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.  6,  1906.    95:244-245.)  Dunlap 

A  description  of  the  lower  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power 
and  Manufacturing  Company. 

Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.     III.     (Sci.  Am.,  March      1906 
24,  1906.    94:248-249.) 

A  history  of  the  development  of  power  on  the  Niagara  and  a  discussion 
of  the  advantages  of  the  Canadian  side  together  with  a  description  of  the 
distinctive  features  of  the  Canadian  Niagara  plant. 

Electric  railway  development  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Elec.  rev.,  July  28,      1906 
1906.    40:234.) 

According  to  the  article,  a  widely  known  engineer  has  said  that  "  in  his 
belief,  the  day  was  not  distant  when  every  locomotive  between  Syracuse 
and  Cleveland,  and  in  all  that  territory  not  more  than  1 00  miles  from 
Niagara  Falls,  would  be  operated  from  power  generated  there." 

Houston,  Edwin  J.      Half  a  decade  of  progress  in  electricity  and      1906 
magnetism.     (Cass.,  Feb.,  1 906.     29:286-288.)  Houston 

A  brief  description  of  industrial  processes  depending  on  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company. 

International  waterways  commission.      (U.  S.  &  Can.)      Report  upon      1906 
the  existing  water  power  situation  at  Niagara  Falls,  so  far  as  concerns  the 
diversion  of  water  on  the  American  side,  by  the  American  members  of 
the  International  waterways  commission  and  Cap't  Charles  W.  Kutz,  corps 
of  engineers,  U.  S.  A.     Wash.:     Gov't  printing  off.     1906. 

Contains  a  description  of  the  plants,  estimates  of  water  needed,  and 
recommendations  for  permits  for  the  power  companies. 

International  waterways  commission.  (U.  S.  &  Can.)  Second  interim 
report  of  the  Canadian  section  and  first  joint  report  of  the  commission. 
Ottawa:     1906. 

The  Niagara  Falls  question  is  fully  taken  up  in  this  report  and  the  one 
cited  above,  the  dangers  from  diversion  are  considered,  limitations  are  urged 
for  the  use  of  the  water  power,  and  recommendations  are  made. 

Niagara   Falls   power   developments.      (Elec.    rev.,   Aug.    17,    1906.      1906 
59:265.) 

Permits  under  the  Burton  law. 

1031 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  Niagara  power  schemes.      (Eng.,  Feb.   16,   1906.     81:218-220.) 

A  review  of  a  lecture  by  Professor  Unvvin  before  the  Institution  of 
Mechanical  Engineers  (London)  giving  an  account  of  Niagara  develop- 
ments and  problems  and  the  effect  of  diversion  on  the  Falls. 

(The)  Power  of  Niagara.  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company.  Niagara 
Falls.  N.Y.:     1906. 

An  attractive  and  compact  advertising  pamphlet  setting  forth  the 
capacity  of  the  plants  named,  the  cost  of  and  advantages  in  using  Niagara 
power. 

Many  plans  were  devised  for  the  harnessing  of  Niagara,  but 
it  was  not  until  1 888  that  a  feasible  one  dawned  upon  the  horizon 
of  the  world's  work.  Then  it  was  that  the  United  States  granted 
a  series  of  patents  covering  the  generating  and  distributing  of 
what  were  termed  polyphase  electrical  currents.  The  invention 
embodied  in  these  patents  made  possible  the  transmitting  of  elec- 
trical energy  over  great  distances.  With  such  a  possibility 
reasonably  assured,  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  began  on 
October  4,  1 890,  the  construction  of  its  first  great  hydro-electric 
generating  station.  Not  quite  five  years  later  electrical  power 
for  commercial  purposes  was  delivered  from  that  station,  and  on 
November  1 5,  1896,  the  same  power  was  first  used  commercially 
in  Buffalo,  twenty-five  miles  away. 

Beginning  with  the  modest  number  of  three  generators  and 
the  small  output  capacity  of  15,000  electrical  horse-power,  the 
first  generating  station  grew  to  a  capacity  of  50,000  electrical 
horse-power;  and  then  a  second  station  close  by  was  completed, 
with  an  additional  capacity  of  50,000  electrical  horse-power, 
whilst  across  the  river  in  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  a  third  station 
was  being  built,  which  to-day  has  available  50,000  electrical 
horse-power  out  of  an  ultimate  output  of  I  1  0,000  horse-power. 

1906  RankINE,  William  B.     National  cyclopedia  of  American  biography. 

Rankine  .    _    N.Y.:    White.  1 906.    Vol.  XIII.     Pp.  286-287. 

Brief  history  and  description  of  the  exploitation  of  Niagara  water-power 
with  special  reference  to  the  developments  of  the  Niagara  Palls  Power 
Company  and  the  Canadian-Niagara  Power  Company. 


Industrial  Niagara 

Wells,  H.  G.    "The  end  of  Niagara."    (Harp,  w.,  July  21.   1906.      1906 
50:pt.  2.     1018-1020.)  Wells 

A  description  of  the  power  development  at  Niagara  in  characteristic 
fantastic  style. 

Everywhere  in  the  America  I  have  seen  the  same  note  sounds, 
the  note  of  a  fatal  gigantic  economic  development,  of  large  pre- 
vision and  enormous  pressures. 

I  heard  it  clear  above  the  roar  of  Niagara  —  for,  after  all,  I 
stopped  off  at  Niagara. 

As  a  waterfall,  Niagara's  claim  to  distinction  is  now  mainly 
quantitative,  its  spectacular  effect,  its  magnificent  and  humbling 
size  and  splendor,  were  long  since  destroyed  beyond  recovery  by 
the  hotels,  the  factories,  the  power-houses,  the  bridges  and  tram- 
ways and  hoardings  that  arose  about  it.  It  must  have  been  a  fine 
thing  to  happen  upon  suddenly  after  a  day  of  solitary  travel ;  the 
Indians,  they  say,  gave  it  worship;  but  it's  no  great  wonder  to 
reach  it  by  trolley  car  through  a  street  hack-infested  and  full  of 
adventurous  refreshment-places  and  souvenir-shops  and  the  tout- 
ing guides.  There  were  great  quantities  of  young  couples  and 
other  sightseers,  with  the  usual  encumbrances  of  wrap  and  bag  and 
umbrella,  trailing  out  across  the  bridges  and  along  the  neat  paths 
of  the  reservation  parks,  asking  the  v/ay  to  this  point  and  that. 
Notice  boards  cut  the  eye,  offering  this  and  that  for  twenty-five 
and  fifty  cents,  and  it  was  proposed  you  should  keep  off  the 
grass. 

After  all,  the  gorge  of  Niagara  is  very  like  any  good  gorge  in 
li^c  Ardennes,  except  that  it  has  more  water;  it's  about  as  wide 
.  rcl  about  as  deep,  and  there  is  no  effect  at  all  that  one  has  not 
seen  a  dozen  times  in  other  cascades.  One  gets  all  the  water  one 
^vants  at  Tivoli ;  and  one  has  gone  behind  half  a  hundred  down- 
pours just  as  impressive  in  Switzerland;  a  hundred  tons  of  water 
is  really  just  as  stunning  as  ten  million.  A  hundred  tons  of  water 
stuns  one  altogether,  and  what  more  do  you  want?  One  recalls 
"  Orridos  "  and  "  Schluchts  "  that  are  not  only  magnificent  but 
lonely. 

1033 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  No  doubt  the   falls,   seen   from  the  Canadian   side,   have   a 

peculiar  long  majesty  of  effect;  but  the  finest  thing  in  it  all,  to  my 
mind,  was  not  Niagara  at  all,  but  to  look  up-stream  from  Goat 
Island  and  see  the  sea-wide  crest  of  the  flashing  sunlit  rapids 
against  the  gray-blue  sky.  That  was  like  a  limitless  ocean  pour- 
ing down  a  sloping  world  towards  one,  and  I  lingered,  held  by 
that,  returning  to  it  through  an  indolent  afternoon.  It  gripped 
the  imagination  as  nothing  else  there  seemed  to  do.  It  was  so 
broad  an  infinitude  of  splash  and  hurry.  And,  moreover,  all  the 
enterprising  hotels  and  expectant  trippers  were  out  of  sight. 

That  was  the  best  of  the  display.  The  real  interest  of  Niagara 
for  me  was  not  in  the  waterfall,  but  in  the  human  accumulations 
about  it.  They  stood  for  the  future,  threats  and  promises,  and  the 
waterfall  was  just  a  vast  reiteration  of  falling  water.  The  note 
of  growth  in  human  accomplishment  rose  clear  and  triumphant 
above  the  elemental  thunder. 

For  the  most  part  these  accumulations  of  human  effort  about 
Niagara  are  extremely  defiling  and  ugly.  Nothing  —  not  even 
the  hotel  signs  and  advertisement  boards  —  could  be  more 
offensive  to  the  eye  and  mind  than  the  Schoellkopf  Company's 
untidy  confusion  of  sheds  and  buildings  on  the  American  side, 
wastefully  squirting  out  long  tail-race  cascades  behind  the  bridge, 
and  nothing  more  disgusting  than  the  sewer-pipes  and  gas-work 
ooze  that  the  town  of  Niagara  Falls  contributes  to  the  scenery. 
But,  after  all,  these  represent  only  the  first  slovenly  onslaught  of 
mankind's  expansion,  the  pioneers'  camp  of  the  human-growth 
process  that  already  changes  its  quality  and  manner.  There  are 
finer  things  than  these  outrages  to  be  found. 

These  dynamos  and  turbines  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company,  for  example,  impressed  me  far  more  profoundly  than 
the  Cave  of  the  Winds;  are,  indeed,  to  my  mind,  greater  and 
more  beautiful  than  that  accidental  eddying  of  air  beside  a 
downpour.  They  are  will  made  visible,  thought  translated  into 
easy  and  commanding  things.  They  are  clean,  noiseless,  and 
starkly  powerful.     All  the  clatter  and  tumult  of  the  early  age  of 

1034 


Industrial  Niagara 

machinery  is  past  and  gone  here;  there  is  no  smoke,  no  coal  grit,  1906 
no  dirt  at  all.  The  wheel-pit  into  which  one  descends  has  an 
almost  cloistered  quiet  about  its  softly  humming  turbines.  These 
are  altogether  noble  masses  of  machinery,  huge  black  slumbering 
monsters,  great  sleeping  tops  that  engender  irresistible  forces  in 
their  sleep.  They  sprang,  armed  like  Minerva,  from  serene  and 
speculative,  foreseeing  and  endeavoring  brains.  First  was  the 
word  and  then  these  powers.  A  man  goes  to  cmd  fro  quietly  in 
the  long  clean  hall  of  the  dynamos.  There  is  no  clangor,  no 
racket.  Yet  the  outer  rim  of  the  big  generators  is  spinning  at 
the  pace  of  a  hundred  thousand  miles  an  hour ;  the  dazzling  clean 
switch-board,  with  its  little  handles  and  levers,  is  the  seat  of 
empire  over  more  power  than  the  strength  of  a  million  disciplined, 
unquestioning  men.  All  these  great  things  are  as  silent,  as  won- 
derfully made,  as  the  heart  in  a  living  body,  and  stouter  and 
stronger  than  that. 

When  I  thought  that  these  two  huge  wheel-pits  of  this  com- 
pany are  themselves  but  a  little  intimation  of  what  can  be  done 
in  this  way,  what  will  be  done  in  this  way,  my  imagination 
towered  above  me.  I  fell  into  a  day-dream  of  the  coming  power 
of  men,  and  how  that  power  may  be  used  by  them. 

For  surely  the  greatness  of  life  is  still  to  come ;  it  is  not  in  such 
accidents  as  mountains  or  the  sea.  I  have  seen  the  splendor  of 
the  mountains,  sunrise  and  sunset  among  them,  and  the  waste 
immensity  of  sky  and  sea.  I  am  not  blind  because  I  can  see 
beyond  these  glories.  To  me  no  other  thing  is  credible  than 
that  all  the  natural  beauty  in  the  world  is  only  so  much  material 
for  the  imagination  and  the  mind,  so  many  hints  and  suggestions 
for  art  and  creation.  Whatever  is,  is  but  the  lure  and  symbol 
towards  what  can  be  willed  and  done.  Man  lives  to  make  —  in 
the  end  he  must  make,  for  there  will  be  nothing  left  for  him  to  do. 

And  the  world  he  will  make  —  after  a  thousand  years  or  so! 

I,  at  least,  can  forgive  the  loss  of  all  the  accidental,  unmean- 
ing beauty  that  is  going  for  the  sake  of  the  beauty  of  the  fine 
order  and   intention  that  will  come.      I   believe  —  passionately 

1035 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  as  a  doubting  lover  believes  in  his  mistress  —  in  the  future  of 
^  *  mankind.    And  so  to  me  it  seems  altogether  well  that  all  the  froth 

and  hurry  of  Niagara  at  last,  all  of  it,  dying  into  hungry  canals  of 
intake,  should  rise  again  in  light  and  power,  in  ordered  and 
equipped  and  proved  and  beautiful  humanity,  in  cities  and  palaces 
and  the  emancipated  souls  and  hearts  of  men. 

I  turned  back  to  look  at  the  power-house  as  I  walked  towards 
the  falls,  and  halted  and  stared.  Its  architecture  brought  me 
out  of  my  day-dream  to  the  quality  of  contemporary  things  again. 
You  know,  it  is  such  an  inconceivably  dull  piece  of  building  — 
a  box  of  bricks  exterior  for  these  engineering  splendors  —  a 
shock,  a  scandal  like  a  bowler-hat  on  the  king  of  kings.  What 
an  architect!  I'd  almost  as  soon  have  had  one  of  the  Schoellkopf 
sheds. 

For  a  time  my  prophetic  mood  was  altogether  damped. 

A  community  that  can  produce  such  things  as  those  turbines 
and  dynamos,  and  then  cover  them  over  with  this  dull  exterior, 
is  capable,  one  feels,  of  a  feat  of  bathos.  One  feels  that  all  the 
power  that  throbs  in  the  copper  cables  below  may  end  at  last  in 
turning  great  wheels  for  excursionists,  stamping  out  aluminum 
fancy-ware,  and  the  illumination  of  night  advertisements  for  drug- 
shops  and  music-halls,    I  had  an  afternoon  of  busy  doubts.    .    .    . 

There  is  much  discussion  about  the  question  of  Niagara  at 
present.  It  may  be  some  queer  compromise,  based  on  the  pretence 
that  a  voluminous  waterfall  is  necessarily  a  thing  of  incredible 
beauty,  and  a  human  use  is  necessarily  a  degrading  use,  v/ill 
"save"  Niagara  and  the  hack-drivers  and  the  souvenir-shops  for 
series  of  years  yet,  "  a  magnificent  monument  to  the  pride  of  the 
United  States  in  a  glory  of  nature,"  as  one  journalistic  savior  puts 
it.  It  is,  as  public  opinion  stands,  a  quite  conceivable  thing.  This 
electric  development  may  be  stopped  after  all,  and  the  huge  fall 
of  water  remain  surrounded  by  gravel  paths  and  parapets  and 
geranium-beds,  a  staring-point  for  dull  wonder,  a  crown  for  days' 
excursion,  a  thunderous  impressive  accessory  to  the  vulgar  love- 
making  that  fills  the  surrounding  hotels,  a  Titanic  imbecility  of 

1036 


Industrial  Niagara 

wasted  gifts.     But  I  don't  think  so.     I  think  somebody  will  pay     1906 
something,  and  the  journalistic  zeal  for  scener}'-  abate.     I  think  the  ^^"' 
huge  social  and  industrial  process  of  America  will  win  in  this 
conflict,  and  at  last  swallow  up  Niagara  altogether. 

It  will  receive  that,  as  it  has  received  so  much,  to  return  us  — 
what? 

U.  S.  War  Department.     Hearings  in  the  matter  of  the  granting  of      1906 
permits  for  the  transmission  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada  into  the  United     ^^'  ^"^ 
States  of  power   from  the  Niagara   river,   before   the  Secretary   of   War 
at  Washington.  D.  C.     Nov.  26,  and  27,  1906.     Wash.:     Gov't  print, 
off.   1906. 

Included  are  the  statements  of  J.  Horace  McFarland,  A.  K.  Potter, 
F.  W.  Stevens,  I'.  D.  Deberard,  Henry  E.  Gregory,  Dr.  John  M.  Clarke, 
Clinton  Roger  Woodruff,  Hon.  Charles  M.  Keep,  Francis  Lynde  Stetson, 
W.  Caryl  Ely,  Gen.  Francis  V.  Greene,  Morris  Cohn,  Jr.,  Paul  D. 
Cravath,  John  G.  Johnson,  and  Frank  A.  Dudley,  representatives  of 
various  interests  connected  with  Niagara  Falls,  U.  S.  Engineers,  etc. 

Unwin,    W.    CawTHORNE.      The    Niagara     Falls    power    stations.      1906 
Proc.  inst.  M.  E.  Lond.)      1906.     Pp.    135-148.  Unwin 

This  is  the  epitome  of  a  lecture  delivered  at  the  graduates  meeting  on 
February  12,  1906,  and  contains  eighteen  beautiful  plates.  The  early 
utilization  of  the  Falls  is  described,  and  the  development  of  the  different 
American  and  Canadian  power  companies  discussed.  The  possible 
destruction  of  the  scenic  effect  of  the  F  alls  is  dealt  with  and  the  author 
says,  "  Obviously  when  the  works  are  complete  there  will  be  a  serious 
alteration  in  the  appearance  of  the  Falls." 

1907 

(The)    Burton  bill  and  its  effects  on  electric  developments  at  Niagara      1907 
Falls.     (Elec.  wld.  and  eng.,  June  29,  1907.     49:1291-1294.) 

Discusses  the  provisions  and  restrictions  of  the  bill  and  permits  granted 
under  it,  its  general  effects,  and  the  effect  on  the  Canadian  company  and 
on  the  market  for  power. 

Canadian-Niagara   power  company's   transmission   to   Buffalo.       (Elec.      1907 
wld.  ai.d  eng.,  June  29,  1907.     49:1299-1302.) 

Description  of  the  lines  crossing  the  river  and  of  the  terminal  station  B 
of  the  Cataract  Power  and  Conduit  Company. 

1037 


Niagara  Falls 

1907  DUNLAP,  Orrin  E.     Illuminating  Niagara  with  its  own  power.     (Sci. 

Dunlap  Am..  Oct.  19,  1907.    97:273-274.) 

A  description  of  the  machinery  used  for  the  illumination  and  the  effect 
on  the  Falls. 

1907  Greene,    Francis    V.      Niagara    Falls    in    1907.      Ontario    Power 

Greene  Company  of  Niagara  Falls. 

A  paper  read  before  the  American  Civic  Association  at  the  annual 
convention.  Providence,  R.  I.,  November  19,  1907.  A  stereopticon 
lecture  illustrated  by  seventy-five  diagrams  and  views.  The  author  is 
the  vice  president  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company.  Says  Mr.  Greene: 
"  I  trust  that  I  have  reassured  you  as  to  any  fears  you  may  have  that, 
under  the  law  and  the  conditions  as  they  nuw  exist,  there  is  any  danger 
of  Niagara  Falls  being  destroyed.  We  are  not  now,  and  never  have  been, 
parties  to  any  plans  which  would  in  any  way  endanger  this  sublime 
spectacle.  The  works  of  all  the  companies  which  have  been  partially 
constructed  will  not,  when  carried  to  completion  on  plans  already  approved, 
take  out  of  Niagara  enough  water  to  change  its  appearance." 

1907  MersHON,  Ralph  D.     The  transmission  plant  of  the  Niagara,  Lock- 

Mershon  port   and   Ontario   Power   Company.       (Trans.    Am.      inst.    elec.    eng'rs. 

N.  F.    June  26,  1907.    26:pt.  2,  1273-1317.) 

"  This  event,"  says  the  author,  speaking  of  the  opening  of  the  Niagara, 
Lockport  and  Ontario  transmission  line,  "  marks  the  inauguration  of  one 
of  the  first  undertakings  in  the  matter  of  distributing  Niagara  power  over 
a  large  section  of  country,  and  the  beginning  of  an  enterprise  which  is  one 
of  the  most  important,  and  m  some  respects  the  most  important  of  its 
kind  anywhere  in  the  world."  He  then  goes  on  to  describe  in  detail 
the  capacity,  length  and  construction  of  the  line. 

1907  Niagara.     The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y., 

and  the  Canadian   Niagara  Power  Company,   Ontario,   April    1,    1907. 
Bensler  Press  Company.     Buffalo:     n.  d. 

A  pamphlet  containing  information  for  visitors,  an  account  of  the  har- 
nessing of  Niagara,  a  description  of  the  plants  of  the  two  companies, 
together  with  views  and  diagrams  and  maps  of  the  developments,  trans- 
mission lines  and  distributing  stations. 

That  Niagara  Falls  represented  a  natural  source  of  tremen- 
dous power  was  known,  but  the  mere  recognition  of  a  possible 
source  of  power  is  not  the  real  problem  in  its  commercial  develop- 


Industrial  Niagara 

ment.  Two  other  factors  require  even  greater  consider atfon  —  1907 
first,  some  means  must  be  provided  for  converting  the  forces  of 
nature  into  some  useful  and  marketable  form  of  energy,  and 
second,  when  it  is  converted  into  a  useful  form  of  energy,  a  suffi- 
cient demand  for  the  power  must  be  created  to  justify  its  develop- 
ment upon  a  large  and  practical  scale. 

(TTie)     Niagara    dispute.       (Elec.    wld.    and    eng.,    Jan,    5,     1907.      1907 
49:13.) 

Note  on  the  power  of  the  federal  government  under  the  Burton  act. 

(The)    Niagara   Falls  power  question.      (W.   elec,   Jan.    26,    1907.      1907 
40:93.) 

Discusses  the  permits  for  transmission  of  power  from  Canada  issued  by 
Secretary  of  War  Taft. 

Niagara   power   at   Syracuse.      (Ry.   and  eng.    rev.,   June    1,    1907.      1907 
47:458-459.) 

Electric  current  generated  from  the  large  power  plants  at 
Niagara  Falls  has  recently  been  made  available  at  points  further 
distant  from  the  source  of  supply  than  even  were  supplied  before. 
The  system  as  already  constructed  reached  half  way 
across  New  York  State  in  the  direction  of  its  greatest  length.  At 
these  remote  distances  from  the  central  station  the  power  is  being 
put  to  many  uses,  perhaps  the  most  important  of  Vv^hich  are  for  the 
operation  of  various  electric  railway  systems.  The  Erie  Railroad 
in  the  electrification  of  its  Rochester  division  is  using,  as  its  source 
of  power,  current  from  the  lines  of  the  Niagara,  Lockport  and 
Ontario  Power  Company.  .  .  .  Still  more  remote  from  the 
Fails  is  the  city  of  Syracuse,  and  the  Syracuse  Rapid  Transit 
Company,  which  operates  the  street  railways  In  that  place,  has 
recently  arranged  to  receive  a  large  part  of  its  current  from  the 
long  distance  transmission  lines. 

OXLEY,    J.    Macdonald.       Niagara    under    yoke.       (Wld.    to-day,      1907 
Sept..  1907.    8:298-306.)  Oxley 

The  article  deals  particularly  with  the  Canadian  situation.     To  quote: 
"  Nowhere   the  world  over  may  you   find  a   more  convincing  illustration 

1039 


Niagara  Falls 

1907  of  tlie  hard,  practical  spirit  of  the  age  than  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the 

Oxley  most  famous  of  cataracts.     Those  who  are  prone  to  value  none  but  pay- 

ing   facts   have   verily   had   their   triumph   here,    and   the   votaries   of   the 
sublime  and  beautiful  have  been  put  to  utter  rout." 

1907  Urban,  Henry.     Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara.     (Societe  Beige 
Urban             d'clectriciens.  Feb.,  1907.     24:33-48.) 

An  account  of  the  development  and  distribution  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company  and  the  Ontario  Power  Company.  The  article  also  con- 
tains some  diagrams. 

1908 

1908  Arnot,  Raymond  H.     The  industries  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Pop.  sci. 
Ai-not             mo.,  Oct.,  1908.    73:306-318.) 

A  simple  and  interesting  study  of  Niagara  Falls  as  an  eiectro-chernical 
center. 

1908  Behrend,  B,  a.    a  large  new  generator  for  Niagara  Falls.     (Trans. 

Behrend  Am.    inst.    elec.    eng'rs.      Atlantic    City,    July     1,     1908,     27;pt.    2, 

1057-1068.) 

A  technical  and  detailed  description  of  machinery  for  the  new  plant  of 
the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Company. 

1908  Electric  power  in  Ontario.      (Power,  Nov.  3,  1908.     29:754.) 

Discussion  of  hydro-electric  power  in  Ontario  with  special  reference 
to  the  situation  at  Hamilton  by  the  consul  in  Hamilton.  (Quoted  from 
the  Consular  and  Trade  reports.) 

1908  Greene,   Francis   Vinton.     The  equities  at  Niagara.     .     .     . 

Greene  Wash.       (1908.) 

A  statement  submitted  on  behalf  of  the  Lower  Niagara  River  Power 
and  Water  Supply  Company  of  New  York;  the  Niagara,  Lockportc  and 
Ontario  Power  Company  of  New  York,  and  the  Ontario  Power  Company 
of  Niagara  Falls,  Canada.  The  statement  is  a  plea  for  the  removal  of 
the  prohibitions  of  the  act  of  June  29,   1  906. 

1908  (The)  long  distance  transmission  record.     (Elec.  wld.,  May  2,   1908. 

51:888-889.) 

An  editorial  on  Niagara  power  in  Auburn,  New  York,  1 63  miles 
away,  "  probably  the  longest  twenty- four  hours-a-day  transmission  yet  in 
use." 

1040 


Industrial  Niagara 

Mershon,   Ralph  D.     Losses  and  critical  voltages  of  high  tension      1908 
transmission  lines.     (Eng.  dig.,  Sept.,  1908.    4:256-257.)  Mershon 

This  paper  "  has  mainly  to  do  with  the  results  of  the  work  carried  on  at 
Niagara  Falls,  but  in  the  treatment  of  these  results  the  work  at  Telluride 
(Colorado)  and  that  of  Professor  Ryan  will  necessarily  be  referred  to  and 
discussed."  The  article  is  a  condensation  of  a  paper  entitled,  "  High 
Voltage  Measurements  at  Niagara  "  read  before  the  American  Institute  of 
Electrical  Engineers,  Atlantic  City,  June  29,  1  908. 

Niagara  power.     (Elec.  wld.,  June-l  3,  1908.     51:1721.)  1908 

A  digest  of  the  report  of  the  International  Waterways  Commission. 

Williams,  Archibald.   How  it  is  done,  or.  Victories  of  the  engineer.     1908 
(N.  Y.    Nelson.     1908c.    Pp.  467-484.)  Williams 

A  discussion  dealing  with  the  waste  of  energy  at  the  Falls,  the  history  of 
the  use  of  Niagara,  the  modcn  power  companies  and  their  plants  and 
methods. 

1909 

KoESTER,    Frank.      Hydro-electric    developments    and    engineering.      1909 
N.  Y.     D.  Van  Nostrand  Co.      1909.      (See  index.)  ^°^''^' 

Among  the  references  in  the  index  are  327  of  the  power  plant  and 
transmission  system  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company,  and  also  some  dealing 
with  the  architectural  features  of  the  Niagara  Flower  Company. 

1910 

The  development  of  electric  power  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Nature,  April      1910 
7,  1910.    83:173-176.) 

From  a  paper  entitled,  "An  account  of  a  visit  to  the  power  plant  of 
the  Ontario  Power  Company  at  Niagara  Falls,"  read  before  the  Institu- 
tion of  Mechanical  Engineers,  January  7,  1910,  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Jordan. 
T  he  article  describes  the  intake,  conduits,  spillway  and  weir,  power  house, 
imd  machinery  of  the  company. 

Niagara    Falls    power    company    and    Canadian-Niagara    power    com-      1910 
pany.     Information  for  visitors.     April   1 ,   1910. 
Historical  and  descriptive. 

Thompson,  Sylvanus  Phillips.    Life  of  Wilham  Thompson,  baron     1910 

Kelvin  of  Largs.      Lond.      Macmillan.      1910.     2  Vols.      (See  index  to  Thompson 
volume  2  under  Niagara.) 

66  IMI 


Niagara  Falls 

1910  On  his  visit  to  Niagara  in   1897  to  investigate  the  industrial  develop- 
Thompson        ment.  Lord  Kelvin  said  to  the  press,  "  I  do  not  myself  believe  that  any 

such  limit  will  be  found  to  the  use  of  this  great  natural  source.  I  look 
forward  to  the  time  when  the  whole  water  from  Lake  Erie  will  find  its 
way  to  the  lower  level  of  Lake  Ontario  through  machinery,  doing  more 
good  for  the  world  than  even  that  great  benefit  which  we  now  possess 
in  contemplation  of  the  splendid  scene  which  we  have  before  us  in  the 
waterfall  of  Niagara,  I  wish  I  could  live  to  see  this  grand  development. 
I  do  not  hope  that  our  children's  children  will  ever  see  the  Niagara 
cataract." 

1911 

1911  Canada  Commission  of  Conservation.    Water  powers  of  Canada, 
Canada  Com-  by  Leo  G.  Denis  and  Arthur  V.  Wbite.     Ottawa.     The  Mortimer  co. 

mission  of       im  i  /c        •     i        \ 

Conservation   '^N.     (beemdex.) 

The  portions  of  the  book  devoted  to  Niagara  deal  with  the  esthetic 
value  of  the  Falls,  the  power  possibilities,  the  existing  situation,  and  the 
conditions  governing  development,  as  well  as  considerable  data  respecting 
the  various  companies. 

The  suggestion  regarding  the  diversion  of  the  waters  of  Niagara  is 
quoted : 

It  would  be  a  wise  precaution,  when  granting  water  privileges 
on  a  river,  say,  like  the  Niagara  river,  if  the  governments  inter- 
ested reserved  the  power  to  demand  that  waters  diverted  from  a 
river  must,  if  so  required  be  temporarily  returned  to  the  river. 
Such  a  course  would  increase  the  flow  and  thereby  assist  in 
averting  critical  conditions  that  might  arise  as,  for  example  a 
dangerous  ice-jam  which  might  be  broken  up  by  the  agency  of 
an  increased  flow  of  water  taking  place  during  the  formative 
stages  of  the  jam. 

1911  (The)   Power  of  Niagara  Falls.     Taking  stock  of  the  energy  utilized. 
(Sci.  Am.  supp.,  Sept.  23,  1911.     72:208.) 

This  article  is  a  quotation  at  length  from  Art  in  Engineering  Supplement 
of  the  London  Times,  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Spencer. 

1912 

1912  Agassiz,    Garnault.      Niagara  —  the    "Mighty    Thunderer."      A 
Agassiz            reprint  from  the  National  magazine  for  September,  1912. 

1042 


Industrial  Niagara 

A  description  of  the  Falls,  with  an  estimate  of  their  power  potentialities,      1912 
and  an  account  of  the  influence  of  that  power  on  various  industries.  Agassiz 

Gone  is  the  Indian's  superstition,  the  red  man's  impotency  — 
terrible  no  more  is  the  "  Spirit  of  Niagara,"  ominous  no  longer 
is  its  voice.  Where  stood  the  Indian  maid  we  now  see  in  phan- 
tom a  thousand  temples  of  industry ;  where  rode  the  mist,  a  cloud 
as  of  smoke  wafted  toward  the  setting  sun;  where  rested  the 
rainbow,  the  bridge  that  points  man  across  the  great  divide.  The 
"  Mighty  Thunderer "  that  for  untold  centuries  has  run  his 
relentless  way,  checked  only  by  the  martial  legions  of  King 
Winter,  still  hurls  his  troubled  waters  down  the  awful  abyss ;  his 
voice  still  speaks  forth  from  the  imfathomable  depths;  his  relent- 
less spirit  is  still  unassuaged,  his  pristine  omnipotence  still  unchal- 
lenged ;  but  these  waters  have  been  trained  to  another  task,  that 
voice  finds  echo  in  the  whirr  of  myriad  wheels,  that  power  is 
reflected  in  a  million  ways;  the  "unconquerable  one"  is  still 
unconquered  —  he  has  become  a  mighty  ally  in  the  upbuilding  of 
civilization. 

But  the  total  power  potentialities  of  the  *'  Mighty  Thunderer  " 
will  not  be  available  for  man's  use  for  many  generations  to 
come,  for  conservative  legislation  on  the  part  of  the  governments 
of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  will  hold  in  reserve  so 
much  of  it  as  competent  engineers  deem  essential  to  preserve  the 
scenic  beauty  of  the  cataract  until  such  time  as  its  development 
shall  have  become  an  economic  necessity  of  the  hour. 

Already,  it  might  be  said,  the  people  of  Ontario,  with  peculiar 
acumen  and  foresight,  have  created,  in  what  is  officially  known  as 
the  Hydroelectric  Power  Commission,  a  government-controlled 
body,  whose  purpose  is  to  distribute  Niagara-developed  power 
throughout  the  Province  at  cost,  thus  superinducing  her  indus- 
trial upbuilding. 

This  commission  already  has  constructed  565  miles  of  trans- 
mission lines,  to  what  effect  can  be  best  seen  by  a  study  of  the 

1043 


Niagara  Falls 

1912         wonderful  manufacturing  growth  of  Western  Ontario  in  the  past 
Agassiz  ^^.^  years.     Such  thriving  communities  as  Toronto,   Hamilton, 

London,  Guelph,  St.  Thomas,  Woodstock,  Brantford,  and 
Stratford  have  already  made  marvellous  progress  in  the  few  short 
years  that  they  have  been  no  longer  dependent  on  American- 
mined  coal  as  their  one  source  of  fuel  supply,  while  the  city  of 
Welland  alone  has  grown  from  1 ,800  to  6,000  in  the  past  three 
5'ears,  a  record  only  excelled  by  Niagara  Falls,  New  York, 
which  has  increased  its  population  in  the  past  decade  from  20,000 
to  about  35,000  people. 

The  industrial  growth  of  Canada,  consequent  to  some  extent 
at  least  on  the  Burton  /Vet,  is  well  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  in 
1907  Canada  was  taking  less  than  one  per  cent  of  the  power 
generated  on  the  Canadian  side,  while  today  she  is  consuming 
almost  as  much  as  is  the  United  States. 

Few  questions  are  fraught  with  more  importance  to  the  nation 
than  the  one  involved  in  the  industrial  upbuilding  of  the  Niagara 
frontier,  which  should  become  one  day  the  greatest  manufacturing 
region  of  the  world.  It  is  an  economic  problem  that  statesmen 
will  have  to  work  out  with  great  care  and  conservatism. 

Anomalous  as  it  may  seem,  the  hydro-electric  development 
of  Niagara  Falls  constitutes  in  itself  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
chapters  in  the  history  of  American  conservation,  aside  altogether 
from  the  direct  saving  of  fuel  the  utilization  of  this  wonderful 
store  of  natural  energy  effects.  For  out  of  it  has  been  evolved 
the  modern  electric  furnace,  which,  with  its  products  entering  into 
every  field  of  human  endeavor,  is  now  playing  such  an  all- 
important  role  in  the  industrial  upbuilding  of  the  world. 

Without  Niagara  and  the  electric  furnace,  indeed,  the  really 
marvellous  progress  that  has  been  made  in  the  arts  and  sciences 
in  the  past  two  decades  would  have  been  well-nigh  impossible. 

What  Niagara  Falls'  power  has  accomplished  for  man's 
upbuildmg  through  the  electric  furnace  abrasive,  is  so  stupendous 

\()M 


Industrial  Niagara 

as  to  be  almost  unbelievable.  The  remarkable  development  of  1912 
metallurgy  in  recent  years  has  been  made  possible  only  by  the  ^**"^ 
modern  grinding  wheel,  this  being  especially  true  of  the  copper, 
bronze,  brass  and  aluminum  industries.  The  automobile  indus- 
try also  has  been  greatly  benefitted  by  it,  for  the  cranks,  shafts, 
special  alloy  steels  and  the  roller  and  ball  bearings  for  this 
intricate  latter-day  invention  could  never  have  been  perfected 
without  it.  In  dentistry  it  has  been  a  wonderful  factor,  having 
made  filling  a  comparatively  easy  art.  Its  importance  will  be 
realized  when  it  is  stated  that  it  is  now  manufactured  in  sizes 
ranging  from  a  pin's  head  to  six  feet  in  diameter. 

The  uses  of  modern  abrasives  are  so  multitudinous,  in  fact, 
as  to  defy  enumeration.  They  are  used  in  the  sharpening  of 
saws  cind  knives  in  the  lumber  industry;  in  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain,  cut  glass,  agate  ware,  fine  lenses,  tumblers,  boots  and 
shoes,  car  wheels,  and  steel  rails ;  wagons,  plows,  harvesters,  and 
other  farm  implements;  radiators,  tools  of  every  character; 
phonograph  and  graphophone  needles ;  paper  pulp ;  fountain  pens 
and  combs;  surgical  instruments;  typewriter  rolls;  leather  goods; 
German  silver,  rubber,  celluloid  and  mother-of-pearl  articles;  in 
the  polishing  of  granite,  marble,  onyx  and  terrazzo;  in  the  cut- 
ting of  carbon  and  graphite ;  in  the  hulling  of  rice ;  in  the  grinding 
of  rollers  for  the  manufacture  of  the  best  qualities  of  chocolate 
and  cereal  foods;  in  the  tanning  trades;  in  smoothing  concrete 
and  cleaning  cement;  in  the  finishing  of  automobile  tires,  and  in  a 
myriad  other  ways. 

The  influence  of  Niagara  Falls'  power  on  the  production  and 
price  of  electric  storage  batteries  is  too  well  known  to  need 
repetition,  the  price  notwithstanding  the  enormously  increased 
demand  having  decreased  twenty-five  per  cent  in  the  last  five 
years.  At  Niagara  Falls  is  located  in  the  United  States  Light 
and  Heating  Company's  establishment,  the  largest  electric  stor- 
age battery  plant  in  the  world.     What  more  striking  evidence  of 

1045 


Niagara  Falls 

1912         the  part  Niagara  power  is  playing  in  conserving  the  natural 
^8""^  wealth  of  the  nation? 

But  it  is  in  the  field  of  electro-chemistry  that  Niagara  hydro- 
electric power  seems  destined  to  find  its  most  important  province. 
Electro-chemistry  is  essentially  a  child  of  Niagara.  Fifteen  years 
ago  this  rapidly  developing  branch  of  science  was  in  the  labora- 
tory stage,  its  possibilities  unrealized,  its  potentialities  practically 
unconceived,  and  it  was  only  when  Niagara  endowed  the 
electro-chemist  with  the  power  that  permitted  him  to  put  to  prac- 
tical test  the  experiments  of  the  laboratory  that  any  real  progress 
was  made. 

What  has  been  accomplished  in  the  last  decade  in  the  field  of 
electro-chemistry  belongs  really  to  the  category  of  the  marvelous. 
Ten  years  ago  the  United  States  depended  for  its  supply  of 
chemicals  wholly  on  foreign  importations.  Today  things  have 
changed.  Such  important  chemicals  as  chlorate  of  potash,  caus- 
tic potash,  bichromate  of  soda,  muriate  acid,  liquid  chlorine, 
carbon  tetrachloride,  tin  tetrachloride,  bleaching  powder,  phos- 
phurus,  caustic  alkali,  metallic  sodium,  and  cyamanid,  are  now 
manufactured  either  in  whole  or  in  part  through  electrolytic 
processes,  increasing  the  efficiency  of  the  product  and  very  materi- 
ally decreasing  the  price. 

There  is  apparently  no  limit  to  the  possibilities  of  Niagara- 
developed  power.  It  has  been  shown  that  paper  can  be  manu- 
factured at  Niagara  Falls  more  economically  than  anywhere, 
because  Niagara  paper  mills  are  never  affected  by  water  drought, 
a  condition  foreign  to  any  other  locality  in  the  world.  In  the 
firing  of  china  the  Niagara  electric  furnace  should  also  have  a 
considerable  future,  for  it  has  been  demonstrated  that  with  it 
china  can  be  fired  in  as  many  hours  as  it  now  takes  days,  and 
the  electric  furnace  has  none  of  the  discoloring  qualities  of  coal. 

Niagara  is  indeed  the  greatest  of  all  conservators;  and  in 
serious   contemplation   must  we   not   ask   ourselves  —  Was   this 

1046 


Industrial  Niagara 

wonderful  storehouse  of  natural  energy  placed  here  merely  as  a     1912 
tribute  to  the  omnipotence  of  the  Creator,  or  as  a  vital  factor  in    ^"*'^ 
the  upbuilding  of  civilization?     If  the  former,  then  we  stand  with 
the  Indian  and  prehistoric  man;  if  the  latter,  then  we  have  a 
bounden  duty  as  a  nation  to  utilize  this  God-given  gift. 

Two  aspects  of  "conservation."      (Metal,   and  chem.  eng.,  Sept.    12,      1912 
1912.     10:574.) 

An  editorial  on  the  importance  of  electro-chemical  industry  at  Niagara 
Falls  and  an  expression  of  regret  over  the  waste  presented  by  the  restric- 
tions on  power  development. 

In  a  few  days  our  visitors  will  be  at  Niagara  Falls.  Much 
is  there  of  which  we  are  proud  —  the  magnificent  group  of  elec- 
trochemical industries,  without  a  parallel  of  its  kind"  in  diversity 
and  magnitude,  and  economically  of  importance  only  to  be  meas- 
ured by  a  realization  of  what  the  artificial  abrasives,  aluminum, 
artificial  graphite,  caustic  soda  and  chlorine,  the  ferro  alloys,  and 
its  other  products  mean  to  industry  in  its  larger  aspect.  A  bold 
directness  is  perhaps  the  characteristic  virtue  of  American  engi- 
neering; and  a  better  example  could  scarcely  be  found  of  that 
simplicity  which  is  the  truest  efficiency  than  this  group  of  electro- 
chemical plants. 

Williams,    Archibald.      The    v.'onders    of    modem    engineering.     1912 
Phila. :      Lippincotl.      Lond. :      Seeley,  Service.      1912.      Pp.  Williams 
11-23. 

The  chapter  on  "  The  Harnessing  of  Niagara  "  is  from  the  "  Romance 
of  Modern  Engineering  "  by  the  same  author. 

1913 

Aluminum  company  of  America.      (Marp.  w.,  June   14,    1913.      57:      1913 
pt.    1.  25.) 

A  description  of  "  one  of  the  greatest  industries  in  this  country." 

Bolton,  Reginald  Pelham.     An  expensive  experiment;  the  hydro-      1913 
electric  power  commission  of  Ontario.     N.  Y. :      Baker  &  Taylor  Com- ^°I**'" 
pany.      19;  3. 

1047 


Niagara  Falls 

1913  In   ancwer  to   llie   fallacy   that  the  Falls  are  wholly   a  source  of  gain 

Bolton  and  profit  to  the  community  Mr.  Bolton  says,  "  In  other  words,  Niagara, 

like  other  water-falls  is  economically  utilizable  only  to  a  limited  extent, 
and  so  long  as  any  fuel,  either  coal,  oil,  gas,  lumber,  peat,  vegetable 
matter  or  extracts,  is  available  as  fuel,  water  power  will  continue  to  afford 
a  restricted  field  of  usefulness,  bounded  by  strictly  limited  expenditure 
upon  development.  .  .  .  The  real  value  of  the  product  must  be 
measured  by  competition  with  other  sources  of  energy." 

1913  Effect    of    power    development    on    the    Canadian    Falls    at    Niagara. 

(Metal,  and  chem.  eng.,  June,.  1913.     I  1  :307.) 

Letter  by  P.  McN.  Bennie  to  the  editor  questioning  the  impression 
given  by  the  photograph  in  Bolton's  "  Expensive  Experiment." 

1913  Xl^e  faith  g^^id  courage  of  the  pioneer.      (Harp,   w.,  June   14,    1913. 

57:pt.  1,24-25.) 

A  history  of  power  development  and  its  extension  ^vilh  special  reference 
to  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company,  together  with  the  discussion  of  the 
effective  diversion  and  legislation  affecting  the  power  company. 

1913  More  aspects  of  conservation.     (Metal,  and  chem.  eng.,  March,   1913. 

11:117-118.) 

An  editorial  on  Secretary  Stimson's  plea  for  more  efficiency  in  the 
development  of  power.     A  plea  by  the  editor  for  efficiency  in  consumption, 

1913  New  York  hydro-electric  development.    (Metal,  and  cl)em.  eng.,  June, 

1913.    11:306.) 

Letter  to  the  editor  on  Reginald  Pelham  Bolton's  arguments  and  state- 
ments in  "An  Expensive  Experiment." 

New  York  hydro-electric  development  and  Niagara  Falls.  (Metal,  and 
chem.  eng.,  July,   1913.      1  1  :370-371.) 

I_.etters  by  Reginald  Pelham  Bolton,  P.  McN.  Bennie  and  F.  Austin 
Lidbury  in  regard  to  photograph  and  statements  in  Bolton's  "  Expensive 
Experiment." 

1913  Niagara's  oldest  power  plant.      (Harp,  w.,  June  14,    1913.    57:pt.   1, 

16.) 

A  description  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing 
Company's  plant  together  with  a  discussion  of  federal  legislation,  the  treaty 
with  Great  Britain,  the  effect  of  diversion,  and  its  achievements  for  human 
comfort. 

1048 


Industrial  Niagara 

(Review   of    Bolton,    Reginald    Pelhara.      An   expensive   experiment.)       1913 
(Metal,  and  chem.  eng.,  July,  1913.      11  :302.) 

This  book  is  an  amplification  of  the  author's  evidence  before 
the  New  York  State  Committee  on  the  subject  of  the  activities, 
operation  and  results  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission 
of  Ontario. 

Less  satisfactory  are  those  portions  of  the  book  which  deal  with 
the  general  subject  of  the 'development,  transmission  and  utiliza- 
tion of  hydro-electric  power.     ,     .     . 

We  deplore  these  blots  on  the  work  all  the  more  since  there 
is  no  question  but  that  the  author  has  rendered  a  useful  public 
service  in  throwing  a  clear  light  upon  the  Ontario  Hydro-Electric 
Commission's  position  and  in  dispelling  to  a  considerable  degree, 
by  definite  figures,  the  secrecy  surrounding  its  financial  operations. 

U.  S.  Congress.     House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.      Diversion  of      1913 
water  from  the  Niagara  river.     .     .     .     Hearings  before  the  committee  U.  S. 
Jan.  24.  Feb.    1 5  and  1  7,   1 91 3.     Wash.:     Gov't  print,  off.      1913.  ^""S^'^" 

Statements  of  the  Secretary  of  War  and  Mr.  Frederick  L.  Lovelace, 
Secretary  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  revised. 

U.  S.  Congress.       House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.     Diversion  of      1913 
water   from  the  Niagara  river.      Hearings  before  the  committee  Jan.    22, 
[24,]    on  bill  proposed  by  the  sub-committee  on  Niagara  Falls  legislation 
dated  Jan.    15,   1913.      Pt.   1,    [2]   Wash.:     Gov't  print,  off.      1913. 

A  discussion  of  state  and  federal  rights  by  the  representatives  of  the 
interests  involved. 

Williams,  FdWARD  T.     Niagara  in  romance  and  commerce,      (blarp.      1913 
w.,  June  14.  1913.     57:pt   1,  29.)  Williams 

"  Glimpses  of  the  pioneer  days  and  of  the  tv/entieth  century  developincnt 
at  Niagara  frontier." 

Williams,  Edward  T.  Using  Niagara's  power.  (Harp,  w.,  June 
14,  1913.    57:pt.  1,  28.) 

An  article  by  the  city  industrial  agent  of  Niagara  Falls  on  the  possi- 
bilities of  power  development,  the  effects  of  diversion  and  the  f^urton  la\'-. 

1049 


Niagara  Falls 

1914 

1914  Hubbard,  Elbert.     Power;  or  The  story  of  Niagara  Falls.     .     .     . 

Hubbard         East  Aurora,  N.  Y.     1914. 

A  history  of  the  power  development  with  special  reference  to  the 
Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Company.  The  Falls  are  cited  as 
an  ideal  manufacturing  district  and  many  arguments  advanced  for  the  use 
of  water  pov/er  for  industrial  purposes.  The  future  of  the  Falls  is  con- 
sidered and  many  interesting  facts  concerning  the  region  are  given. 

1914  U.  C.  Congress.     House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.   .    .    .    Diver- 

„  sion  of  water  from  Niagara  river.     63d  Cong.,  2d  sess.   .    .    .    Report  to 

L-ongress 

accompany  house  report   16,542.     Wash.:     Gov't  print,  off.      1914. 

The  chief  subjects  considered  in  the  accompanying  bill  are 
the  amount  of  water  that  may  safely  be  taken  from  the  Niagara 
river,  to  whom  it  should  be  given,  the  amount  of  power  that  ought 
to  be  generated  from  the  water  used,  the  amount  of  power  that 
may  be  imported  from  Canada,  who  shall  grant  the  permits,  and 
what  limitations  and  restrictions  should  be  placed  in  such  permits 
for  the  diversion  of  water  and  the  importation  of  power. 

U.  S.  Congress.  House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.  Diversion  of 
water  from  the  Niagara  river.  Hearings.  .  .  .  63d  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
Jan.   16,   1914.     Wash.:     Gov't  print,  off.      1914. 

Statements  of  Hon.  Henry  P.  Velte,  George  F.  Thompson,  James  W. 
Kelly,  George  E.  Van  Kennan,  all  of  New  York  State,  that  they  want 
4,400  cubic  feet  of  water  in  control  of  New  York  State  so  that  Niagara 
may  be  protected  from  monopolistic  control. 

What  we  want  is  that  this  limitation  under  the  Burton  Act  be 
set  aside  in  any  proposed  legislation,  and  any  additional  water 
power  granted  shall  be  granted  so  that  it  shall  be  subject  either 
to  the  approval  of  any  of  the  governmental  departments,  of  the 
Federal  Legislature  jointly  with  that  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
This  IS  one  of  the  propositions. 

Another  proposition  is  that  the  State  of  New  York  shall  have 
the  opportunity  to  say  to  whom  the  diversion  shall  go. — Senator 
Velte. 

inso 


q: 


Industrial  Niagara 

1915 

Dunn,  E .     Intermittent  water-fall.      (Sci.  Am.,  Dec.  4,   1915.     1915 


D 


unn 


113:492-493.) 

An  account  of  Professor  Norton's  project  for  the  utilization  of  the  Falls 
without  impairing  their  beauty.  The  article  is  written  by  a  coworker  of 
Professor  Norton's  and  embodies  the  ideas  for  the  intermittent  use  of  the 
fall  which  appear  in  Professor  Norton's  article  in  the  Popular  Science 
Monthly  of  February,   1916. 

1916 

,    .       Niagara    on    tap.       (Lit.     dig.,     April,   1916.      1916 

52:963-964.) 

A  review  with  extracts  of  the  article  of  Professor  Thomas  H.  Norton  in 
the  Popular  Science  Monthly  for  February,  1916. 

Norton,  Thomas  H.   Niagara  on  tap.    (Pop.  sci.  mo.,  Feb.,  1916.     igie 

88:180-184.)  Norton 

"  Professor  Thomas  H.  Norton,  in  a  paper  which  he  read  before  the 
American  Electro  Chemical  Society,  outlined  a  scheme  whereby  it  would  be 
possible  to  satisfy  those  who  see  only  the  beauty  of  Niagara,  and  those 
w^ho  see  only  power  going  to  waste.  The  following  article  by  Professor 
Norton  is  an  abstract  from  the  paper  in  question  especially  revised  for  this 
issue  of  the  Popular  Science  Monthly  by  its  author. —  Editor." 

The  article  seems  worthy  of  quotation  as  embodying  the  latest  scheme 
for  a  compromise  between  the  power  interests  at  Niagara,  and  the  efforts 
to  preserve  its  scenic  beauty. 

There  must  be  some  practicable,  workable  thesis,  according  to 
the  terms  of  which,  on  our  own  continent  for  example,  the  rights 
of  its  inhabitants  shall  suffer  no  material  diminution  in  the  oppor- 
tunity to  fully  enjoy  the  splendor  of  Niagara,  while  conditions 
are  created  which  permit  the  utilization,  on  a  satisfactory  scale, 
of  the  tremendous  source  of  power  —  one  of  the  nation's  grandest 
assets. 

The  principle  of  an  intermittent  TDaterfall  would  appear  to 
offer  a  simple,  but  thoroughly  practicable  solution.  It  may  be 
briefly  formulated  as  follows: 

During  somewhat  more  than  half  of  the  twenty-four  hours, 
especially  during  the  night  time,  a  waterfall  is  completely  har- 
nessed.     Every  kilowatt  which  it  is  capable  of  creating  is  devoted 

1051 


Niagara  Falls 

1916         to  the  service  of  industry.     During  a  shorter  period  —  from  ten 
i  orton  ^    j^    j.^  eight  P.  M. —  the  cataract  resumes  its  normal  activity, 

contributing  to  the  esthetic  enjoyment  of  all  who  behold  it. 

One-quarter  of  a  mile  above  the  western  extremity  of  Goat 
Island,  where  ripples  betray  the  beginning  of  the  upper  rapids, 
a  dam  would  be  constructed  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  river. 
The  length  would  be  about  four-fifths  of  a  mile.  Niagara  River 
at  this  point  is  exceedingly  shallow.   .   .   . 

The  dam  would  possess  the  necessary  architectural  features  to 
harmonize  with  the  environment.  The  water  impounded  by  the 
closing  of  the  gates  could  be  led  by  huge  canals,  on  both  sides  of 
the  gorge,  to  the  edge  of  the  bluff  overlooking  Lake  Ontario. 
From  this  point  a  multitude  of  penstocks  and  rock  tunnels  would 
conduct  the  entire  volume  of  water  to  the  level  of  the  river  near 
Queenston  on  the  Canadian  side  and  Lewiston  on  the  American 
side,  where  battalions  of  power-houses  can  easily  be  located. 

Once  provided  with  the  mechanical  means  to  control  the  vast 
volume  of  water,  ordinarily  sweeping  over  the  crest  of  Niagara, 
the  daily  program  would  be  as  follows : 

At  8  P.  M.  the  entire  series  of  gates  on  the  dam  would  simul- 
taneously close.  A  few  minutes  later  and  the  American  Falls 
would  falter.  The  volume  of  water  would  swiftly  diminish. 
Soon  the  grand  curtain  would  be  rent  and  gashed  as  if  by 
invisible  knives.  A  minute  or  two  more,  and  rivulets  here  and 
there  pour  over  the  brink.  The  gloomy,  cavernous  recesses 
beneath  the  overhanging  edge  are  revealed  to  the  eye.  Another 
mmute  and  the  rivulets  have  changed  to  drops. 

From  Goat  Island  to  the  apex  of  the  great  Horseshoe  the  same 
sequence  of  transformation  begms.  It  creeps  steadily  along  the 
crest  until  it  reaches  the  Canadian  shore.  The  deafening  roar  of 
the  cataract  sinks  to  an  agonizing  groan,  a  reproachful  sigh,  a 
dying  murmur.      Niagara  is  silent! 

A  few  minutes  later  and  the  rage  and  fury  of  the  long  stretch 

1052 


Industrial  Niagara 

of  rapids  in  the  picturesque  gorge  falter  and  slowly  subside.  1916 
The  vast  volume  of  water  between  the  foot  of  the  falls  and  °'^'°" 
Queenston  gradually  drains  away.  A  quiet  lake  remains  between 
the  railroad  bridges  and  the  base  of  the  falls.  Its  surface  is  about 
eighty-six  feet  below  the  normal  level,  and  the  enclosing  cliffs 
gain  that  much  in  height.  It  would  be  somewhat  narrower  than 
the  present  river,  and  frequent  rocky  islands  would  appear  near 
the  temporary  banks. 

For  three-quarters  of  a  mile  the  relatively  narrow  and  shallo^/ 
bed  of  the  whirlpool  rapids  would  be  laid  bare.  The  whirlpool 
itself  would  remain  a  somewhat  restricted  and  motionless  sheet 
of  water,  forty  feet  below  its  normal  level,  at  the  head  of  a  quiet 
fjord,  extending  inland  from  Lake  Ontario.     .     .     . 

Synchronously  with  the  vanishing  of  the  falling  tons  of  water, 
in  thousands  of  workshops  scattered  over  the  fruitful  territory  of 
Ontario  and  New  York,  a  million,  perhaps  many  million,  work- 
men begin  their  daily  task.  For  fourteen  hours  the  world's  great- 
est beehive  of  industry  is  filled  with  the  busy  hum  of  activit5^ 
keyed  to  the  highest  pitch,  banqueting,  as  it  were,  on  the  corpse 
of  a  murdered  Niagara!  One  shift  of  seven  hours  is  succeeded 
by  another  of  the  same  length.  All  the  energy  of  the  seven  mil- 
lion, four  hundred  thousand  horsepower  is  devoted  to  the  welfare 
of  the  nation. 

It  is  10  A.  M.  As  the  signal  is  flashed  from  the  National 
Observatory  the  gates  of  the  great  dam  shoot  upward.  The 
hum  of  spindle  and  loom,  the  clang  of  the  triphammer,  all  the 
many-toned  gamut  of  sound  which  forms  the  orchestral  accom- 
paniment of  a  busy,  happy  people  shaping,  fashioning,  creating 
the  objects  of  convenience  or  luxury  destined  for  each  other's  com- 
fort or  enjoyment, —  all  sink  to  a  whisper, —  vanish! 

A  minute  later  and  the  crest  of  a  vast  billovv'  sweeps  over  the 
brink  of  the  American  Fall.  In  an  instant,  almost,  with  a  deaf- 
enmg  roar  of  exultant  joy,  the  cataract  has  sprung  into  full  activ- 
ity. Swiftly  the  falling  curtain  spreads  from  Goat  Island  along 
the  crest  of  the  semi-circle,  until  Niagara,  in   full  panoply  of 

1053 


Niagara  Falls 

1916         power  and  might,  hurls  her  defiance  at  the  assembled  multitudes 
N°''*°"  gathered  to  witness  the  most  wondrous  sight  on  the  face  of  the 

globe  —  the  rebirth  of  a  cataract.  The  spectacle  would  combine 
all  the  swiftness  of  movement  and  stupendous  grandeur  offered  by 
the  sweep  of  the  Johnstown  flood,  of  the  tidal  wave  of  Galveston, 
free  from  the  tragic  terrors  and  horrors  of  those  cataclysms.  The 
gloomy,  beetling  cliffs  disappear  behind  the  sheet  of  foam  and 
spray ;  rainbows  hover  in  the  clouds  of  mist ;  the  gray  walls  of  the 
gorge  echo  back  the  roar  of  the  proud  cataract! 

When  used  for  motive  power  on  railways,  street-car  lines,  etc., 
in  many  branches  of  electro  chemical  industry,  continuity  of  cur- 
rent is  imperatively  necessary.  ...  It  is,  however,  perfectly 
feasible  to  rescue  a  very  large  proportion  of  the  power,  ordinarily 
going  to  waste  during  the  shorter  period  of  the  day,  when  the 
cataract  resumes  its  normal  activity,  without  affecting,  to  any 
noticeable  degree,  any  elements  of  its  scenic  beauty. 

In  the  deep  recesses  behind  the  falling  sheet  of  water  at 
Niagara,  the  Cave  of  the  Winds,  etc.,  a  gigantic  system  of  scaf- 
folds could  be  erected.  These  would  serve  as  the  supports  of  a 
series  of  overshot  wheels  or  endless  chain-bucket  wheels.  By 
careful  disposition  a  considerable  fraction  of  the  available  power 
—  possibly  thirty  or  forty  per  cent. —  could  be  utilized  and 
directed  to  electro  chemical  or  transportation  centers  without 
revealing  any  portion  of  the  mechanism  to  the  eye  of  the  beholder 
gazing  at  the  cataract.  There  would  be  a  noticeable  increase  in 
the  volume  of  the  spray,  which  could  tend  only  to  heighten  the 
scenic  beauty  of  the  waterfall. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  state  that  during  the  fourteen  hours 
of  enforced  quiet  and  rest,  while  the  waters  of  the  Great  Lakes 
are  diverted  through  a  maze  of  penstocks,  to  dash  upon  thou- 
sands of  turbines,  the  sight  of  a  serried  array  of  mechanical 
devices,  lining  the  cliffs  of  Niagara,  would  be  sadly  out  of  har- 
mony with  the  otherwise  gloomy  grandeur  of  the  gorge. 

1054 


Industrial  Niagara 

Although  this  period  covers  the  time  ordinarily  devoted  to     1916 
slumber,  still  in  the  evening  and  during  the  early  forenoon,  tour-    ""^'^^ 
ists  and  others  would  constantly  gaze  upon  Niagara  at  rest. 

To  remedy  this  feature,  one  per  cent  or  less  of  the  river's 
volume  would  be  allowed  to  pass  the  dam  and  flow  over  the 
brink.  It  would  generate  a  thin  curtain  of  water  just  enough  to 
hide  the  massive  scaffolding  and  the  maze  of  wheels.  By  simple 
hydraulic  devices,  this  small  amount  of  water  could  be  largely 
transformed  into  spray.  A  delicate  lace-like  "  bridal  veil  "  would 
screen  cliffs  and  every  trace  of  commercialism. 

It  would  mean  the  creation  of  an  industrial  metropolis,  sur- 
passing any  now  existing  on  the  face  of  the  globe.  No  cinders 
or  soot  would  pollute  its  atmosphere ;  no  towering  chimneys  would 
rise  against  the  sky-line.  Industries  of  the  most  varied  nature, 
carbides,  carborundum,  aluminum,  cynamid,  chlorine,  alkalies, 
steel,  copper,  and  many  minor  branches  —  all  dependent  upon 
the  electric  current  —  would  gravitate  to  this  point.  It  would 
become  in  very  truth  —  perhaps  in  name  —  the  electropolis  of 
A  merica  ! 

Summary 

The  history  of  Industrial  Niagara  is  the  history  of  one  of  the 
most  vital  economic  developments  of  the  age.  More  than  one 
important  industry  has  been  entirely  revolutionized  by  the  appli- 
cation of  Niagara  power. 

The  first  sawmill  was  built  on  the  Niagara  in  1  725,  and  from 
that  time  traveler's  accounts  of  the  Falls  contain  many  references 
to  the  mills  seen  there  and  the  potential  possibilities  of  such  a 
w^aterfall,  but  it  was  not  until  1880  that  the  real  literature  of 
Industrial  Niagara  had  its  beginning.  From  then  on  to  the 
present  day  this  aspect  of  Niagara  has  developed  a  tremendously 
interesting  literature.  Much  of  it  is  technical  in  presentation, 
the  greater  portion  of  it  has  appeared  in  periodicals,  but  it  is  easily 

obtainable  in  most  communities. 

1055 


Niagara  Falls 

The  bibliographical  list  on  this  subject  is  so  large,  that  if 
all  the  titles  had  been  included  within  the  confines  of  this  chap- 
ter, it  would  easily  have  made  a  volume  of  itself.  Those  omitted 
on  account  of  duplication  of  subject  matter  will  be  found  in  the 
alphabetical  list  at  the  end  of  the  book.  Neither  was  it  possible 
to  quote  fully  from  many  of  the  articles  cited  in  the  chapter, 
but  from  the  notes  and  resumes  any  student  of  the  subject  may 
easily  inform  himself  as  to  the  context  of  any  article  cited. 

In  the  longer  quotations  which  are  given,  an  effort  has  been 
made  to  choose  those  which  present  the  broader  aspects  of  the 
subject,  in  a  manner  appealing  rather  to  the  general  reader  than 
the  technical  student.  With  such  a  wealth  of  material  from 
which  to  choose,  the  difficulty  lay  rather  in  elimination  than 
selection.  The  subjects  range  from  the  earlier  articles  dealing 
with  the  potential  power  of  Niagara,  the  history  of  the  early 
power  developments,  the  struggle  to  market  the  power,  the  solu- 
tion of  the  transmission  problem,  the  application  of  electric  power 
generated  at  Niagara  to  various  industries,  down  to  the  contro- 
versy waged  between  those  advocates  of  an  unlimited  use  of 
Niagara  power  regardless  of  the  grandeur  of  the  Falls,  and  those 
who,  while  believing  in  a  proper  use  of  this  power  for  economic 
purposes  still  hold  for  restrictions  which  shall  preserve  the  Falls 
for  the  future.  The  esthetic  side  of  the  controversy  is  more 
fully  dealt  with  in  the  chapter  on  the  *'  Preservation  of  Niagara." 


1056 


Chapter  XI 


(yl 


CHAPTER  XI 
PRESERVATION  OF  THE  FALLS 


1832 

Coke,  E.  T.     A  subaltern's  furlough:  descriptive  of  scenes  in  various      1832 
parts  of  the  United  States,  upper  and  lower  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  and  Coke 
Nova  Scotia,  during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1832.     Lond. :     Saunders 
andOtley.     1833.     Pp.  292-311. 

The  author  spent  four  days  at  the  Falls.  His  calm,  well-written  account 
contains  some  excellent  paragraphs  on  the  preservation  of  the  Falls. 

The  hotel,  and  400  acres  of  ground,  have  been  lately  pur- 
chased by  a  company  (of  which,  I  believe,  the  British  Consul  at 
New  York  is  the  head),  who  purpose  founding  a  city,  which  is  to 
be  commenced  immediately,  under  the  name  of  the  "  City  of  the 
Falls,"  or  "  Clifton  "  —  I  forget  which.     .     .     . 

The  company  of  speculators  intend  erecting  grist-mills,  store- 
houses, saw-mills,  and  all  other  kinds  of  unornamental  buildings, 
entertaining  the  most  sanguine  hopes  of  living  to  see  a  very 
populous  city.  The  die  then  is  cast,  and  the  beautiful  scenery 
about  the  Falls  is  doomed  to  be  destroyed.  Year  after  year  will 
it  become  less  and  less  attractive.  Even  at  this  time  they  were 
surveying  and  allottmg,  and  proprietors  were  planning  one  front  of 
their  house  upon  the  Falls,  the  other  upon  Lundy's  Lane,  and 
meditating  the  levelling  some  of  the  rock,  so  as  to  form  a  pretty 
little  flower-garden.  It  would  not  surprise  me  to  hear,  before 
many  years  have  elapsed,  that  a  suspension  bridge  has  been 
thrown  across  the  grand  Horse-shoe  to  Goat  Island,  so  that  the 
good  people  of  Clifton  may  be  the  better  enabled  to  watch  the 
pyramidical  bubbles  of  air  rising  from  the  foot  of  the  cataract. 
'Tis  a  pity  that  such  ground  was  not  reserved  as  sacred  in  per- 
petuum;  that  the  forest  trees  were  not  allowed  to  luxuriate  in  all 

1059 


Niagara  Falls 

1832         their  wild  and  savage  beauty  about  a  spot  where  the  works  of 
^°^^  man  will  ever  appear  paltry,  and  can  never  be  in  accordance. 

For  my  own  part,  most  sincerely  do  I  congratulate  myself  upon 
having  viewed  the  scene  before  such  profanation  had  taken  place. 
The  small  manufacturing  town  of  Manchester  (what  a  romantic 
name  and  what  associations!),  upon  the  American  Bank,  at 
present  detracts  nothing  from  the  charm  of  the  place,  the  neat 
white-washed  houses  being  interspersed  with  trees  and  gardens; 
but  when  once  the  red  and  yellow  painted  stores,  with  their 
green  Venetian  blinds,  tin  roofs,  and  huge  smoking  chimneys 
arise,  farewell  to  a  great  portion  of  the  attraction  Niagara  now 
possesses. 

A  ferry-boat,  half  a  mile  below  the  Canadian  Fall,  crosses  to 
Manchester,  landing  the  passengers  within  fifty  yards  of  the 
American  one,  where  the  water  is  precipitated  over  a  flat  per- 
pendicular rock  300  yards  in  breadth.  The  prosperity  of  this 
village  has  been  much  retarded  by  two  causes,  one  from  its  lia- 
bility to  destruction,  being  a  frontier  settlement;  and  the  other  — 
by  no  means  an  uncommon  cause  in  the  United  States, —  the 
extravagant  price  demanded  by  an  individual,  the  great  pro- 
prietor, for  a  grant  of  the  water  privileges  allowed  by  the  Rapids. 
Two  or  three  hundred  yards  from  the  bank  above  the  Ferry, 
and  at  the  entrance  to  the  village,  a  wooden  bridge  has  been 
thrown  over  the  Rapids  to  a  small  island  on  which  there  is  a 
paper  mill,  and  connected  with  Goat  Island,  which  is  of  con- 
siderable extent,  and  divides  the  two  falls.  Truly  the  men  who 
were  employed  in  the  erection  of  this  bridge  must  have  been  in 
full  possession  of  Horace's  aes  triplex,  for  a  more  perilous  situa- 
tion could  scarcely  be  imagined.  A  slip  of  a  workman's  foot 
would  precipitate  him  into  the  Rapids,  whence  he  would  pass 
with  the  rapidity  of  lightning  over  the  Falls.  It  was  constructed 
at  the  expense  of  General  Porter,  an  American  officer  of  dis- 
tinction, during  the  late  war,  and  appears  strong  and  firmly  situ- 
ated. The  piers  are  of  loose  stones,  confined  together  by  a 
wooden  frame  or  box,  and  the  floor  of  planks  twelve  feet  in 

1060 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

width.     There  was  one  erected  previously  at  the  upper  end  of     1832 
the  island,  and  out  of  the  great  power  of  the  Rapids,  but  it  was  ^°^^ 
continually  subject  to  injury  from  the  drift-ice,  whereas  in  its 
present  situation  the  Rapids  render  the  ice  harmless,  by  break- 
ing it  before  it  arrives  so  low  as  the  bridge. 

1832-1833 

RoLPH,  Thomas.     A  brief  account,  together  with  observations  made     1832-33 
during  a  visit  in  the  West  Indies,  and  a  tour  through  the  United  States  of  Ro'ph 
America,  in  parts  of  the  years,  1  832—3 ;  together  vvath  a  statistical  account 
of  upper  Canada.     Dundas.  U.  C :     Hackstaff.      1836.     Pp.   193-204. 

This  account  is  clear,  pointed,  self -restrained,  and  the  details  described 
are  well-chosen. 

I  stood  by  Niagara.  The  grandest  image  of  Power  that 
nature  has  produced  was  before  me.  Of  Power,  I  say,  for  with 
that  are  associated  all  my  ideas  of  the  sublimity  of  Niagara. 
It  is  the  volume  of  waters  that  it  pours,  and  not  the  height  from 
which  they  fall  —  it  is  the  accumulation  of  the  mighty  mass, 
and  not  the  position  in  which  accident  has  placed  it,  that  strikes 
and  overwhelms  you  —  it  is  the  fact  of  whole  oceans  being 
brought  before  the  eye  at  one  glance,  and  not  the  circumstance 
of  their  changing  their  level,  that  gives  its  majestic  character  to 
this  stupendous  scene.  It  is  to  the  image  of  Almighty  Power  — 
it  is  to  the  type  of  Him  who  holdeth  the  waters  in  the  hollow 
of  his  hand,  that  the  soul  bows  in  humility  or  lifts  itself  in  sub- 
limated awe.  Here  is  the  spot  of  all  others  upon  the  broad  earth 
—  and  I  have  travelled  it  widely  —  where  the  nothingness*  of 
human  pride  comes  home  upon  the  heart ;  where  its  hopes  and  its 
struggles  —  its  aspirations  after  good  and  its  conflicts  against 
evil  —  its  dreams  of  distinction  and  its  repinings  at  obscurity  — 
its  hard  wrestlings  with  the  doom  to  which  it  is  fated,  sink  into 
their  native  insignificance,  when  compared  with  the  operations  of 
the  immortal  Mmd  that  is  forever  developing  itself  around 
us.      .      .      . 

Only  a  few  buildings  are  yet  seen  peering  from  among  the 
trees  and  shrubbery,  and  they  have  just  begun  to  be  a  drawback 

1061 


Niagara  Falls 

1832-33    on  the  stern  simplicity  and  unstudied  grandeur  of  the  scene.     I 
°^  fear,  however,  they  are  destined  to  become  a  positive  nuisance, 

unless  they  are  abated  by  the  adoption  of  a  more  considerate 
course  by  visitors.  This  giving  every  other  person  who  accosts 
you  a  few  shilHngs  to  show  some  trumpery  which  you  care  not  a 
straw  for,  may  be  the  easiest  way  of  ridding  yourself  of  his 
intrusive  company  and  the  interruption  which  it  occasions  to  some 
cherished  train  of  thought;  but  it  is  a  riddance  at  the  expense 
of  the  next  comer,  and  directly  calculated  to  ensure  the  perpetual 
and  harrassing  annoyance  of  all  future  visitors.  I  wish  it  were 
provided  by  law  that  no  building  should  be  erected  within  sight 
of  the  little  plot  of  ground  immediately  adjoining  the  cataract. 
As  matters  are  now  conducted,  another  twenty  years  may  see  the 
whole  amphitheatre  filled  with  grog-shops,  humbug  museums,  etc., 
etc., —  Who  knows  but  it  may  be  profaned  by  cotton  factories? 
The  country  from  Niagara  to  the  Falls,  a  distance  of  eight 
miles,  is  well  cleared;  there  are  several  large  farms  with  excel- 
lent houses  on  them,  and  orchards  containing  the  choicest  kinds 
of  peaches,  pears  and  plums.  In  the  summer  months  stages  are 
continually  running  betvv^een  Niagara  and  the  Falls  —  Queens- 
ton  stands  nearly  semi-distant  between  them. —  From  Queenston 
there  is  a  coach  to  Hamilton,  by  St.  Catherines,  through  a  thickly 
settled  and  fertile  country. 

1833 

1833  LaTROBE,    Charles    Joseph.        Niagara.        (In    Barham,    William. 

Lafrobe  Descriptions   of   Niagara,    selected   from   various   travellers;   with   original 

additions.     Gravesend.     n.  d.     Pp.   105-111.) 

Account  taken  from  Latrobe's  Rambles  in  North  America ;  may  be  found 
in  2d  edition.     1835.      1:72-80. 

You  may  recollect  my  juvenile  weakness,  that  of  being  a 
notorious  cascade  hunter.  There  was  something  in  the  notion 
of  a  waterfall  which  alv/ays  made  my  brain  spin  with  pleasure. 
Impelled  by  this  passion,  as  a  boy,  I  ransacked  the  moorland 
and  mountain  districts  of  the  north  of  England,  in  quest  of  the 

1062 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

beautiful   but  diminutive  specimens   of   this  variety   of   natural     1833 
scenery  w^ith  which  they  abound;  and  at  a  later  period,  there    *"^° 
was  not  an  accessible  waterfall  within  my  range  of  travel,  from 
the  Rhine  Fall  to  Tivoli,  that  I  did  not  contrive  to  approach, 
gaze  upon  and  listen  to  with  infinite  pleasure.     So  you  may  v/ell 
ask  what  impression  was  made  upon  me  by  Niagara. 

I  am  glad  that  the  position  and  the  general  features  of  this 
celebrated  scene  are  too  well  known  to  need  description,  and 
that  you  will  require  none  from  me. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  present  century,  Niagara,  diffi- 
cult of  access,  and  rarely  visited,  was  still  the  cataract  of  the 
wilderness.  The  red  Indian  still  lingered  in  its  vicinity,  and 
adored  the  *  Great  Spirit '  and  *  Master  of  Life,*  as  he  listened 
to  the  *  Thunder  of  the  waters.'  The  human  habitations  within 
sound  of  its  Fall  were  few  and  far  apart.  Its  few  visitors  came, 
gazed,  and  departed  in  silence  and  awe,  having  for  their  guide 
the  child  of  the  forest,  or  the  hardy  back-woodsman.  No  staring, 
painted  hotel  rose  over  the  woods,  and  obtruded  its  pale  face 
over  the  edge  of  the  boiling  river.  The  journey  to  it  from  the 
east  was  one  of  adventure  and  peril.  The  scarcely  attainable 
shore  of  Goat  Island,  lying  between  the  two  great  divisions  of 
the  cataract,  had  only  been  trodden  by  a  few  hardy  adventurers, 
depending  upon  stout  hearts  and  steady  hands  for  escape  from 
the  imminent  perils  of  the  passage.  How  is  it  now?  The  forest 
has  everywhere  yielded  to  the  axe.  Hotels,  with  their  snug  shrub- 
beries, outhouses,  gardens,  and  paltry  embellishment,  stare  you 
in  the  face;  museums,  mills,  staircases,  tolls,  and  grog-shops,  all 
the  petty  trickery  of  Matlock-baths,  or  Ambleside,  greet  the 
eye  of  the  traveller.  Bridges  are  thrown  from  island  to  island; 
and  Goat  Island  is  reached  without  adventure.  A  scheming  com- 
pany on  the  Canadian  side  have  planned  a  '  City  of  the  Falls,* 
to  be  filled  with  snug  cottages,  symmetrically  arranged,  to  let  for 
the  season;  and,  in  fine,  you  write  to  your  friend  in  Quebec, 
giving  him  rendezvous  at  Niagara  for  a  certain  hour,  start  your- 
self from  Richmond,  in  Virginia,  for  the  point  proposed,  with  a 


Niagara  Falls 

1833  moral  certainty  of  meeting  at  the  very  day  and  hour  specified, 
Latro  e  j^y  taking  advantage  of  the  improvements  of  the  age,  and  the 

well-arranged  mode  of  conveyance  by  steamers,  railroads,  canals, 
and  coaches.  In  short,  Niagara  is  now  as  hacknied  as  Stockgill 
Forge,  or  Rydal-water,  and,  all  things  considered,  the  observa- 
tion of  an  unimaginative  *  Eastern  man  '  is  said  to  have  made, 
addressing  a  young  lady-tourist,  who  was  gazing  breathlessly  for 
the  first  time  at  the  scene,  was  not  so  far  out  of  keeping  with  it: 
"  Isn't  it  nice.  Miss?  '*  Yes,  all  is  nice,  that  that  active  little 
biped  man  has  done,  or  is  doing. 

But  do  not  suppose  that  we  grew  peevish  at  the  sight  of  the 
blots  upon  the  landscape  to  which  I  have  alluded,  and  departed 
in  wrath  and  disgust.  We  soon  found  that  there  is  that  in  and 
about  Niagara  which  was  not  to  be  marred  by  busy  man  and 
all  his  petty  schemes  for  convenience  and  aggrandisement;  and 
I  may  truly  say,  with  regard  to  both  our  first  and  second  visit, 
and  stay  within  its  precincts,  that  we  were  under  the  influence  of 
its  spell.  While  within  the  sound  of  its  waters,  I  will  not  say 
that  you  become  part  and  parcel  of  the  cataract,  but  you  find  it 
difficult  to  think,  speak,  or  dream  of  anything  else.  Its  vibrations 
pervade,  not  only  the  air  you  breathe,  the  bank  on  which  you  sit, 
the  paper  on  which  you  write,  but  thrill  through  your  whole 
frame,  and  act  upon  your  nervous  system  in  a  remarkable,  and  it 
may  almost  be  said  unpleasant,  manner.  You  may  have  heard 
of  individuals  coming  back  from  the  contemplation  of  these  Falls 
with  dissatisfied  feelings.  To  me  this  is  perfectly  incompre- 
hensible, and  I  do  not  know  whether  to  envy  the  splendid  fancies 
and  expectations  of  that  class  of  travelers,  to  whom  the  sight  of 
Niagara  would  bring  disappointment,  or  to  feel  justified  in  doubt- 
ing whether  they  have  any  imagination  or  eye  for  natural  scenery 
at  all.  How  blank  the  world  must  be,  to  them,  of  objects  of 
natural  interest!     What  can  they  expect  to  see? 

As  to  expectations,  ours  were  excited  and  warm,  and  I  shall 
never  forget  the  real  anxiety  with  which  we  looked  out,  on  our 

1064 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

ascent  from  Lewiston,  for  the  appearance  of  the  object  of  our  i833 
visit.  The  broad  fathomless  blue  river,  streaked  with  foam,  Latrobc 
which,  deeply  sunk  in  a  colossal  channel,  hurried  to  our  rencontre, 
and  appeared  at  every  glimpse  as  we  advanced  swifter  and  in 
greater  commotion,  was  to  us  a  guarantee  that  the  scene  of  its 
descent  from  the  upper  country  could  be  no  common  one.  When 
about  three  miles  from  the  village  on  the  American  side,  you 
gain  your  first  view  of  the  Falls,  together  with  the  river,  both 
above  and  below  —  the  island  which  divides  them  —  and  greater 
part  of  the  basin  at  their  feet. 

I  will  not  say  but  that  the  impression  of  that  first  glance  was 
heightened  afterwards  by  our  nearer  and  reiterated  survey  of 
every  portion  of  the  cataract  in  detail ;  yet  we  all  agreed  that  we 
could  even  then  grasp  the  idea  of  its  magnitude,  and  that  all  we 
had  seen  elsewhere,  and  all  we  had  expected,  was  far  surpassed 
by  what  was  then  shown  to  us.  And  when,  the  following  year, 
two  of  us  turned  aside  by  common  consent  to  pay  a  second  visit 
to  Niagara,  after  having  in  the  interval,  visited  many  of  the  great 
Falls  of  Lower  Canada, —  cataracts  in  comparison  to  which  all 
European  Falls  are  puerile  —  and  we  felt  our  curiosity  excited 
to  divine  what  impression  a  second  visit  would  make;  far  from 
being  disappointed,  we  felt  that  before  Niagara,  in  spite  of  its 
inferiority  of  elevation,  all  shrunk  to  playthings.  It  is  not 
the  mere  weight  and  volume  of  water  that  should  give  this 
far-famed  cataract  the  first  rank.  Every  surrounding  object 
seems  to  be  on  a  corresponding  scale  of  magnificence.  The  wide 
liquid  surface  of  the  river  above,  with  its  swelling  banks,  con- 
trasted by  the  deep  blue  floods  below,  as  boiling  up  from  their 
plunge  into  the  unfathomed  basin,  they  shock  against  one  another, 
and  race  down  towards  the  distant  lake;  the  extreme  beauty  of 
the  forested  defile,  with  its  precipices  and  slope;  the  colouring 
of  the  waters,  which  in  the  upper  part  of  its  descent  is  that  of  the 
emerald;  the  mystery  and  thick  gloom  which  hide  the  foot  of  the 
Falls,  and  add  to  their  apparent  height,  and  the  floating  clouds 
of  vapour,  now  hurried  over  the  face  of  the  landscape,  as  though 

1065 


Niagara  Falls 

1833  urged  by  the  breath  of  a  hurricane,  and  then  slowly  ascending, 
^^^°  *  and  hovering  Hke  a  cloud  in  the  blue  sky,  all  combine  to  form  a 

scene  in  which  sublimity  and  picturesque  beauty  are  enchantingly 
blended.  There  is  here  none  of  that  stiffness,  either  in  the 
scenery,  or  the  form  and  appearance  of  the  particular  object  of 
interest,  which  engravings  too  frequently  give  you  the  idea  of. 

Among  the  innumerable  points  of  view,  that  from  the  precipi- 
tous shore  of  the  river,  about  the  distance  I  have  alluded  to,  is 
the  most  satisfactory,  if  not  the  most  striking.  In  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  Falls,  the  points  of  interest  are  so  various,  that  if 
you  would  require  a  sketch,  I  should  not  know  which  to  select. 
The  grandest,  doubtless,  is  from  the  Canadian  shore,  near  the 
Horse-shoe  Fall ;  but  you  pass  from  one  to  the  other,  and  every- 
where the  picture  presented  has  no  compeer  or  rival  in  nature. 

Many  things  combined  to  make  us  prefer  choosing  the  village 
on  the  American  shore  for  our  halting-place,  in  preference  to  the 
garish  hotel  on  the  opposite  site.  The  greater  monotony  of  the 
right-hand  division  of  the  cataract,  was  counterbalanced  by  the 
grand  distant  view  of  its  neighbour,  and  by  the  practicability  of 
a  near  approach  to  both  from  Goat  Island,  to  which  an  easy 
access  is  afforded  by  a  boldly  constructed  bridge  over  the  rapids. 
Besides,  we  agreed  that  the  position  of  the  village  and  its  inns 
was  not  only  more  rural  and  secluded,  but  that  better  taste  was 
exhibited  in  its  details. 

What  a  glorious  scene !  to  sit  upon  the  summit  of  the  impend- 
ing precipice  of  the  island,  and  see,  as  we  did  the  morning  after 
our  first  arrival,  the  summer  mist  begin  to  rise  and  disengage  itself 
from  the  heavy  v/hite  cloud  of  spray  which  rose  from  the  depth 
of  the  boiling  basin  of  the  great  Fall  beneath  us.  By  degrees, 
the  curtain  was  partially  removed,  revealing  the  wall  of  slowly 
descending  water  behind,  now  dimly  descried, —  as  confounded 
with  the  floating  sheets  of  foam  and  spray  which  the  wind  of  the 
mighty  cataract  drove  backv/ard  and  forward  over  it  like  innu- 
merable clouds  of  thin  floating  gauze, —  it  mocked  us  with  its 
constantly    varying    shape    and    position;    and    then    appearing 

1066 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

unveiled  with  its  sea-green  tints  brilliantly  illuminated  by  the  pass-  1833 
ing  sunbeam.  An  hour  after,  and  the  mist  had  disappeared ;  the 
Falls  were  sparkling  in  the  bright  sunshine;  and  a  brilliant  iris 
was  resting  on  the  body  of  vapour  which  the  wind  carried  away 
from  the  face  of  the  descending  columns.  The  scene  at  sunset, 
day  after  day,  was  no  way  less  majestic,  when  the  sun,  glancing 
from  the  Canadian  shore,  lit  up  the  precipices  and  woods  of  Goat 
Island,  and  the  broad  face  of  the  American  Fall,  which  then 
glowed  like  a  wall  of  gold;  while  half  the  Fall  of  the  Horse- 
Shoe,  and  the  deep  recesses  of  the  curve,  were  wrapped  in  shade. 
Morning,  noon  and  night  found  us  strolling  about  the  shore,  and 
on  the  island,  which  is  an  earthly  paradise. 

I  remember  the  quiet  hours  spent  there,  Vv'hen  fatigued  with  the 
glare  of  the  hot  bright  sun,  and  the  din  of  the  Falls,  with  peculiar 
delight.  We  loved,  too,  to  escape  from  all  those  signs  of  man's 
presence  and  busy-bodying,  to  which  I  have  alluded,  and,  bury- 
ing ourselves  in  the  fresh  dark  scarce-trodden  forest  still  covering 
a  great  part  of  its  area,  to  listen  to  the  deadened  roar  of  the  vast 
cataracts  on  either  hand,  swelling  on  the  air  distinct  from  every 
other  sound. 

There,  seated  in  comparative  solitude,  you  catch  a  peep  across 
a  long  vista  of  stems  of  the  white  vapour  and  foam.  You  listen 
to  the  sharp  cry  of  the  blue  jay,  the  tap  of  the  red-headed  v/ood- 
pecker,  and  the  playful  bark  of  the  squirrel ;  you  scan  the  smooth 
white  boles  of  the  beech  or  birch,  chequered  with  broad  patches 
of  dark-green  moss,  the  stately  elm  and  oak,  the  broad-leaved 
maple,  the  silvery-white  and  exquisitely  chiselled  trunk  of  the  huge 
chestnut,  garlanded  with  creepers;  but  you  will  hardly  ever  lose 
the  consciousness  of  the  locahty.  The  spell  of  Niagara  is  still 
upon  and  around  you.  You  glance  again  and  again  at  the  white 
veil  which  thickens  or  grows  dim  beyond  the  leafy  forest:  the 
rush  of  the  nearer  rapids,  the  din  of  the  falling  waters,  the  mur- 
mur of  the  echoes  answering  the  pulsations  of  the  descending 
mass,  fill  your  ears,  and  pervade  ail  nature. 

1067 


Niagara  Falls 

1833  Everything  around  and  about  you  appears  to  reply  to  the 

^°  cataract,  and  to  partake  of  it,  none  more  so  than  the  evergreen 

forest,  which  is  bathed  from  year  to  year  in  the  dew  of  the 
river.  These  noble  trees,  as  they  tower  aloft  on  the  soil,  are  sus- 
tained from  youth  to  age  by  the  invigorating  spray  of  the  mighty 
Falls.  Their  leaves  are  steeped,  summer  after  summer,  in  the 
heavy  dew;  their  trunks  echo  the  falling  waters,  from  the  day 
they  rise  from  the  sod,  to  that  in  which  they  are  shaken  to  the 
ground;  and  the  fibres  of  the  huge  moss-grown  trunk  on  which 
you  sit,  prostrate  and  mouldering  on  the  rich  soil  beneath,  bedded 
in  the  fresh  grass  and  leaves,  still  vibrates  to  the  sound  of  its 
thunders,  and  crumbles  gradually  to  dust.  But  all  this  proves 
nothing  —  as  a  matter-of-fact  man  might  say  —  but  I  am 
Niagara-mad.  We  have  much  before  us,  and  many  sublime 
scenes,  though  none  may  vie  with  that,  before  which  we  have 
been  lingering:  — allons! 

Not  so  well  known  as  some  others,  perhaps,  but  well  worth  reading. 

1833  Power,  Tyrone.     Impressions  of  America,  during  the  years   1834, 

Power  and  1835.    Lond.:    Richard  Bentley.     1836.     1:391-411. 

From  this  house  [Chippewa]  the  eternal  mist  caused  by  the 
great  fall  may  be  plainly  seen  curling  like  a  vast  body  of  light 
smoke,  and  shooting  occasionally  in  spiral  columns  high  above  the 
treetops;  but  not  a  sound  told  of  its  neighborhood,  although  we 
were  not  five  miles  distant  from  it,  and  the  day  was  calm  and 
clear.  At  about  three  miles  from  this,  as  the  vehicle  slowly 
ascended  a  rise,  I  heard  for  the  first  time  the  voice  of  the  waters, 
and  called  the  attention  of  my  friends  within  the  carriage  to  the 
sound. 

It  was  at  the  moment  we  struck  the  foot  of  the  hill  leading  up 
to  the  hotel  [Clifton  House]  that  the  rapid  and  the  great  horse- 
shoe fall  became  visible  over  the  sunken  trees  to  our  right,  almost 
on  a  level  with  us.  I  have  heard  people  talk  of  having  felt 
disappointed  on  a  first  view  of  this  stupendous  scene:  by  what 

f068 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

process  they  arrived  at  this  conclusion  I  profess  myself  utterly  ^^33 
incapable  of  divining,  since,  even  now  that  two  years  have  almost 
gone  by,  I  find  on  this  point  my  feelings  are  not  yet  to  be 
analyzed;  I  dare  not  trust  myself  to  their  guidance,  and  only 
know  that  my  wildest  imaginings  were  forgotten  in  contemplating 
this  awful  reality. 


I  found  no  sensation  equal  to  a  long  quiet  contem- 
plation of  the  mass  entire,  not  as  viewed  from  the  balconies  of 
the  hotel,  but  from  some  rocky  point  or  wooded  shade,  where 
house  and  fence  and  man  and  all  his  petty  doings  were  shut  out, 
and  the  eye  left  calmly  to  gaze  upon  the  awful  scene,  and  the 
rapt  mind  to  raise  its  thoughts  to  Him  who  loosed  this  eternal 
flood  and  guides  it  harmless  as  the  petty  brook. 

There  never  should  have  been  a  house  permitted  within  sight 
of  the  fall  at  least.  How  I  have  envied  those  who  first  sought 
Niagara,  through  the  scarce  trod  wilderness,  with  the  Indian  for 
a  guide ;  and  who  slept  upon  its  banks  with  the  summer  trees  for 
their  only  shelter,  with  the  sound  of  its  waters  for  their  only 
rdveille. 

Now,  one  is  wakened  here  by  a  bell,  which  I  never  can  liken 
to  any  other  than  a  dustman's,  and  can  hardly  find  a  spot  whereto 
parasols  and  smart  forage-caps  intrude  not. 

I  would  even  include  in  my  denunciation  the  tower  which  is 
now  erected  upon  the  piece  of  rock  that  abuts  upon  the  great 
fall,  and  standing  in  whose  gallery  you  actually  hang  suspended 
over  the  abyss;  not  but  that  the  tower  is  in  itself  rudely  simple, 
and  in  good  taste  perhaps,  but  that  one  feels  this  place  needs 
no  such  accessories,  and,  instead  of  deriving  advantage  from  them, 
is  degraded  into  a  mere  show  by  their  presence;  and,  in  saying 
this  much,  I  feel  as  though  the  application  of  the  term  was  a 
profanation. 


1069 


Niagara  Falls 

1833-1834 

1833-34  Abdy,   Edward  Street.      Journal   of   a  residence  and   tour  in   the 

Abdy  United  States  of  North  America,  from  April,    1833,  to  October,    1834. 

Lond.:     John  Murray.      1853.      1:286-294. 

The  author,  who  is  a  good  observer,  seriously  objected  to  the  desecra- 
tion of  the  Falls. 

I  could  not,  on  recrossing  the  ferry,  but  lament,  as  I  had  done 
before,  that  a  barbarous  and  sacrilegious  hand  had  been  per- 
mitted to  outrage  every  feeling  of  taste,  congruities  or  common 
sense,  by  placing  a  v/ooden  bridge  and  a  circular  building,  like 
a  shot-tower,  directly  over  one  of  the  falls.  Every  person  who 
has  the  slightest  pretension  to  anything  like  susceptibility  of  tender 
or  lofty  emotions  from  the  view  of  external  objects,  should  have 
protested  against  the  wild  schemes  of  a  **  money-changer,"  that 
have  marred  the  simplicity  and  purity  of  this  "  solemn  temple  " — 
interrupting  the  devotion  of  the  worshipper,  and  mingling  with  his 
admiration  of  the  Divine  architect  disgust  at  the  arts  and  con- 
trivances of  unfeeling  trade  and  avaricious  speculation.  The 
name  of  this  Vandal  is,  I  believe.  Porter.  It  is  to  him  that  the 
island,  with  its  appurtenances,  belongs;  and  it  is  for  the  sake  of 
extracting  a  few  additional  dollars  from  the  pockets  of  the  curi- 
ous, that  this  vile  sacrilege  has  been  committed. 

1834 

1834  Reed,  Andrew  and  Matheson,  James.     A  narrative  of  the  visit 

Reed  &  to  the  American  churches  by  the  deputation  from  the  Congregational  union 

Matheson         ^f     England     and     Wales.       Lond.:       Jackson     &     Walford.        1835. 
1:116-129. 

Written  in  the  form  of  letters. 

I  am  sorry,  in  closing,  that  I  cannot  say  much  for  the  taste 
either  of  the  visitors  or  inhabitants  of  this  spot.  The  visitors 
seemed  to  regard  the  Falls  rather  as  an  object  of  curiosity  than 
otherwise,  and  when  they  had  satisfied  their  curiosity  (which  in 
most  cases  was  very  quickly  done) ,  and  could  report  that  they 
had  seen  them,  the  duty  was  discharged.     Such  persons  drove  in 

1070 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

on  the  morning,  explored  for  a  couple  of  hours,  dined,  and  hur-     ^^34 
ried  away.     Or,  if  they  stayed,  they  had  had  enough  of  Niagara,  jvUthc^on 
and  they  made  an  excursion  to  see  the  burning  springs.     The 
album  here,  too,  is  full  of  miserable  trash;  it  is  a  sad  contrast  to 
the  album  at  Chamouni. 

With  the  residents  I  am  half  disposed  to  be  angry.  On  the 
American  side  they  have  got  up  a  shabby  town,  and  called  it 
Mcuichester.  Manchester  and  the  Falls  of  Niagara!  A  proposi- 
tion has  been  made  to  buy  Goat  Island,  and  turn  it  into  a  botani- 
cal garden,  to  improve  the  scenery  —  and  such  scenery !  On  the 
Canadian  side,  a  money-seeking  party  have  bought  up  400  acres, 
with  the  hope  of  erecting  "  The  City  of  the  Falls;  "  and  still 
worse,  close  on  the  Table  Rock,  some  party  was  busy  in  erecting 
a  mill-dam!  One  has  hardly  patience  to  record  these  things. 
The  universal  voice  ought  to  interfere,  and  prevent  them. 
Niagara  does  not  belong  to  them;  Niagara  does  not  belong  to 
Canada  or  America.  Such  spots  should  be  deemed  the  property 
of  civilized  mankind;  and  nothing  should  be  allowed  to  weaken 
their  efficacy  on  the  tastes,  the  morals,  and  the  enjoyments  of 
all  men. 

1837 

DaUBENY,  Charles.  Journal  of  a  tour  through  the  United  States  1837 
and  in  Canada,  made  during  the  years  1837—38.  T.  Combe,  ptr.  Daubeny 
Oxford:      1843.     Pp.  44-48. 

The  author,  who  was  professor  of  chemistry  and  botany  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford,  visited  the  Falls  in  the  fall  of  1837.  He  gives  detailed 
descriptions  of  the  points  of  interest  and  laments  the  evidences  of  "  human 
ingenuity  "  so  near  the  Falls.  He  also  examined  the  mineral  springs  near 
the  Falls  to  determine  their  composition. 

Thus  I  had  imagined,  that  the  fury  of  the  waters,  after  they 
had  been  launched  over  the  cataract,  would  have  been  more 
terrific,  and  was  surprised  at  seeing  the  ease,  with  which  an  insig- 
nificant ferry-boat  crossed  the  stream  within  a  very  short  distance 
below.  The  noise  also,  produced  by  the  waterfall  itself,  I  had 
conceived  would  have  been  more  stunnmg,  and  it  was  with  a 

1071 


Niagara  Falls 

1837         feeling  nearly  allied  to  what  one  might  entertain  at  hearing  a 

'"  '"^        person  of  solid  weight  and  character  talked  down  by  a  noisy 

upstart  of  yesterday,  that  I  found  the  roar  of  this  stupendous 

natural  phenomenon  overpowered  by  the  hissing  of  a  locomotive, 

which  was  letting  off  its  steam  at  the  railroad  station  adjoining. 

The  presence  of  these  evidences  of  human  ingenuity  was,  in 
other  respects,  likewise  very  unpropitious  to  the  feelings  which  the 
scene  itself  was  calculated  to  inspire,  and  though  no  enemy  to 
rail-roads  or  factories  in  their  proper  places,  I  could  have  wished 
all  vestiges  of  the  one  and  of  the  other  banished  from  a  spot 
where  nature  ought  to  have  been  allowed  to  reign  undisturbed 
and  alone. 

1841 

1841  Carlisle,  George  William  Frederick  Howard.    Two  lectures 

Carlisle  on  the  poetry  of  Pope,  and  on  his  own  travels  in  America.     Delivered  to 

the   Leeds    Mechanics'    Institution    and   Literary   Society,    December   5th 
and  6th,  1850.    Leeds.     1850.     Pp.  25-26. 

The  first  view  neither  in  the  least  disappointed,  or 
surprised,  but  it  wholly  satisfied  me.  I  felt  it  to  be  complete, 
and  that  nothing  could  go  beyond  it;  volume,  majesty,  might,  are 
the  first  ideas  which  it  conveys;  on  nearer  and  more  familiar 
inspection  I  appreciated  other  attributes  and  beauties  —  the  emer- 
ald crest  —  the  seas  of  spray  —  the  rainbow  wreaths.  Pictures 
and  panoramas  had  give  me  a  correct  apprehension  of  the  form 
and  outline ;  but  they  fail,  for  the  same  reason  as  language  would, 
to  impart  an  idea  of  the  whole  effect,  which  is  not  picturesque, 
though  it  is  sublime ;  there  is  also  the  technical  drawback  in  paint- 
ing of  the  continuous  mass  of  white,  and  the  line  of  the  summit 
of  the  Fall  is  as  smooth  and  even  as  a  common  mill-dam.  Do 
not  imagine,  however,  that  the  effect  could  be  improved  by  being 
more  picturesque;  just  as  there  are  several  trivial  and  unsightly 
buildings  on  the  banks,  but  Niagara  can  be  no  more  spoiled  than 
it  can  be  improved.  You  would,  when  on  the  spot,  no  more  think 
of  complaining  that  Niagara  was  not  picturesque,  than  you  would 
remark  in  the  shock  and  clang  of  battle  that  a  trumpet  sounded 

1072 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

out  of  tune.  Living  at  Niagara  was  not  like  ordinary  life;  its  1841 
not  over  loud,  but  constant  solemn  roar,  has  in  itself  a  mysterious  ^^'■'■^'^ 
sound:  is  not  the  highest  voice  to  which  the  Universe  can  ever 
listen,  compared  by  inspiration  to  the  sound  of  many  waters? 
The  whole  of  existence  there  has  a  dreamy  but  not  a  frivolous 
impress;  you  feel  that  you  are  not  in  the  common  world,  but  in 
its  sublimest  temple. 

1842 

LyeLL,  Sir  Charles.     Life,  letters  and  journals  of  Sir  Charles  Lyell,      1842 
Bari.     Lond.:     Murray.     1881.     2:61.  Lyell 

A  brief  paragraph  in  a  letter  to  Leonard  Horner,  dated  Levviston, 
June  1  3,  1  842,  commenting  on  the  strange  effect  of  locomotives,  tourists, 
and  traffic  on  one  absorbed  in  sky,  wood,  and  water.  The  distinguished 
scientist  thought  Goat  Island  a  perfect  fairyland  but  longed  for  a  view  of 
the  Falls  in  their  aboriginal  setting.  He  speaks  with  apprehension  of  the 
approaching  intrusion  of  factories  on  the  scene. 

1847 

WaRBURTON,   George   Drought.      Hochelaga;   or  England  in  the      1847 
new  world.     Lond.:     Colburn.     1847.     1:230-244.  Warburton 

Impressions  of  the  Falls  are  interspersed  with  anecdotes  of  casualties. 

By  painting  and  by  description,  Niagara  had  been  familiar  to 
me  for  many  years,  as  no  doubt  it  has  been  to  every  one  else;  so 
much  has  been  said  and  written  on  the  subject  that  any  attempt 
to  throw  new  light  upon  it  is  hopeless.  I,  therefore,  mean,  with 
simple  egotism,  to  give  the  impressions  it  made  upon  myself. 

1  he  sight  was  precisely  what  I  expected  —  the  sensations  it 
caused,  totally  different.  I  did  not  start  with  an  exclamation  of 
awe,  neither  did  I  only  look  upon  it  as  "  an  everlasting  fine 
'  water-privilege.'  "  I  thought  it  a  magnificent  cataract,  far 
grander  than  anything  I  had  before  seen,  and  more  beautiful. 
I  sat  down  on  the  turf  near  Table  Rock,  whence  there  is  the  best 
view,  with  something  approaching  to  disappointment  on  my 
mind,  that,  after  all,  it  should  be  only  a  "  magnificent  cataract." 
But  as  I  looked  and  listened,  the  eye  and  ear,  as  it  were,  matured 
into  the  power  to  fit  perception ;  then,  admiration  and  astonish- 
,,..  107J 

06 


Niagara  Falls 

1847  ment,  and,  at  last,  almost  confusion,  came  upon  me;  sight  and 

War  urion  gound  Seemed  to  have  joined  their  strength  and  merged  into  a 
vague  impression  —  vague,  but  of  mighty  force.  A  passing 
stranger  addressed  some  question  to  me,  which  aroused  me;  I 
found  that,  unconscious  of  the  lapse  of  time,  I  had  been  for 
hours  staring  at  the  great  wonder. 

I  got  up  reluctantly,  and  proceeded  to  the  nuisance  of  sight- 
seeing, but  looked  back  every  now  and  then  as  though  fearing 
that  I  should  lose  the  rest  of  the  grand  spectacle ;  for  I  could  not 
but  fancy  that  it  was  som.e  strange  and  transient  phenomenon,  or 
a  display  got  up  by  some  enormous  effort  for  the  moment.  When 
night  came,  it  seemed  reckless  waste  to  keep  it  going  still,  while 
its  glorious  beauty  was  hidden  from  mortal  view. 

It  was  not  till  increasing  distance  freed  me  from  its  influence, 
and  when  thought  returned,  that  I  knew  it  had  been  going  on 
yesterday,  last  year,  for  a  century,  for  tens  of  centuries  —  back 
to  that  deep  abyss  of  the  past,  on  which  sceptic  science — pre- 
sumptuous though  feeble  —  has  dared  to  shed  a  dim  and  sinister 
light,  of  only  sufficient  strength  to  show,  that  the  depths  must 
remain  forever  —  inscrutable  as  profound. 

Now,  the  neighborhood  of  this  great  wonder  is  overrun  with 
every  species  of  abominable  fungus  —  the  growth  of  rank  bad 
taste:  with  equal  luxuriance  on  the  Lnglish  and  American  sides, 
Chinese  pagoda,  menagerie,  camera  obscura,  museum,  watch- 
tower,  wooden  monument,  tea-gardens,  "  old  curiosity  shops."  A 
boy  handed  me  a  slip  of  paper  on  which  were  printed  some 
stanzas  of  astounding  magnificence,  signed  "Almira,"  much  in 
the  favorite  style  of  the  poet  laureate  to  "  Moses  and  Son."  I 
cannot  refrain  from  giving  a  short  quotation : 

"  Would  ye  fain  steal  a  glance  o'er  life's  dark  sea, 
And  gaze  though  trembling  on  eternity? 
Would  ye  loof(  out,  look  dorvn,  where  God  hath  set 
His  mighty  signet?     Come  —  come  higher  yet, 
To  the  Pagoda's  utmost  height  ascend, 
And  see  earth,  air,  and  sky  in  one  alembic  blend!  " 

1074 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

"Pagoda  is  now  open  to  visitors  and  perfectly  secure.    .    .     .    Admit-      li547 
tance  25  cents.    ...     1st  April.   1845."  Warburton 


1849 

BoNNYCASTLE,  5iV  RiCHARD  Henry.     Canada  and  the  Canadians.      1849 
New  ed.     Lond.:     Colburn.     1849.     1:233-244.  Bonnycasile 

But,  gentle  reader,  although  it  be  a  well-worn  tale,  I  had 
not  seen  the  Falls  for  five  years,  and  I  wish  to  tell  you  whether 
they  are  altered  or  improved;  and  most  likely  you  will  take 
some  little  interest  in  so  old  a  friend  as  the  Falls  of  Niagara; 
for  you  must  have  read  about  those  before  you  read  Robinson 
Crusoe,  and  have  had  them  thrust  under  your  notice  by  every 
tourist,  from  Trollope  to  Dickens.  They  say,  on  dit,  I  mean, 
which  is  not  translatable  into  English,  that  this  is  the  age  of 
Materialism  and  Utilitarianism.  By  George,  you  would  think 
so  indeed,  if  you  had  the  chance  of  seeing  the  Falls  of  Niagara 
twice  in  ten  years.  They  are  materially  injured  by  the  Utilitarian 
mania.  The  Yankees  put  an  ugly  shot  tower  on  the  brink  of  the 
Horseshoe  at  the  beginning  of  that  era,  and  they  are  about  to 
consummate  the  barbarism,  by  throwing  a  wire  bridge,  if  the 
British  government  is  consenting,  over  the  river,  just  below  the 
American  Fall.  But  Niagara  is  a  splendid  "  Water  Privilege,'* 
and  so  thought  the  Company  of  the  City  of  the  Falls  —  a  most 
enlightened  body  of  British  subjects,  who  first  disfigured  the 
Table  Rock,  by  putting  a  watermill  on  it,  and  now  are  adding 
the  horror  of  gin-palaces,  with  sundry  ornamental  booths  for  the 
sale  of  juleps  and  sling,  all  along  the  venerable  edge  of  the  preci- 
pice, so  that  trees  of  unequalled  beauty  on  the  bank  above,  trees 
which  grow  nowhere  else  in  Canada,  are  daily  falling  before  the 
monster  of  gain. 

What  they  will  do  next  in  their  freaks  it  is  difficult  to  sur- 
mise ;  but  it  requires  very  little  more  to  show  that  patriotism,  taste, 
and  self-esteem,  are  not  the  leading  features  in  the  character  of 
the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  the  world. 

in?' 


Niagara  Falls 

1849  If  the  Colossus  of  Rhodes  could  be  remodelled  and  brought 

Bonnycastle  j-q  j}^g  Falls,  onc  leg  Standing  in  Canada,  and  the  other  in  the 
United  States,  there  would  be  a  company  immediately  formed 
for  hydraulic  purposes,  to  convey  a  waste  pipe  from  the  tips  of 
the  fingers  as  far  as  Buffalo;  and  another  to  light  the  paltry  vil- 
lage of  Manchester,  all  mills  and  mint-juleps,  with  the  natural 
gas  which  would  be  made  to  feed  the  lamp.  A  grog-shop  would 
be  set  up  in  his  head ;  telescopes  would  be  poked  out  of  his  eyes, 
and  philosophers  would  seat  themselves  on  his  toes,  to  calculate 
whether  the  waters  of  the  British  Fall  could  not  be  dammed  out, 
so  as  to  turn  a  few  cotton  mills  more  in  Man-chester,  as  it  is  called, 
which  scheme  some  Canadian  worthy  would  upset,  by  resorting 
to  Mr.  Lyell's  proof  that  the  whole  river  might  once  have  flowed, 
and  may  again  be  made  to  flow,  down  to  St.  David's  —  thus, 
by  expending  a  few  millions,  cutting  off  Jonathan's  chance. 

But  it  is  of  no  use  to  joke  on  this  subject;  Niagara  is,  both  to 
the  United  States  and  to  England,  but  especially  to  Canada,  a 
public  property.  It  is  the  greatest  wonder  of  the  visible  world 
here  below,  and  should  be  protected  from  the  rapacity  of  private 
speculations,  and  not  made  a  Greenwich  fair  of;  where  pedlars 
and  thimble-riggers,  niggers  and  barkers,  the  lowest  trulls  and 
the  vilest  scum  of  society,  congregate  to  disgust  and  annoy  the 
visitors  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  plundering  and  pestering  them 
without  control. 

The  only  really  pretty  thing  on  the  British  side  is  the  Museum, 
the  result  of  the  indefatigable  labors  of  Mr.  Barnett,  a  person 
who,  by  his  own  unassisted  industry,  has  gathered  together  a  most 
interesting  collection  of  animals,  shells,  coins,  &c.,  and  has  added 
a  garden,  in  which  all  the  choicest  plants  and  flowers  of  North 
America  and  of  Britain  grow,  watered  by  the  incessant  spray  of 
the  Great  Fall.  In  this  garden  I  sav/,  for  the  first  time  in  Can- 
ada, the  English  holly,  the  box,  the  heath,  and  the  ivy;  and 
there  is  a  willow  from  the  St.  Helena  stock. 

It  requires  unremitting  v/atchfulness,  however,  to  keep  all  this 
together,  for  loafers  are  rife  in  these  parts.     He  had  gathered  a 

i075 


Presentation   of   the  Falls 
very  choice  collection  of  coins,  which  was  placed  in  a  glass  case     1849 

in  the  Museum.  Bonnyc«tIe 

He  is  now  forming  a  menagerie,  and  also  has  a  collection  of 
fossils  and  minerals  from  the  neighborhood,  with  a  camera 
obscura.  He  is,  in  short,  a  specimen  of  what  untiring  industry 
can  accomplish,  even  when  unassisted. 

There  are  some  tulip-trees  near  the  Falls,  but  this  plant  does 
not  grow  to  any  size  so  far  north;  and,  although  native  to  the 
soil,  it  is,  perhaps,  the  extreme  limit  of  its  range.  The  snake- 
wood,  a  sort  of  slender  bush,  is  found  here,  with  very  many  other 
rare  Canadian  plants,  which  are  no  doubt  fostered  by  the  con- 
tinual humidity  of  the  place;  and,  if  you  wish  to  sup  full  of 
horrors,  Mr.  Barnett  has  plenty  of  live  rattlesnakes. 

To  wind  up  all,  the  Americans  are  going  to  put  up  another 
immense  gin-palace  on  the  opposite  shore;  and,  as  a  climax  to 
the  excellent  taste  of  the  vicinage,  they  are  about  to  place  a 
huge  steamboat  to  cross  the  rapids  at  the  foot  of  the  Manchester 
Falls.  The  next  speculation,  as  I  hmted  above,  must  be  to  turn 
the  Niagara  into  the  Erie,  or  into  the  Welland  Canal,  and  make 
it  carry  flour,  grind  wheat,  and  do  the  duty  which  the  political 
economists  of  this  thriving  place  consider  all  rivers  as  alone 
created  for. 

One  traveller  of  the  Utilitarian  school  has  recorded,  in  the 
traveller's  album  at  the  Falls,  the  number  of  gallons  of  water 
running  over  to  waste  per  minute;  and  another  writes,  "What 
an  almighty  splash  I 

I  went  once  more  to  see  the  Burning  Spring,  and  have  no 
doubt  whatever  that  the  City  of  the  Falls,  that  great  pre-eminent 
humbug,  if  it  had  been  built,  might  have  easily  been  lit  by 
natural  gas,  as  it  abounds  everywhere  in  the  neighborhood,  the 
rock  under  the  superior  Silurian  limestone  being  a  shale  containmg 
it,  as  may  be  evidenced  by  those  visitors,  who  are  persuaded  to  go 
under  "'  the  Sheet  of  W^.ter,"  as  the  place  is  called  where  the 
Table  Rock  projects,  and  part  ol  the  cataract  slides  over  it;  for, 

1077 


Niagara  Falls 

1849         on  reaching  the  angle  next  to  the  spiral  stair,  a  strong  smell  is 
onnycatte    pj^jjjjy  perceptible,  something  between  rotten  eggs  and  sulphur; 
and  there  you  find  a   little  trickling  spring  oozing  out  of  the 
precipice  tasting  of  those  delectable  compounds. 

A  Yankee,  with  the  soaring  imagination  of  that  imaginative 
race,  proposes  to  set  fire  to  the  Horse-shoe  Fall,  and  thus  get  up 
a  grand  nocturnal  exhibition,  to  which  the  Surrey  Zoological 
pyrotechny  would  bear  the  same  ratio  as  a  sky-rocket  to 
Vesuvius. 

There  is  no  great  impossibility  in  this  fact,  if  it  was  *'  not  a 
fact  "  that  the  rush  of  the  Fall  disturbs  the  superincumbent  gases 
too  much  to  permit  it ;  for  there  can  be  but  little  doubt  that  there 
is  plenty  of  materiel  at  hand,  and,  some  day  or  other,  a  light- 
house will  be  lit  with  it  to  guide  sleep)^  loons  and  other  negligent 
water-fowl  over  the  Falls.  I  wonder  they  do  not  get  up  a  Car- 
buretted  Hydrogen  Gas  Company  there,  with  a  suitable  engineer 
and  railway,  so  that  visitors  might  cross  over  to  Goat  Island  on 
an  atmospheric  line.  There  are  plenty  of  railway  stags  on  both 
shores,  if  you  will  only  buy  their  stock  to  establish  it;  and,  at  all 
events,  it  would  improve  the  City  of  the  Falls,  which  now  exhibits 
the  deplorable  aspect  of  three  stuccoed  cottages  turned  seedy,  and 
a  bare  common,  in  place  of  a  magnificent  grove  of  chestnut  trees, 
which  formerly  almost  rivalled  Greenwich  Park. 

But  the  crowning  glory  of  "  the  City  "  is  the  Reflecting 
Pagoda,  a  thing  perched  over  Table  Rock  bank,  very  like  a 
huge  pile  engine,  with  a  ten-shilling  mirror,  where  the  monkey 
should  be.  Blessings  on  Time!  though  he  is  a  very  thoughtless 
rogue,  he  has  touched  this  grand  effort  of  human  genius  in  the 
wooden  line  slightly,  and  it  will  soon  follow  the  horrid  water- 
mill  which  stood  on  that  most  singular  and  indescribable  freak  of 
Nature,  the  Table  Rock.  I  would  have  forgiven  Lett,  the  sym- 
pathizer, if  instead  of  assassination  and  the  blowing-up  of  Brock's 
Monument,  he  had  confined  his  attentions  to  a  little  serious  Guy 
Fauxing  at  the  Mill  and  the  Reflecting  Pagoda. 

1078 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Niagara  —  Ne-aw-gaw-rah,  thou  thundering  water!  thy  1849 
glories  are  departing;  the  abominable  Railway  Times  has  driven  °""^'^"  * 
along  thy  borders ;  and,  if  I  should  live  to  see  thee  again  ten  years 
hence,  verily  I  should  not  be  astounded  to  find  thee  locked-up, 
and  a  station-house  staring  me  in  the  visage,  from  that  emerald 
bower,  in  thy  most  mysterious  recess,  where  the  vapour  is  rose- 
coloured,  and  the  bright  rainbow  alone  now  forms  the  bridge 
from  the  Iris  Rock ! 

I  was  so  disgusted  to  see  the  spirit  of  pelf,  that  concentration 
of  self,  hovering  over  one  of  the  last  of  the  wonders  of  the  world, 
that  I  rushed  to  the  Three  Horse  Railway,  and  soon  forgot  all  my 
misery  in  scrambling  for  a  place ;  there  was  no  alternative.  There 
v/ere  only  three  carriages  and  one  open  cart  on  the  rail ;  the  three 
aristocratic  conveniences  were  full ;  and  the  coal-box  —  for  it 
looked  very  like  one  —  was  full  also,  of  loafers  and  luggage ;  so 
I  despaired  of  quitting  the  Falls  almost  as  much,  by  way  of 
balance,  as  I  rejoiced  when  they  once  again  met  my  ken. 

1850 

Houston,  Mrs.  M.  C.     Hesperos;  or.  Travels  in  the  west.      Lond. :      1850 
Parker.      1850.      1:122-139.  Houston 

The  author,  who  laments  the  nearness  of  the  town,  would  have  the  Falls 
and  scenery  "  one  glorious  natural  temple,  dedicated  to  the  God  who 
formed  it  from  the  foundation  of  the  world,"  and  all  artificial  structures 
hurled  into  the  rapids. 

1853 

Chambers,  William.     Things  as  they  are  in  America.     Lond.  and      18.53 
Edinb.:      William  and  Robert  Chambers.      1854.      Pp.    102-112.  Chambers 

In  thinking  of  this  marvellous  work  of  nature,  it  is  unfortunate 
that  the  mind  is  disturbed  by  mean  associations  connected  with  the 
works  of  man.  On  the  British  side,  it  is  environed  by  a  series  of 
paltry  curiosity-shops;  and  there,  at  the  ledge  on  which  I  had 
seated  myself,  a  labourer  was  busied  in  wheeling  rubbish  into 
the  cataract.  On  the  American  side,  runs  of  ^vateI  have  been 
led  off  to  move  the  machinery  of  a  saw  and  paper  mill;  and  at 

1079 


Niagara  Falls 

1853  present  there  is  a  proposition  before  the  world  to  turn  the  whole 

c  am  ers  f^^.^^  ^f  ^^^  ^.j^^j.  ^.^  profitable  account  in  some  kind  of  mechanical 
processes!  Why,  of  all  conceivable  names,  Manchester  should 
have  been  selected  for  the  village,  or  infant  city,  now  in  the 
course  of  erection  near  the  American  fall,  it  would  be  difficult 
to  understand  on  any  other  principle  than  that  of  imparting  a 
manufacturing  character  to  the  spot. 

Manchester,  if  it  must  be  so  called,  consists  of  several  streets 
in  skeleton,  with  a  large  railway-station  in  the  centre,  and  a 
number  of  hotels  stuck  about  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors. 

1853  P-ClNGSTON,  WiLLlAM  H.  G.     Western  wanderings;  or,  A  pleasure  tour 

Kingston  in  the  Canadas.     Lond. :     Chapman  and  Hall.      1856.      1:265-311. 

In  his  general  description  the  author  takes  occasion  to  express  his  opinions 
of  the  unsightly  and  "  incongruous  buildings  "  about  the  Falls. 

As  soon  as  our  luggage  was  arranged,  the  porters  dismissed, 
our  dresses  dusted,  and  our  hands  washed,  we  opened  the 
Venetian  blinds  with  reverential  awe,  and  stepped  out  together 
into  the  broad  verandah,  where  a  full  and  perfect  view  of  the 
Falls  appeared  before  our  eyes.  There  were  the  very  waters  on 
which  for  days  past  we  had  floated,  so  calm  and  placid  generally, 
now  leaping,  foaming,  spouting,  and  dashing  over  a  lofty  cliff, 
from  a  wide  and  liquid  plain,  aboutlevel  with  our  eyes,  and  plung- 
ing into  a  deep  chasm  far  down  below  our  feet.  We  were,  how- 
ever, very  much  more  struck  with  the  beautiful  and  picturesque 
view  than  with  the  grandeur  of  the  spectacle,  so  totally  different 
to  what  all  prints,  sketches,  and  models,  had  led  us  to  expect. 
We  were  delighted  with  the  form  of  the  cliffs,  the  varied  tints  of 
the  trees,  the  unique  combination  of  wood  and  water,  but  we 
were  not  overwhelmed  with  awe.  The  roar  even  was  neither 
loud  nor  deep,  nor  was  it  necessary  to  speak  at  all  in  a  higher 
key  than  usual  to  make  ourselves  heard.  Every  now  and  then 
an  eddy  of  ^vi^d  would  bring  a  light  shower  of  spray  towards  us, 
to  prove  to  us  the  reality  of  the  waterfall.  Even  in  spite  of  this, 
our  feeling  was  for  some  tim.e,  till  we  had  gone  over,  and  under, 

1080 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

and  on  either  side,  and  touched  the  foaming  waters  of  the  1853 
cataract,  that  we  were  gazing  on  some  strange  and  wonderful  '"^ston 
picture  rather  than  on  an  actual  object  in  nature.  My  wish  is  to 
make  my  readers  understand  what  Niagara  really  is,  as  far  as 
pen  and  pencil  can  do  so,  rather  than  to  fly  into  ecstatic  raptures 
and  to  utter  oft-repeated  notes  of  admiration  on  its  grandeur  and 
sublimity,  or  to  enlarge  on  our  own  sensations  of  wonder  and  awe. 

An  excellent  road  runs  along  the  top  of  the  cliff,  as  far  as  the 
end  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  and  along  this  we  bent  our 
steps.     .     .     . 

The  road  we  took  is  lined  with  a  collection  of 
museums,  curiosity  shops,  refreshment  booths,  and  raree-shov/s, 
where  guides  and  cicerones  congregate;  but  fortunately,  as  the 
season  was  over,  most  of  the  tribe  had  taken  their  departure,  and 
we  were  but  little  persecuted  by  their  offers  of  service.  A  number 
of  Chinese  pagoda-looking  edifices  and  other  incongruous  build- 
ings have  been  erected  on  the  Canada  bank,  and  others  are  rear- 
ing their  ill-shaped  forms  wherever  a  spot  can  be  found  whereon 
to  perch  them.  But  it  matters  little;  the  puny  efforts  and  bad 
taste  of  man,  in  his  attempt  to  adorn  nature,  can  do  little  towards 
spoiling  Niagara.  Its  miglit  and  majesty  can  scarcely  be 
blemished  by  his  Lilliputian  efforts 

October  the  8th  was  a  lovely  day,  and  late  as  was  the  period 
of  year,  the  air  still  retained  the  genial  warmth  of  summer, 
at  the  same  time  that  it  was  pleasantly  mixed  with  the  briskness 
and  freshness  of  autumn.  Not  to  give  cause  of  offense  to  the 
American  side  of  Niagara,  we  had  determined  to  devote  the  fore- 
noon to  an  inspection  of  its  beauties;  as  soon,  therefore,  as  break- 
fast was  over,  with  waterproof  cloaks  on  our  arms,  we  descended 
by  the  winding-road  which  leads  down  the  cliff  from  the  hotel  to 
the  ferry  directly  facing  the  American  F'all. 

lOSl 


Niagara  Falls 

1853  The  bank  on  our  right  was  covered  with  the  richest  foHage  of 

Kingston  every  tree,  from  the  deepest  red  to  the  faintest  yellow,  and  with 
every  variety  of  green  and  brown  which  Nature's  brush  can  pro- 
duce. Beyond  this  highly-coloured  framework  were  seen  the 
Falls,  with  their  green  and  blue  and  whitened  waters.  A  neat, 
well-built  boat,  about  sixteen  feet  in  length,  lay  drawn  up  on  the 
rocky  beach.  In  attendance  on  her  stood  a  most  uncouth-looking 
lad,  whittling  to  keep  his  fingers  from  being  idle.  As  we  gazed  at 
the  white  mass  of  ragmg  foam  hurtling  down  the  cliff  before  us, 
and  the  whirling,  eddying  waters  which  must  be  crossed  before 
we  could  reach  the  opposite  shore,  we  felt  that  had  we  not  seen 
the  same  slight  lad  rowing  backwards  and  forwards  many  times 
in  the  day,  we  should  have  hesitated  long  indeed  before  v/e  hod 
ventured  within  the  power  of  their  fearful  vortex. 

A  back  eddy  enabled  us  to  get  up  the  stream  towards 
the  great  fall  without  difficulty,  and  then  thrusting  forth  into  it, 
we  were  whirled  downwards  again  many  fathoms  in  the  direction 
of  the  whirlpool ;  while  clouds  of  spray,  driven  by  the  wind  from 
both  falls,  showered  do^vn  upon  our  waterproofs,  till  we  looked 
as  if  we  had  been  diving  under  the  very  cataracts  themselves. 
Our  surly  Charon  pulled  right  sturdily  across  the  troubled  tide, 
when,  much  to  our  satisfaction,  another  eddy  caught  our  boat, 
and  took  us  up  to  a  rough  stage  at  ths  foot  of  a  perpendicular 
cliff,  up  which  it  was  difficult  to  discover  how  we  should  manage 
to  ascend.  It  was  grand  to  look  upwards  through  the  mist,  for 
not  fifty  yards  from  our  heads  came  thundering  down  the  Ameri- 
can cataract,  v.iih  a  fury  which  made  vs  content  not  to  approach 
it  nearer.  The  boat  was  now  urged  up  a  r.lidc,  and  landing  in  a 
dense  shower  of  spray,  we  found  ourselves  at  the  foot  of  a  long 
Avooden  tunnel,  with  a  railway  and  a  flight  of  steps  \vithin  it 
leading  to  the  top  of  the  cliff.  As  we  had  no  fancy  to  perform  a 
labour  which  would  be  looked  on  as  a  highly  satisfactory  penance 
by  a  pious  Romanist,  we  took  our  seats  in  a  car;  and  a  bell  being 
rung  by  our  boatman,  we  were  speedily  drawn  upwards  into  the 

1082 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

interior  of  a  large  shed,  which  we  found  stood  on  the  summit  of  1853 
the  cliff.  Dismounting,  we  paid  sixpence  to  a  man  who,  pointing  '"s*"* 
to  a  door,  said,  "  There  are  the  Falls." 

The  show-like  look  of  the  place,  and  the  man's  indifferent  tone, 
were  dreadfully  unromantic,  and  almost  made  us  fancy  that  we 
were  going  to  see  a  painted  panorama  instead  of  the  reality. 
However,  on  passing  through  a  garden,  and  finding  ourselves  on 
the  very  edge  of  the  Fall,  we  instantly  forgot  the  vulgar  method 
by  which  we  had  reached  the  spot.  In  a  succession  of  the  wildest 
foaming  billows  the  waters  come  rushing  down  a  steeply-inclined 
plane,  till  they  glide  in  a  compact  mass  over  the  cliff,  where  they 
burst  instantly  into  sheets  of  foam. 

Passing  along  the  edge  of  these  whirling,  giddying  rapids,  we 
crossed  a  small  stream,  a  modest  contribution  to  the  waters  of 
Niagara ;  then  through  a  lumber-yard,  belonging  to  one  of  many 
saw-mills  with  which  the  American  Falls  are  adorned ;  and  finally 
taking  the  way  over  a  long  wooden  bridge  to  the  right,  thrown 
from  rock  to  rock,  we  crossed  the  very  rapids  themselves  to  Goat 
Island.  Looking  upwards  from  the  centre  of  this  bridge,  the 
spectacle  is  indeed  curious.  From  so  much  greater  a  height  do  the 
waters  of  the  rapids  come  than  that  on  which  we  were  standing, 
making  it  impossible  to  see  the  land  beyond  them,  that  literally 
they  seem  to  be  leapmg,  rolling,  and  tumbling,  in  long  wreaths  of 
foam  out  of  the  sky  itself.  On  our  left,  bordering  the  river,  were 
flourishing  rows  of  saw,  corn,  cotton,  and  paper  mills;  while 
others,  in  their  lust  of  gain,  had  boldly  encroached  into  the  very 
rapids  themselves.  Truly  Jonathan  has  made  good  use  of  the 
unrivalled  water-power  at  his  disposal ;  though  we,  in  our  romantic 
mood,  lelt  a  high-souled  contempt  for  the  sordid  minds  wliich  can 
make  Niagara  turn  their  mill-wheels  on  the  very  verge  of  his  own 
cataracts,  like  a  captive  prince  chained  to  mean  labour  in  the 
palace  of  his  fathers.  We  were  glad  that  the  Canadian  side  was 
free  from  such  incongruous  ornaments,  but  we  agreed  not  to  make 
too  minute  inquiries  as  to  the  cause.     The  pagodas  and  temples, 

1083 


Niagara  Falh 

1853         eating-booths  and  museums,  show  that  refined  taste  has  not  much 
Kingston         jQ  Jq  ^IjJ^  jj^g  matter. 


The  first  bridge  ends  in  a  small  island  decorated  with  a 
pavilion,  containing  Indian  curiosities,  walking-canes,  and  refresh- 
ments, as  also  the  residence  of  the  custos  of  Goat  Island,  to  whom, 
by  payment  of  one  shilling  for  each  person,  we  were  made 
free  of  the  insular  territory,  the  property  of  a  private  individual, 
during  our  stay  in  the  neighbourhood.  Behind  the  pavilion  a  little 
wooden  bridge  led  us  to  another  small  island,  on  which  grow 
several  v/rithing  twisted  cedars.  Hence  the  rapids  appeared  even 
to  greater  advantage  than  from  the  bridge;  and  more  teiror- 
inspiring,  for,  rushing  towards  us,  they  seemed  about  to  sweep  the 
plot  of  ground  and  our  own  precious  persons  to  destruction  over 
the  Falls.  Another  stout  plank-bridge,  passable  also  for  car- 
riages, carried  us  over  the  rapids  to  Goat  Island;  in  which,  by 
keeping  to  the  right,  we  discovered  every  point  of  interest  without 
difficulty,  and  free  from  the  tiresome  race  of  guides. 

We  followed  the  shore  of  the  island  some  Vv^ay,  bordering  the 
rapids,  till,  descending  a  flight  of  steps  in  the  bank,  we  found  our- 
selves close  to  Young  America  [the  Central  Fall],  with  a 
magnificent  view  down  tlie  river,  terminated  by  the  suspension- 
bridge,  including  the  larger  American  fall  on  one  side,  and  the 
Clifton  House,  an  object  of  no  little  interest,  on  the  other. 

Crossing  Young  America  by  a  wide  plank,  we  stood  on  a 
little  island,  or  rock,  not  ten  yards  in  circumference,  with  a  roar- 
ing cataract  on  either  side  of  it.  As  we  saw  the  foaming  v/ater 
rushing  round  us,  it  required  no  little  mental  exertion  to  recollect 
that,  as  probably  the  rock  on  which  we  rested  had  there  remained 
for  centuries,  we  need  be  under  no  immediate  alarm  of  its  being 
liurled  do\vn  over  the  cliff  before  we  could  escape  from  it. 

Returning  up  the  steps,  we  continued  along  the  top  of  the 
cliffs  till  we  came  before  a  most  picturesque  view  of  the  Horseshoe 

ias4 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Fall,  with  a  fine  foregrouncl  of  richly  tinted  trees  on  broken  banks,     1853 
and  the  frothy  stream  below,  while  the  little  tower  came  in  appro-    "'^*'°" 
priately  on  the  left  overlooking  the  cataract.     The  whole  island 
is  beautifully  wooded  with  a  great  variety  of  trees,  and  is  as 
romantic  and  interesting  a  spot  as  the  most  enthusiastic  of  medita- 
tive poets  could  desire. 

Descending  a  winding  path,  we  reached  the  south  end  of  the 
Horseshoe  Fall,  where  a  wooden  bridge,  some  forty  yards  long, 
or  more,  resting  on  a  succession  of  small  rocks  parallel  with  the 
very  brink  of  the  Fall ;  but  three  or  four  feet  from  it  carried  us  to 
the  foot  of  the  little  tower,  whence  we  ascended  a  spiral  stair  to  a 
platform  on  its  summit,  surrounded  by  a  light  iron  railing  literally 
overhanging  the  great  cataract  itself.  Here  the  sight  is  grcind  and 
awe-inspiring.  We  stood  where  thousands  had  stood  before;  but, 
as  we  looked  up  the  river  at  the  v/ide-spreading  rapids,  and 
watched  the  fiercely-foaming  mass  come  rushing  down  towards 
our  resting-place,  and  whirling  under  our  feet,  then  taking  its 
tremendous  plunge  down  into  the  caldron  on  the  brim  of  which 
we  stood,  and  sending  up  clouds  of  vapour  which  kept  circling 
round  our  heads,  already  romewhat  confused  by  the  din  and 
roar,  a  more  than  usual  exertion  of  mind  was  required  to  feel  the 
reality  of  the  security  we  were  enjoying.  Not  that  we  experienced 
anything  akin  to  fear,  more  than  the  trained  soldier  does  in  the 
raging  battle-field.  After  we  had  encountered  the  first  shock  of 
this  novel  existence,  though  the  wind  blew  strong  round  the 
lower  —  though  the  frail  fabric  shook  beneath  our  feet  —  though 
the  whirling  spray  blinded  our  eyes,  and  the  roar  of  the  cataract 
—  for  here  indeed  it  did  roar  —  almost  deprived  us  of  the  sense 
of  hearing,  such  only  tended  to  excite  and  strengthen  our  nerves, 
all  other  feelings  were  absorbed  in  the  wild  grandeur  of  the 
scene. 


108: 


Niagara  Falls 

1853  In  the  evening  we  took  a  stroll,  by  the  pale  light  of  a  young 

Kingston         moon,  to  Table  Rock,  where  we  stood  indelibly  impressing  on 
our  minds  the  scene  before  us.     Beautiful  and  grand  as  it  is,  I 
cannot  at  all  enter  into  the  feelings  of  those  (supposing  people  to 
feel  as  they  write)  who  speak  of  Niagara  as  showing  the  great- 
ness and  power  of  the  Almighty;  who  describe  it  as  drawing 
them  nearer  to  heaven  by  its  sublimity,  and  talk  of  it  as  impress- 
ing them  with  a  sense  of  the  insignificance  of  man,  the  littleness 
of  human  affairs,  and  very  much  in  a  similar  strain.    Such  terms, 
we  agreed,  are  not  only  inappropriate  and  often  ridiculous,  but 
approaching  even  to  blasphemous.     The  creative  power  of  the 
Almighty  is  shown  as  much  in  the  smallest  of  the  creatures  which 
crawl  the  earth  as  in  the  largest  animal  which  has  life;  and  it 
appears  to  me,  that  instead  of  fancying  we  hear  His  voice  in  the 
roar  of  the  cataract,  in  the  rattling  of  the  thunder,  in  the  raging 
of  the  tempest  on  the  billowy  ocean,  we  might  rather  consider,  on 
such  occasions.  He  has  tliought  fit  to  relax  His  omnipotence  over 
the  elements.     Justly  we  may  pray  to  Him  for  aid  against  the 
injuries  they  may  inflict;  but,  looking  on  Him  as  we  ought  as  a 
God  of  mercy  and  love,  we  cannot  associate  strife,  and  tumult, 
and  disorder,  with  His  attributes.     Surely  He  created  rivers  to 
irrigate  the  land  and  to  afford  easy  means  of  communication  to 
those  dwelling  on  it.     Niagara  is  an  exception  to  the  ordinary 
rule.    It  was  allowed  to  exist,  perhaps,  as  an  ornament  on  the  face 
of  nature,  or  to  test  the  ingenuity  of  man  to  counteract  the  impedi- 
ment offered  to  the  free  navigation  of  those  inland  seas.     It  is  no 
wonder,  surely.     A  poet  may  describe  it  as  his  fervent  imagina- 
tion may  dictate,  but,  in  earnest  unexaggerated  prose,  it  consists 
simply  of  a  good-sized  river  falling  over  a  very  ordinary-sized 
cliff,  and  very,  very  inferior  in  grandeur  or  in  terror-inspiring 
power  to  a  storm  on  the  ocean  vv^hen  lightnings  dart  from  the 
lowering  sky,  the  wind  hov/ls,  and  the  waves,  lashed  to  fury, 
threaten  the  labouring  ship.     Let  us  give  Niagara  its  due.     It  is  a 
very  beautiful  sight,  and  more  worthy  of  a  visit  than  most  sights 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

(though    defend   me    from    hving    long   near   it),    and    Cousin     1853 
Jonathan  finds  it  very  useful  for  turning  his  mills,   and  it  has    '"^ston 
afforded  ample  amusement  for  sketchers,  and  will  afford  subjects 
for  the  painter's  brush  as  long  as  the  world  lasts. 

We  crossed  again  the  next  morning  to  Goat  Island.     .     .     . 

We  stood  long  in  a  shower  of  spray,  watching  a  magnificent 
iris  formed  on  the  mist  rising  from  the  American  fall. 
Then  we  went  to  the  top  of  the  tower,  once  again  looked  mto 
the  foaming  caldron,  got  almost  drenched  with  the  dense  white 
showers  which  came  flying  over,  and  looked  at  a  still  more 
beautiful  and  curious  iris.  Three  portions  of  a  bow  appeared  on 
as  many  different  clouds  of  spray,  altogether  forming  an  entire 
bow.  The  part  on  the  left  was  formed  on  the  spray  of  the  great 
Fall,  the  centre  on  that  of  the  American  Fall,  and  the  right  on 
that  which  ascends  from  the  water  projected  to  the  right  of  the 
tower  close  to  Goat  Island.  Dark  clouds  gathering  rapidly  in  the 
west  gave  a  more  purely  malachite  tint  to  the  edge  of  the  Falls, 
and  brought  out  the  white  foam  in  greater  relief,  so,  warned  by 
the  signs  of  approaching  rain,  we  hurried  home.  It  came  in  a 
pelting  shower,  but  after  dinner  we  were  able  to  pay  a  visit  to 
Table  Rock,  when  we  watched  a  number  of  wild  fowl  sporting 
on  the  edge  of  the  Fall.  Now  and  then  one  would  pitch  on  the 
hurtling  waters,  when  down  it  would  be  carried  amidst  the  mass 
of  foam ;  but,  though  we  narrowly  watched  several  thus  treated, 
we  coula  not  discover  whether  they  ever  again  rose,  or  were 
destroyed  in  the  vortex  below.  Others  were  flying  rapidly  back- 
wards and  forwards  in  the  mist,  seeming  to  enjoy  themselves, 
though  I  have  some  doubts  whether  they  were  not  more  frightened 
than  amused.  The  boys  in  the  ferry-boats  shot  those  within  their 
reach,  and  several  of  the  slain  were  floating  in  the  eddy.  Our 
young  Charon  requested  leave  to  pull  off  into  the  very  centre  of 
the  boiling  current  in  order  to  pick  up  one  he  had  just  killed,  on 
which  proceeding,  however,  I  put  my  veto  till  we  were  safe  out  of 
his  boat. 

1087 


Niagara  Falls 

1853  MooDiE,  Mrs.  Susanna  Strickland.    Life  in  the  clearings.    Lond.: 

Moodie  R.  Bentley.     1853.    Pp.  330-371. 

A  sympathetic  description  of  the  beauties  of  Niagara,  interspersed  with 
bits  about  people  and  hotel  gossip. 

"  Chained  to  the  spot. 
Mute  with  admiration." 

The  removal  of  all  the  ugly  mills  along  its  shores  would 
improve  it,  perhaps,  and  add  the  one  charm  it  wants,  by  being 
hemmed  in  by  tasteless  buildings, —  the  sublimity  of  solitude. 

Oh,  for  one  hour  alone  with  nature,  and  her  great  master- 
piece Niagara!  What  solemn  converse  would  the  soul  hold  with 
its  Creator  at  such  a  shrine,  and  the  busy  hum  of  practical  life 
would  not  mar  with  its  discord  this  grand  "  thunder  of  the 
waters!  '*  Realities  are  unmanageable  things  in  some  hands,  and 
the  Americans  are  gravely  contemplating  making  their  sublime 
Fall  into  a  motive  power  for  turning  machinery. 

Ye  Gods!  What  next  will  the  love  of  gain  suggest  to  the 
gold-worshippers?  The  whole  earth  should  enter  into  a  protest 
against  such  an  act  of  sacrilege  —  such  a  shameless  desecration 
of  one  of  the  noblest  works  of  God. 

Niagara  belongs  to  no  particular  nation  or  people.  It  is  an 
inheritance  bequeathed  by  the  great  Author  to  all  mankind, —  an 
altar  raised  by  his  own  almighty  hand, —  at  which  all  true  wor- 
shippers must  bow  the  knee  in  solemn  adoration.  I  trust  that 
these  free  glad  waters  will  assert  their  own  rights,  and  dash  into 
mist  and  spray  any  attempt  made  to  infringe  their  glorious  liberty. 

1853  Murray,   Amelia   M.      Letters   from   the  United  States,   Cuba,   and 

^""^^  Canada.     New  York:     Putnam  &  Co.      1856.     Pp.    109-115. 

The  author  is  impressed  by  the  exorbitant  fees  charged  at  Niagara. 

The  English  are  accused  of  being  a  grasping  nation  in  requiring 
fees  for  sights,  but  nothing  I  ever  met  with  equals  the  charges 
for  the  contemplation  of  Nature  here.  1  he  possessor  of  Goal 
Island  makes  one  thousand  pounds  a  year  of  those  strangers  or 
visitors  who  land  on  its  shores;  but  this  day  we  were  actually 

1088 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

charged  one  shilling  each  for  only  going  into  the  wood,  from  ^^^^ 
whence  a  good  view  of  the  whirlpool  can  be  obtained!  As 
ground  is  becoming  of  great  value  in  this  neighbourhood,  it  may 
be  necessary  to  require  payment  for  keeping  any  part  of  it  free 
from  the  desecration  of  taverns  and  saw-mills;  but  a  more 
moderate  fee  would  answer  better  to  the  proprietors,  and  not  act 
as  a  prohibition  to  a  large  class  who  have  not  many  spare  shillings 
in  their  pockets.  .  .  .  It  is  certainly  worth  crossing  the 
Atlantic  for  Niagara  alone. 

New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the     1853 
Niagara  river  hydraulic  company.      (Laws  of   1853,  chap.    1  16.)  ^    is°Ihire 

The  act  passed,  April,  1 832,  creates  the  corporation,  gives  the  name 
and  powers  of  the  corporations,  and  makes  general  provisions  thereof. 

Weld,  Charles  Richard.    A  vacation  tour  in  the  United  States     ^^^^ 
and  Canada.     Lond. :     Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans.     1855. 
Pp.  159-179. 

The  author  visited  the  Falls  55  years  after  his  half-brother  Isaac  Weld. 
He  gives  a  good  description  of  all  the  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls.  He 
viewed  them  at  dusk,  in  the  morning  and  by  moonlight. 

The  scene  (from  Brock's  monument)  towards  the  Falls  is 
very  remarkable,  consisting  principally  of  a  boundless  expanse  of 
table-land  covered  by  a  dense  forest,  through  which  the  river  has 
cut  a  passage.  Of  the  falls  themselves,  seven  miles  distant,  not  a 
trace  is  visible;  and  the  dark-blue  waters  of  the  great  river  flow 
so  smoothly  at  the  bottom  of  the  deep  gorge,  as  to  give  no  idea 
of  their  having  passed  over  a  mighty  precipice.     .     .     . 

.  .  .  Resuming  my  seat,  I  drove  along  a  sandy  road  through 
the  partially-cleared  bush,  my  excitement  increasing  as  the  dis- 
tance to  the  falls  diminished.  When  about  three  miles  from 
them,  I  ordered  the  driver  to  stop;  and  as  soon  as  the  carriage 
ceased  to  move,  a  deep  booming  noise  was  heard,  issuing  from 
the  depth  of  the  forest.  It  was  the  eternal  voice  of  the  falls.  My 
impatience  increased,  but  it  found  no  sympathy  in  my  young 
Yankee  driver,   who,   "  guessing  "   he  had  driven  hundreds  of 

1080 
69 


Niagara  Falls 

people  to  the  Clifton  House,  treated  my  proceedings  with  perfect 
indifference.  As  all  things,  however,  come  to  an  end,  so  did  the 
drive.  At  the  end  of  seven  miles  the  road,  hitherto  level,  sud- 
denly dipped,  and  I  beheld  immediately  before  me  the  mighty 
cataracts,  illuminated  by  brilliant  sunshine.  To  the  question 
"  Were  you  disappointed  by  the  first  view?  "  which  is  generally 
asked,  I  answer  *'  No;  "  but  it  is  right  to  add,  I  had  been  careful 
not  to  raise  my  expectations  too  high.  Indeed,  remembering  how 
many  persons  have  expressed  themselves  disappointed  by  the 
height  of  the  falls  appearing  so  insignificant  in  proportion  to  their 
great  breadth,  I  had  dwarfed  my  ideal  view  too  much ;  and  now, 
when  the  reality  was  before  me,  it  exceeded  my  expectations. 
This  was  a  pleasing  disappointment.  .  .  .  With  an  alacrity 
which  made  the  numerous  drivers  surrounding  the  hotel  aware  I 
had  just  arrived,  hastened  to  the  Table  Rock.  To  my  surprise, 
beyond  the  mere  offer  of  their  vehicles,  I  was  left  to  pursue  my 
way  unmolested;  and  I  have  to  add,  that  during  my  abode  at 
the  falls,  I  was  never  annoyed  in  any  way  by  guides;  nor,  indeed, 
did  I  see  any  persons  practising  the  generally  officious  and  to  the 
tourist  distressing  office  of  showman.  I  mention  this,  because  I 
have  frequently  seen  and  heard  it  asserted,  that  the  visitor  at 
Niagara  is  sorely  plagued  by  guides,  who  start  up  at  all  points  to 
the  distraction  of  his  peace  and  enjoyment.  A  walk  —  or  rather 
a  run  —  of  a  few  minutes  brought  me  to  the  Table  Rock ;  from 
whence  I  gazed  on  the  descending  sea  before  me  with  feelings  of 
awe  and  v/onder,  tempered  by  a  feeling  of  gratitude  that  I  was 
permitted  to  look  upon  a  scene  whose  stupendous  majesty  is 
identified  vv'ith  my  earliest  knowledge  of  the  wonders  of  the  world. 

How  long  I  remained  spell-bound  to  the  spot  where  I  had 
seated  myself,  I  know  not;  but  as  a  proof  of  the  entire  concentra- 
tion of  all  senses  on  the  scene,  I  was  entirely  ignorant  of  the  fact 
that  I  had  been  sitting  some  time  in  a  pool  of  water  formed  by  the 
spray. 

1090 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

.  .  .  I  spent  an  entire  day  on  Goat  Island,  happily  left  in  1853 
its  primeval  state  of  wildness.  From  this  lovely  isle  .  .  . 
endless  views  of  the  two  falls  are  obtained.  That  of  the  Horse- 
shoe Cataract  from  the  gallery  of  the  Terrapin  Tower  is  the  most 
imposing.  Here  you  look  upon  the  long  water-curve  of  exquisite 
green,  forming  the  lip  of  the  fall,  which  in  the  most  concave  part 
is  said  to  be  twenty  feet  thick,  and  down  into  the  abyss  boiling 
with  mist  and  foam.  The  solemn  and  slow  majesty  of  the  descent 
of  the  water  is  very  remarkable,  presenting  vast  green  curtain-like 
folds,  from  which  burst  globes  of  compressed  air.  The  prodigious 
quantity  of  mist  and  spray  renders  the  bottom  invisible,  and  gives 
infinite  variety  to  the  scene,  which,  when  lighted  by  the  play  of 
innumerable  vivid  rainbows,  possesses  a  witching  beauty  unsur- 
passed and  unequalled. 

A  flock  of  large  gulls  were  s|X>rting  amidst  these  quivering 
hues,  rejoicing  in  their  power;  now  dashing  downwards  until  lost 
in  the  blinding  spray,  now  soaring  aloft  in  the  deep  blue  heavens. 
Amidst  such  sights  and  sounds,  it  was  an  inexpressible  relief  to 
find  the  horrible  American  creation  of  "  Manchester,"  with  its 
cotton  mills,  does  not  yet  destroy  the  magnificence  of  the  Ameri- 
can cataract.  The  present  buildings  are  far  above  the  fall,  but 
it  may  be,  that  triumphing  over  all  difficulties  —  for  there  are 
none  too  formidable  to  check  Yankee  enterprise  —  the  rapids  on 
the  verge  of  the  descent  may  be  made  to  do  cotton-spinning  duty, 
and  the  fall  itself  be  diverted  into  innumerable  mill-dams. 
Already  numerous  daring  projects  are  contemplated  to  "  use  up 
the  almighty  water  privilege  "  of  Niagara,  which  is  stated  to 
exceed  in  power  the  entire  steam  force  employed  to  drive 
machinery  in  Great  Britain ;  but  as  half  the  falls  belong  to  Eng- 
land, it  is  to  be  hoped  the  Horseshoe  Cataract  is  not  included  in 
the  scheme.  I  could  not  help  wishing  that  the  influence  which 
will.  I  trust,  prevent  any  attempt  to  perpetrate  such  barbarity, 
would  sweep  away  the  frippery  curiosity-shops  and  museums  now 
deforming  the  Canadian  side  of  the  river, 

1091 


Niagara  Falls 

1853  Far  different  was  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  at  the  time  of  my 

^  brother's  visit.     Dense  woods  then  occupied  the  banks.     Not  a 

house  was  near;  and  on  one  occasion  the  provisions  which  his 
party  had  concealed  were  stolen  by  the  Indians,  who  resided  p[ 
Niagara  for  the  sake  of  feeding  on  the  wild  animals  which  were 
precipitated  over  the  falls. 

On  the  last  morning  of  my  sojourn  at  the  falls,  anxious  to  see 
as  much  of  them  as  possible,  I  rose  before  the  sun.  On  looking 
out,  the  landscape  was  still  dim,  but  towering  high  above  the 
Great  Fall  rose  the  column  of  mist,  crested  by  a  roseate  hue.  The 
effect  was  enchanting.  Not  a  cloud  obscured  the  heavens;  and 
so  tranquil  was  the  air,  that  the  vapour-pillar  seemd  a  gigantic 
shaft  of  white  marble  surmounted  by  a  rose-coloured  capital.  A 
friend,  whom  I  called  to  witness  the  beautiful  spectacle,  agreed 
with  me  that  the  column  was  at  least  800  feet  high.  I  no  longer 
doubted  that  a  faint  cloud  to  which  my  attention  had  been  drawn 
^vhen  standing  on  the  roof  of  the  Court  House  at  Toronto,  was 
the  mist  over  Niagara.  The  distance  is  fifty  miles,  but  it  has 
been  seen  farther  off. 

As  the  sun  ascended,  the  pillar  became  more  rose-hued;  pre- 
sently the  crest  of  the  falls  caught  the  glowing  tints,  and  the 
rushing  waters  were  a  sheet  of  burnished  gold. 

A  brisk  trade  in  Indian  ornaments  and  curiosities  is  carried  on 
at  Niagara.  Daguerreotypes  of  the  American  fall  are  in  great 
request ;  the  proper  thing,  accordmg  to  Yankee  notions,  being  for 
the  purchaser  to  stand  prominently  in  the  foreground  while  the 
impression  is  taken.  Until  I  visited  Niagara,  I  was  at  a  loss  to 
understand  why  all  daguerreotype  views  should  generally  repre- 
sent the  American  fall ;  but  the  ground  is  so  violently  agitated  on 
the  Canadian  side  as  to  render  the  operation  of  the  camera 
extremely  unsatisfactory, —  at  least  all  the  results  I  saw  were 
very  poor.  Recent  improvements  in  photography  will,  hovvever, 
I  have  no  doubt,  give  better  effects. 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

1859 

EngleheaRT,  Gardner  D.      Journal  of  the  progress  of  H.  R.   H.      1859 
the  Prince  of  Wales  through  British  North  America ;  and  his  visit  to  the  E^^g'-^^'^*^' 
United  States,    10th  July  to   15th  November,    1850.      Privately  printed. 
(1860.)    Pp.  63-66. 

A  brief  journal  of  three  days  spent  at  the  Falls  and  in  their  vicinity. 
A  view  of  the  Falls  from  Goat  Island  shovv^s  the  tower  and  tlie  angle  of 
the  Horseshoe  Fall. 

1871 

James,    Henry.      Niagara.       1871.       (In    his    Portraits    of    places.      1871 
Boston.    Osgood.     1884.    Pp.  364-376.)  J^'"" 

This  paper  was  originally  published  in  the  Nation. 

My  journey  hitherward  by  a  morning's  sail  from  Toronto 
across  Lake  Ontario,  seemed  to  me,  as  regards  a  certain  dull 
vacuity  in  this  episode  of  travel,  a  kind  of  calculated  preparation 
for  the  uproar  of  Niagara  —  a  pause  or  hush  on  the  threshold  of 
a  great  impression ;  and  this,  too,  in  spite  of  the  reverent  attention 
i  was  mindful  to  bestow  on  the  first  seen,  in  my  experience,  of 
the  great  lakes.  It  has  the  merit,  from  the  shore,  of  producing  a 
sliglit  ambiguity  of  vision.  It  is  the  sea,  and  yet  just  not  the  sea. 
i  he  huge  expanse,  the  landless  line  of  the  horizon,  suggest  the 
ocean;  while  an  indefinable  shortness  of  pulse,  a  kind  of  fresh- 
water gentleness  of  tone,  seem  to  contradict  the  idea.  What 
meets  the  eye  is  on  the  scale  of  the  ocean,  but  you  feel  somehow 
tJiat  the  lake  is  a  thing  of  smaller  spirit.  Lake-navigation,  there- 
fore, seems  to  me  not  especially  entertaining.  The  scene  tends  to 
offer,  as  one  may  say,  a  sort  of  marine-effect  missed.  It  has  the 
blankness  and  vacancy  of  the  sea,  without  that  vast  essential  swell 
v.hich,  amid  the  belting  brine,  so  often  saves  the  situation  to  the 
eye.  I  was  occupied,  as  we  crossed,  in  wondering  whether  this 
dull  reduction  of  the  main  contained  that  which  could  properly 
be  termed  "  scenery."  At  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River,  how- 
ever, after  a  sail  of  three  hours,  scenery  really  begins,  and  very 
soon  crowds  upon  you  in  force.    The  steamer  puts  into  the  narrow 

100.3 


Niagara  Falls 

1871         channel  of  the  stream,  and  heads  upward  between  high  embank- 
James  Hients.     From  this  point,  I  think,  you  really  enter  into  relations 

with  Niagara.  Little  by  little  the  elements  become  a  picture,  rich 
with  the  shadow  of  coming  events.  You  have  a  foretaste  of  the 
great  spectacle  of  colour  which  you  enjoy  at  the  Falls.  The 
even  cliffs  of  red-brown  earth  are  crusted  and  spotted  with 
autumnal  orange  and  crimson,  and,  laden  with  this  gorgeous 
decay,  they  plunge  sheer  into  the  deep-dyed  green  of  the  river. 
As  you  proceed,  the  river  begins  to  tell  its  tale  —  at  first  in  broken 
syllables  of  foam  and  flurry,  and  then,  as  it  were,  in  rushing, 
flashing  sentences  and  passionate  ejaculations.  Onwards  from 
Lewiston,  where  you  are  transferred  from  the  boat  to  the  train, 
you  see  it  from  the  edge  of  the  American  cliff,  far  beneath  you, 
now  superbly  unnavigable.  You  have  a  lively  sense  of  something 
happening  ahead ;  the  river,  as  a  man  near  me  said,  has  evidently 
been  in  a  row.  The  cliffs  here  are  immense;  they  form  a 
vomitorium  worthy  of  the  living  floods  whose  exit  they  protect. 
This  is  the  first  act  of  the  drama  of  Niagara;  for  it  is,  I  believe, 
one  of  the  commonplaces  of  description,  that  you  instinctively 
convert  it  into  a  series  of  "  situations."  At  the  station  pertaining 
to  the  railway  suspension-bridge,  you  see  in  mid-air,  beyond  an 
interval  of  murky  confusion  produced  at  once  by  the  farther 
bridge,  the  smoke  of  the  trains,  and  the  thickened  atmosphere  of 
the  peopled  bank,  a  huge  far-flashing  sheet  which  glares  through 
the  distance  as  a  monstrous  absorbent  and  irradiant  of  light.  And 
here,  in  the  interest  of  the  picturesque,  let  me  note  that  this 
obstructive  bridge  tends  in  a  way  to  enhance  the  first  glimpse  of 
the  cataract.  Its  long  black  span,  fallmg  dead  along  the  shining 
brow  of  the  Falls,  seems  shivered  and  smitten  by  their  fierce 
effulgence,  and  trembles  across  the  field  of  vision  like  some 
enormous  mote  in  a  light  too  brilliant.  A  moment  later,  as  the 
train  proceeds,  you  plunge  into  the  village,  and  the  cataract,  save 
as  a  vague  ground-tone  to  this  trivial  interlude,  is,  like  so  many 
other  goals  of  aesthetic  pilgrimage,  temporarily  postponed  to  the 
hotel. 

1094 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

With  this  postponement  comes,  I  think,  an  immediate  decline  1871 
of  expectation;  for  there  is  every  appearance  that  the  spectacle-'*'"^* 
you  have  come  so  far  to  see  is  to  be  choked  in  the  horribly  vulgar 
shops  cind  booths  and  catch-penny  artifices  which  have  pushed 
and  elbowed  to  within  the  very  spray  of  the  Falls,  and  ply  their 
importunities  in  shrill  competition  with  its  thunder.  You  see  a 
multitude  of  hotels  and  taverns  and  stores,  glaring  with  white 
paint,  bedizened  with  placards  and  advertisements,  and  decorated 
by  groups  of  those  gentlemen  who  flourish  most  rankly  on  the  soil 
of  New  York  and  in  the  vicinage  of  hotels;  who  carry  their  hands 
in  their  pockets,  wear  their  hats  alv/ays  and  every  way,  and, 
although  of  a  stationary  habit,  yet  spurn  the  earth  with  their  heels. 
A  side-glimpse  of  the  Falls,  however,  calls  out  your  philosophy ; 
you  reflect  that  this  may  be  regarded  as  one  of  those  sordid  fore- 
grounds which  Turner  liked  to  use,  and  which  may  be  effective  as 
a  foil;  you  hurry  to  where  the  roar  grows  louder,  and,  I  was 
going  to  say,  you  escape  from  the  village.  In  fact,  however,  you 
don't  escape  from  it;  it  is  constantly  at  your  elbow,  just  to  the 
right  or  the  left  of  the  line  of  contemplation.  It  would  be  paying 
Niagara  a  poor  compliment  to  say  that,  practically,  she  does  not 
hurl  away  this  chaffering  by-play  from  her  edge ;  but  as  you  value 
the  integrity  of  your  impression,  you  are  bound  to  affirm  that  it 
suffers  appreciable  abatement  from  such  sources.  You  wonder, 
as  you  stroll  about,  whether  it  is  altogether  an  unrighteous  dream 
that  with  the  slow  progress  of  taste  and  the  possible  or  impossible 
growth  of  some  larger  comprehension  of  beauty  and  fitness,  the 
public  conscience  may  not  tend  to  confer  upon  such  sovereign 
phases  of  nature  something  of  the  inviolability  and  privacy 
which  we  are  slow  to  bestow,  indeed,  upon  fame,  but  which  we 
do  not  grudge  at  least  to  art.  We  place  a  great  picture,  a  great 
statue,  in  a  museum :  we  erect  a  great  monument  in  the  centre  of 
our  largest  square,  and  if  we  can  suppose  ourselves  nowadays  to 
build  a  cathedral,  we  should  certainly  isolate  it  as  much  as  pos- 
sible and  expose  it  to  no  ignoble  contact.  We  cannot  enclose 
Niagara  with  walls  and  a  roof,  nor  girdle  it  with  a  palisade ;  but 

1095 


Niagara  Falls 

the  sentimental  tourist  may  muse  upon  the  contingency  of  its 
being  guarded  by  the  negative  homage  of  empty  spaces  and  absent 
barracks  and  decent  forbearance.  The  actual  abuse  of  the  scene 
belongs  evidently  to  that  immense  class  of  iniquities  Vv'hich  are 
destined  to  grow  very  much  worse  in  order  to  grow  a  very  little 
better.  The  good  humour  engendered  by  the  main  spectacle 
bids  you  suffer  it  to  run  its  course. 

Though  hereabouts  so  much  is  great,  distances  are  small,  and 
a  ramble  of  two  or  three  hours  enables  you  to  gaze  hither  and 
thither  from  a  dozen  standpomts.  The  one  you  are  likely  to 
choose  first  is  that  on  the  Canada  cliif,  a  little  way  above  the 
suspension-bridge.  The  great  fall  faces  you,  enshrined  in  its  own 
surging  incense.  The  common  feeling  just  here,  I  believe,  is  one 
of  disappointment  at  its  want  of  height;  the  whole  thing  appears 
to  many  people  somewhat  smaller  than  its  fame.  My  own  sense, 
I  confess,  was  absolutely  gratified  from  the  first;  and,  indeed,  I 
was  not  struck  with  anything  being  tall  or  short,  but  with  every- 
thing being  perfect.  You  are,  moreover,  -?.t  some  distance,  and 
you  feel  that  with  the  lessening  inten^al  you  will  not  be  chcaled  of 
your  chance  to  be  dizzied  with  mere  dimensions.  Already  you 
see  the  world-famous  green,  baffling  painters,  bafHmg  poets, 
shining  on  the  lip  of  the  precipice;  the  more  so,  of  course,  for 
the  clouds  of  silver  and  snow  into  which  it  speedily  resolves  itself. 
The  whole  picture  before  you  is  admirably  simple.  T  he  Horse- 
shoe glares  and  boils  and  smokes  from  the  centre  to  the  right, 
drumming  itself  into  powder  and  thunder;  in  the  centre  the  dark 
pedestal  of  Goat  Island  divides  the  double  flood;  to  tlic  left 
booms  in  vaporous  dimness  the  minor  battery  of  the  AiTjericaii 
Fall ;  v/hile  on  a  level  with  the  eye,  above  the  still  crest  of  cither 
cataract,  appear  the  white  faces  of  the  hithermost  rapids.  The 
circle  of  weltering  froth  at  the  base  of  the  Horseshoe,  eracrging 
from  the  dead  white  vapours  — ■  absolute  white,  as  moonless  mjd- 
nighl  is  absolute  black  —  which  muffle  impenetrably  the  crash  of 
the  river  upon  the  lov/er  bed,  melts  slowly  into  the  darker  shade.: 
of  green.      It  seems  in  itself  a  drama  of  thrilling  interest,  lli; 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

blanched  survival  and  recovery  of  the  stream.  It  stretches  away  1871 
like  a  tired  swimmer,  strugghng  from  the  snowy  scum  and  the  ^^^^'^ 
silver  drift,  and  passing  slowly  from  an  eddying  foam-sheet., 
touched  with  green  lights,  to  a  cold,  verd-antique,  streaked  and 
marbled  with  trails  and  wild  arabesques  of  foam.  This  is  the 
beginnmg  of  that  air  of  recent  distress  which  marks  the  river  as 
you  meet  it  at  the  lake.  It  shifts  along,  tremendously  conscious, 
relieved,  disengaged,  knowing  the  worst  is  over,  with  its  dignity 
injured  but  its  volume  undiminished,  the  most  stately,  the  least 
turbid  of  torrents.  Its  movement,  its  sweep  and  stride,  are  as 
admirable  as  its  colour,  but  as  little  as  its  colour  to  be  made  a 
matter  of  words.  These  things  are  but  part  of  a  spectacle  in 
which  nothing  is  imperfect.  As  you  draw  nearer  and  nearer,  on 
the  Canada  cliff,  to  the  right  arm  of  the  Horseshoe,  the  mass 
begins  in  all  conscience  to  be  large  enough.  You  are  able  at  last 
to  stand  on  the  very  verge  of  the  shelf  from  which  the  leap  is 
taken,  bathing  your  boot-toes,  if  you  like,  in  the  side-ooze  of  the 
glassy  curve.  I  may  say,  in  parenthesis,  that  the  importunities 
one  suffers  here,  amid  the  central  din  of  the  cataract,  from  hack- 
men  and  photographers  and  vendors  of  gimcracks,  the  simply 
hideous  and  infamous.  The  road  is  lined  with  little  drinking- 
shops  and  warehouses,  and  from  these  retreats  their  occupants 
dart  forth  upon  the  hapless  traveller  with  their  competitive 
attractions.  You  purchase  release  at  last  by  the  fury  of  your 
indifference,  and  stand  there  gazing  your  fill  at  the  most  beautiful 
object  in  the  world. 

The  perfect  taste  of  it  is  the  great  characteristic.  It  is  not  in 
the  least  monstrous;  it  is  thoroughly  artistic  and,  as  the  phrase  is, 
thought  out.  In  the  matter  of  line  it  beats  Michael  Angelo.  One 
may  seem  at  first  to  say  the  least,  but  the  careful  observer  will 
admit  that  one  says  the  most,  in  saying  that  it  pleases  —  pleases 
even  a  spectator  who  ^vas  not  ashamed  to  write  the  other  day  that 
he  didn't  care  for  cataracts.  There  are,  however,  so  many  more 
things  to  say  about  it  —  its  multitudinous  features  crowd  so  upon 
the  vision  as  one  looks  —  that  it  seems  absurd  to  begin  to  analyse. 

1097 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  The  main  feature,  perhaps,  is  the  incomparable  lovehness  of  the 

Jame»  immense  hne  of  the  shelf  and  its  lateral  abutments.     It  neither 

falters,  nor  breaks  nor  stiffens,  but  maintains  from  wing  to  wing 
the  lightness  of  its  semicircle.  This  perfect  curve  melts  into  the 
sheet  that  seems  at  once  to  drop  from  it  and  sustain  it.  The 
famous  green  loses  nothing,  as  you  may  imagine,  on  a  nearer  view. 
A  green  more  vividly  cool  and  pure  it  is  impossible  to  conceive. 
It  is  to  the  vulgar  greens  of  earth  what  the  blue  of  a  summer  sky 
is  to  artificial  dyes,  and  is,  in  fact,  as  sacred,  as  remote,  as  impalp- 
able as  that.  You  can  fancy  it  the  parent-green,  the  head-spring 
of  colour  to  all  the  verdant  water-caves  and  all  the  clear,  sub- 
fluvial  haunts  and  bowers  of  naiads  and  mermen  in  all  the  streams 
of  the  earth.  The  lower  half  of  the  watery  wall  is  shrouded  in 
the  steam  of  the  boiling  gulf  —  a  veil  never  rent  nor  lifted.  At 
its  heart  this  eternal  cloud  seems  fixed  and  still  with  excess  of 
motion  —  still  and  intensely  white;  but,  as  it  rolls  and  climbs 
against  its  lucent  cliff,  it  tosses  little  whiffs  and  fumes  and  pants 
of  snowy  smoke,  which  betray  the  convulsions  we  never  behold. 
In  the  middle  of  the  curve,  the  depth  of  the  recess,  the  converging 
walls  are  ground  into  a  dust  of  foam,  which  rises  in  a  tall  column, 
and  fills  the  upper  air  with  its  hovering  drift.  Its  summit  far  over- 
tops the  crest  of  the  cataract,  and,  as  you  look  down  along  the 
rapids  above,  you  see  it  hanging  over  the  averted  gulf  like  some 
far-flowing  signal  of  danger.  Of  these  things  some  vulgar  verbal 
hint  may  be  attempted;  but  what  words  can  render  the  rarest 
charm  of  all  —  the  clear-cut  brow  of  the  Fall,  the  very  act  and 
figure  of  the  leap,  the  rounded  passage  of  the  horizontal  to  the 
perpendicular?  To  say  it  is  simple  is  to  make  a  phrase  about  it. 
Nothing  was  ever  more  successfully  executed.  It  is  carved  as 
sharp  as  an  emerald,  as  one  must  say  and  say  again.  It  arrives, 
it  pauses,  it  plunges ;  it  comes  and  goes  for  ever ;  it  melts  and  shifts 
and  changes,  all  with  the  sound  as  of  millions  of  bass-voices;  and 
yet  its  outline  never  varies,  never  moves  with  a  different  pulse.  It 
is  as  gentle  as  the  pouring  of  wine  from  a  flagon  —  of  melody 

1098 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

from  the  lip  of  a  singer.  From  the  Httle  grove  beside  the  Ameri-  1871 
can  Fall  you  catch  this  extraordinary  profile  better  than  you  are  ^*™** 
able  to  do  at  the  Horseshoe.  If  the  line  of  beauty  had  vanished 
from  the  earth  elsewhere,  it  would  survive  on  the  brow  of 
Niagara.  It  is  impossible  to  insist  too  strongly  on  the  grace  of  the 
thing,  as  seen  from  the  Canada  cliff.  The  genius  who  invented  it 
was  certainly  the  first  author  of  the  idea  that  order,  proportion 
and  symmetry  are  the  conditions  of  perfect  beauty.  He  applied 
his  faith  among  the  watching  and  listening  forests,  long  before 
the  Greeks  proclaimed  theirs  in  the  measurements  of  the 
Parthenon.  Even  the  roll  of  the  white  batteries  at  the  base  seems 
fixed  and  poised  and  ordered,  and  in  the  vague  middle  zone  of 
difference  between  the  flood  as  it  falls  and  the  mist  as  it  rises  you 
imagine  a  mystical  meaning  —  the  passage  of  body  to  soul,  of 
matter  to  spirit,  of  human  to  divine. 

Goat  Island,  of  which  every  one  has  heard,  is  the  menagerie  of 
lions,  and  the  spot  where  your  single  stone  —  or,  in  plain  prose, 
your  half-dollar  —  kills  most  birds.  This  broad  insular  strip, 
which  performs  the  excellent  office  of  withholding  the  American 
shore  from  immediate  contact  v/ith  the  flood,  has  been  left  very 
much  to  itself,  and  here  you  may  ramble,  for  the  most  part,  in 
undiverted  contemplation.  The  islcind  is  owned,  I  believe,  by  a 
family  of  co-heirs,  who  have  the  good  taste  to  keep  it  quiet. 
More  than  once,  however,  as  I  have  been  told,  they  have  been 
offered  a  "  big  price  "  for  the  privilege  of  building  an  hotel  upon 
this  sacred  soil.  They  have  been  wise,  but,  after  all,  they  are 
human,  and  the  offer  may  be  made  once  too  often.  Before  this 
fatal  day  dawns,  why  should  not  the  State  buy  up  the  precious 
acres,  as  California  has  done  the  Yo-Semite?  It  is  the  opinion 
of  a  sentimental  tourist  that  no  price  v/ould  be  too  great  to  pay. 
Otherwise,  the  only  hope  for  their  integrity  is  in  the  possibility  of 
a  shrewd  provision  on  the  part  of  the  gentlemen  who  know  hov/  to 
keep  hotels  that  the  music  of  the  dinner-band  would  be  injured  by 
the  roar  of  the  cataract.  You  approach  from  Goat  Island  the 
left  abutment  of  the  Horseshoe.    The  little  tower  which,  with  the 

1099 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  classic  rainbow,  figures  in  all  '*  views  "  of  the  scene,  is  planted  at 

a  dozen  feet  from  the  shore,  directly  on  the  shoulder  of  the  Fall. 
This  little  tower,  I  think,  deserves  a  compliment.     One  might 
have  said  beforehand  that  it  would  never  do,  but,  as  it  stands,  it 
makes  rather  a  good  point.     It  serves  as  a  unit  of  appreciation  of 
the  scale  of  things,  and  from  its  spray-blackened  summit  it  admits 
you  to  an  almost  downward  peep  into  the  green  gulf.     More  here, 
even,   than   on   the   Canada   shore,   you  perceive   the  unlimited 
Tvateriness  of  the  whole  spectacle.     Its  liquid  masses  take  on  at 
moments  the  likeness  of  walls  and  pillars  and  columns,  and,  to 
present  any  vivid  picture  of  them,  we  are  compelled  to  talk  freely 
of  emerald  and  crystal,  of  silver  and  marble.     But  really,  all  the 
simplicity  of  the  Falls,  and  half  their  grandeur,  reside  in  their 
unmitigated  fluidity,  which  excludes  all  rocky  staging  and  earthy 
commixture.     It  is  water  piled  on  water,  pinned  on  water,  hinging 
and  hanging  on  water,  breaking,  crashing,  whitening  in  shocks 
altogether  watery.    And  yet  for  all  this  no  solid  was  ever  so  solid 
as  that  sculptured  shoulder  of  the  Horseshoe.     From  this  little 
tower,  or,  better  still,  from  various  points  farther  along  the  island- 
shore,  even  to  look  is  to  be  immersed.     Before  you  stretches  the 
huge  expanse  of  the  upper  river,  with  its  belittled  cliffs,  now  mere 
black  lines  of  forest,  dull  as  with  the  sadness  of  gazing  at  per- 
petual trouble,  eternal  danger.     Anything  more  horribly  desolate 
than  this  boundless  livid  welter  of  the  rapids  it  is  impossible  to 
conceive,  and  you  very  soon  begin  to  pay  it  the  tribute  of  your 
own    suddenly-assumed   suspense,    in    the   impulse   to   people    it 
with  human  forms.     On  this  theme  you  can  work  out  endless 
analogies.     Yes,  they  are  alive,  every  fear-blanched  billow  and 
eddy  of  them  —  alive  and  frenzied  with  the  sense  of  their  doom. 
They  see  below  them  that  nameless  pause  of  the  arrested  current, 
and  the  high-tossed  drift  of  sound  and   spray  which  rises  up 
lamenting,  like  the  ghosts  of  their  brothers  who  have  been  dashed 
to  pieces.     They  shriek,  they  sob,  they  clasp  their  white  hands 
and  toss  their  long  hair;  they  cling  and  clutch  and  wrestle,  and 
above  all,  they  appear  to  bite.     Especially  tragical  is  the  air  they 

1100 


lames 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

iiave  of  being  forced  backward,  with  averted  faces,  to  their  fate.  1871 
Every  pulse  of  the  flood  is  hke  the  grim  stride  of  a  giant,  wading  ^' 
huge-kneed  to  his  purpose,  with  the  white  teeth  of  a  victim  fast- 
ened in  his  neck.  The  outermost  of  three  small  islands,  inter- 
connected by  short  bridges,  at  the  extremity  of  this  shore,  places 
one  in  singularly  intimate  relation  with  this  portentous  flurry.  To 
say  that  hereabouts  the  water  leaps  and  plunges  and  rears  and 
dives,  that  its  uproar  makes  even  one's  own  ideas  about  it 
inaudible,  and  its  current  sweeps  those  ideas  to  perdition,  is  to  give 
a  very  pale  account  of  the  universal  agitation. 

1  he  great  spectacle  may  be  called  complete  only  when  you 
have  gone  down  the  river  some  four  miles,  on  the  American  side, 
to  the  so-called  rapids  of  the  Whirlpool.  Here  the  unhappy 
stream  tremendously  renews  its  anguish.  Two  approaches  have 
been  contrived  on  the  cliff  —  one  to  the  rapids  proper,  the  other, 
farther  below,  to  the  scene  of  the  sudden  bend.  The  first  consists 
of  a  little  wooden  cage,  of  the  "  elevator  "  pattern,  which  slides 
up  and  down  a  gigantic  perpendicular  shaft  of  horrible  flimsiness. 
But  a  couple  of  the  usual  little  brides,  staggering  beneath  the 
weight  of  gorgeous  cashmeres,  entered  the  conveyance  with  their 
respective  consorts  at  the  same  time  with  myself;  and,  as  it  thus 
carried  H5'"men  and  his  fortunes,  we  survived  the  adventure.  You 
obtain  from  below  —  that  is,  on  the  shore  of  the  river  —  a  speci- 
men cf  the  noblest  cliff-scenery.  The  green  embankment  at  the 
base  of  the  sheer  red  wall  is  by  itself  a  very  fair  example  of  v/hat 
they  call  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  a  foot-hill ;  and  from  this  con- 
tmuous  pedestal  erects  itself  a  bristling  palisade  of  earth.  As  It 
stands,  Gustave  Dore  might  have  drawn  it.  He  would  have 
sketched  with  especial  ardour  certain  parasitical  shrubs  and  bosk- 
ages —  lone  and  dizzy  witnesses  of  autumn ;  certain  outward- 
peering  wens  and  warts  and  other  perpendicular  excrescences  of 
rock;  and,  above  all,  near  the  summit,  the  fantastic  figures  of 
sundry  audacious  minor  cliffs,  grafted  upon  the  greater  by  a  mere 
lateral  attachment  and  based  in  the  empty  air,  with  great  slim 

1101 


Niagara  Falls 

1871         trees  rooted  on  their  verges,  like  the  tower  of  the  Palazzo  Vecchio 
James  ^^  Florencc.     The  actual  whirlpool  is  a  third  of  a  mile  farther 

down  the  river,  and  is  best  seen  from  the  cliff  above.  From  this 
point  of  view,  it  seems  to  me  by  all  odds  the  finest  of  the  secondary 
episodes  of  the  drama  of  Niagara,  and  one  on  which  a  scribbling 
tourist,  ineffectively  playing  at  showman,  may  be  content  to  ring 
down  his  curtain.  The  channel  at  this  point  turns  away  to  the 
right,  at  a  clean  right-angle,  and  the  river,  arriving  from  the  rapids 
just  above  with  stupendous  velocity,  meets  the  hollow  elbow  of 
the  Canada  shore.  The  movement  v^'ith  which  it  betrays  its  sur- 
prise and  bewilderment  —  the  sudden  issueless  maze  of  waters  — 
is,  I  think,  after  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  the  very  finest  thing  in  its 
progress.  It  breaks  into  no  small  rage ;  the  offending  cliffs  receive 
no  drop  of  spray;  for  the  flood  moves  in  a  body  and  wastes  no 
vulgar  side-spurts;  but  you  see  it  shaken  to  its  innermost  bowels 
and  panting  hugely,  as  if  smothered  in  its  excessive  volume. 
Pressed  back  upon  its  centre,  the  current  creates  a  sort  of  pivot, 
from  which  it  eddies,  groping  for  exit  in  vast  slow  circles, 
delicately  and  irregularly  outlined  in  foam.  The  Canada  shore, 
shaggy  and  gaudy  with  late  September  foliage,  closes  about  it  like 
the  rising  shelves  of  an  amphitheatre,  and  deepens  by  contrast 
the  strong  blue-green  of  the  stream.  This  slow-revolving  surface 
—  it  seems  in  places  perfectly  still  —  resembles  nothing  so  much 
as  some  ancient  palace-pavement,  cracked  and  scratched  by  the 
butts  of  legionary  spears  and  the  gold-stiffened  hem  of  the  gar- 
ments of  kings. 

1871  MacaulAY,   James.      Across  the   ferry;   first  impressions  of  America 

Macaulay        and  its  people.     Lond. :     Hodder  and  Stoughton.     1871.     Pp.  186-197. 

An  account  of  a  September  visit  by  the  editor  of  the  "  Leisure  Hour." 
The  Falls  "  grew  on  him,"  but  he  was  disturbed  by  the  crowds,  the 
obtrusiveness  of  the  guides,  and  other  distractions. 

1871  Marshall,  Charles.     The  Canadian  Dominion.     Lond.:     Long- 

Marshall  mans  Green.     1871.     Pp.  85-92. 

1102 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Niagara     I.      (Nation.  Oct.   12,   1 871 .     13:238-239.)  1871 

Niagara  II.      (Nation.  Oct.   1  9.  1  871 .     13:254-255.) 

A  letter  from  Niagara,  under  date  of  September  28,  deploring  the  abuse 
of  the  scenery  and  approving  of  "  the  most  beautiful  object  in  the  world." 
The  letter  was  evidently  written  by  Henry  James.  It  is  reprinted  in  his 
'*  Portraits  of  Places." 

The  pure  beauty  of  elegance  and  grace  is  the  grand  character- 
istic of  the  Fall.  It  is  not  in  the  least  monstrous.  It  is  supremely 
artistic  —  a  harmony,  a  conception,  a  masterpiece;  it  beats 
Michael  Angelo.  One  may  seem  at  first  to  say  the  least,  but 
the  delicate  observer  will  admit  that  one  says  the  most,  in  saying 
that  it  is  pleasing.  There  are,  however,  so  many  more  things  to 
say  about  it  —  its  multitudinous  features  crowd  so  upon  the  vision 
as  one  looks  —  that  it  seems  absurd  for  me  to  attempt  to  handle 
details.  The  main  feature,  perhaps,  is  the  incomparable  loveli- 
ness of  the  immense  line  of  the  river  and  its  lateral  abutments. 
It  neither  falters,  nor  breaks,  nor  stiffens,  but  maintains  grandly 
from  wing  to  wing  its  consummate  curve.  This  noble  line  is 
worthily  sustained  by  mighty  pillars  of  alternate  emerald  and 
marble.  The  famous  green  loses  nothing,  as  you  may  imagine, 
on  a  nearer  view.  A  green  more  gorgeously  cool  and  pure  it  is 
impossible  to  conceive.  It  is  to  the  vulgar  greens  of  earth  what 
the  blue  of  a  summer  sky  is  to  our  mundane  azures,  and  is,  in 
fact,  as  sacred,  as  remote,  as  impalpable  as  that.  You  can  fancy 
it  the  parent-green,  the  head-spring  of  color  to  all  the  verdant 
water-caves  and  all  the  clear,  sub-fluvial  haunts  and  bowers  of 
naiads  and  mermen  in  all  the  streams  of  the  earth.  The  lower 
half  of  the  watery  wall  is  shrouded  in  the  steam  of  the  boiling 
gulf  —  a  veil  never  rent  nor  lifted.  At  its  core,  this  eternal  cloud 
seems  fixed  and  still  with  excess  of  motion  —  still  and  intensely 
white;  but,  as  it  rolls  and  climbs  against  its  lucent  cliff,  it  tosses 
little  whiffs  and  fumes  and  pants  of  snowy  smoke,  which  betray 
the  furious  tumult  of  its  dazzling  womb.  In  the  middle  of  the 
curve,  at  the  apex  of  the  gulf,  the  converging  walls  are  ground 

1103 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  into  finest  powder,  and  hence  arises  a  huge  mist-column,  and  fills 

the  upper  air  with  its  hovering  drift.  Its  summit  far  overtops  the 
crest  of  the  cataract,  and,  as  you  look  down  along  the  rapids 
above,  you  see  it  hanging  over  the  averted  gulf  like  some  far- 
flowing  ensign  of  danger.  Of  these  things  some  vulgar  verbal 
hint  may  be  attempted;  but  what  words  can  render  the  rarest 
charm  of  all  —  the  clear-cut  brow  of  the  Fall,  the  very  act  and 
figure  of  the  leap,  the  rounded  turn  of  the  horizontal  to  the  per- 
pendicular? To  call  it  simple  seems  a  florid  over-statement. 
Anything  less  combined  and  complicated  never  appealed  to  the 
admiration  of  men.  It  is  carved  clean  as  an  emerald,  as  one  must 
say  and  say  again.  It  arrives,  it  pauses,  it  plunges;  it  comes  and 
goes  for  ever;  it  melts  and  shifts  and  changes,  all  with  the  sound 
as  of  a  thousand  thunderbolts;  and  yet  its  pure  outline  never 
lapses  by  a  bubble's  value  from  its  constant  calm.  It  is  as  gentle 
as  the  pouring  of  wine  from  a  flagon  —  of  melody  from  the  lip 
of  a  singer.  From  the  little  grove  beside  the  American  Fail  you 
catch  superbly  —  better  than  you  are  able  to  do  at  the  Horse- 
shoe —  the  very  profile  of  this  full-flooded  bend.  If  the  line  of 
beauty  had  vanished  from  the  earth  elsewhere,  it  would  survive 
on  this  classic  forehead.  It  is  impossible  to  insist  too  strongly  on 
the  prodigious  elegance  of  the  great  Fall,  as  seen  from  the  Canada 
clifF.  You  fancy  that  the  genius  who  contrived  it  was  verily  the 
prime  author  of  the  truth  that  order,  measure,  and  symmetry  are 
the  conditions  of  perfect  beauty.  He  applied  his  faith  among 
the  watching  and  listening  forests,  long  before  the  Greeks  pro- 
claimed theirs  in  the  shining  masonry  of  the  Acropolis.  Rage, 
confusion,  chaos,  are  grandly  absent;  dignity,  grace,  and  leisure 
ride  upon  the  crest;  it  flows  without  haste,  without  rest,  with  the 
measured  majesty  of  a  motion  whose  rhythm  is  attuned  to 
eternity.  Even  the  roll  of  the  white  batteries  at  the  base  seems 
fixed  and  poised  and  ordered,  and  in  the  vague  middle  zone  of 
difference  between  falling  flood  and  rising  cloud  you  imagine  a 
mystical  meaning  —  the  passage  of  body  to  soul,  of  matter  to 
spirit,  of  human  to  divine. 

1104 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Goat  Island,  of  which  every  one  has  heard,  is  the  great  1871 
menagerie  of  hons,  and  the  spot  where  your  single  stone  —  or,  in 
plain  prose,  your  half-dollar  —  kills  most  birds.  This  broad 
insular  strip,  which  performs  the  excellent  office  of  withholding 
the  American  shore  from  immediate  contact  with  the  Fall,  has 
been  allowed  to  remain  a  very  proper  piece  of  wildness,  and 
here  you  may  ramble,  for  the  most  part,  in  undiverted  contempla- 
tion. The  island  is  owned,  I  believe,  by  a  family  of  co-heritors, 
who  have  the  good  taste  to  preserve  it  intact.  More  than  once, 
however,  as  I  have  been  told,  they  have  been  offered  a  large 
price  for  the  privilege  of  building  a  hotel  upon  this  sacred  soil. 
They  have  been  wise,  but,  after  all,  they  are  human,  and  the 
offer  may  be  made  once  too  often.  Before  this  fatal  day  dawns, 
why  shouldn't  the  State  buy  up  the  precious  acres,  as  California 
has  done  the  Yo-Semite?  It  is  the  opinion  of  a  sentimental  tourist 
that  no  price  would  be  too  great  to  pay.  Otherwise,  the  only 
hope  for  their  integrity  is  in  the  possibility  of  a  shrewd  prevision 
on  the  part  of  the  gentlemen  who  know  how  to  keep  hotels  that 
the  music  of  the  dinner-band  would  be  injured  by  the  roar  of  the 
cataract.  You  approach  from  Goat  Island  the  left  abutment  of 
the  Horseshoe.  The  little  tower  which,  with  the  classic  rainbow, 
figures  in  all  "  views  "  of  the  scene,  is  planted  at  a  dozen  feet 
from  the  shore,  directly  on  the  shoulder  of  the  Fall.  This  little 
tower,  I  think,  deserves  a  compliment.  One  might  have  said 
beforehand  that  it  would  never  do,  but,  as  it  stands,  it  is  incon- 
testably  picturesque.  It  serves  as  a  unit  of  appreciation  of  the 
scale  of  things,  and  from  its  spray-blackened  summit  it  admits 
you  to  an  almost  downward  peep  into  the  green  gulf.  More 
here,  even,  than  on  the  Canada  edge,  you  perceive  how  the  great 
spectacle  is  wrought  all  in  water.  Its  substantial  floods  take  on 
at  moments  the  likeness  of  walls  and  pillars  and  columns,  and, 
to  present  any  vivid  picture  of  them,  we  are  compelled  to  talk 
freely  of  emerald  and  crystal,  of  silver  and  marble.  But  really, 
all  the  simplicity  of  the  Falls,  and  half  their  grandeur,  reside  in 

70  1105 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  the  fact  that  they  are  built  clean  of  fluid  elements,  and  that  no 

rocky  staging  or  earthy  commixture  avail  to  complicate  and  vulgar- 
ize them.  They  are  water  piled  on  water,  pinned  on  water,  hing- 
ing and  hanging  on  water,  breaking,  crashing,  whitening  in  mutual 
masses  of  water.  And  yet  for  all  this  no  solid  was  ever  solid  like 
that  sculptured  shoulder  of  the  Horseshoe!  From  this  little 
tower,  or,  better  still,  from  various  points  further  along  the  island- 
shore,  it  seems  indeed  a  watery  world.  Before  you  stretches  the 
huge  expanse  of  the  upper  river,  with  its  belittled  cliffs,  now  mere 
black  lines  of  forest,  dull  as  with  the  sadness  of  gazing  at  eternal 
storm.  Anything  more  horribly  desolate  than  this  boundless  livid 
welter  of  the  rapids  it  is  impossible  to  conceive,  and  you  very 
soon  begin  to  pay  it  the  tribute  of  your  terror,  in  the  impulse  to 
people  it  with  human  forms.  On  this  theme  you  can  spin  endless 
romances.  Yes,  they  are  alive,  every  fear-blanched  billow  and 
eddy  of  them  —  alive  and  frenzied  with  the  sense  of  their  doom. 
They  see  below  them  that  nameless  pause  of  the  arrested  current, 
and  the  high-tossed  drift  of  sound  and  spray  which  rises  up 
lamenting,  like  the  ghosts  of  their  murdered  brothers.  They 
shriek,  they  sob,  they  clasp  their  white  hands  and  toss  their  long 
hair;  they  cling  and  clutch  and  wrestle,  and,  above  all,  they  bite. 
Especially  tragical  is  the  air  they  have  of  being  forced  backward, 
with  averted  faces,  to  their  fate.  Every  portion  of  the  flood  is 
like  the  grime  stride  of  a  giant,  wading  huge-kneed  to  his  purpose, 
with  the  white  teeth  of  a  victim  fastened  in  his  neck.  The  outer- 
most of  three  small  islands,  inter-connected  by  short  bridges,  at 
the  extremity  of  this  shore,  places  one  in  singularly  intimate  rela- 
tion with  this  portentous  flurry.  To  say  that  hereabouts  the  water 
leaps  and  plunges  and  rears  and  dives,  that  its  uproar  deadens  the 
thunder,  and  its  swiftness  distances  the  lightning,  is  to  say  all  that 
we  can,  and  yet  but  a  tithe  of  what  we  should.  Nowhere  surely 
in  the  wide  world  is  water  handled  with  such  a  masterly  knowl- 
edge of  effect. 

1106 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

The  great  spectacle  may  be  called  complete  only  when  you  1871 
have  gone  down  the  river  some  four  miles,  on  the  American  side, 
to  the  so-called  rapids  of  the  Whirlpool.  Here  the  unhappy 
stream  tremendously  renews  its  trouble.  Two  approaches  have 
been  contrived  on  the  cliff  —  one  to  the  rapids  proper,  the  other, 
further  below,  to  the  scene  of  the  sudden  bend.  The  first  con- 
sists of  a  little  wooden  cage,  of  the  "  elevator  "  pattern,  which 
slides  up  and  down  a  gigantic  perpendicular  shaft  of  horrible 
flimsiness.  But  a  couple  of  the  usual  little  brides,  staggering 
beneath  the  weight  of  gorgeojjs  cashmeres,  entered  the  convey- 
ance with  their  respective  consorts  at  the  same  time  with  myself; 
and,  as  it  thus  carried  Hymen  and  his  fortunes,  we  survived  the 
adventure.  You  obtain  from  below  —  that  is,  on  the  shore  of 
the  river  —  a  specimen  of  as  noble  cliif -scenery  as  the  continent 
can  afford.  The  green  embankment  at  the  base  of  the  sheer  red 
wall  is  by  itself  a  very  fair  mountain-slope;  and  from  this  starts 
erect,  rugged  and  raw,  a  grandly  spacious  lateral  section  of 
mother  earth.  As  it  stands,  Gustave  Dore  might  hiave  drawn  it. 
He  would  have  sketched  with  especial  ardor  certain  parasitical 
shrubs  and  boskages  —  lone  and  dizzy  witnesses  of  autumn ;  cer- 
tain outward-peering  wens  and  warts  and  other  perpendicular 
excrescences  of  rock;  and,  above  all,  near  the  summit,  the 
fantastic  figures  of  sundry  audacious  minor  cliffs,  grafted  upon  the 
greater  by  a  mere  lateral  attachment  and  based  in  the  empty  air, 
with  great  lone  trees  rooted  on  their  verges,  like  the  tower  of  the 
Palazzo  Vecchio  at  Florence.  The  actual  whirlpool  is  a  third 
of  a  mile  further  down  the  river,  and  is  best  seen  from  the  cliff 
above.  Thus  seen,  It  seems  to  me  by  all  odds  the  finest  of  the 
secondary  episodes  of  the  Niagara  drama,  and  one  on  which  a 
scribbling  tourist,  ineffectively  playing  at  showman,  may  be  con- 
tent to  ring  down  his  curtain.  The  channel  at  this  point  turns 
away  to  the  right,  at  a  clean  right-angle,  and  the  river,  arriving 
from  the  rapids  just  above  with  stupendous  velocity,  meets  the 

1107 


Niagara  Falls 

1871  hollow  elbow  of  the  Canada  shore.  The  movement  with  which  it 
betrays  its  surprise  and  bewilderment  —  the  sudden  issueless  maze 
of  waters  —  is,  I  think,  after  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  the  superbest 
thing  in  its  progress.  It  breaks  into  no  small  rage;  the  offend- 
ing cliffs  receive  no  drop  of  spray ;  for  the  flood  moves  in  a  body 
and  wastes  no  vulgar  side-spurts ;  but  you  see  it  shaken  to  its  inner- 
most bowels  and  panting  hugely,  as  if  smothered  in  its  excessive 
volume.  Pressed  back  upon  its  centre,  the  current  creates  a  sort 
of  pivot,  from  which  it  eddies,  groping  for  exit  in  vast  slow  circles, 
barely  outlined  in  foam.  The  Canada  shore,  shaggy  and  gaudy 
with  late  September  foliage,  closes  about  it  like  the  rising  shelves 
of  an  amphitheatre,  and  deepens  by  contrast  the  strong  blue-green 
of  the  stream.  This  slow-revolving  basin  resembles  nothing  so 
much  as  some  ancient  palace-pavement,  cracked  and  scratched  by 
the  butts  of  legionary  spears  and  the  gold  stiffened  hem  of  the 
garments  of  kings. 

1872 

1872  DUFFERIN,     The     MarcHIONESS     OF.        My     Canadian     journal, 
Dufferin            1872-78.     Extracts  from  my  letters  home  written  while  Lord  Dufferin  was 

governor-general.     New  York:      1891.     Pp.  39-40;  450. 

Give  the  author's  impression  of  the  Falls  and  a  trip  through  the  cave 
of  the  winds,  and  a  paragraph  dealing  with  Lord  Dufferin's  part  in 
suggesting  the  Niagara  Reservation  scheme. 

1873 

1873  Medley,   Julius   George.      An   autumn   tour   in   the   United   States 
Medley            and  Canada.     Lond. :     H.S.King.     1873.     Pp.  86-88. 

1874 

1874  Whet  MAM,    J.    W.    Boddam.       (Western   wandering;;    a    record    of 
Whciham         travel  in  the  evening  land.     Lond.:    Bcntley.      1874.     Pp.  20-27.) 

Guides  and  touts  of  all  descriptions  pressed  their  services  upon 
us;  urged  us  to  take  carriages,  though  the  distance  was  only  a  few 
hundred  yards,  and  generally  proffered  assistance,  which,  having 
no  need  of,  we  resolutely  declined.     Then,  conscious  of  having 

llOS 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

brought  on  ourselves  the  utter  contempt  of  the  crowd  of  would-be     i874 
showmen,   yet  remaining   firm   in   our   determination   not   to   be  Whetham 
"  done,"  we  were  all  the  more  prepared  to  enjoy  the  magnificent 
spectacle  awaiting  us. 

The  stupendous  grandeur  of  the  scene  that  met  my  gaze  far 
surpassed  all  I  had  imagined. 

Niagara  has  been  regarded  with  various  feelings  and  from 
various  mental  points  of  view.  Men  of  business  have  thought 
it  has  a  good  site  for  building;  John  Bull  has  pronounced  it 
"  a  very  nice  waterfall,  and  a  bigger  stream  than  the  Thames." 
Sentimental  girls  have  gazed  into  its  misty  splendours  with  super- 
stitious awe,  and  fancied  they  saw  their  fates  there.  The 
Yankee  calls  Niagara  "  some,  in  the  way  of  water  power."  The 
Red  Indian  prays  to  it,  "  Oh,  Father  of  mighty  waters,  grant  a 
blessing  on  your  child."  But  with  whatever  feeling  the  traveller 
from  the  East  may  view  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  his  eyes  can  have 
looked  on  no  grander  picture;  and  far  as  he  may  wander  towards 
the  setting  sun,  he  cannot  hope  to  see  another  so  splendid. 

All  this  time  we  have  been  looking  at  the  Great  Horse-shoe 
Fall,  over  which  the  enormous  mass  of  water  pours  with  tre- 
mendous force.  Till  it  reaches  half-way  down,  the  water  seems 
to  hang  like  a  green  curtain  as  it  rolls  over  the  cliff;  then,  gradu- 
ally breaking,  the  mighty  mass  spreads  out  in  foam  and  falls 
into  the  gulf  below.  It  is  not  its  rapidity  but  its  slowness  which 
is  so  awe-inspiring: 

Wie  das   Gestern, 
Ohne  Hast 

Aber,  ohne  Rast. 

But  no  words  can  describe  the  grandeur  of  such  a  scene. 

We  retraced  our  steps  a  short  distance  towards  the  American 
Fall,  which  is  smaller  than  the  Florse-shoe  or  Canadian  Fall,  but 
equally  impressive. 

1109 


Niagara  Falls 

1874  .     .     .     This  Fall  had  a  greater  charm  for  me  than  the  Horse- 
*'  *™        shoe  Fall,  perhaps  because  we  were  so  much  closer  to  it  and 

were  able  to  look  straight  down  into  its  misty  depths. 

The  minor  drawbacks  to  visiting  Niagara  are  the  great  num- 
ber of  tolls  and  the  numerous  touts.  Regarding  the  former,  if 
they  would  only  charge  so  much  on  arrival,  instead  of  giving  you 
the  trouble  of  putting  your  hand  in  your  pocket  every  time  you 
look  at  the  Falls,  it  would  be  pleasanter;  as  for  the  latter,  not 
one  of  them  ought  to  be  allowed  near  the  place.  If  there  is  one 
thing  more  wanted  than  another,  it  is  a  pleasant  drive  or  ride 
without  a  toll-gate  at  every  mile,  and  this  could  be  easily  made 
along  the  shore  of  the  Niagara  river  towards  La  Salle.  The 
Goat  Island  toll  is  right  enough,  as  keeping  up  the  bridges  and 
other  expenses  are  incurred;  but  all  other  tolls  are  wrong,  being 
wholly  unnecessary. 

We  saw  a  great  many  beautiful  birds,  both  in  the  surrounding 
woods  and  on  the  islands.  There  were  two  or  three  sorts  of 
orioles,  blue-birds,  cardinal  grosbeaks,  and  numbers  of  the 
American  robins;  birds  as  ubiquitous  as  our  sparrows,  and  about 
the  size  of  a  large  blackbird.  Unfortunately,  they  are  consid- 
ered good  eating,  and  therefore,  as  they  are  very  tame,  become 
an  easy  prey  to  every  little  wretch  who  carries  a  gun. 

1875 

1875  Morris,  William.     Letters  sent  home.     Out  and  home  again  by  way 
Morns             of  Canada  and  the  United  States;  or.  What  a  summer's  trip  told  me  of  the 

people  and  the  country  of  the  great  West.     Lond. :     F.  Wame.     N.  Y. : 
Scribner.  Welford  and  Armstrong.     (1875.)     Pp.  202-235. 

It  was  very  early  in  the  morning  when  I  left  Toronto  to  cross 
Lake  Ontario  in  one  of  the  river  steamers  —  a  floating  town. 
But  the  weather  was  beautiful,  and  the  air  most  bracing.  The 
distance  across  the  lake  is  thirty  miles,  which  brings  us  to  the 

1110 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

mouth  of  the  Niagara  River,  connecting  Lake  Ontario  with  Lake  1875 
Erie.  The  river  is  by  no  means  wide,  and  the  country  on  either 
side  is  somewhat  low  and  monotonous.  Entering  the  river,  we 
have  Fort  Massauga,  a  Canadian  fortress,  on  the  right,  and  Fort 
Niagara,  an  American  fortress,  directly  opposite,  on  the  left. 
Passing  up  the  river,  the  banks  on  either  side  have  more  the 
appearance  of  a  canal  than  of  a  river,  being  of  a  generally  uni- 
form slope.  Six  miles  up  the  river  we  came  to  Lewiston,  where 
we  landed,  and  for  the  first  time  I  here  set  foot  on  American 
soil.  Having  been  discharged  by  the  Custom  House  officer,  who 
was  stationed  here  to  examine  our  baggage,  we  were  taken  by 
'bus  for  about  a  mile  to  a  railway  station,  and  after  another  ride 
of  about  six  miles  along  the  top  of  the  rocky  and  precipitous  left 
side  of  the  river,  we  arrived  at  the  Falls  railway  station.  The 
ride  to  this  place  was  a  most  exciting  one.  In  front  there  were 
the  Falls,  seen  as  yet  only  by  the  mind's  eye,  but  we  were  making 
our  way  toward  them  through  a  rock-cut  track,  the  sides  of  which 
sometimes  seemed  as  though  they  would  topple  over  and  crush  us, 
occasional  breaks  or  opening  in  the  rocks  on  the  right  affording 
glimpses  of  the  river  as  it  danced  and  ran  madly  on,  and  let  in 
upon  us,  as  with  a  great  rush,  the  sound  of  troubled  and  rushing 
waters,  and  a  half-suppressed  "  din,"  struggling  as  it  were  for 
mastery  over  the  hissing  of  the  engine  and  the  rumbling  of  the 
carriages.  ...  It  would  seem  that  the  very  pick  of  the 
touts  and  rascals  of  the  world  had  assembled  here.  We  could 
not  move  a  yard  without  having  some  fellow  at  our  heels  descant- 
ing on  the  excellence  and  cheapness  of  the  dinner  he  was  at 
that  very  moment  of  time  having  placed  on  his  table,  and  pro- 
testing by  all  that  was  good,  that  if  we  went  further  we  should 
fare  worse.  Then  the  trinket  sellers  ran  after  us  with  their  hands 
full  of  samples  of  the  wares  they  had  on  offer  inside  their  respec- 
tive establishments,  assuring  us  in  the  most  earnest  manner  that 
we  should  never  regret  "  walking  in."  As  for  the  cab  drivers, 
if  they  only  worried  their  poor  horses  as  they  worried  us,  I  can 
pity  the  poor  horses  from  my  heart.     .     .     . 

1111 


Niagara  Falls 

1875  In  due  course,  I  was  taking  my  first  view  of  the  Falls.     We 

"*  had  passed  by  the  ticket  office,  and  had  paid  our  toll;  we  had 

escaped  from  the  importunities  of  bazaar  keepers,  and  were  out 
of  sight  of  their  wares;  we  had  passed  over  bridges  and  between 
rocks  and  had  lost  ourselves  amidst  shrubs  and  flowering  plants 
on  Goat  Island,  and  had  surprised  a  party  of  Indian  squaws 
arranging  their  bead  trinkets  for  sale  when  the  later  hours  of  the 
day  should  bring  the  fashionable  visitors  to  the  place;  when,  as 
in  an  instant,  I  was  standing  on  a  projecting  rock  in  the  river's 
bank,  from  whence  the  full  grandeur  and  majesty  of  the  scene 
was  brought  within  the  range  of  vision.  Overhead,  the  sky  was 
without  cloud  or  speck,  and  the  sun  shining  most  brilliantly.  In 
front,  there  were  the  boiling  seething  waters,  sending  up  clouds 
of  spray,  amongst  which  the  sunbeams  played  and  formed  rain- 
bows, arching  each  other.  To  the  right  of  us  there  were  the 
American  Falls,  and  to  the  left  of  us  the  Horseshoe  Falls.  In  the 
distance  there  was  the  suspension  bridge  crossing  the  river.  In 
the  back  ground  there  were  wooded  heights,  the  foliage  of  the 
trees  seeming  to  intensify  the  color  of  the  water,  as  in  one  com- 
pact mass,  many  feet  thick,  and  like  a  huge  crystal,  it  hung  over 
the  precipice,  the  spray  from  the  chasm  below  ascending  as 
though  it  were  incense  playing  its  part  in  one  grand  and  never 
ceasing  act  of  worship,  in  which  the  utmost  resources  of  nature 
had  been  gathered  together  to  do  honour  and  homage  to  the  God 
of  Nature. 

1875  Offenbach,    Jacques.      America    and    the    Americans.       Lond. : 

Offenbach       William  Reeves.     (1877.     Pp.  74-75.) 

After  having  looked  a  long  time  at  the  fall,  I  crossed  the  bridge 
and  set  foot  on  Canadian  territory. 

"  You  would  like  to  see  the  Indians,"  they  said. 

I  expected  to  find  savages,  but  they  showed  me  pedlars,  men 
who  produced  articles  de  Paris.  I  was  frightened  at  their 
ferocious  attitude.  I  still  recollect  them.  But  were  they  really 
Indians?     I  rather  doubt  it. 

1112 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Indians  or  not,  they  surrounded  me,  pertinaciously  offering  me     1875 
bamboos,  fans,  cigar-cases,   and  fusee  cases  of  doubtful  taste. 
They  recalled  to  my  mind  the  Indians  of  the  forest  of  Fontaine- 
bleau  who  sold  penholders  and  paper  knives. 

Nevertheless,  I  made  a  few  purchases,  but  I  verily  believe  I 
carried  back  to  France  some  trifles  which  had  been  picked  up  at 
a  Parisian  bazaar  which  had  been  "  selling  off." 

1878 

Marshall,  W.  G.  Through  America;  or,  Nine  months  in  the  United  1878 
States.  Lond. :  Sampson,  Low,  Marston,  Searle,  and  Rivington.  1  88 1 .  ^*''»"*'l 
Pp.  71-84. 

Excellent  description  of  the  view  from  the  Clifton  House  and  a  full 
account  of  the  abuses  prevailing  at  Niagara.  The  account  contains  four 
photographic  views. 

1879 

[Governor  Robinson's  message.]      (Nation,  Feb.  6,  1879.     28:101-      1879 

\f)y   '\  Robiason 

A  discussion  of  Governor  Robinson's  message  proposing  the  reservation 
of  Niagara  Falls  and  giving  arguments  in  favor  of  the  plan. 

New  York  State  Survey.     Special  report  on  the  preservation  of  the     1879 
scenery  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  fourth  annual  report  on  the  triangulation    J^^     J*'^ 
of  the  state  for  the  year  1879.     James  T.  Gardner,  Director.     Albany: 
Charles  Van  Benthuysen  and  Sons.      1880.     Pp.    1—42. 

Special  report  of  the  Commissioners  on  the  presentation  of  the  scenery 
around  the  Falls ;  report  of  the  director  on  the  plan  for  a  proposed  Slate 
Reservation  at  Niagara;  notes  by  Frederick  Law  Olmsted;  Father  Hen- 
nepin's description  of  Niagara;  fac-simile  of  the  first  London  edition; 
memorial  to  the  governor  of  the  State;  extract  from  the  message  of  Gov- 
ernor Robinson  to  the  Legislature  in  1879.  The  report  is  beautifully 
illustrated.  Under  the  headings  cited  above  it  takes  up  a  description  of 
the  beauties  of  Niagara,  the  description  of  the  natural  scenery,  the  argu- 
ments in  favor  of  the  proposed  State  Reservation,  and  suggestions  as  to 
limits  of  the  territory  to  be  set  aside  and  the  policy  to  be  pursued  in  regard 
to  the  land  set  aside. 

1113 


Niagara  Falls 


1880 

Berry 


1880 


1881 

Norman 


1880 

Berry,  C.  B.  The  other  side:  how  it  struck  us.  Lond. :  Griffith 
and  Farran.      1880.     Pp.    170-183. 

The  author  found  "  two  drawbacks  to  Niagara  Falls  —  guides  and 
gratuities."  He  describes  the  Maid  of  the  Mist's  trip  through  the  whirl- 
pool and  his  own  crossing  of  the  ice-bridge. 

The  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Harp,  w.,  May  15,  1880. 
24:315.) 

A  digest  of  the  State  Survey  Report  of  1879.  Discusses  the  dis- 
figurement of  the  Falls  and  gives  arguments  for  the  preservation  of  the 
scenic  effects. 

1881 

[Norman,  Henry.]  The  preservation  of  Niagara.  (Nation,  Sept.  I, 
1881.    33:170-171.) 

A  letter  from  Niagara  Falls  under  date  of  August  22d,  describing 
various  abuses  at  the  Falls,  the  destruction  of  the  Falls  as  a  summer  resort, 
and  appealing  for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  and  their  scenery  and  dis- 
cussing the  advantages  of  such  a  course. 


1882 
Harrison 


1882 

Hudson 


1882 

Lombardc 


1882 

Harrison,  Jonathan  Baxter.  The  condition  of  Niagara  Falls, 
and  the  measures  needed  to  preserve  them.     N.  Y. :      1882. 

Eight  letters  published  in  the  Nerv  York  Evening  Mail,  the  Ncn>  York 
Tribune,  and  the  Boston  Dail\)  Advertiser,  during  the  summer  of  1882, 
and  written  in  the  interests  of  the  propaganda  for  a  State  Reservation  at 
Niagara. 

Hudson,  T.  S.  A  scamper  through  America,  or,  Fifteen  thousand 
miles  of  ocean  and  continent  in  sixty  days.    Lond.:     1882.    Pp.  230-237. 

The  author  has  the  not  unusual  first  impression  that  the  Falls  fall  short 
of  expectation,  but  later  grov/s  on  one.  He  laments  the  prevalence  of 
devices  for  extracting  coin;  he  thinks  it  a  pity  that  the  two  governments 
have  not  taken  over  the  territory  about  the  Falls. 

LOMBARDO,  Alberto.  Los  Estados-Unidos.  (Notas  y  Episodios 
de  Viaje.)      Mexico.      1884.     Pp.    176-182. 

The  book  contains  a  chapter  on  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  The  author 
with  a  friend  made  the  round  of  the  various  points  of  interest,  Canadian 
and  American,  and  was  duly  impressed  with  the  scenic  wonders  of  the 
place,  and  also  plagued  by  vendors  of  curios. 

1114 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

[Preservation   of   Niagara   Falls.]      (Harp.,   Dec,    1882.    66:151-     1882 
152.) 

An  appeal  for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  by  the  reservation  of  a  strip 
of  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 

ShaRPE,  William,     The  international  temple  of  Niagara.     Reprinted      1882 
from  Modern  Thought,  Mar.,  1882.     Lond. :     Modern  Press,     n.  d.        Sharpe 

A  glorification  of  Niagara  as  a  natural  temple  and  an  appeal  for  its 
preservation. 

1883 

The  destruction  of  Niagara.  (Spec.,  June  30,  1883.  56:831-832.)  i883 
A  review  of  the  American  agitation  concerning  conditions  at  the  Falls 
together  with  the  history  of  the  reservation  movement.  According  to  this 
author,  "  a  common  error  is  to  suppose  that  the  Falls  themselves  constitute 
the  chief  interest  of  Niagara."  He  goes  on  to  say  that  "  nothing  could 
be  more  mistaken;  the  Falls  are  merely  one  of  the  constituent  parts  of  the 
whole  spectacle.  The  rapids,  the  islands,  the  cataract,  the  chasm  below 
the  cataract,  the  whirlpool  rapids,  the  basin  of  the  whirlpool  —  all  these 
are  included  in  the  word  *  Niagara.'  " 

LoRNE,  John  George  Edward  Henry  Douglas  Sutherland     i883 
Campbell,  Marquis  of.     Canadian  pictures  drawn  with  pen  and  pencil ;  Lome 
with  numerous  illustrations  from  objects  and  photographs  in  the  possession 
of  and  sketches  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  Sydney  Hall,  etc.,  engraved  by 
Edward  Whymper.     N.  Y.:     n.  d.     Pp.  66-69. 

Shows  desirability  of  making  a  park  around  the  Falls;  gives  summer  as 
the  best  season  for  seeing  the  scene.  The  article  is  illustrated  by  a  view 
of  the  Falls  from  the  American  side. 

Lorne,  John  George  Edward  Henry  Douglas  Sutherland 
Campbell,  Marquis  of.  The  governor-general's  reply  to  addresses  from 
the  royal  academy  and  the  Ontario  society  of  artists,  Toronto,  June,  I  883. 
(In  Memories  of  Canada  and  Scotland:  speeches  and  verses.  Montreal: 
Dawson  Brothers.     1884.     Pp.  334-335.) 

.  There  is  only  one  other  subject  I  would  like  to  men- 
tion, though  it  has  no  direct  connection  with  Art.  But  it  is  one 
mooted  by  Lord  Dufferin,  I  think,  in  this  very  place,  at  all  events 
in  Toronto,  some  years  ago.     He  asked  me  when  I  came  not  to 

1115 


Niagara  Falls 

1883         lose  sight  of  it,  but  to  push  it  upon  all  possible  occasions.    I  allude 
'^°™'^  to  the  formation  of  a  national  park  at  Niagara.     I  believe  I  am 

correct  in  saying  that  on  the  American  side  the  suggestion  origi- 
nated with  a  mutual  friend  of  Lord  Dufferin's  and  mine,  Mr. 
Bierstadt.    .    .    . 

1883  New  York    (State)    Legislature.     An  act  to  authorize  the 

New  York      selection,    location   and   appropriation   of  certain   lands  in   the  village  of 

Legislature  xt-  t-   ii      r  •  i  i  r     i 

[Niagara  rails  ror  a  state  reservation  and  to  preserve  the  scenery  or  the 
Falls  of  Niagara.      (Laws  of  1883.  106th  sess.,  chap.  336,  p.  603.) 

Amended  in  Laws  of  1884,   107th  sess.,  chap.    109,  p.   107. 

1883  [Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]     (Critic,  Feb.  17,  1883.    3:71-72.) 

An  editorial  appeal  for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  and  the  passage  of 
the  reservation  measure. 

1883  ^  ^*^^  °^  Niagara  as  it  may  be  a  few  years  hence.      (Harp,  w., 

Jan.    13,   1883.     27:32.) 

Mills  and  factories  in  the  gorge  below  and  on  the  banks  above. 

1883-1885 


1883-85 

Welch 


1884 

Griffin 


Welch,  Thomas  V.  The  state  reservation  at  Niagara.  Niagara 
Falls,  N.  Y.:   1885. 

Speech  of  Hon.  Thomas  V.  Welch  of  Niagara,  in  the  Assembly  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  March  2,  1883,  and  his  address  before  the 
joint  committee  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  February  26,  1885.  The 
first  is  in  favor  of  the  bill  to  authorize  the  selection  and  location  of  the 
reservation  lands  and  the  second  in  favor  of  the  appropriation  for  payment 
of  awards  for  the  lands  to  be  taken. 

1884 

Griffin.  Sir  Lepel  Henry.  The  great  republic.  Lond. :  Chap- 
man and  Hall.      1884.     Pp.  22-30. 

The  author  evidently  derived  but  little  pleasure  from  his  visit  to  the 
Falls  for  he  rails  against  the  disfigurement  of  the  scenery  by  paper  mills 
and  other  industries,  is  annoyed  by  the  "  all-pervading  presence  of  brides," 
and  oppressed  by  the  Falls. 

1116 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

1884? 

(The)   State  Reservation  at  Niagara  Falls;  testimony  in  appraisement      1884? 
proceedings.     2  vols.     No.  pub.     n.  d. 
Spring  and  summer  of   1 884. 

1885 

Marsh,    Luther   R.      Niagara's   emancipation.      Remarks    of    Mr.      1885 
Luther  R.  Marsh,  November  3,    1885,  before  the  New  York  Historical  ^"'^ 
Society,  on  reporting  to  it,  as  one  of  its  committee,   appointed  to  attend 
the  opening  ceremonies  at  the  inauguration  of  the  Niagara   Reservation, 
July  15,   1883.     New  York:     Martin  B.  Brown.     1885. 

The  address  describes  the  opening  ceremonies,  the  promoters  of  the 
reservation  project  and  the  emotions  inspired  by  Niagara;  and  dwells  upon 
the  significance  of  the  establishment  of  the  reservation  as  the  proclaiming 
of  a  new  principle  and  a  milestone  in  the  progress  of  public  sentiment  to 
higher  planes. 

New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  provide  for  the     1885 
maintenance  and  management  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.      (Laws  New  York 
of    1885,    108th  sess..  chap.   286,  p.  490.)  Legislature 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  to  provide  for  the 
payment  of  the  awards  made  for  the  lands  selected  and  located  by  the 
commissioners  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.  (Laws  of  1885,  108th 
sess.,  chap.  182,  p.  337.) 

Niagara  Falls;  quotation  from  the  report  of  Luther  R.  Marsh  on  the      1885 
reservation  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Mag.  Am.  hist.,  Dec,  1885.      14:610- 
611.) 

This  report  is  an  endorsement  of  the  reservation  act  and  its  significance. 
"  However  considered,  whether  from  a  low  plane  or  a  high  one,  this  act 
of  consecration  was  judicious  and  Vkise." 

Niagara  Falls  Association.     Report  of  the  executive  committee.      1885 
Jan.,   1885.     Privately  printed.      1885.  Niagara  Falls 

Association 

(The)   attempt  to  save  Niagara.      (Cent.,  Apr.,   1885.     29   (ne^v  ser.      iggs 
7):954-955.) 

A  brief  article  calling  attention  to  the  recommendation  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  commissioners  for  the  purchase  of  Niagara  Falls  lands  by  the  state 
and  the  establishment  of  a  state  reservation  as  a  means  of  preserving  the 
scenery. 

1117 


Niagara  Falls 

1885  Barker,  George.     The  redemption  of  Niagara. —  Views  near  the 

Barker  cataract. —  From  photographs   and  sketches  by   George   Barker,   Niagara 

Falls.     (Harp.  w..  July  18.  1885.     29:460-461.  466.) 

Three  large  views:  (1)  The  rapids  above  the  Falls;  (2)  The  Horse- 
shoe Fall;  (3)  Whirlwind  Bridge,  at  the  Cave  of  the  Winds.  Page  466 
contains  a  brief  history  of  the  establishment  of  the  reservation. 

1885  Carter,  James  C.     Oration  at  the  dedication  of  the  state  reserva- 

^"^"  tion  at  Niagara,   July    15,    1885.      (19th  Ann.   rep't  of  the  com'rs  of 

the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:      1903.     Pp.  263-277.) 

The  occasion  upon  which  we  are  assembled  has  a  peculiar 
interest  which  needs  no  aid  from  speech.  A  great  commonwealth 
is  here  by  her  official  representatives,  with  the  Chief  Magistrate 
at  her  head,  to  perform  a  solemnity;  not,  as  sometimes,  to  dedi- 
cate a  structure  to  some  great  purpose  of  public  utility  or  charity 
—  not  to  consecrate  a  monument  to  the  virtue  or  valor  of  her 
sons  —  not  to  celebrate  a  great  event  in  her  annals;  but  to  make  a 
solemn  public  acknowledgment  —  to  declare  that  the  awful  sym- 
bol of  Infinite  Power,  in  whose  dread  presence  we  stand  — 
these  visions  of  Infinite  Beauty  here  unfolded  to  the  eye,  are 
not  a  property,  but  a  shrine  —  a  temple  erected  by  the  hand  of 
the  Almighty  for  all  the  children  of  men ;  that  it  cannot  be  dese- 
crated without  her  permission,  nor,  therefore,  without  her  crime; 
that  she  confesses  the  duty  of  guardianship  imposed  by  her  empire 
over  the  place ;  that  she  marks  out  the  boundaries  of  the  sanctuary, 
expels  from  the  interior  all  ordinary  human  pursuits  and  claims, 
so  that  visitors  and  pilgrims  from  near  or  far  may  come  hither, 
and  be  permitted  to  behold,  to  love,  to  worship,  to  adore. 

It  is  now  some  two  hundred  years  since  the  Falls  of  Niagara  for 
the  first  time  burst  upon  the  gaze  of  civilized  men.  These  were 
La  Salle  and  his  associates,  then  engaged  in  a  bold  exploration 
westward  towards  the  Mississippi.  One  of  the  company.  Father 
Hennepin,  a  Catholic  priest,  had  journeyed  from  the  Old  World, 
and  was  familiar,  at  least  by  report  and  description,  with  the 
cataracts  of  Europe.  In  his  account  of  his  travels  and  discoveries 
he  sought  to  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  this  great  wonder;  but 

1118 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

apparently  felt,  what  all  others  since  have  felt,  the  utter  insuffi-  1885 
ciency  of  language.  He  could  but  do  little  more  than  say,  "  The  ^^'" 
Universe  does  not  afford  its  parallel !  '*  But  in  the  days  of  Father 
Hennepin  the  greater  part  of  the  earth  was  still  a  sealed  book. 
Since  that  time  every  quarter  of  it  has  been  explored.  Rivers, 
mightier  far  than  the  Niagara,  have  been  discovered.  The  Nile 
has  been  made  to  yield  up  his  well-kept  secret.  The  courses  of 
the  great  rivers  of  Central  Africa,  interrupted  by  mighty  cata- 
racts, have  been  followed.  Humboldts  have  penetrated  the 
interior  of  the  South  American  continent.  The  region  of  the 
Yosemite  and  the  valley  of  the  Yellowstone  have  been  scrutinized 
by  thousands  of  visitors.  The  world  contains  no  undiscovered 
cataract;  but  the  sentence  of  Father  Hennepin,  in  describing 
Niagara,  still  remains  true  as  when  he  uttered  it,  *'  The  Universe 
does  not  afford  its  parallel !  " 

The  profound  interest  with  which  Niagara  is  beheld  and 
remembered,  and  which  gives  it  the  first  place  among  the  great 
spectacles  of  nature,  is  due  to  a  variety  of  elements,  nowhere  else 
to  be  found  united.  It  is  not  owing  chiefly  to  the  sublimity  of 
the  scene,  for  the  great  mountain  summits  in  many  parts  of  the 
earth  far  surpass  it  in  all  the  elements  of  the  sublime.  The  love- 
liness of  foliage  and  flower  is  displayed  in  more  enchanting  forms 
elsewhere  in  our  own  and  in  other  lands.  Finer  examples  of  mere 
picturesque  beauty  in  falls  or  rapids  may  be  found  amid  the  won- 
ders of  the  Yosemite  and  Yellowstone  valleys,  and  in  other  parts 
of  the  world. 

Undoubtedly  the  master  feature  of  the  scene  is  the  near  exhibi- 
tion of  overwhelming  power.  Nowhere  else  among  the  works  of 
nature  is  such  an  amount  of  physical  energy  concentrated  within 
so  narrow  a  compass.  But  the  mere  spectacle  of  power  —  power 
pitiless,  remorseless,  resistless,  like  that  of  the  volcano,  or  the 
tornado  —  could  never  impart  the  pleasure,  or  create  the  exalta- 
tion which  the  visitor  experiences  here.  Here  the  beholder,  con- 
founded and  bewildered  by  the  overwhelming  sense  of  resistless 
power,  has  but  to  return  for  an  instant  and  find  recovery  and 

1119 


Niagara  Falls 

1885  relief  in  the  spectacle  of  that  same  power,  no  longer  let  loose  for 
"  destruction,  like  the  wrath  of  the  hurricane,  but  eternally  flowing, 

restrained,  obedient,  beneficient,  and  arrayed  in  every  robe  of 
the  beautiful.  It  is  this  combined  appeal  to  every  sense  and  every 
faculty,  exalting  the  soul  into  a  higher  sphere  of  contemplation, 
which  distinguishes  this  spot  over  all  others. 

There  is  in  man  a  supernatural  element,  in  virtue  of  which  he 
aspires  to  lay  hold  of  the  Infinites  by  which  he  is  surrounded.  In 
all  ages  men  have  sought  to  find,  or  to  create,  the  scenes  or  the 
objects  which  move  it  to  activity.  It  was  this  spirit  which  con- 
secrated the  oracle  at  Delphi  and  the  oaks  of  Dodona ;  reared  the 
marvel  of  Eleusis,  and  hung  in  the  heavens  the  dome  of  St.  Peter. 
It  is  the  highest,  the  profoundest,  element  of  man's  nature.  Its 
possession  is  what  most  distinguishes  him  from  other  creatures, 
and  what  most  distinguishes  the  best  among  his  own  ranks  from 
their  brethren.  Surely,  it  must  be  allowed  that  everything  which 
tends,  on  the  one  hand,  to  indulge  this  sentiment,  or  on  the  other 
to  disparage  or  obstruct  it,  is  matter  of  the  deepest  human 
concern. 

It  is  a  characteristic  of  this  sentiment  that  it  cannot  endure  a 
discord.  The  rapt  soul,  borne  aloft  in  visions,  cannot  sustain  its 
elevation  in  the  presence  of  intrusions  which  recall  it  to  earth; 
and  so  the  visitor  to  this  natural  temple,  like  the  worshipper  in  a 
great  cathedral,  cannot  feel  the  best  inspirations  of  the  place,  nor 
receive  its  high  teachings,  if  disturbed  or  disconcerted  by  incon- 
gruous sights  or  sounds. 

The  peril  thus  suggested  is  one  to  which  Niagara  has  long  been 
exposed.  The  noble  forest  growths  which  once  crowned  these 
banks  have  in  large  measure  disappeared.  The  tender  draperies 
of  foliage  and  flower  which  everywhere  concealed  the  nakedness 
of  the  rocks,  have,  in  many  places  been  rudely  stripped  away. 
Unsightly  structures,  erected  for  what  may  be  fitly  called,  in  such 
surroundings,  merely  sordid  purposes,  everywhere  meet  the  eye. 
And  in  addition,  the  ordinary  accompaniments  of  places  of  pub- 
lic resort,  the  showmen,  the  venders  of  small  wares,  the  guides 

1120 


PreseruatiuTi  of  ihc  Falls 

and  other  obtruders  of  petty  and  often  needless  services,  with  their  1885 
small,  but  continual  exactions,  make  up  a  sum  of  disturbing  and  "^" 
irritating  influences  which  tend  to  supplant  with  resentment  and 
disgust,  the  high  emotions  which  the  scene  would  otherwise  inspire. 
It  was  this  degradation  of  the  surroundings  of  Niagara  which 
induced  the  effort  of  which  we  celebrate  to-day  the  successful 
accomplishment.  The  residents  of  this  neighborhood,  justly  proud 
of  the  possession  of  a  great  natural  spectacle  of  sublimity  and 
beauty  which  drew  to  them  visitors  from  every  part  of  the  civilized 
world,  the  fond  votaries  of  the  scene,  long  accustomed  to  resort 
to  it ;  and  to  study  its  features  until  they  had 

"  Got  by  heart 
Its  eloquent  of  proportions  " — 

took  alarm  at  the  progress  of  the  devastation.  They  knew, 
indeed,  that  the  mighty  floods  from  those  inland  seas  could  never 
be  arrested,  nor  the  thunders  of  the  cataract  silenced  by  human 
power : 

"  Man  marks  tlie  earth  "vsdth  ruin  —  his  control 
Stops  with  the  shore." 

But  they  saw  that  the  glorious  framework  of  the  divine  picture 
v/as  fragile  as  a  web  of  gossamer,  and  that  although  the  scene 
itself  could  never  be  destroyed,  it  might  be  disenchanted.  They 
had  learned  also  that  much  of  the  rare  beauty  of  leaf,  tree  and 
flower,  which  seems  to  cling  as  if  by  some  preference  around  the 
cataract,  springs  from  conditions  created  by  itself,  and  is,  there- 
fore, if  I  may  borrow  the  fine  language  in  which  the  thought  has 
been  expressed,  "  a  part  of  its  own  majesty,"  and  that  to  strip 
it  of  these  glorious  robes  would  be  a  dismemberment,  leaving  the 
great  image  a  colossal  deformity. 

The  circumstances  which  have  thus  tended  to  excite  regret  and 
even  to  arouse  resentment  in  the  hearts  of  the  lovers  of  this  great 
spectacle  all  over  the  world,  could  not,  indeed,  be  imputed  to  the 
community  which  inhabited  its  neighborhood.     They  are  such  as 

1121 
71 


Niagara  Falls 

1885  necessarily  arise  in  connection  with  every  place  of  great  public 
"'"  resort,  where  they  are  not  checked  and  restrained  by  the  pres- 

ence of  a  general  superintending  authority,  and  probably  exist 
here  in  a  less  degree  than  in  many  other  places  to  which  large 
numbers  are  attracted.  We  are,  indeed,  indebted  to  the  kindly 
care  of  these  residents,  and  especially  to  that  of  the  family  so 
long  the  proprietors  of  a  most  beautiful  part  of  these  banks,  and 
whose  name  is  not  more  closely  associated  with  this  place  than 
with  the  patriotic  annals  of  the  nation,  that  so  much  of  their 
native  beauty  remains  untouched;  and  the  promised  restoration 
of  the  scene  to  its  original  grandeur  is  welcomed  by  none  with 
greater  delight  than  is  felt  by  those  whose  lives  have  been  passed 
in  its  great  presence.  This  Joyous  festivity  in  which  we  are 
hospitably  invited  to  share,  is  the  demonstration  of  their  high 
satisfaction  with  all  the  measures  which  have  been  taken  to 
achieve  so  important  a  work. 

To  those  who  were  thus  led  to  consider  in  what  way  the  fur- 
ther degradation  of  Niagara  might  be  arrested,  there  was  but  one 
measure  which  seemed  adequate.  The  real  source  of  the  evil 
was  perceived  to  lie  in  the  circumstance  that  the  surroundings  of 
the  scene  and  its  approaches  had  been  suffered  to  become  the 
subject  of  private  ownership.  Private  proprietors,  ordinarily  at 
least,  are  not  at  liberty  to  devote  their  possessions,  of  whatever 
nature,  to  any  other  purposes  than  those  of  profitable  use.  The 
mistake  was  that  the  fair  territory  which  lies  along  these  banks 
should  ever  have  been  allowed  to  become  private  property.  It 
was  once  the  noble  possession  of  the  people  of  the  State.  Would 
that  it  had  always  so  remained.  The  plain  remedy  was  a 
resumption  by  the  State  of  its  former  dominion  and  a  movement 
was  set  on  foot  to  bring  about  this  result. 

A  suggestion  tending  in  this  direction  was  made  in  the  summer 
of  1878  by  the  then  Governor-General  of  Canada,  Lord  Duf- 
ferin,  himself  a  well-known  admirer  of  the  great  scenes  of  nature, 
to  Governor  Lucius  Robinson,  who  made  it  the  subject  of  a 
special  communication  to  the  Legislature  of  1879,  in  which  he 

1122 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

warmly  recommended  the  concurrence  of  this  State  in  the  propo-  1885 
sition  of  Lord  Dufferin  for  the  appointment  of  commissioners  by  ^*''**' 
the  two  governments  respectively  for  the  purposes  of  conference. 
Governor  Robinson  in  his  message  expressed,  in  language  worthy 
of  his  enlightened  character,  the  real  duty  of  governments  whose 
territory  embraces  great  natural  spectacles.  He  said:  "The 
civil  jurisdiction  over  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  as  well  as  the  shores 
and  waters  of  the  Niagara  river,  is  divided  between  this  State 
and  the  Province  of  Ontario  in  Canada.  But,  in  one  sense,  the 
sublime  exhibition  of  natural  power  there  witnessed  is  the  prop- 
erty of  the  whole  world.  It  is  visited  by  tourists  from  all  quarters 
of  the  globe,  and  it  would  seem  to  be  incumbent  upon  both  gov- 
ernments to  protect  such  travelers  from  improper  annoyance  on 
either  side." 

The  recommendation  of  Governor  Robinson  was  met  by  a 
joint  resolution  of  both  branches  of  the  Legislature,  directing  the 
Commissioners  of  the  State  Survey  to  inquire  and  report  what 
measures  it  might  be  expedient  to  make  in  order  to  carry  out  the 
purposes  mentioned  in  the  Governor's  communication. 

The  movement  thus  initiated  was  reinforced  by  an  appeal,  in 
1880,  in  the  form  of  memorials,  addressed  respectively  to  Gov- 
ernor Alonzo  B.  Cornell  and  to  the  Governor-General  of  Canada 
by  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  together  with  many 
others,  residents  of  other  lands.  Among  them  are  included  the 
names  most  distinguished  in  the  Church,  in  the  State,  in  poetry, 
in  letters,  and  in  art.  They  bear  the  illustrious  names  of  Carlyle, 
Emerson,  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Holmes,  Lowell  and  Ruskin. 
Rarely,  indeed,  has  such  a  company  of  eminent  men  in  different 
lands  united  in  a  common  object. 

The  Commissioners  of  the  State  Survey  discharged  the  duty 
devolved  upon  them  by  the  joint  resolution  of  the  Legislature,  by 
causing  a  careful  examination  to  be  made  of  the  present  condition 
of  Niagara  Falls  and  its  surrounding  scenery,  and  of  the  opera- 
tion of  the  perils  to  which  they  were  exposed.  This  examination 
was  made  by  the  accomplished  director  of  the  Commission,  Mr. 

1123 


Niagara  Falls 

1885         James  T.  Gardner,  and  Mr.  Frederick  Law  Olmstead,  whose 
^"^'^^  ardent  interest  in  the  beauty  of  landscapes,  natural  as  well  as 

artificial,  had  long  before  inspired  him  with  the  deepest  concern 
for  the  future  of  Niagara  Falls. 

The  conclusions  of  the  Commissioners,  founded  upon  the 
examination  thus  made,  were  expressed  in  a  report  to  the  Legis- 
lature, drawn  up  in  a  manner  altogether  worthy  of  the  subject 
and  of  themselves.  They  set  forth  in  convincing  terms  the  extent 
of  the  deterioration  already  reached,  and  the  inevitable  results 
of  further  neglect,  and  recommended  the  acquisition  by  the  State 
of  a  limited  area  of  land  along  the  banks  of  the  river,  sufficient 
to  enable  the  work  of  protection  and  restoration  to  be  prosecuted 
with  effect. 

The  Legislature,  in  1883,  passed  an  act  adopting  these  recom- 
mendations, and  providing  a  method  for  carrying  them  out.  By 
this  act  a  board  of  commissioners  was  constituted,  to  be  appointed 
by  the  Governor,  with  authority  to  survey  and  lay  out  such  parts 
of  the  land  adjacent  to  the  falls  as  it  should,  in  their  judgment, 
be  expedient  for  the  State  to  acquire,  and  to  take  the  necessary 
judicial  proceedings  for  ascertaining  the  value  of  the  lands. 

Of  the  character  of  the  gentlemen  appointed  upon  this  com- 
mission I  need  not  speak.  They  were  selected  by  Governor 
Cleveland  with  wise  discernment,  and  with  reference  only  to  their 
qualifications  for  a  task  so  important.  They  at  once  proceeded 
with  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  the  entire  work  of  select- 
ing and  surveying  the  lands  and  prosecuting  the  proceedings 
requisite  to  ascertain  their  value  v/as  accomplished  so  as  to  enable 
them  to  make  their  report  early  in  the  present  year. 

It  was  indeed  necessary,  in  order  to  render  these  measures 
entirely  effective,  that  an  appropriation  of  public  money  should 
be  made  to  pay  the  ascertained  value  of  the  lands  and  the  attend- 
ant expenses.  That  crowning  act  was  performed  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  1885,  and  the  present  Governor  of  the  State,  who  does 
us  the  honor  of  his  presence  to-day,  is  to  be  congratulated  upon 
the  opportunity  which  has  fallen  to  him  of  closing,  by  his  signa- 

1124 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

ture,  the  series  of  most  honorable  executive  acts  in  this  movement  1885 
for  the  restoration  of  Niagara  Falls.  The  transfer  of  title  has  ^^^" 
now  been  completed,  and  we  have  been  called  to  witness  its 
public  recognition.  No  longer  is  Niagara,  at  least  upon  this  bank, 
the  property  of  men.  The  formal  title  does,  indeed,  rest  in  that 
great  corporation  composed  of  the  people  of  the  State  in  their 
sovereign  capacity;  but  they  assert  no  ownership.  They  rever- 
ently acknowledge  a  trust.  In  the  allotment  among  different 
races  and  nations  of  the  majestic  displays  of  natural  beauty  or 
power,  this  chief  example  has  fallen  under  their  dominion.  But 
its  great  purpose  and  essential  use  are  not  thereby  changed.  It 
is  theirs  only  to  restore,  protect  and  preserve  —  theirs  only,  in 
common  with  all  lovers  of  the  sublime  and  the  beautiful,  to  revere 
and  enjoy. 

The  State  of  New  York  has  done  many  memorable  things 
which  illumine  her  annals.  She  has  erected  great  structures 
dedicated  to  charity.  She  has  established  a  great  system  of  uni- 
versal education.  She  has  raised  and  sent  into  the  field  vast 
armies  to  defend  liberty  and  perpetuate  the  great  nation  of  which 
she  forms  a  part;  but  in  no  single  act  has  she  shown  herself 
more  worthy  of  her  renown,  or  of  the  place  she  fills  in  the  nation 
and  in  the  world,  than  by  avowing,  as  she  does  to-day,  her  inten- 
tion to  forever  guard  and  secure  this  spot  against  all  profanation, 
for  the  delight,  the  elevation  and  the  improvement  of  mankind. 

The  effort  has  not  passed  into  successful  accomplishment 
wholly  without  a  challenge.  Minds  accustomed  to  scrutinize 
narrowly  the  objects  to  which  it  is  proposed  to  devote  the  public 
revenue  have  questioned  whether  our  civil  Constitution  permitted 
such  an  expenditure  for  the  mere  purpose  of  indulging  a  senti- 
ment. The  question  and  its  decisions  are  alike  honorable.  We 
cannot  appropriate  public  moneys  to  anything  but  a  public  use. 
But  public  uses  should  certainly  be  deemed  broad  enough  to 
embrace  the  gratification  of  the  noblest  aspirations  of  which 
human  nature  is  capable.  Pitiable,  indeed,  would  be  the  spec- 
tacle  of  a   people  who   had   paralyzed   themselves   against   the 

11 2S 


Niagara  Falls 

1885         indulgence  of  a  sentiment.     It  is  in  their  sentiments  that  the  life 
Carter  ^£  ^  people  IS  most  truly  manifested.     Are  we  to  teach  at  vast 

expense  in  our  schools  the  methods  and  the  order  of  nature,  the 
ideals  in  poetry  and  art,  and  yet  not  cherish  the  majestic  teacher 
that  exalts  all  our  ideals?  It  is  our  sectarian  dissensions  alone 
which  prevent  us  from  devoting  any  part  of  the  public  wealth  to 
the  highest  of  all  public  uses  —  religion ;  but  in  the  worship 
inspired  by  this  place  we  are  all  of  one  faith. 

The  sentiments  of  men  are  oftentimes  more  powerful  than  their 
interests  even,  and  history  furnishes  some  interesting  proofs  of 
the  depth  of  the  feelings,  closely  akin  to  those  the  triumph  of 
which  we  celebrate  to-day,  which  connect  the  sentiment  of  rever- 
ence in  man  with  great  natural  objects.  The  superstition  of 
early  Greece  asserted  the  existence  at  Delphi  of  a  miraculous 
cleft  in  the  earth,  from  which  bursts  forth  a  divine  afflatus  capable 
of  inspiring  the  awful  responses  of  Apollo;  but  this  mere  fable 
could  scarcely  have  sufficed  to  render  the  spot  the  principal  shrine 
of  the  favorite  god.  Situated  in  the  most  picturesque  valley  of 
Greece,  at  the  foot  of  the  lofty  summit  of  Parnassus,  it  was  the 
beauty  and  sublimity  of  the  scene  which  enhanced  the  fame  of 
the  oracle.  It  was  the  surrounding  scenery,  exalting  the  imagina- 
tion and  kindling  the  religious  emotions,  which  attracted  the  multi- 
tude of  votaries  and  rendered  the  place  the  center  of  the  Hellenic 
world.  But  the  devout  sentiments  of  the  pilgrims  were  offended 
by  the  petty  exactions  of  the  neighboring  seaport  of  Cirrha,  and 
the  fertile  plain  around  the  temple  excited  the  cupidity  of  the 
neighboring  husbandmen  to  make  continual  encroachments  upon 
the  sacred  precincts  of  the  god.  The  evil  was  endured  for  a 
time;  but  in  the  end  Greece  arose  in  resentment  at  the  profana- 
tion, and  in  a  devastating  conflict  of  ten  years,  fitly  styled  the 
*'  Sacred  War,"  destroyed  the  offending  town  and  choked  up  its 
harbor;  swept  from  the  Circassian  plain  all  evidences  of  human 
ownership,  and  thus  vindicated  the  insulted  majesty  of  the  god, 
and  asserted  the  right  of  worshippers  from  every  land  to  approach 
the  great  oracle  unmolested. 

1126 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

It  was  a  characteristic  trait  of  the  poetic  superstitutlon  of  1885 
Greece  to  personify  the  visible  forms  of  nature  in  a  spirit  of  "^" 
pecuHar  sympathy  and  tenderness.  Into  what  a  subHme  Pantheon 
would  Greek  imagination  have  converted  a  scene  like  Niagara! 
An  abode  for  every  divinity,  with  the  Great  Thunderer  himself 
in  the  midst  shaking  "his  ambrosial  curls!  "  A  more  spiritual 
as  well  as  philosophic  faith  has  dispelled  these  fond  illusions; 
but  poetry  is  still  left  to  sing  her  sweet  lament  over  a  disenchanted 
world. 

"  The  intelligible  forms  of  ancient  poets, 
The  fair  humanities  of  old  religion. 
The  power,  the  beauty  and  the  majesty 
That  had  their  haunts  in  dale  or  piny  mountain. 
Or  forest  by  slow  stream  or  pebbly  spring. 
Or  chasms  and  watery  depths,  all  these  have  vanished. 
They  live  no  longer  in  the  faith  of  reason." 

The  modern  world,  with  its  restless  industrial  activities,  may, 
perhaps,  be  less  responsive  to  the  inspirations  of  nature;  but  it 
is  for  the  reason  that  the  sensibilities  are  less  awake,  not  that  the 
voices  are  silenced.  Nature  addresses  all  ages  in  the  same  lan- 
guage, which  the  heart  of  man  can  understand  without  the  aid 
of  a  mythology. 

"  The  word  unto  the  prophet  spoken 

Was  writ  on  tables  yet  unbroken. 
The  word  by  seers  or  seraphs  told 

In  groves  of  oak  or  fanes  of  gold. 
Still  floats  upon  the  morning  wind. 

Still  whispers  to  the  willing  mind." 

Our  work  to-day  is  to  restore  a  neglected  oracle;  to  manifest 
our  sense  of  the  pre-eminent  importance  of  this  miracle  of  nature 
as  a  teacher  —  a  source  of  every  softening  and  elevating  influ- 
ence —  to  leave  its  own  creative  powers  to  reproduce  its  original 
majesty,  and  to  throw  wide  open  its  beautiful  gates,  that  all,  of 
whatever  race  or  clfme,  may  enter  in. 

1127 


1885 
Carter 


Niagara  Falls 

But,  though  the  immediate  task  of  New  York  is  accompHsherJ, 
the  whole  work  is  not  yet  finished.  The  great  and  friendly 
nation  which  occupies  the  opposite  bank  holds  in  her  hands  a 
matchless  part  of  the  glories  of  Niagara.  We  are  not  to  doubt 
that  she  is  fully  sensible  of  the  duty  which  her  dominion  imposes, 
nor  that  that  duty  will  be  fully  discharged.  Our  own  endeavor 
had  its  origin,  in  part,  in  a  suggestion  proceeding  from  one  of  her 
distinguished  chief  magistrates.  Our  example  cannot  but  stimu- 
late her  to  decisive  action.  And  what  better  pledge  of  ever- 
lasting amity  could  be  given  than  a  mutual  and  peaceful  guard- 
ianship over  these  beautiful  banks?  The  tumult  of  contending 
armies  engaged  in  deadly  strife  was  once  drowned  by  the  roar  of 
the  cataract.  Does  not  that  great  voice  forever  say,  "  Peace,  be 
still!  "  to  the  passions  by  which  such  strife  is  engendered? 

"  Oh!  may  the  waves  which  madden  in  thy  deep, 

There  spend  their  rage,  nor  climb  the  encircHng  steep, 
And  till  the  conflict  of  thy  surges  cease 

The  nations  on  thy  banks  repose  in  peace." 


1885  Greene,  J.  W.     Free  Niagara.     Buffalo:     Matthews,  Northrup  and 

Greene  Co.       (1885.) 

Conditions    under    private    ownership    compared    with    those    after    the 
freeing  "  of  Niagara,  the  story  of  "  New  York's  imperial  gift  to  man- 
kind," by  the  editor  of  the  Buffalo  Express. 

History  of  the  reservation  movement  to  date,  arguments  in  favor  of 
reservation,  treasurer's  report,  text  of  law  of  1883  authorizing  selection  of 
lands,  address  by  association  in  favor  of  reservation,  articles  of  association 
of  the  Niagara  Falls  Association,  list  of  officers  and  members. 

1885  The  preservation   of   Niagara.       (Nature,  June    11,    1883.      32:131- 

132.) 

A  history  of  the  movement  for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  quoted  from 
Science. 

1885  The  preservation  of  Niagara.      (Sci.,  May   15,    1885.     5:398-399.) 

A  history  of  the  movement  leading  to  legislation. 

1128 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  Commissioners.    Annual     isss 
reports,   1  885  to  date.  Queen 

Much   valuable   material   on   the   origin   of   the  park,    the   policy   and  p^ric 
activities   of   the  commissioners,   the   development  of   the  state's   property,  Commissionc* 
the  diversion  controversy  and  the  power  situation,   supplemented  by  con- 
tracts, legislative  acts  and  special  reports. 

Saving  Niagara.      (Critic,  Mar.  7,   1885.     3   (new  ser.)  ;  1 09.)  1885 

A  brief  history  of  the  movement  to  save  the  Falls. 

Welch,  Thomas  V.      How  Niagara  was  made  free.     The  passage      i885 
of  the  Niagara  reservation  act  in   1885.      (Pub.  Buf.  hist.  soc.  5:325- "Welch 
329.) 

History  of  the  movement  for  the  reservation  by  one  active  in  securing 
the  measure,  and  who  was  afterwards  superintendent  of  the  reservation. 
The  same  article  may  be  found  in  Publication  II  of  the  Niagara  Frontier 
Historical  Sociel])  reprinted  from  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society. 

1886 

Bigot,  Charles.      De  Paris  au  Niagara;  Journal  de  voyage  d'une      1886 
delegation.     Paris:     A.  Dupret,  Editeur.     1887.     Pp.   140-156.  Bigot 

Notre  visite  a  dure  quatre  longues  heures  qui  ont  passe  aussi 
vite  qu'une  seule.  Quand  j'essaye  de  resumer  rimpression  de 
cette  matinee,  je  ne  trouve  qu'un  mot  qui  I'exprime  bien:  c'est 
le  mot  terreur.  Le  Niagara  n'est  pas  seulement  grand,  imposant, 
magniflque:  il  est  terrible,  il  est  formidable,  il  est  effroyable. 
Plus  on  visite,  plus  on  s'arrete,  plus  on  regarde,  plus  le  sentiment 
de  Teffroi  va  croissant.  C'est  une  puissance  de  la  nature 
dechainee,  aupres  de  laquelle  rhoirmie  n'est  rien. 

Harrison,  Jonathan  Baxter.     The  movement  for  the  redemption     jggg 
of  Niagara.      (New  Princeton  rev..  Mar.,    1886.      1:233-245.)  Harrison 

This  article,  as  it  Vv^ere,  supplements  Mr.  Robb's  article.  To  quote: 
"  The  movement  to  save  Niagara  is  of  peculiar  interest,  because  it  was 
the  first  effort  made  in  this  country  on  so  large  a  scale  to  use  the  machinery 
of  government  for  an  object  of  this  kind,  that  is,  for  a  purpose  belonging 
so  entirely  to  the  realm  of  elevated  sentiment  and  noble  spiritual  emotion." 

1129 


Niagara  Falls 

1886  Lattimore,  S.  A.   (A  letter  on  the  advantages  of  state  ownership.) 

Lattimore         (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at  Niagara.     Albany: 
1886.     1:18-21.) 

Senate  document  35,  February   17,   1885. 

1886  New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the 

New  York       Niagara  river  hydraulic  tunnel  power  and  sewer  company  of  Niagara  Falls, 

This  grant  for  the  construction  of  a  tunnel  or  sewer  was  amended  by 
the  Laws  of  1889,  110th  sess.,  chap.  109,  p.  112,  so  that  water 
could  be  taken  from  the  Niagara  river  for  power  purposes,  and  a'nother 
amendment  —  Laws  of  1891,  1  12th  sess.,  chap.  235,  p.  472, —  dealing 
with  the  financial  and  business  management  of  the  corporation  recognizes 
the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  as  successor  of  the  Niagara  River 
Hydraulic  Tunnel  and  Sewer  Company  of  Niagara  Falls,  New  York. 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  to  incorporate  the 
Lockport  water  supply  company.  (Laws  of  1886,  109th  sess.,  chap. 
106,  p.   187.) 

This  grant  to  take  water  from  the  Niagara  river  was  repealed  in  the 
Laws  of  1906,  129th  sess.,  chap.  269.  p.  570. 

1886  [Original    resolution    describing    the   proposed    limits    of    the    Niagara 

reservation.]      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
Albany:      1886.      1:11-15.) 

Senate  document  35,  February  17,  1885. 

1886  RoBB,  J.  Hampden.     Buying  Niagara.     (Cent.,  Dec,  1886.     20: 
Robb             815-823.) 

A  story  of  the  movement  to  preserve  Niagara,  its  significance,  and  the 
difficulties  overcome.  According  to  Mr,  Robb,  the  buying  of  Niagara  was 
"  another  instance  of  the  power  of  mere  sentiment  among  men." 

1887 

1887  New  York  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.     By-laws  of  the 

New  York       commissioners,  together  with  the  ordinances,  rules  and  regulations  for  the 

otale 

Reservation      government  of  the  reservation.      (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:     1887.     2:25-28.) 

1130 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Olmstead,  Frederick  Law,  and  Vaux,  Calvert,   General  plan     igs? 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Niagara  reservation.     Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :  Olmstead 
1887.  fiV^ux 

The  keynote  of  the  plan  is  .  .  .  "to  restore  and  conserve  the 
natural  surroundings  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  rather  than  attempt  to  add 
anything  thereto,  is  the  true  policy  for  the  State  to  pursue.  Not  park, 
nor  pleasure  ground,  but  "  Reservation "  is  the  name  affixed  by  the 
Legislature  to  the  property  now  happily  recovered  to  the  people.  It  is  a 
spot  reserved,  and  sacred  to  what  divine  power  has  already  placed  there, 
rather  than  a  proper  field  for  the  display  of  human  ingenuity  or  art." 

This  plan  may  also  be  found  in  the  Supplemental  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.  Albany.  1887, 
pp.  9-50. 

StratHESK,  John,  pseuf/.     Bits  about  America.     Edinb. :     Oliphant,      1887 
Anderson  and  Ferrier.     1887.     Pp.  116-129.  Straihesk 

An  account  of  a  winter  visit  early  in  1  887.  The  author  was  offended 
by  the  utilitarian  public  works  around  the  Falls. 

1888 

New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the     1888 
Lewiston  water  supply  company  in  Niagara  county.  New  York.      (Laws  New  York 

of    1888,    11  1th  sess.,  chap.   561,  p.  918.)  LegisUhire 

This  grant,  which  permits  water  to  be  taken  from  the  Niagara  river, 
was  repealed  by  the  Laws  of  1906,  129th  sess.,  chap.  267,  p.  569. 


li 

New  York   (State)    Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the     i889 
Buffalo   and   Niagara  power   and  drainage  company.       (Laws   of    1 889,  New  York 

1  12th   sess.,    chap.    366.    p.    484.)  Legislature 

This  act  is  repealed  in  the  Laws  of   1906,    129th  sess.,  chap.   268, 
p.  570. 

New  York  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.     Resolutions  and     i889 

correspondence  relating  to  a  roadway  from  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara  New  York 
to  Lake  Ontario.     (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs.     Albany:     1889.     5:51-^^^'*=      . 

^  ^  ■'  Keservation 

55.) 

1131 


Niagara  Falls 


1889 

New  York 

State 

Reservation 


1890 

Green 


The  correspondents  are  Andrew  H.  Green,  president  of  the  commis- 
sioners, John  Bogart,  State  Engineer  and  Surveyor,  and  C.  S.  Gzouski, 
chairman  of  commissioners,  Q.  V.  N.  F,  Park. 

The  papers  may  be  found  in  Assembly  document  22,  February  6, 
1889. 

1890 

Green,  Andrew  H.  Letters  concerning  the  diversion  of  waters  from 
Niagara  Falls.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
Albany:     1890.     6:57-60.) 

Assembly  document  23,  January  22,   1890. 

The  Hon.  Andrew  H.  Green,  who  was  president  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners from  1 888  to  1 903,  was  particularly  active  in  opposition  to 
diversion  schemes.     It  was  he  who  first  suggested  international  action. 

Letters  addressed  to  the  Legislature;  to  Hon.  Samuel  Frederick  Nixon, 
chairmcin  of  the  Assembly  committee  on  internal  affairs;  Hon.  George 
B.  Sloan,  Senate.  These  letters  voiced  the  opposition  of  the  Commission 
to  the  bill  entided  "An  act  to  authorize  the  Niagara  Hydraulic  Electric 
Company  to  erect  machinery  under  the  Falls.    .    .    ." 


1890  Kroupa,  B.     An  artist's  tour;  gleanings  and  impressions  in  North  and 

Kroupa  Central  America  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.    Lond. :     Ward  and  Downey. 

1890.    Pp.  327-330. 

I  had  seen  the  Falls  several  times  during  my  previous  stay  in 
Canada.  They  are  no  doubt  sublime,  and  the  scenery  around 
is  wild  and  grand,  but  the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  and  including 
the  Falls,  was  then  private  property,  and  thrown  open  to  the 
public  at  such  ridiculously  high  charges  that  the  cost  of  seeing  all 
around  and  below  the  Falls  was  very  expensive.  I  could  hardly 
divest  my  mind  of  the  idea  that  I  was  not  "  doing  '*  Niagara, 
but  that  Niagara  was  "  doing  "  me.  The  latter  conjecture  was 
ever  present  in  my  thoughts,  for  after  I  had  been  there  for  a 
few  minutes  during  my  first  visit,  I  began  to  lose  money,  and 
after  a  couple  of  days  I  was  almost  beggared  in  trying  to  get 
near  the  cataract.  There  were  so  many  fees  and  gratuities  to  be 
paid  at  the  various  "  entrances  "  to  the  Falls,  under  the  Falls, 
to  the  caves,  and  over  the  bridges,  that  after  all  the  worry  and 
expense  one  could  have  readily  sympathized  with  the  man  who, 


1132 


Prescnmtion  cf  iJie  Falls 

on  being  politely  reqiieslcd  by  his  cicerone  to  come  again  at  icao 
some  future  time,  asked  to  be  thrown  in  rather  than  return  to  '^°"^* 
see  them.  One  gets  accustomed,  however,  to  everything.  I 
walked  and  paid  almost  mechanically  until  I  went  about  with  my 
pockets  inside  out.  Although  I  refused  the  aid  of  several  guides 
who  followed  at  my  heels,  as  is  the  custom  of  that  fraternity, 
I  paid  in  less  than  two  days  more  than  eight  dollars  in  admission 
fees,  including  those  at  every  bridge. 

Let  us  imagine  a  pater-familias  going  to  see  the  Falls  accom- 
panied by  his  better  half,  and  say  half  a  dozen  of  children. 
Arrived  there,  he  would  read:  Entrance  to  the  Falls,  twenty- 
five  cents  each  person ;  further  on :  Entrance  to  the  Cave  of  the 
Winds,  fifty  cents,  etc.,  etc.  Seeing  that  he  would  have  to  pay 
such  a  heavy  ransom,  he  would  most  naturally  explain  to  his 
wife  and  offspring  how  much  grander  the  Falls  look  when  seen 
from  a  distance.  All  this,  however,  is  changed  now,  as  all  the 
land  adjoining  the  Falls  on  the  American  side  has  been  bought 
by  the  State  in  which  they  are  situated. 

After  this  comparison  of  the  unpleasant  conditions  at  the  Falls  on  his 
earlier  visit  with  the  improved  conditions  at  the  present  time  the  author  goes 
on  to  give  the  impression  of  active  and  irresistible  power  conveyed  by  the 
Falls  at  all  times,  and  to  give  a  slight  sketch  of  their  beauty  in  winter. 

1891 

Green,  Andrew  H.;  BoGART,  John;  KiBBE,  August  S.    Letters     1891 

concerning  surveys  and  appropriations.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  Green 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:   1891.      7:81-88.) 

Assembly  document  45,  January  29,   1891. 

New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  Incorporate  the     1391 

Niagara  county  irrigation  and  water  supply  company.      (Laws  of   1  89  1 ,  New  York 

1  14th   sess.,    chap.    259.   p.    483.)  Legislature 

Grants  the  corporation  the  right  to  take  water  from  the  Niagara  river 
to   supply   the  towns   of   Niagara,   Lewiston,   or   Porter  in  the   county  of 

Niagara. 

1133 


Niagara  Falls 

1891  The  utilization  of  Niagara.     VII.      (Eng.    (Lond.),  Jan.   2,    1891. 
51:14.  18.  19-21.) 

Discusses  the  recession  of  Niagara  and  gives  a  quotation  from  Dickens's 
description  of  the  Falls. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.  VIII.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Feb.  27,  1891. 
51:235-236.) 

An  account  of  the  investigations  of  Mr.  John  Bryant  as  to  low  water 
at  Niagara  Falls  and  the  effects  of  diversion.  The  awards  of  the  Inter- 
national Niagara  Commission  are  also  given. 

1892 

1892  New  York  (State)  Legislature.    An  act  relating  to  the  Niagara 

New  York       Falls   power   company.      (Laws  of    1892,    115th   sess.,    chap.    513,   p. 
Legislature  jq^j   \ 

Section  2  grants  the  right  to  the  corpvoration  to  take  and  use  water  of  the 
Niagara  river  upon  condition  of  furnishing  free  light,  power  and  water 
to  the  Niagara  reservation.  This  condition  was  the  subject  of  controversy 
between  the  Commissioners  of  the  State  Reservation  and  the  company  for 
many  years,  the  Commissioners  refusing  to  accept  this  free  light,  heat  and 
power  for  fear  of  involving  the  state  of  New  York  in  a  contractual  obligation 
with  the  power  company. 

Under  this  grant  the  company  is  not  permitted  to  obstruct  the  navigation 
of  the  Niagara  river,  nor  "  to  take  therefrom  more  water  than  shall  be 
sufficient  to  produce  two  hundred  thousand  effective  horse-power." 

1893 

1893  New  York  (State)  Legislature.    An  act  concerning  the  Niagara 
New  York       Falls  power  company.     (Laws  of  1893,  1  16th  sess.,  chap.  477,  p.  973.) 

egis  a  r  Grants  the  corporation  the  right  to  furnish  power,  heat  or  light  to  any 
person  or  body,  and  to  obtain  rights  from  individuals,  corporations  or  bodies 
to  cross  any  lands,  public  or  private,  for  the  purpose  of  furnishing  such 
power. 

1893  New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the 

Model  town  company,  to  define  its  rights,  powers  and  privileges  and  for 
other  purposes.      (Laws  of  1893,   1  16th  sess.,  chap.  707,  p.   1753.) 

.Section  14  grants  the  right  to  "  take  water  from  Lake  Erie,  and  except 
for  motive  power  for  factories  from  Niagara  river  and  by  separate  systems 
of  pipes,  ditches,  canals,  aqueducts  or  syphons,  may  carry  said  water  to 
and  Into  any  town  site  it  may  require  In  Niagara  county." 

1134 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

1894 

Green,   Andrew  H.      Letter  to  Walter  Q.  Gresham.  secretary  of      1894 

state,   Washington,   concerning  the  diversion   of  water  at   Niagara   Falls,  *-'''*^*" 

under  date  of  October  1  7,  I  894.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.  at  Niagara,  12:49-50.) 

An  appeal  for  International  action. 

Green.  Andrew  H.  Letter  to  J.  W.  Langmulr,  chairman  of  the 
commissioners  of  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park,  under  date  of 
October  1 9,  1 894,  concerning  the  diversion  of  v^ater  at  Niagara  Falls. 
(Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      12:51.) 

An  appeal  for  cooperation  to  secure  international  action  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Falls. 

Green,  Andrew  H.  Letter  to  Theodore  E.  Hancock,  attorney  gen- 
eral of  the  state  of  New  York,  under  date  of  July  17  and  18,  1894, 
concerning  the  diversion  of  water  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     12:52-53.) 

Request  for  an  opinion  on  the  right  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic 
Power  and  Manufacturing  Company  to  enlarge  its  canal. 

New    York    (State)    Constitutional    Convention,    1894.     1894 
Revised  record  of  the  constitutional  convention  of    .    .    .     New  York,  ^^^  !^°1''^ 
May  8.  1  894,  to  September  29.  1  894.    Rev.  by  W.  H.  Steele.    Albany,  Convemion" 
N.  Y. :     The  Argus  Printing  Co.      1  890. 

For  the  debates  on  the  constitutional  provision  to  limit  the  diversion  of 
water  from  the  Niagara  river,  see  especially  vol.  3,  pp.  808-873;  vol.  4, 
pp.  164-173,  612-615.  627-641,  and  vol.  5.  pp.  727-728. 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.    An  act  to  amend  chapter  707     i894 

of  the  laws   of    1893   entitled   "An   act  to  Incorporate   the   Model   town  New  York 

1   r         •         •   1  ■  1        •    -T  If  .1  Legislature 

company,   to   denne  its  rights,   powers   and  privileges   and    ror  other  pur- 
poses."     (Laws  of  1894,  117th  sess..  chap.  605,  p.   1370.) 

This  amendment  changes  the  Model  Town  Company  to  the  Niagara 
Power  and  Development  Company  and  grants  power  to  "  purchase  or  lease 
the  franchise,  improvements  and  all  rights  of  the  Niagara  County  Irrigation 
and  Water  Supply  Company  "  which  was  incorporated  in  the  laws  of 
1891,  114th  sess..  chap.  259.  p.  483. 

1135 


Niagara  Falls 

1894  New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the 

New  York       Niagara,  Lockport  and  Ontario  power  company.     (Laws  of  1 894,  1  I  7th 

Legislature  o        .  r- 

sess.,  chap.  722,  p.  1806. 

Section  1 0  gives  the  conditions  under  which  water  may  be  taken  from 
the  Niagara  river  and  distributed  for  water  supply  or  power  purposes. 

1894  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park.    Official  documents  1894. 

VictoHa  Legislative  acts  and  papers  relating  to  the  park  together  with  the  first 

Parlt  annual  reports  of  the  commissioners  of  the  park. 

1894  ScHENK,  M.     Report  on  roadway  from  the  reservation  to  Lake  Ontario. 
Schenk             (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:  1894. 

10:55-56.) 

Recommends  steps  looking  toward  preliminary  legislation. 

1895 

1895  BarHITE,  John  A.     Report  to  die  constitutional  convention  of  the 
Barhite             subcommittee  of  the  committee  on  legislative  powers  relative  to  the  diversion 

of  the  waters  of  Niagara.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv. 
at  Niagara.     Albany:  1895.     11:61-73.) 

Document  No.  60.  An  examination  of  existing  water  rights  and  privi- 
leges at  Niagara,  with  respect  to  fact  and  law.  Grants  already  made  are 
reviewed,  dangers  to  the  Falls  pointed  out,  the  legal  right  of  the  state  in  the 
river  discussed,  and  a  constitutional  amendment  recommended  which  pro- 
vided for  the  restriction  of  grants  to  certain  specified  purposes  and  proposed 
to  put  companies  already  wganized  under  the  direction  and  control  of  the 
Commissioners  of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara. 

1895  Hancock.  Theodore  E.    Opinion  concerning  the  diversion  of  water 
Hancock          ^j-  Niagara  Falls,  under  date  of  November  16,   1895.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of 

the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara,     1  2 :53-61 .) 

1896 

1896  Dunlap,  Orrin  E.     Water  supply  of  Niagara.      (W.  elec,  Feb.  8, 
Dunlap             1596,      18:63.) 

A  discussion  of  the  danger  of  drawing  off  so  much  water  for  power  pur- 
poses as  to  ruin  the  beauty  of  the  Falls. 

1896  New  York  (State)  Legislature.    An  act  confirming  and  defin- 

New  York       ing   certain    riparian    rights    of   the    Niagara    Falls    hydraulic    power    and 

Legislature  /•,.  .,  rioo^ti/^.i  ,  ^--^ 

manutacturmg  company.       (Laws  of    1896,    II  9th  sess.,   chap.    967,  p. 
1393.) 

1136 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

The  Niagara  reservation.     (Critic.  Mar.  21,  1896.     28:203.)  1896 

A  protest  against  the  prop>osal  to  abolish  the  Reservation  Commission 
and  transfer  its  functions  to  the  Fisheries,  Game  and  Forest  Commission. 

United  States  Congress.     Report  of  the  deep  waterways  com-     1896 
mission  prepared  at  Detroit,  Michigan,  December   1 8—22,    1 896,  by  the     "'  ^ 

Congress 

commissioners,  James  B.  Angell,  John  E.  Russell,  Lyman  E.  Cooley, 
accompanied  by  a  report  on  technical  work  and  several  topical  reports 
and  drawings  pertaining  thereto.  Washington:  1897.  H.  R.  doc.  92. 
54th  Cong.,  2d  sess. 

1897 

D.  W.    The  glory  of  Niagara.     (Life  &  health  (N.  Y.),  Aug.  1897.      ^897 
Pp.  264-266.)  ^-  ^^• 

Need  of  time  for  due  comprehension  of  the  wonders  and  appreciation  of 
the 'beauties  of  Niagara:  improvements  at  hotels  and  elsewhere  since  pre- 
reservation  days. 

Davis,  Rebecca  Harding.    The  passing  of  Niagara.    Indep..  Nov.     ^^^^ 
25,  1897.    49:1527-1528.)  ^*''' 

A  fanciful  imagination  of  the  danger  to  be  faced  of  Niagara  being 
sacrificed  to  the  dollar. 

[Electrical  review.]      Editorial  comment  on  the  "  alleged  destruction  "       1897 
of  the  Falls.     (Nov.  3.  1897.     31  :216.) 

Meredith,  E.  A.     The  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park.      (Can.      ^897 
mag..  July  1897.    9:228-239.)  ^^''"^''^ 

A  review  of  the  report  of  the  Canadian  commissioners  for  1895,  dealing 
with  the  origin  of  the  park,  its  area,  the  improvements  which  had  been 
made,  the  finances,  and  the  scenery. 

1900 

The    discharge    of    the    Niagara    river.       (Eng.    mag.,   April,    1900.      1900 
19:129^130.) 

A  condensation  of  an  elaborate  account  of  recent  measurements  of  flow 
in  the  Niagara  under  the  U.  S.  Board  of  Engineers  on  Deep  Waterways, 
as  given  by  Mr.  Clinton  W.  Stewart  in  a  paper  before  the  Western 
Society  of  Engineers. 

72  "37 


Niagara  Falls 

1901 

^^°^  Hartt,  Mary  B.     The  passing  of  Niagara.      (Outl..  May  4,  1901. 

"""  68:21-28.) 

An  account  of  the  desecration  of  the  scenery  at  the  Falls,  the  practical 
considerations  involved,  the  effect  of  diversion,  the  struggle  for  preservation, 
and  the  dangers  from  natural  causes.  Says  the  author:  "  Niagara  together 
with  scores  of  other  beautiful  and  picturesque  things  in  this  prosaic  world  of 
ours,  is  passing.  Saved  from  the  hands  of  the  catch-penny  sharper,  it  has 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  catch-million  capitalist.  Rescued  from  the 
toils  of  a  commercial  conspiracy,  it  will  but  vanish  under  the  pitiless 
processes  of  Nature." 

1902 

1902  The   creation    and    development    of   the   state    reservation    at    Niagara. 

(Ann.    rep'ts    of    the   com'rs    of    the   state   reserv.    at    Niagara.       1 902. 
19:14-84.) 

A  history  of  the  reservation  movement,  the  establishment  of  the  reservation, 
the  restoration  and  preservation  of  the  scenery,  the  cost  of  the  reservation, 
the  problems  presented,  and  the  policy  of  the  commissioners. 

1902  International  Waterways  Commission.     Documents  relating  to. 

International      (/^^n     ^ep'ts  of   the   com'rs  of   the  state  reserv.    at   Niagara.       19:    app. 

Waterways     255_261.) 
L-ommission 

Resolution  for  the  appointment  of  a  commission,  report  of  the  Committee 
of  Commerce  thereon,  and  the  opinion  of  the  War  Department,  amended 
act. 

1902  New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the 

New  York       lower  Niagara  river  power  and  water  supply  company.      (Laws  of  1902, 
Legislature  |25th  sess.,  chap.  539,  p.  1288.) 

1903 

1903  Green,  Andrew  H.     Last  public  address  of  the  late  Hon.  Andrew  H. 
Green              Green,  concerning  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 

com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     20:91-104.) 

A  history  of  the  establishment  of  the  reservation  and  some  reasons 
justifying  the  setting  aside  of  the  Falls  property  as  a  public  park.  Read 
before  the  convention  of  the  American  Park  and  Outdoor  Art  Association 
of  Niagara  Falls.  July  7,   1903. 

1138 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Green,  Andrew  H.     Saving  Niagara.      (In  American  park  and  out-      1903 
door  art  association.     General  addresses  of  the  7th  annual  meeting.     Buf-  Green 
falo.  July.   1903.      7:  pt.  4,   12-18.) 

Mr.  Green's  address  deals  with  the  lesson  of  Niagara  and  its  significance, 
gives  the  history  of  the  reservation  and  an  account  of  its  administration  at 
the  time  the  address  was  made. 

[Preservation    of    Niagara    Falls.]      (Eng.    news,    Apr.     16,     1903.       1903 
49:347.) 

An  editorial  suggested  by  the  A^en^  Y  or}(  Tribune  s  agitation. 

1904 

Burne-Jones,    Philip.      Dollars   and   democracy.      With   numerous      1904 
illustrations  from  original  drawings  by  the  author.     N.  Y. :      1904.     Pp.  Burne-Jone» 
234-238. 

The  author  saw  the  Falls  in  spring  between  seasons.  He  apparently 
appreciated  the  Falls,  but  was  so  indignant  over  the  desecration  of  the 
scenery  and  the  commercialization  of  the  cataract  that  he  says  almost 
nothing  about  them. 

Constitutional  Convention.     Report  of  the  subcommittee  on     1904 

proposed  constitutional  amendment.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  Constitutional 
reserv.  at  Niagara.      1904.     21:149-167.)  Convention 

A  history  of  privileges  already  granted  and  the  rights  of  the  state  in 
the  premises,  together  with  a  proposed  amendment  restrictmg  the  granting 
of  water  rights  and  controlling  diversion  under  existing  franchises. 

Dale,  Stephen  M.     Seeing  Niagara  Falls  for  the  first  time.     Ladies      1904 
home  jour.,  June,   1904.     21:9-10.)  Dale 

The  author  tells  us  where  Niagara  is  and  how  it  came  to  be,  gives  some 
of  the  amusing  comments  heard  there,  and  the  number  of  annual  visitors, 
describes  the  "  chaining  "  of  Niagara,  the  gorge  ride  and  the  moonlight 
view  of  the  Falls,  with  some  tales  of  the  troublesome  cabmen. 

Dow,  Charles  M.     Letter  to  Governor  Odell,  requesting  him  to  veto      1904 
the  Niagara,   Lockport  and  Ontario  power  company  bill.      (Ann.   rep'ts  D°^ 
of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21  :2  15-229.) 

The  letter  cites  the  dangers  threatening  the  Falls,  the  arguments 
economic,  esthetic  and  legal,  against  the  bill  in  question  and  the  arguments 
for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls. 

Memorandum   concerning   the   jurisdiction,    powers   and   proceedings   of      1904 
the  commissioners  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara  with  respect  to  the 

1139 


Niagara  Falls 


1904 


1904 

New  York 
State    Reser- 
vation 


1904 


1905 

Adams 


preservation  of  the  Falls  and  scenery  of  Niagara.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21:59—80.) 

The  following  memorandum  has  been  prepared  with  a  view  to 
collating  facts  concerning: 

First.  The  jurisdiction  and  powers  of  the  Commissioners  of 
the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara  with  respect  to  the  preserva- 
tion of  the  Falls  and  scenery  of  Niagara; 

Second.  What  the  commission  has  done  to  prevent  the  impair- 
ment of  the  beauty  of  the  Falls  and  the  environment ;  and 

Third.  The  course  of  legislation  with  respect  to  charters  to 
private  corporations  affecting  directly  or  indirectly  the  Falls  and 
their  environment. 

New  York  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.  Official  correspond- 
ence and  opinions.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at 
Niagara.     21:117-148.) 

Concerning  the  diversion  of  water  at  Niagara  Falls,  and  the  efforts  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  State  Reservation  to  prevent  it. 

New  York  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.  Extracts  from 
annual  reports.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
21:81-116.) 

Concerning  the  diversion  of  the  waters  of  the  Niagara  river  at  the 
Falls  and  the  efforts  of  the  commissioners  of  the  State  Reservation  to 
preserve  the  integrity  of  the  Falls. 

Resume  of  legislation  concerning  Niagara  power  corporations.  (Ann. 
rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21  :  185-2  13.) 

Stages  of  legislation  and  votes  on  charter  of  Niagara  power  corporations. 

1905 

Adams,  Alton  D.  The  destruction  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Cass  ,  Mar., 
1905.    27:413-417.) 

According  to  Mr.  Adams,  "  Niagara  Falls  are  doomed.  Children 
already  born  may  yet  walk  dry-shod  from  the  mainland  of  the  New  York 
State  Reservation  to  Goat  Island,  across  the  present  bed  of  the  Niagara 
River.  Certain  economic,  industrial,  and  political  forces  are  working 
strongly  toward  this  result,  and  their  course  can  be  staid  only  by  the  strong 
hand  of  the  government." 

1140 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Adams,  Alton  D.     How  to  save  Niagara  Falls.      (Tech.  wld.,  Oct.,      1905 
1905.    4:161-167.)  ^'^'""* 

The  possibility  of  enormous  water  p>ower  development  without  affecting 
the  Falls  by  damming  the  river  below. 

Clarke,  John  M.     TTie  menace  to  Niagara.      (Pop.  sci.  mo.,  Apr.,      1905 
1905.     66:489-504.)  <=^'"^« 

An  article  by  the  New  York  State  Geologist  on  the  impending  destruc- 
tion of  the  Falls  and  the  remedy.  According  to  Dr.  Clarke,  the  American 
fall  is  in  danger  of  becoming  "  as  dry  as  bone."  He  thinks  it  is  too  late 
to  find  out  how  much  may  be  safely  withdrawn.  "  In  taxation  of  the 
power  product,  not  necessarily  for  revenue  but  for  protection,"  seems  to 
Dr.  Clarke,  "  to  lie  the  sole  means  of  control  of  the  problem,  the  only  way 
of  saving  our  national  pride  before  the  bar  of  the  world." 

The  destruction  of  Niagara  Falls.     (R.  of  R..  Apr..  1905.     31  :490.)       1905 
A  review  of  an  article  by  Alton  D.  Adams  in  the  March  number  of 
Cassier's  Magazine. 

Dow,    Charles    M.       Address    to    the    international    commissioners      1905 
appointed  to  investigate  concerning  the  conditions  and  uses  of  the  waters  Dow 
adjacent  to  the  boundary  lines  between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  at 
Niagara  Falls,  New  York,  September   14,    1905,      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara,  22:67-75.) 

Deals  with  the  economic  and  esthetic  considerations  for  the  preservation 
of  the  Falls  and  the  effects  of  further  diversion,  together  with  a  plea  for 
international  protection. 

DuNLAP,  OrrlN  E.     Is  Niagara  doomed?      (Tech.  wld.,  July,  1905.      1905 
3:557-568.)  Dunlap 

This  article  deals  with  the  wonderful  power  developments  which  are 
transforming  the  environs  of  the  cataract. 

International   waterways   commission   organized.       (Ann.    rep'ts   of   the      1905 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     22:16-30.) 

A  history  of  the  movement  for  an  international  waterways  commission 
to  consider  the  question  of  diversion  of  Niagara  waters,  the  establishment 
of  the  commission,  the  enlargenaent  of  its  powers,  the  protection  of  Niagara 
by  legislation  and  constitutional  amendment,  and  discussion  of  the  question 
as  to  where  the  power  of  protection  lies. 

1141 


Niagara  Falls 


1905 

McFarland 

1905 

New  York 
Legislature 


•  1905 

Potter 


1905 


1905 


1905 

Thunstrom 


1905 


McFarland.  J.  Horace.  Shall  we  make  a  coal  pile  of  Niagara? 
(Ladies'  home  jour..  Sept.,   1905.     22:19.) 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.    An  act  to  amend  the  public 

lands  law,  by  including  certain  lands  of  the  state  as  a  part  of  the  state 
reservation  at  Niagara.  (Laws  of  1905,  128th  sess.,  chap.  508, 
p.   1166.) 

This  act  added  to  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara  certain  lands  deeded 
to  the  state  by  the  Niagara  Falls  Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing 
Company. 

Potter,  Alvah  K.  Address  to  the  international  commissioners 
appointed  to  investigate  concerning  the  conditions  and  uses  of  the  waters 
adjacent  to  the  boundary  lines  between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  at 
Niagara  Falls,  New  York,  September  14,  1905.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     22:77—81.) 

A  brief  address  devoted  to  the  legal  and  practical  aspects  of  the  question 
in  its  national  and  international  relation. 

Preserve  Niagara.     (Outl.,  Oct.  1  4,  1  905.     81:348.) 
An  editorial  on  the  resolution  of  the  American  Civic  Association  based 
on  the  provision  of  the  ordinance  of  1  787  which  made  "  carrying  places  " 
between  the  Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence  common  highways. 

Save  Niagara  Falls.      (Outl.,  Nov.  25,  1905.     81  :696.) 
A  brief  appeal  to  the  public. 

Thunstrom,  Louis  L.  How  to  save  Niagara.  (Scl.  Am.,  July  8, 
1905.     93:27.) 

A  letter  proposing  a  dam  above  the  Falls  to  regulate  the  flow. 

Vandalism  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.,  Apr.   15.   1905.     92:298.) 
Editorial  protest  against  the  sacrifice  of  Niagara  Falls  to  a  few. 


1906 

Adams 


1906 

Adams,  Alton  D.  Diversion  of  water  from  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld.  & 
eng..  Apr.  28.  1906.     47:875-876.) 

An  effort  to  show  that  only  a  small  part  of  the  water  diverted  by  power 
plants  in  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  could  have  found  its  way 
to  the  American  Falls. 


1142 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 
Adams,  Alton   D.      Niagara  Falls  already  ruined.      (Tech.   wid.,      1906 

Apr.,    1906.       5:115-124.)  Adams 

The  author  points  out  that  the  concessions  already  granted  are  sufficient 
to  use  all  the  water. 

American   Civic   Association.      Preservation   of   Niagara   Falls:     1906 
memorandum  submitted  on  behalf  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  at  American 
the  hearing  held  Nov.  26,   1  906,  before  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Taft,  secretary    .'^!^ 

t  I  r     I  1     •     ■  f      1         ■  1    •     ciation 

or  war,    m   the   matter  or   the   admission   or   electric   power   generated  m 
Canada  from  the  water  of  the  Niagara  river.      (1906). 

Opposition  to  admission  on  the  ground  that  it  would  endanger  the  Falls 
by  encouraging  diversion  on  the  Canadian  side. 

[The  bill   for  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]     (Eng.   news,  June      igoe 
7,  1906.    55:642.) 

The  Burton  bill  and  its  provisions. 

The    desecration    of    Niagara.      (Ladies'    home    jour.,    June,     1906.      1906 
23-27.) 

Urges  the  writing  of  letters  to  Representatives  and  Senators  in  Congress. 

Diversion  of  Niagara  river.    (Sci.  Am.,  Mar.    17,    1906.    94:226.)       jgoe 
An  editorial  on  the  prospect  of  international  control  and  the  ethics  of 
the  preservation  question. 

Dow,  Charles  M.     How  to  protect  Niagara  Falls.      (Oud.,  Jan.  27,      1906 
1906.     82:179-189.)  Dow 

"  We  commend  this  article,  which  reviews  in  order  the  encroachment 
upon  Niagara  Falls,  and  also  the  work  which  has  been  steadily  carried 
forward  for  a  score  of  years  to  check  these  encroachments.  The  con- 
clusions which  Mr.  Dow  arrives  at  are  clear  and  specific.  The  most 
important  of  these  conclusions  is  the  necessity  for  '  joint  action  of  the 
government  of  the  United  States  and  the  proper  British  authorities,'  " 
Outl  82:150. 

The  situation,  then,  as  it  appears  to  the  writer,  may  be  reca- 
pitulated as  follows: 

1.  The  authorized  diversion  of  the  waters  of  the  Niagara 
River,  when  exercised  to  its  full  extent,  will  seriously  but  not 
wholly  impair  the  Falls. 

2.  That  further  suggested  diversion  should  be  prevented,  if 
possible. 

1143 


D 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  3.  That  the  transfer  of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara  Falls 

from  the  State  of  New  York  to  the  Federal  Government  would 
be  valueless  as  a  remedy  against  the  proposed  evil. 

4.  That  this  diversion  can  be  absolutely  prevented  by  the  joint 
action  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  and  the  proper 
British  authorities. 

5.  That  it  is  desirable  that  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of 
New  York  should  revoke  all  charters  for  the  diversion  of  water 
under  which  operations  have  not  been  commenced  in  good  faith. 

6.  That  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  State  should 
be  adopted  providing  for  the  perpetual  protection  of  the  waters 
of  Niagara  River. 

7.  That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  should  exercise  at 
once  all  the  powers  it  may  possess  to  prevent  such  diversion. 

1906  Dry  as  Niagara.      (Out!..  Nov.  24,   1906.     84:690-691.) 

An  editorial  urging  pressure  on  the  secretary  of  war  to  prohibit  all 
encroachment  upon  the  Falls. 

1906  DuNLAP,  OrRIN  E.   The  crime  against  Niagara.    (Harp,  w.,  Apr.  7, 

Duniap  1906.    50:474-476.) 

1906  Gregory,  Henry  Ellsworth.    Legal  status  of  the  Niagara  river. 

Gregory  N.  Y.:       1906. 

A  brief  on  international  law  governing  the  Niagara  river  furnished  the 
American  Scenic  and  Historic  Preservation  Society  and  transmitted  to 
Hon.  T.  E.  Burton,  chairman  of  committee  on  rivers  and  harbors,  by 
Edward  Hagaman  Hall,  secretary  of  the  American  Scenic  and  Historic 
Preservation  Society. 

1906  The  Hearing  at  Niagara  Falls.    (Outl.,  July  2  1 .  1  906.    83  :632-633.) 

Help  to  save  Niagara  Falls.      (Outl..  Apr.  21.1  906.     82  :865-866.) 

1906  How   the  power  companies  beautify   Niagara.      (Ladies'   home   jour., 

Oct.,  1906.     23:39.) 

Urging  letters  to  Secretary  of  War  Taft  and  to  Sir  Wilfrid  Laurier, 
Prime  Minister  of  Canada. 

1144 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Industrie  (L')  Americaine  fera-t-elle-disparatrie  les  chutes  du  Niagara.      1906 
(Le  tour  du  monde-a  travers  le  monde.     n.  s.  annee   12    [1906]    Paris: 
1906.     Pp.  289-292.) 

An  article  on  the  spoliation  of  Niagara  by  the  overdevelopment  of  its 
power  facilities.  The  article  contains  three  illustrations  showing  some  of 
the  most  disfiguring  effects  of  the  power  installations.  The  art  of  pre- 
serving and  increasing  natural  beauty  is  so  well  understood  in  France,  that 
this  article  is  interesting  as  giving  us  the  French  point  of  view. 

International  protection  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.,  Apr.  21,  1906.       1906 
94:322.) 

Editorial  comment  on  Senator  Burton's  suggestions. 

KuTZ,  Capt.  Charles  W.     Reports  upon  the  existing  water  power      1906 
situation  at  Niagara  Falls,  so  far  as  concerns  the  diversion  of  water  on  the  '^"'^ 
American  side;  by  the  American  members  of  the  International  Waterways 
Commission  and  Captain  Charles  W.  Kutz,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A. 
Wash. :  Gov't,  print,  off.     1 906. 

Lanier,  Robert  S.    International  aid  for  Niagara.     (R.  of  R.,  Apr.,      1906 

1906.       33:432-439.)  Lanier 

An  appeal  for  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  and  a  review  of  the  efforts 
to  save  them.  To  quote:  "  The  public  feeling  behind  these  movements  is 
not  necessarily  insensible  to  the  glory  of  having  at  Niagara  '  the  power 
center  of  the  world,'  or  blind  to  the  fascination  of  unique  hydraulic  prob- 
lems magnificently  executed.  But  it  finds  a  glory  and  magnificence  in 
the  sight  of  what  nature  has  done  here  which,  compared  with  the  success 
of  a  few  industrial  enterprises,  is  vastly  for  the  greater  good  of  the  greater 
number.  .  .  .  Mournful  indeed  would  be  a  mechanical  triumph  over 
this  international  inspiration! 

National  Society  of  Colonial  Dames  of  America.    Preserva-     1906 

tion  of  Niagara  Falls.      [Washington:  Gov.  print,  off.      1906.]  National 

i->     •  .  .  .  .  t       .       Society    of 

Petition  from  the  National  Society  of  Colonial  Dames  of  the  District  Colonial 

of  Columbia  praying  for  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  with  endorse-  Y^"""  ° 

America 
ments  of  several  states. 

Presented  by  Mr.   Gallinger  and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Forest 

Reservations  and  Protection  of  Game,  February   1  3,   1  906.     The  plea  is 

made  on  the  ground  of  historical  and  patriotic  sentiment. 

Niagara  again.     (Outl.,  May  19,   1906.     83:10^107.)  1906 

Editorial  comment  and  review  of  the  article  of  H.  W.  Buck,  **  Niagara 

Falls  from  the  economic  stand-point;  "  an  answer  to  Mr.  Buck's  economic 

argument.  II45 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  ...     it  appears  to  us  that  the  case  of  the  power  companies 

cannot  be  put  more  clearly  and  forcibly  than  he  states  it.  .  .  . 
With  the  frankness  and  exactness  of  a  man  trained  to  deal  with 
scientific  problems,  Mr.  Buck  strips  the  controversy  of  its  inci- 
dentals and  non-essentials  and  goes  right  to  the  heart  of  the 
question.  The  transformation  of  Niagara  Falls  from  a  spectacle 
of  natural  beauty  known  and  admired  all  over  the  world  into  a 
huge  electrical  engine  whose  sole  function  shall  be  to  run  dynamos, 
turn  machinery,  and  produce  metals  and  chemicals,  "  broadly 
speaking,  is  solely  the  physical  expression  of  the  law  of  supply 
and  demand."  At  present  the  demand  is  such  that  only  a  part 
of  the  water  of  the  Falls  is  necessary  to  supply  it.  But  Mr.  Buck 
frankly  admits  the  indisputable  fact  that,  if  the  American  people 
decide  to  treat  Niagara  Falls  merely  as  an  economic  water  power, 
the  power  plants  will  eventually  divert  all  the  water  to  their  use 
rather  than  fail  in  supplying  the  needs  of  the  country  for 
aluminum,  carborundum,  calcium-carbide,  and  other  valuable 
products  of  electro-chemical  processes. 

1906  Niagara  and  the  nation.      (OutL.  Apr.   1 4.  1 906.     82:828-830.) 

An  editorial  calling  attention  to  the  importance  of  government  action 
and  pointing  out  that  the  people  are  "  the  real  owners  of  Niagara  "  and  in 
duty  bound  to  see  to  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  from  commercialization. 

The  Ni^igara  campaign.      (Outl..  Jan.  27.   1906.     82:150.) 
Editorial   urging  national   and   international   action   for  the  preservation 
of  the  Falls. 


1906 


Niagara  power.      (Elec.  rev.,  July   13.   1906.     59:80.) 
Notice  of  the  Burton  law  then  pending. 


1906  Niagara    problem    under    legislation.       (Pop.    sci.    mo.,    May    1906. 

68:473-475.) 

A  brief  review  of  proposed  legislation. 

1906  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Oud.,  Apr.  7,   1906.     82:772.) 

A  summary  of  the  report  of  the  International  Waterways  Commission. 

1146 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.    (Outl..  July  21.  1906.    83:632-633.)      1906 
Report  by  the  international  waterways  commission  on  Niagara  Falls.       1906 
(Eng.  news.  Apr.  5.  1906.     55:394-395.) 
A  digest. 

[A  report  on  Niagara  Falls.]    (Eng.  news.  May  1  7,  1906.     55:555.)       1906 
A  notice  of  the  International  Waterways  Commission's  report. 

[Saving  Niagara  Falls.]       (Sci.  Am..  Feb.  24.   1906.     94:171.)  1906 

A  letter  from  an  engineer  opposing  the  preservation  of  Niagara  for 
merely  sentimental  reasons. 

Strother,    French.      Shall    Niagara    be   saved?       (Wlds.    work.      1906 
May.  1906.     12:7524-7535.)  Strother 

An  able  article  setting  forth  the  existing  power  situation  at  Niagara,  the 
effects  of  the  industrial  development  on  the  scenery,  the  origin  of  the  danger 
from  the  power  companies,  the  control  of  the  Vanderbilt-Astor-Morgan 
group  in  the  power  situation,  the  fallacy  that  the  people  are  profiting  from 
the  power  franchises,  the  need  of  an  international  treaty  to  remedy  matters 
since  the  economic  forces  of  the  movement  toward  destruction  have  passed 
out  of  the  power  of  the  companies  to  stop  them. 

(Two  letters  to  the  editor  on  the  Niagara  problem.)      (Sci.  Am..  Mar.       1906 
31.  1906.     94:271.) 

Suggestion-  that  the  water  be  turned  back  for  scenic  purposes  at  stated 
intervals. 

United  States. —  Foreign  Relations  Committee   (Senate)     i906 

.     .     .    Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls    .     .     .    Hearings  before  the  com-  United   States 
mittee  on  foreign  relations   .    .    .    (April  11.  1906.)    (Washington:  Gov't 
Print.  Off..    1906.)      22  p.  8°.      (U.  S.  59th  Cong.,   1st  sess.  Senate 
doc.  393;  serial  4015). 

United  States. —  Forest  Reservations  and  Protection  of 
Game  Committee  (Senate).  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Report 
by  Mr.  Brandegee  from  the  committee  on  forest  reservations  and  the 
protection  of  game,  favoring  H.  J.  res.  83.  similar  to  S.  J.  res.  24,  for 
report  upon  the  preservation  of  the  Falls.  March  9.  1906.  8  p.  (U.  S. 
59th  Cong.,    1st  sess.  Senate  rept.   1611;  serial  4904.) 

United  States. —  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  Confer- 
ence Committee.  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Conference  report 
on    H.    1 8024,    for   control   and   regulation   of   waters    of    Niagara   river 

1147 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  [and]   preservation  of  the  Falls.     (June  25,   1906.     2  p.      (U,  S.  59th 
United  States  Cong.,   1st  sess.  House  rept.  5005;  serial  4908.) 

Congress 

United  States. —  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House). 
Control  and  regulation  of  waters  of  Niagara  river.  Preservation  of 
Niagara  Falls,  etc.  Report  by  Mr.  Burton  from  the  committee  on  rivers 
and  harbors,  amending  by  substitute  H.  1  8024,  for  control  and  regulation 
of  waters  of  Niagara  river  [and]  preservation  of  the  Falls.  June  2,  1906. 
(U.  S.  59th  Cong..   1st  sess.     House  rept.  4654;  serial  4908.) 

United  States. —  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House). 
Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Report  by  Mr.  Burton  from  the  com- 
mittee on  rivers  and  harbors,  favoring  H.  J.  res.  83,  for  report  upon  the 
preservation  of  the  Falls.  Jan.  31,  1906.  (U.  S.  59th  Cong.,  1st  sess. 
House  rep't  695  ;  serial  4906.) 

United  States. — Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House). 

Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  (H.  R.  18024).  Hearings  [April 
12-May  8]  before  the  committee  .  .  .  59th  Cong.,  1st  sess.  .  .  . 
Wash.:  Gov't  Print.  Off.,   1906.     iv,  325  p.  8°. 

United  States. —  War  Department  .  .  .  Preservation  of 
Niagara  Falls.  Message  from  the  president  .  .  .  transmitting  a  letter 
from  the  secretary  of  war,  submitting  additional  information  concerning  the 
operation  of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  from  June  29,1906,  to  June 
29,  1911  .  .  .  Wash.  Gov't  Print.  Off.,  1911).  22  p.  pi.  4 ^ 
(U.  S.  63d  Cong.,  2d  sess.     House  doc.  246.) 

Includes  reports  from  the  chairman  of  the  Niagara  Falls  committee, 
F.  D.  Millet,  dated  Sept.  20,    1907,  and  Oct.  2.    1911. 

1907 

1907  The  Burton  bill  and  its  eff^ects  on  electrical  developments  at  Niagara 
Falls.      (Flee.  wld.  &eng.,  June  29,  1907.     49:1291-1294.) 

The  provisions  of  the  law  in  regard  to  diversion  and  importation  and  the 
permits  under  it. 

1907  Ji^g  aovernment  and  Niagara   Falls.       (Outl..   Feb.    16,    1907.      85: 

335.) 

Editorial  comment  on  Mr.  Stetson's  letter  concerning  private  rights  in 
Niagara  Falls.  To  quote:  *'  When  public  rights  and  private  rights  come 
into  collision,  the  inevitable  limitations  of  the  latter  cannot  be  called 
spoliations."  ]]43 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

Government  regulation  of  Niagara  power.     (Sci.  Am.,  Feb.  16,  1907.      1907 
96:146.) 

Editorial  notice  of  the  Taft  decision  under  the  Burton  law. 

Koch,  Felix  J.     Fleecing  tourists  on  the  grand  tour  at  much-threat-      1907 
ened  Niagara.      (Overland  mo..  May,  1907.    49:41  7-419.)  Koch 

Not  Atlantic  City  in  all  its  glory  fleeces  the  novice  more  completely 
than  does  this  Grand  Tour. 

LanGMUIR,  J.  W.     Address  before  the  American  civic  association  at      1907 
its  annual  general  meeting  held  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  1  9th  Novem-  Langmuir 
ber,   1907.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  for  the  Queen  Victoria  Niagara 
Falls  park.      1907.     22:app.B.) 

A  brief  history  of  the  establishment  of  the  park  together  with  a  dis- 
cussion of  the  policy  and  activities  of  the  commissioners,  especially  with 
reference  to  the  question  of  power  grants  and  their  effects  upon  the  Falls. 

Niagara:  a  mischievous  bill.     (Out!.,  Feb.  23,  1907.     85:388-389.)       1907 
Editorial  comment  on  the  Alexander  bill.     It  is  argued  that  the  only 
safety  for  the  Falls  lay  in  keeping  the  Burton  law  and  continuing  agitation 
for  such  international  action  as  will  insure  permanent  protection. 

Niagara    preservation    number.        (Chaut.,     Aug.,     1907.       47:260,       1907 
277-379.) 

Recession  of  Niagara.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Mar.  2,  1907.     49:421.)       1907 
Editorial  notice  of  G.   K.   Gilbert's  work  in  U.  S.  Geological  Survey 

(Bulletin  306),  accompanied  by  a  report  on  the  survey  of  the  crest  by 

W.  Carvel  Hall. 

The  secretary  of  war's  decision  on  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.  & 
eng.,  Mar.  2,   1907.     49:414.) 

Editorial  on  the  economic  and  esthetic  value  of  the  Falls. 

Stetson,  Francis  Lynde.     Private  rights  in  Niagara  Falls.     (Outl.,      1907 
Feb.  16,  1907.    85:378-379.)  s.e.,on 

A  letter  to  the  editor  on  the  object  of  the  Taft  commission,  the  real 
purpose  of  the  Burton  act,  and  the  effect  of  federal  legislation  on  power 
company  rights. 

A  wise  decision.      (Outl..  Feb.  2.  1907.     85:236-237.)  1907 

An  editorial  on  the  Taft  decision. 

1149 


Niagara  Falls 


1908 

1908  American  Civic  Association.    Niagara  again.     [1908.] 

Civic  A»»o-  ■^  letter  to  association  members  urging  opposition  to  power  grants  at  the 

ciation  Whirlpool  rapids. 

American  Civic  Association.  [Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.] 
(Clipping  sheet,  2d  ser.,  no.  6,  Apr.  18,  1908.) 

A  second  campaign  to  save  the  cataract.  Esthetic  considerations  and 
other  arguments  for  preservation  presented  by  President  McFarland  of  the 
association  and  Frederick.  Law  Olmsted.  Opposition  urged  to  a  projected 
bridge  between  the  Falls  and  the  upper  steel  arch. 


1908 


1908 


1908 

International 

Waterways 

Commission 


1908 

New    York 
Legislature 


1908 

Randolph 


The  beauty  of  Niagara  and  its  power.  (Elec.  rev.,  June  27,  1903. 
41:1098.) 

A  quotation  from  the  1  7th  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioners  of 
Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  defending  ix>wer  development  in  the 
park. 

Canadian-Niagara  power.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Apr.  11,  1908. 
51:756.) 

A  review  of  the  report  of  the  Canadian  park  commissioners  favoring 
cancellation  of  power  franchises  not  yet  developed. 

International  Waterways  Commission.  Report  of  the  Ameri- 
can section  to  the  secretary  of  war,  December  I,  1908.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of 
the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     25:1  7-24.) 

Extended  extracts  from  the  report. 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  to  amend  the  public 
lands  law,  in  relation  to  sewer  through  lands  of  the  state  reservation  at 
Niagara.       (Laws  of  1908,   131st  sess.,  chap.  243,  p.   702.) 

TTiis  amendment  to  the  Laws  of  1894,  117th  sess.,  chap  317,  sec. 
92,  adds  to  the  previous  powers  of  the  commissioners  of  the  state  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  by  granting  them  authority  to  permit  the  construction  of  a 
sewer  in,  through,  under  and  along  the  lands  of  the  state  reservation,  upon 
such  conditions  as  the  commissioners  may  prescribe. 

Randolph,  Ishan.  Review  of  the  report  of  William  Spencer,  M.  A. 
Ph.  D.,  F.  G.  S.,  on  the  physics  of  the  Niagara  river.  (Ann.  rep't  of 
the  com'rs  for  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park.       1908.     23:5059.) 

A  very  technical  discussion. 

1150 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

After  a  review  of  the  "  conditions  in  that  portion  of  the  1908 
Niagara  River  between  the  point  where  it  receives  the  effluent  f^*"''°'P" 
waters  of  Lake  Erie  and  the  first  of  the  cascades  over  which  it 
tumbles  in  its  headlong  course  to  the  Falls,"  the  author  says 
"  Not  all  of  Dr.  Spencer's  faulty  reasoning  is  embodied  in  the 
quotations  made,  but  enough  is  quoted  to  bring  out  the  fallacy 
of  his  conclusions  and  to  enable  me  to  demonstrate  the  facts  to 
be  counter  to  his  statement  of  them."  .  .  .  "I  have  set 
forth  the  habits  of  obedience  to  the  laws  of  hydraulics  universally 
found  among  rivers.  Dr.  Spencer  substitutes  the  speculations  of 
a  geologist  for  the  deductions  of  the  hydraulician,  and  reaches 
conclusions  which  do  violence  to  all  hydraulic  law." 

The  facts  set  forth  herein  and  illustrated  by  the  exhibits  prove 
beyond  contradiction  that  the  works  of  the  Ontario  Power  Com- 
pany do  not  tend  to  lower  the  water  above  the  first  cascade. 
This  being  true,  the  only  water  extracted  for  power  purposes 
which  tends  to  lower  the  water  above  the  first  cascade  is  taken 
by  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  and  the  Niagara  Falls 
Hydraulic  Power  and  Manufacturing  Company  on  the  New 
York  side.  The  volume  taken  by  the  first  of  the  companies  is 
8,500  cubic  feet,  and  by  the  second  4,000  cubic  feet  or  a  com- 
bined volume  of  12,500  cubic  feet;  somewhat  less  than  the 
44,750  cubic  feet  per  second  upon  which  Dr.  Spencer  predicated 
his  argument. 

That  the  water  taken  from  the  river  for  power  purposes  above 
the  falls  must  to  the  degree  of  taking  diminish  the  volume  tumbling 
over  the  precipice  is  indisputable.  This  diminution  has  not  as 
yet  marred  the  scenic  beauty  of  this  wonderful  work  of  nature, 
but  the  volume  of  diversion  can  not  be  much  increased  without 
marring  that  beauty.  It  is  within  the  range  of  accomplishment 
to  greatly  increase  the  volume  of  water  to  be  converted  into  power 
and  still  preserve  the  sublimity,  grandeur  and  beauty  of  the  falls 
and  the  expenditure  necessary  would  be  amply  justified  by  the 
results.  This  is  an  idea  which  need  not  be  amplified  here  but  it 
leads  up  to  the  great  question  of  the  conservation  of  the  waters 

1151 


Niagara  Falls 

1908  in  the  drainage  areas  of  the  Great  Lakes.  This  conservation 
Randolph  ^g^ijg  Jqj.  international  co-operation.  In  these  lakes  we  have  our 
seasons  of  surplus  water  and  our  seasons  of  deficient  flow.  The 
surplus  is  allowed  to  run  to  waste  and  when  the  low  period  comes 
there  is  no  relief.  These  lakes  are  capable  of  storing  all  of  the 
surplus  waters  and  it  is  for  man  to  build  the  works  which  will 
bring  that  capability  into  play.     .     .     . 

The  author  goes  on  to  advocate  the  construction  of  controlling  works 
at  the  head  of  the  St.  Mary's  river  and  at  the  head  of  the  Niagara  river 
which  would  make  possible  absolute  control  of  the  waters  so  that  there 
would  be  no  low  stage  and  constant  mean  flow  could  be  maintained. 

1908  Review  of  article  of  J.  W.  Spencer  —  "The  Spoliation  of  the  Falls 

of  Niagara."     (Nature.  Nov.  5.  1908.     79:18.) 

This  article  of  Dr.  Spencer's  appears  in  the  Popular  Science  Monthly 
for  October.  1  908. 

The  spoliation  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  on  account  of  the 
abstraction  of  water  for  electrical  and  other  works,  forms  the 
subject  of  an  exceedingly  interesting  article  in  the  October  num- 
ber of  the  Popular  Science  Monthly,  by  Dr.  J.  W.  Spencer,  who 
has  devoted  much  attention  to  the  study  of  rivers  generally.  After 
referring  in  more  or  less  detail  to  the  various  power-stations  con- 
nected with  Niagara,  the  author  notes  the  very  great  lowering 
of  the  water-level  above  the  falls  as  the  result  of  this  tapping. 
As  an*  example  of  the  enormous  amount  of  water  taken  by  these 
works,  it  is  stated  that  when  in  June  last  a  single  company 
temporarily  stopped  its  take  of  8,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  the 
water  in  the  basin  rose  no  less  than  6  inches,  and  at  the  edge  of 
the  American  Falls  1  -2  inches.  *'  The  preservation  of  the  falls," 
continues  Dr.  Spencer,  "  is  now  a  question  of  inches.  Under  the 
conditions  as  set  forth  (i.  e.  as  regards  further  tapping)  the  whole 
of  the  Horseshoe  Falls  will  have  shrunken  from  a  crest-line 
of  2,950  feet  to  1 ,600  feet,  and  their  diameter  will  have  been 
reduced  from  1 ,200  to  800  feet.  They  will  then  be  entirely 
within   Canadian   territory,   as  the   boundary   line  will   become 

1152 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

uncovered,  leaving  a  narrow  strip  of  rock  between  Goat  Island  1908 
and  the  great  cataract.  If  the  full  franchise  be  used,  the 
American  Falls,  which  are  1 ,000  feet  across,  will  have  their 
southern  half  drained,  and  will  be  further  broken  up  into  narrow 
sheets  or  strings  of  water."  The  preservation  of  the  falls,  it  is 
added,  now  depends  entirely  upon  the  governments  of  Washing- 
ton and  Ottawa ;  it  is  sincerely  to  be  hoped  that  they  will  so  regu- 
late matters  as  to  retain  the  world-renowned  falls  for  all  time. 

Scenic  Niagara  Falls.    (Elec.  vvld.  &  eng..  Feb.  22.  1908.    51  :1908.)      1908 
Suggestions  made  by  Frederick  Law  Olmsted  to  Chairman  Burton  of 
the  House  rivers  and  harbors  committee. 

Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop.    Spoliation  of  the  Falls  of     1908 
Niagara.     (Pop.  sci.  mo.,  Oct..  1908.     73:289-305.)  Spencer 

An  address  before  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science,  June  30,  1  908,  dealing  with  the  physics  of  the  river  and  empha- 
sizing the  importance  of  the  "  rim."  According  to  Dr.  Spencer.  "  the 
preservation  of  the  Falls  is  now  a  question  of  inches."  and  dependent  upon 
tKe  action  of  the  governments  at  Washington  and  Ottawa. 

United  States. —  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House).     1904 
Preservation   of   Niagara   Falls    (H.    R.    16086   and    H.    R.    1 6748).  United  States 
Hearings   .    .    .    [Feb.    17.    1908.    and    appendix]    Wash.    Gov't    Print.  ongress 

Off.,  1908.     1  p.  1.,  19-50  p.  8°. 


1909 

American  Civic  Association.    A  Niagara  emergency  message  for     1909 

instant  consideration  by  every  member  of  the  American  civic  association.     '"^'■"^^" 
(Harrisburg,  1909.)  °t     "' 

A  circular  letter  under  date  of  February  25.  1909.  urging  the  extension 
of  the  Burton  bill. 

Broadhurst,  William  G.      A  dry  Niagara  —  Februaiy   14,    15,      ^^^^ 

16.    1909.       (Eng.  news,  Mar.  4.   1909.      61  :227.)  Broadhurst 

A  discussion  of  the  effect  on  the  power  companies. 

1153 
73 


Niagara  Falls 

1909  The  continued  protection  of  Niagara.       (Out!.,   Feb.   6,    1909.      91: 

274-275.) 

An  editorial  urging  the  re-enactment  of  the  Burton  law  and  commenting 
on  the  principle  of  restriction  and  the  situation  In  Canada  and  America. 

1909  Fourth    progress   reports    of    the    International    waterways    commission. 

(Eng.  news,  Jan.  21,  1909.     61  :84-86.) 

A  digest  and  review  of  the  commission's  report  to  the  secretary  of 
state. 

1909  International  Joint  Commission.     Rules  of  procedure  of  the 

International    International  joint  commission.      Adapted  pursuant  to  article  XII   of  the 

Joint  Com-      treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  signed  January    1  1, 

mission  ^g^g     PromulgatedFebruary  2,   1912.    Wash.:    Gov't  print,  off.    1912. 

Includes  the  text  of  the  treaty  and  laws  designed  to  carry  Its  provisions 

into  effect. 

1909  The   waterways   treaty;   the    Burton   law,   etc.       (Ann.    rep'ts   of   the 

com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     26:16-41.) 

The  treaty  with  Great  Britain  for  the  protection  of  the  Falls,  the 
extension  of  the  Burton  law,  the  report  of  Brigadier  General  Marshal!  to 
the  secretary  of  war,  September  29,  1909,  on  the  control  and  regulation 
of  the  waters  of  the  Niagara  river  and  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls. 

1909  United  States. —  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House). 

United  States  Control  and   regulation  of  the  waters  of  Niagara  river,   etc.      Report  by 
Congress  m  .        „  ,  .  .  i    i       i 

Mr.    Burton    from    the    committee    on    rivers   and    harbors    to    accompany 

H.  J.  res.  262.      Feb.  23,  1909.      I  p.      (U.  S.  60th  Cong..  2d  sess. 

House  rept.  2265;  serial  5384.) 

United  States. —  War  Department.  National  park  at  Niagara 
Falls.  Letter  from  the  secretary  of  war,  submitting,  with  copy  of  a  report 
of  a  special  committee,  a  recommendation  for  the  establishment  of  a 
national  park  at  Niagara  Falls.  Dec.  21,  1909.  10  p.,  5  pi.  (U.  S. 
61st  Cong.,  2d  sess.      House  doc.  431  ;  serial  5834.) 

1910 

1910  Dow,   Charles   M.      Hennepin  memorial   address.      (Ann.   rep'ts  of 
Dow                the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     27:10-16.) 

An  address  on  the  policy  of  the  Niagara  State  Reservation  commis- 
sioners in  regard  to  the  erection  of  memorials  and  monuments  within  the 

1154 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

reservation,  delivered  on  the  occasion  of  the  dedication  of  the  Hennepin      1910 
memorial  tablet  on  the  state  reservation.  May  II,   1910.  Dow 

Effect  of  water  diversion  for  power  purposes  on  Niagara  Falls.      (Eng.      1910 
news.  Mar.  17.  1910.     63:306-307.) 

A  discussion  of  the  facts  as  shown  by  the  observations  and  measure- 
ments of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey  in   1907  and   1908. 

A  treaty  for  the  control  of  international  waterways.      (Eng.  news.  June      1910 
9.  1910.     63:661-662.) 

A  review  and  digest  of  the  provisions  of  the  treaty. 

1911 

Niagara  Falls  from  a  n^w  point  of  view.      (Sci.  Am..  Sept.  9.  1911.      1911 
105:227.) 

Editorial  comment  on  the  hysteria  over  the  supposed  wanton  destruction 
of  the  Falls.  To  quote:  "  It  seems  strange  to  me  that  in  all  this  dis- 
cussion we  hear  nothing  whatever  of  the  good  to  come  to  humanity  from 
allowing  this  immense  falls  to  work  out  its  board  and  lodging." 

Niagara  Falls  again.     (Outl..  Feb.  25.  191  I.     97:381.)  1911 

An  editorial  urging  the  extension  of  the  Burton  law. 

Niagara     Falls     again     threatened.        (Sci.     Am..     May     27,     1911.       1911 
104:518.) 

Editorial  comment  on  the  chanres  due  to  diversion  and  on  the  extension 
of  the  Burton  law. 

Niagara  in  danger  again.     (Out!.,  May  20,  1  91  1 .     98:88.)  1911 

Editorial  comment  on  bills  before  Congress. 

Preservation    of   Niagara    Falls.       (Ann.    rep'ts   of   the   com'rs   of   the      1911 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     28:10-15.) 

Letter  of  President  Taft  to  Congress,  August  21,  191  1  ;  letter  of  Sec- 
retary of  War,  Hon.  Henry  L.  Stimson;  letter  from  the  Chief  Engineers 
of  the  United  States  Army,  Brig.  Gen.  W.  L.  Marshall,  briefly  sum- 
marizing the  extended  reports  of  Major  Charles  Keller  and  others. 

United  States. —  Rivers  and  Harbors  Committee  (House),     ign 
Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.     Hearings  on  the  subject  of  H.  R.  26688,  United  States 
sixty-first  Congress,   second  session,   relating  to  the  control  and  regulation 
of  the  waters  of  Niagara  river  and  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls,  held 

1155 


Niagara  Falls 

1911  before  the  committee  on  rivers  and  harbors  of  the  House  of  Representa- 

Ualted  States  {Jyes    of    the    United    States,    sixty-first    congress,    third    session.      Wash.: 
Congress  ^^^,^  p^.^^    ^^        j^,  j^       2  p.    j  ..  537-624  p..  2  pi.  8°. 

United  States. —  War  Department  .  .  .  Preservation  of 
Niagara  Falls.  Message  from  the  president  .  .  .  transmitting  informa- 
tion relative  to  scientific  investigations  made  by  certain  officers  of  the  War 
Department,  for  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  .  .  .  Washington : 
[Gov  t  Print.  Off.]  1911.  1  73;  diagr.,  maps.,  pi.  4°.  (U.  S.  62d 
Cong.,  Istsess.      Sen.  doc.  105.) 

Reports  by  Major  Charles  Keller,  Francis  C.  Shenehon  and  Sherman 
Moore. 

1911  White,  Arthur  V.      The  water-powers  of  Ontario.      (In  the  Com- 

"White  mission  of  conservation,  Canada,  Report  on  the  water-powers  of  Canada. 

Ottawa:  Mortimer  CO.     1911.     P.  35-100.1  1  3,  354-361 .) 

Pp.  35-100.  Deals  with  the  establishment  of  the  Niagara  Power 
Union,  the  powers  and  activities  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commis- 
sion, the  rates  and  amounts  of  power  supplied  under  agreements  made  by 
it,  discusses  in  detail  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls  and  on  the  lower 
river, —  its  esthetic  and  commercial  aspects,  national  and  international 
legislation  governing  development,  the  franchises  of  the  various  companies, 
Canadian  and  American,  the  amount  of  power  being  actually  developed, 
the  general  conditions  governing  power  development  on  the  Niagara  river, 
its  power  possibilities,  the  pov/er  of  the  lower  Niagara  river. 

Pp.  1  13-1  14.     Table  on  power  conditions  at  Niagara. 

Pp.  354-361.  Bibliography  of  reports  relating  to  the  Niagara  river 
and  Fails,  and  Index  to  official  documents  relating  to  Queen  Victoria 
Niagara  Falls  Park.      (Pp.  357-361.) 

Power  Development  on  the  Niagara  River 

Since  1905,  the  general  situation  regarding  the  development 
of  water-power  on  the  Niagara  river,  and  at  Niagara  falls  in 
particular,  has  acquired  a  very  different  status  from  what  it  had 
before.  For  years  the  supply  of  Niagara's  waters  for  power  pur- 
poses was  regarded  as  practically  inexhaustible.  To  acute 
observers,  however,  it  was  evident  that,  even  up  to  1906,  under 
the  powers  and  privileges  which  had  been  granted  to  various  com- 
panies in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  it  might  have  become 

1156 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

possible  for  them  to  drain  the  Niagara  river,  and,  in  addition,  to  1911 
draw  upon  the  waters  of  lake  Erie.  As  the  true  state  of  affairs  ''* 
at  Niagara,  and  the  consequent  possibilities  became  better  appre- 
hended, public  opinion  began  to  take  definite  form  in  favor  of  the 
preservation  of  the  scenic  grandeur  of  the  great  cataract.  Another 
factor  was  that,  in  many  instances  where  water-powers  had  passed 
into  private  or  corporate  control,  there  was  a  disposition  to  sell 
the  developed  hydro-electric  power  at  a  small  fraction  under  the 
cost  of  steam,  thus  depriving  the  people  of  the  benefits  of  one  of 
their  greatest  natural  heritages. 

Members  of  the  American  Civic  Association,  the  American 
Scenic  and  Historical  Society,  the  Colonial  Dames  of  America, 
and  other  organizations  were  zealous  in  their  efforts  to  secure  the 
preservation  of  the  scenic  grandeur  of  the  Falls.  The  efforts  of 
such  organizations  in  the  United  States  and  in  Canada  were  the 
immediate  influences  which  resulted  in  definite  action  being  taken 
to  preserve  the  Falls  and  the  scenic  beauty  of  the  Niagara  river. 

General  Conditions  Governing  Power  Development  at  Niagara 

From  an  economic  standpoint  the  power  possibilities  of  the 
Niagara  falls  and  river  constitute  to-day  the  most  important 
hydro-electric  power  site  in  the  world.  The  process  of  depletion 
of  the  known  coal  fields  of  the  United  States  —  especially  the 
anthracite  coal  beds  of  Pennsylvania  —  will  tend,  in  the  near 
future,  to  cause  the  aesthetic  claims  made  on  behalf  of  the  scenic 
beauty  of  the  Niagara  falls  and  rapids  to  yield  before  possible 
aggressive  demands  made  by  companies  to  utilize  the  waters  dis- 
charging from  lake  Erie.  It  is  noteworthy  that  many  of  the 
charters  already  granted  companies  for  power  development  are 
kept  alive,  even  though,  as  yet,  no  construction  works  have  been 
begun. 

Marvellous  is  the  regulated  flow  of  water  from  the  Great 
lakes,  as  it  exists  under  the  laws  of  the  Creator.  Referring  to 
this  natural  regulation  of  flow,  the  Joint  International  Waterways 
Commissioners,  in   1910,  reported  that  "no  work  of  man  ever 

1157 


Niagara  Falls 

1911  approached,  or  ever  will  approach,  this  perfection  of  regulation," 
^*^"*  and  they  add  that  man  "  may  disturb  it,  making  it  less  uniform." 

The  conservation,  therefore,  of  this  natural  uniformity  of  flow  is 
a  matter  for  national  concern,  and  the  public  at  large  should  have 
an  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  menace  that  exists  in  unduly 
utilizing  the  waters  of  the  Great  Lakes  system  whether  at 
Niagara,  the  Long  Sault  rapids.  Cedar  rapids,  or  elsewhere,  for 
purposes  of  power  development. 

The  time  is  coming  when  people  will  see  that  the  amount  of 
water  which  would  naturally  course  the  entire  length  of  Niagara's 
bed,  and  which  may,  even  temporarily,  be  diverted  for  power 
purposes  without  proving  to  be  a  serious  menace  to  Nature's 
balancing  of  the  levels  of  the  Great  Lakes,  is  much  smaller  than 
is  popularly  supposed.  Some  exceptional  phenomena  already 
seem  to  be  manifesting  themselves  in  the  Great  Lakes  system. 
What  may  be  the  results  when  even  all  the  water  already  author- 
ized for  diversion  is  in  service,  the  future  alone  will  disclose.  It 
would  be  a  wise  precaution,  when  granting  water  privileges  on 
a  river,  say,  like  the  Niagara  river,  if  the  governments  interested 
reserved  the  power  to  demand  that  waters  diverted  from  a  river 
must,  if  so  required,  be  temporarily  returned  to  the  river.  Such  a 
course  would  increase  the  flow  and  thereby  assist  in  averting 
critical  conditions  that  might  arise,  as,  for  example,  a  dangerous 
ice  jam  which  might  be  broken  up  by  the  agency  of  an  increased 
flow  of  water  taking  place  during  the  formative  stages  of  the  jam. 

The  Niagara  river  drains  an  area,  including  lake  surface,  of 
254,708  square  miles.  The  lake  surface  area  is  87,845  square 
miles,  making  the  ratio  of  lake  to  dramage  area  as  1  to  2.9. 

In  the  Great  Lakes  system  there  is  a  regular  annual  variation 
in  levels  due  to  difference  in  rainfall,  evaporation,  and  run-off, 
the  water  level  being  highest  in  mid-summer  and  lowest  in  mid- 
winter. The  levels  are  affected  also  by  the  greater  or  less  severity 
of  the  winter  and  by  the  consequent  greater  or  less  decrease  in  the 
discharging  capacity  of  the  outlets  by  ice.  The  interval  of  time 
required  for  an  increasing  supply  to  show  its  effect  upon  the  level 

1158 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

of  lake  Erie  is  about  76  days,  and  for  a  decreasing  supply  it  is     jgu 
about  1 32  days.  White 

The  extreme  variation  of  level  of  lake  Erie  during  the  period 
1860-1907  is  3.89  feet,  with  a  maximum  range  in  one  year 
(1892)  of  2.28  feet,  a  minimum  range  in  one  year  (1895)  of 
.87  feet,  and  an  annual  average  of  1 .56  feet.  The  amount  of 
water  which  lake  Erie  discharges  through  the  Niagara  river  is  a 
variable  quantity  and  depends  upon  the  elevation  of  the  water 
surface,  or,  as  it  is  termed,  the  stage,  of  the  lake.  For  the  Great 
Lakes  system  it  is  customary  to  give  the  stages  of  the  respective 
bodies  of  water  above  a  fixed  datum.  Mean  tide  water  at  New 
York  is  the  datum  usually  selected. 

Consider  an  illustration.  A  variation  in  the  stage  of  lake  Erie 
of  a  single  foot,  at  Buffalo  Lighthouse,  Buffalo,  corresponds  to  a 
difference  in  the  rate  of  discharge  from  the  lake  of  from  twenty 
to  twenty-five  thousand  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second.  The 
increments  of  discharge  per  foot  change  in  stage  vary  for  different 
sections  of  the  river.  They  are  expressed  in  cubic  feet  per  second, 
at  Buffalo  Lighthouse,  as  follows: 

Stage  Increment  in  C.  F.  S. 

572.67  (mean)    23,400 

570-571  19,600 

571-572  21,400 

572-573  23,200 

573-574  25,100 

The  knowledge  such  data  conveys  is,  that  if  the  water  level  of 
lake  Erie,  at  Buffalo  Lighthouse,  for  example,  is  570  feet  above 
mean  tide  level  at  New  York,  and  the  level  rises  to  571  feet,  then, 
the  Niagara  river  will  discharge  at  the  rate  of  1 9,600  cubic  feet 
of  water  per  second  more  than  it  was  discharging  at  the  570  foot 
stage.  If,  next,  the  stage  rises  from  571  to  572  feet,  then  the 
discharge  rate  becomes  21 ,400  cubic  feet  per  second  greater  than 
it  was  at  the  571  foot  stage. 

1159 


Niagara  Falls 

1911  The  bearing  which  such  facts  have  upon  the  question  of  power 

*  development  is,  that  the  horse-power  available  at  any  specified 

time,  at,  say,  Niagara  falls,  depends  upon  the  quantity  of  water 
flowing  in  the  Niagara  river  at  that  time,  and,  as  has  just  been 
pointed  out,  this  quantity  depends  upon  the  stage,  or  level,  of  the 
water  in  lake  Erie. 

In  addition  to  the  monthly,  yearly  or  other  periodic  changes, 
variations  in  the  level  of  the  lake's  surface,  due  to  winds  and  to 
change  of  barometric  pressure,  are  frequent  and  irregular,  and  at 
times  violent.  Variations  of  more  than  6  inches  are  very  common, 
often  occurring  hourly  for  many  hours  in  succession,  while  varia- 
tions of  2  or  3  feet  within  an  hour  are  not  uncommon.  It  some- 
times happens  that  the  stage  varies  as  much  as  7  or  8  feet  in  one 
day.  Storms  raise  the  water  level  at  Buffalo  several  feet  higher 
than  normal,  and  lower  it  at  Amherstburg,  by  a  like  amount;  the 
difference  of  level  between  the  two  ends  of  the  lake  in  extreme 
cases  having  been  as  great  as  1  5  feet. 

Discharge  of  Niagara  River. —  The  discharge  of  the  Ni- 
agara river  has  been  determined  by  measurements  taken  at  the 
International  Bridge  located  at  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  at  a  point 
about  1 ,800  feet  down  stream  at  the  "  Open  Section."  Measure- 
ments were  begun  in  1897  and  are  being  carried  on  by  the 
engineering  staff  of  the  United  States  Lake  Survey.  The 
maximum  monthly  mean  discharge  from  lake  Erie,  257,800 
cubic  feet  per  second,  equivalent  to  a  depth  of  2.44  feet  on  the 
lake,  occurred  in  June,  1876.  The  minimum,  168,700  cubic  feet 
per  second,  equivalent  to  a  depth  of  1 .60  feet  on  lake  surface, 
occurred  in  March,  1 896.  The  average  discharge  of  the  Niagara 
river  during  the  period  1860-1907  is  212,200  cubic  feet  per 
second. 

From  1 860  to  1  907  the  greatest  excess  average  for  any  one 
month  was  for  June,  1876,  being  45,600  c.  f.  s.,  or  twenty-one 
per  cent;  the  greatest  excess  average  for  any  one  year  was  for 
1876,  being  26,500  c.  f.  s.,  or  twelve  per  cent;  the  greatest 
deficiency  average  for  any  one  month  was  for  March,  1896, 
being   43,500   c.    f.    s.,   or   twenty-one  per   cent;    the   greatest 

1160 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

deficiency  average  for  any  one  year  was  for  1895,  being  31,800     i9ii 
c.  f.  s.,  or  fifteen  per  cent.  "* 

Power  Possihiliiies  of  Niagara  Falls. —  Many  statements 
of  a  misleading  character  —  no  doubt,  sometimes,  through 
ignorance  —  have  been  published  regarding  the  water-power  pos- 
sibilities of  Niagara  Falls.  Theoretical  quantities  of  available 
horse-power  have  been  presented  to  the  attention  of  the  public, 
while  quantities  of  actually  developed  horse-power  have  been  the 
units  in  which  power  companies  have  required  their  concessions 
from  the  government.  Comparisons  should  be  made  with  cor- 
responding units. 

Under  conditions  of  average  discharge  the  Niagara  river,  from 
lake  Erie  to  lake  Ontario,  with  its  total  fall  of  about  325  feet, 
would,  theoretically  yield  about  8,000,000  horse-power.  The 
fall  in  the  Niagara  river  from  lake  Erie  to  the  surface  of  the 
water  below  the  Falls  is  about  226  feet,  and  from  the  head  of  the 
rapids  above  the  Falls  (forebay  of  the  Ontario  Power  Company's 
head  works)  to  the  foot  of  the  Falls,  about  212  feet.  The 
Ontario  Power  Company  operates  under  a  normal  head  of  about 
180  feet;  consequently  this  company  utilizes  about  eighty -five 
per  cent  of  the  available  head  of  21  2  feet.  This  is  a  larger  per- 
centage of  the  total  head  than  is  utilized  by  other  companies  at 
Niagara.  The  combined  efficiency  of  the  turbines  and  generators 
constituting  the  large  units  at  the  Falls  is  about  eighty  per  cent,  so 
that  only  eighty  per  cent  of  the  eighty-five,  which  is  sixty-eight  per 
cent,  of  the  possible  development,  is  available  as  developed  elec- 
trical horse-power.  Hence,  one  of  the  first  things  we  have  to  do 
is  to  cut  the  theoretically  possible  horse-power  down  over  thirty 
per  cent. 

Again,  in  estimating  possible  available  horse-power,  it  is  cus- 
tomary to  base  the  estimates  upon  the  minimum  discharge,  or  flow. 
Such  is  the  basis  employed  for  the  estimates  given  in  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Power  Commission  and  many  other  reports.  Now,  if  the 
power  at  Niagara  falls  is  considered  on  this  basis  of  minimum 
monthly  discharge,  then,  a  further  reduction  of  twenty  per  cent 

1161 


Niagara  Falls 

1911  must  be  made  from  the  horse-power  totals  customarily  given  for 
"*  the  Falls  based  upon  average  conditions  of  flow.   Hence,  reducing 

our  sixty-eight  per  cent  by  twenty  per  cent,  we  find  that  the 
developed  horse-power  possibly  available  at  the  Falls  will  be 
about  fifty-five  per  cent,  of  the  total  theoretical  horse-pK)wer  esti- 
mated for  average  conditions. 

It  must  not  be  forgotten,  either,  that  it  would  never  be  possible 
to  use  all  the  water  of  the  river.  The  ice  must  go  by  way  of  the 
Falls  and  not  by  way  of  the  water-wheels.  Just  how  much  water 
must  be  reserved  to  go  over  the  Falls  in  order  to  prevent  the  ice 
from  lodging  above  the  Falls  and  creating  disastrous  ice  jam  con- 
ditions, would  be  difficult  to  state.  Possibly  the  diversions  of 
water  at  present  authorized  may  yet  be  found,  when  all  is  in 
service,  to  encroach  upon  the  limits  of  safety. 

Considered,  therefore,  in  the  most  favorable  light  of  the  facts 
just  mentioned,  and  from  the  viewpoint  of  the  amounts  of  power 
obtained  from  present  Niagara  developments,  all  the  mean  low- 
water  discharge,  with  the  212  feet  available  at  Niagara  falls, 
would  give  an  estimated  amount  of  about  2,765,000  H.P. 
Canada's  share  of  this  would  be  1 ,382,500  H.P. 

Let  us,  however,  view  the  situation  from  another  standpoint. 
It  has  been  ascertained  by  special  investigations  made  of  existing 
Niagara  plants  by  the  United  States  Government,  that  it  takes 
about  .075  of  a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second,  to  actually 
develop  one  horse-power;  even  on  this  basis,  the  low-water  dis- 
charge of  168,700  cubic  feet  per  second  would  yield  at  the  Falk 
about  2,250,000  H.P.,  of  which  Canada's  share  would  be 
1,125,000  H.P.  Franchises  have  already  been  granted,  and 
plants  partially  completed,  for  the  development  on  the  Cana- 
dian side  of  the  river  of  about  450,000  H.P.  In  other  words, 
instead  of  "  millions  "  of  horse-power  being  available,  as  has 
been  sometimes  stated,  it  appears  that  about  half,  and  by  all 
odds  the  better  half,  of  Canada's  usable  share  of  Niagara  falls 
power  has  already  been  placed  under  private  control ;  and, 
as  just  intimated  above,  circumstances  attendant  upon  the  use  of 

1162 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

all  the  waters  now  authorized  may  show  that  ice,  and  other  con-     I9ii 
ditions,  preclude  the  use  of  a  further  proportion  of  Canada's  White 
equity  in  the  waters  at  Niagara  falls. 

We  have  not  been  dealing  with  theoretical  quantities  nor  with 
estimates  of  possible  actual  quantities,  but  with  quantities  based 
upon  measurements  of  flow  and  upon  the  percentage  of  the  avail- 
able power  which  the  companies,  who  have  installed  operating 
power  plants,  have  used  under  the  best  expert  engineering  advice 
obtainable. 

Power  of  the  Lower  Niagara  River. —  Let  us  briefly  con- 
sider the  power  possibilities  of  the  lower  Niagara  river.  From 
the  head  of  the  rapids  below  the  Falls  to  the  mouth  of  the  gorge 
in  the  river  there  is  a  fall  of  about  94.5  feet.  This  is  about  forty- 
five  per  cent  of  the  head  available  at  the  locality  of  the  Falls. 
Assuming  that  as  great  a  proportion  of  the  available  power  of  the 
rapids  is  used  as  of  the  power  theoretically  available  at  the  Falls, 
and  assuming  further  that  all  the  water  of  the  river  is  diverted, 
then  we  would  have  about  1,000,000  theoretical  H.P.  In 
the  portion  of  the  river  in  which  the  fall  is  greatest,  viz.,  from 
the  head  of  the  rapids  below  the  Falls  to  the  foot  of  Foster's  flats, 
there  i-s  a  drop  of  78.5  feet.  This  is  thirty-seven  per  cent  of  the 
head  available  at  the  Falls.  Upon  assumptions  corresponding  to 
those  just  made  above,  the  river  would  yield  about  830,000 
H.P..  of  which  Canada's  share  would  be  41 5,000  H.P. 

Obviously  the  rights  to  the  first  1 0,000  or  20,000  cubic  feet  of 
water  diverted  from  the  lower  Niagara  river  are  very  much  more 
valuable,  considered  from  the  physical  standpoint,  then  the  rights 
appertaining  to  any  diversions  that  may  subsequently  be 
authorized. 

The  Lower  Niagara  River  Power  and  Water  Supply  Com- 
pany, incorporated  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York 
and  empowered  by  the  State  *'  not  to  take  more  water  than  shall 
be  sufficient  to  produce  200,000  effective  H.P.,"  has  applied 
to  the  United  States  Federal  Government  for  authority  to  utilize 
an  amount  of  water  not  exceeding  40,000  cubic  feet  per  second 

1163 


Niagara  Falls 

1911  from  the  lower  Niagara  river.     Reporting  upon  this  application, 

the  International  Waterways  Commission,   in  its  report  to  the 
United  States  Secretary  of  War,  states  that 

"  It  is  our  opinion  that  about  40,000  cubic  feet  per 
second  can  be  diverted  without  perceptible  injury  to  the 
rapids,  and  that  any  amount  greater  than  that  will  approach 
the  danger  line  more  and  more  nearly,  according  to  its 
volume.  We  therefore  recommend  that  no  more  than 
40,000  cubic  feet  be  diverted  on  both  sides  of  the  river  taken 
together." 

Theoretically,  this  recommended  diversion  of  40,000  cubic  feet 
per  second  with  the  head  of  94.5  feet  would  yield  about  430,000 
H.P.,  of  which  Canada's  share  would  be  215,000  H.P.  With 
a  total  head  of  78.5  feet  to  the  foot  of  Foster's  flats,  20,000 
cubic  feet  per  second  would  yield,  theoretically,  about  1 80,000 
H.P.  Owing  to  the  difficulties  of  hydraulic  construction  and 
the  large  fluctuations  in  head  which  occur  in  the  lower  river,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  determine  just  what  proportion  of  the  theo- 
retical quantities  could  be  obtained  from  a  diversion  on  the 
Canadian  side  of  20,000  cubic  feet  per  second. 

Power  sites  on  the  rapids  below  the  Falls  are  much  inferior  to 
the  power  sites  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Falls.  The  Commissioners  of 
the  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  had  a  report  made  as  to 
the  possible  power  sites  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  lower  Niagara 
river.  This  Report  shows  a  number  of  possible  power  sites  using 
the  shortest  possible  tunnel  routes,  but  the  estimated  total  of  all 
the  reported  sites  is  considerably  under  50,000  H.P. 

Summar]). —  In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  under  present 
mehods  of  development,  and  assuming  all  the  Water  passing  over 
the  Falls  to  be  diverted  for  power  purposes,  Canada's  share  of  the 
power  may  be  under  1 ,000,000  H.P.  Below  the  Falls,  using 
all  the  water  and  the  total  head  of  94.5  feet,  the  lower  river 
would  yield  for  Canada's  share  about  450,000  H.P.  These 
quantities  are  for  the  mean  low-water  discharge ;  for  average  con- 

1164 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 
ditions  of  flow  they  might  be  increased  about  twenty-five  per     1911 

^o,,f  White 

cent. 

If  either  Canada  or  the  United  States  should  first  exercise  its 
right  to  generate  500,000  H.P.  from  its  share  of  the  Niagara 
waters,  then  physical  conditions  might  probably  prevent  the  other 
country  from  actually  developing  all  told  half  a  million  horse- 
power from  the  remaining  available  waters  at  Niagara  falls. 

Williams,   C.   T.       [Letter  on  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]      1911 
(Sci.  Am.,  June  24.  191  1.      104:619.)  Williams 

The  author  is  industrial  agent  of  the  city  of  Niagara  Falls.  His  letter 
cites  facts  and  authorities  to  the  effect  that  diversion  has  not  injured  the 
Falls. 

1912 

The  destruction  of  Niagara  Falls.     (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.,  Dec,  1912.      1912 
10:770.) 

Editorial  on  two  editorials  in  the  Neiv  York  Evening  Sun  of  October 
25,  and  November  4.  These  two  editorials  call  attention  to  the  destruction 
of  the  Falls  by  "  scenic  features  "  and  "  thrillers  "  as  compared  with  the 
destruction  caused  by  power  development. 

FuLLERTON,    AuBREY.      Repairing    Niagara    Falls.       (Tech.    wld.,       1912 
June,    1912.      17:435.)  Fullerton 

Advocates  the  filling  of  the  V  of  the  Horseshoe  Falls  to  restore  its 
former  outline. 

Hammond,  Clark  H.      State  development  of  water  power.      N.  Y.      1912 
state  conserv.  dept't.     Albany:   1912.  Hammond 

Statement  of  Clark  H.  Hammiond,  corporation  counsel,  city  of  Buffalo, 
at  the  joint  hearing  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly  judiciary  committees. 

The    "horrible    waste"    at    Niagara.       (Lit.    dig.,    Oct.     12,     1912.      1912 
45:618.) 

Editorial  comment  on  and  quotation  from  an  article  in  Meialurglcal  and 
Chemical  Engineering  on  the  economic  waste  of  restrictions  on  diversion. 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.     An  act  to  amend  the  public     1912 
lands  law  relative  to  constructing  and  operating  water  main  along  the  lands  New  York 
of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.       (Laws  of  1912,    135th  sess.,  chap.  ^8i»'at^re 
236.  p.  451.) 

This  amendm.ent  extends  the  power  of  the  commissioners  as  defined  in 
Laws  of   1909,    1 32d  sess.,  chap.   50    (Consolidated  Laws)    giving  them 

1165 


Niagara  Falls 

1912  authority  to  grant  license  to  the  city  of  Niagara  Falls  to  construct  and 

New  York       operate  water  mains  and  hydrants  in,  through,  under  and  along  lands  of  the 
Legislature       state  reservation  upon  conditions  prescribed  by  the  commissioners. 

1912  The  preservation  of   Niagara   Falls.      (Outl.,   Feb.    3,    1912.       100: 

257-258.) 

Reasons  vv^hy  the  Burton  lav^  should  be  reenacted. 

1912  YeIGH,   Frank.      The  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park.      (Can. 

Yeigh  mag.,  Oct..  1912.     39:541.) 

The  value  and  significance  of  the  park,  and  the  financial  policy  and 
achievements  of  the  commissioners. 

1912  United  States  Congress  —  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs. 

United  St        Hearing:     Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.     Jan.   16,   18,   19,  20,  23,  26 
Congress  ^"  and  27,   1912.     Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.      1912. 

1913 

^^^3  Burton  act  to  be  extended.      (Elec.  vvld.  &  eng.,  Feb.  22,   1913.     61: 

391.) 

Editorial  notice. 

Control  and  regulations  of  Niagara  river.       (Elec.  v/ld.  &  eng.,  Feb.  1, 
1913.     61:235.) 

Hearings  of  January  22  and  23  before  the  House  committee. 

The  control  of  navigable  streams.      (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Feb.   15,   1913. 
61:329.) 

Editorial  comment  on  the  power  of  the  federal  government. 

Governor  Sulzer  urges  state  control  of  Niagara  water  power.      (Elec. 
wld.  &  eng..  Apr.    12,    1913.     61:768.) 

Editorial    notice   of   the   special   message   of   the   governor  to   the   state 
legislature  together  with  a  digest  of  Attorney  General  Carmody's  opinion. 

1913  Hands  off  Niagara.      (OutL,  Mar.  29.   1 91 3.      103:702-703.) 

An  editorial  urging  popular  pressure  on  representatives  for  the  extension 
of  the  Burton  act. 

1913  Niagara  again  in  danger.      (Cent.,  May.   1913.      86:150-151.) 

A  brief  discussion   of  the  fight  of  the   federal   government  to  save  the 
Falls  from  commercialization. 

1166 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

TKe  regulation  of  Niagara  Falls  approved.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Feb.  8,      1913 
1913.     61:281.) 

Editorial  notice  of  federal  action. 

Status  of  the  Niagara  Falls  bill.      (Elec.  wld.,  Feb.   15,  1913.     61:        1913 
336.) 

Editorial  comnient  on  the  power  of  the  government  to  set  a  standard 
of  efficiency  in  terms  of  horsepower  per  cubic  foot. 

Use  vs.  beauty  at  Niagara.      (Lit.  dig.,  Jan.   11,   1913.     46:71.)  1913 

An  editorial  quoting  from  the  Neiv  York  >Sun. 

1914 

CaPARN,  Harold  A.     Present  status  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Landscape      1914 
architecture.     April.  1914.     4:No.  3,  81.)  Caparn 

An  argument  for  the  preservation  of  the  Niagara  Falls  both  as  a  great 
scenic  wonder  and  a  factor  in  the  commercial  development  of  Lake  Erie. 
"  Nowhere,  accessible  to  ordinary  men,  does  so  much  water  descend  so  far, 
producing  a  sight,  a  sound,  and  a  splashing  whose  effect  on  normal  and 
properly  constituted  people  is  beyond  description  and  superior  to  adjectives." 

Dow,  Charles  M.  The  State  Reservation  at  Niagara:  a  history. 
Albany.     J.  B.  Lyon  Co.     1914  D„^ 

Contents 

PAGE 

Dedication 3 

A  Word  of  Introduction 7 

A  History: 

Chap.         I.  The    History    of    the    Establishment    of    the    State 

Reservation  at  Niagara 9 

Chap.         n.   The    Policy    of    the    Commissioners    of    the    State 

Reservation  at  Niagara 39 

Chap.       III.   The     Administration     of    the     Reservation     in    its 

Physical  and  Financial  Straits 52 

Chap.      IV.    The  Reservation  Past  and  Present 62 

Chap.  V.  Some  Legal  Questions  Which  Have  Arisen  in  Con- 
nection With  the  Establishment  and  Management 
of  the  Reservation 74 

Chap.      VI.    Saving   Niagara   Falls 102 

Chap.  VII.  The  Existing  Power  Situation — Effects  of  Diversion        136 

1167 


Niagara  Falls 

1914           Chap,  VIII.   Legal  Questions  Which  Have  Arisen  in  Connection 

Dow  With   the   Diversion   Controversy 147 

Chap.       IX.    The  Men  Who  Have  Made  the  Reservation 1  75 

Chap,        X.   The  Canadian  Park 183 

Chap.       XI.   Conclusion    197 

We  quote  the  final  chapter  of  the  book  as  giving  a  general  idea  of  the 
story  and  spirit  of  the  reservation  movement. 

After  having  read  a  story  of  achievement  such  as  that  which 
has  been  detailed  in  the  foregoing  pages,  at  least  two  questions 
inevitably  come  to  mind.  In  the  first  place,  one  can  hardly  help 
asking  whether  the  effort  put  forth  has,  after  all,  been  worth  while. 
In  other  words,  we  ask  ourselves,  has  the  work  of  the  past  justified 
itself  in  the  present?  And  this  is  no  sooner  answered  than  we 
turn  our  faces  the  other  way  and  ask  what  it  is  that  the  future  has 
to  offer.  It  is  very  natural,  after  having  read  what  has  been 
accomplished,  to  ask  what  there  is  still  to  be  done,  and  what 
likelihood  there  is  that  it  will  be  done.  So  a  brief  discussion  of 
these  questions  may  be  in  order. 

It  is  more  than  a  third  of  a  century  —  nearly  the  length  of  an 
average  human  life  —  since  public  sentiment  began  to  call  for  the 
reclamation  of  Niagara  Falls  from  a  condition  which  had  become 
a  reproach  to  the  State.  In  the  preceding  pages  we  have  described 
something  of  the  strenuous  campaign  which  was  necessary  to 
secure  legislation  authorizing  the  preservation  of  the  natural 
scenery  of  Niagara  for  the  benefit  of  the  people,  the  long  hard 
tug  of  war  to  secure  the  appropriation  for  its  purchase,  the 
perennial  struggle  to  get  adequate  appropriations  for  the  work  of 
rehabilitation  and  maintenance,  the  watchful  care  exercised  to 
prevent  commercial  intrusion,  and  the  hard  fought  fight  to  preserve 
the  integrity  of  the  Falls  themselves. 

It  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  money,  time,  and  energy  the 
preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  has  cost  the  nation  these  last  thirty 
years.     Mere  figures  cannot  measure  the  price.     In  the  previous 

1168 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

pages  we  have  tabulated  the  sums  expended  by  the  State;  but  I914 
these  do  not  take  into  account  the  many  thousands  of  dollars  ^°^ 
spent  by  the  original  Niagara  Falls  Association  in  the  campaign 
which  culminated  in  the  creation  of  the  Reservation  at  Niagara; 
nor  do  they  include  the  money  spent  by  individual  commissioners 
of  the  Reservation  since  its  establishment  and  by  organized  bodies 
like  the  American  Scenic  and  Historic  Preservation  Society,  the 
American  Civic  Association,  commercial  associations,  and  other 
bodies  in  their  vigorous  defense  of  the  Falls,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
countless  private  citizens  who  have  joined  in  the  work. 

Was  it,  is  it,  worth  while?  Worth  while  to  spend  so  much 
money  for  the  preservation  of  a  waterfall  ?  Worth  while  for  the 
members  of  the  Niagara  Commission  —  all  men  of  extensive 
affairs  and  pressing  responsibilities  in  other  directions  —  to  give 
gratuitously  to  the  defense  and  administration  of  the  Reservation, 
time  and  attention  which  might  otherwise  be  employed  to  their 
personal  advantage?  The  answer  is  an  unqualified  affirmative. 
The  reasons  are  not  far  to  seek. 

In  the  first  place,  all  these  sacrifices  of  time  and  money  by  the 
Commissioners  and  the  army  of  citizens  who  have  co-operated 
with  them,  have  been  made  in  response  to  a  natural  and  irre- 
pressible human  instinct  of  the  highest  order,  the  love  of  the  sub- 
lime and  the  beautiful  for  its  own  sake.  Most  convincing  proof 
of  this  is  the  fact  that  over  a  million  and  a  quarter  persons  go  to 
the  Falls  annually  —  not  as  they  go  to  a  great  city  to  visit 
museums  and  art  galleries ;  not  as  they  go  to  the  mountains  or  to 
the  seashore,  to  recuperate  their  health ;  not  as  they  go  to  the  cities 
and  storied  ruins  of  the  old  world ;  but  simply  to  see  the  wonderful 
downpouring  of  waters  which  constitutes  the  grandeur  of  Niagara. 
The  very  simplicity  of  the  fact  is  eloquent.  That  the  Falls  have 
the  power  to  attract  more  than  a  million  persons  a  year,  not 
because  they  supply  anything  to  educate  the  intellect,  but  just 
because  they  appeal  to  the  human  soul  in  a  manner  which,  while 
it  cannot  be  described,  can  never  be  forgotten  —  this  alone  is  a 
sufficient  justification  for  all  the  labor  and  pain  and  sacrifice  that 

74  "® 


Niagara  Falls 

1914         have  gone  into  the  making  of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara 
Dow  anJ  the  preservation  of  the  integrity  of  the  Falls. 

Another  evidence  of  the  **  value  "  of  the  expenditure  of  money 
and  labor  in  the  interests  of  Niagara  is  to  be  found  in  the  very 
character  of  the  work  that  has  been  done.  It  has  been  educational 
work  in  the  highest  sense  of  that  term,  for  it  has  involved  not 
merely  the  establishment  of  an  entirely  new  principle  in  the 
United  States  but  the  development  of  a  sentiment  as  well.  Cer- 
tainly, if  it  was  worth  while  to  blaze  the  way  in  the  matter  of  the 
public  preservation  of  scenic  beauty,  as  the  State  of  New  York 
did  in  the  establishment  of  the  Niagara  Reservation,  it  was  even 
more  worth  while  to  arouse  and  educate  public  sentiment  up  to  its 
present  lively  appreciation  of  that  beauty.  This  is  exactly  what 
the  fight  for  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  has  very  largely 
helped  to  do.  How  universal  the  appeal  of  Niagara  is,  is  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  never,  since  the  establishment  of  the 
Reservation,  has  the  expenditure  made  by  the  State  been  criti- 
cised. In  fact,  the  creation  of  the  Niagara  Reservation  was 
undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  popular  things  the  Legislature  of  the 
State  of  New  York  ever  did. 

The  third  answer  to  the  question  as  to  the  **  value  "  of  past 
endeavors  to  protect  Niagara  is  found  in  the  universal  uprising  of 
sentiment  against  the  depletion  of  Niagara  among  all  classes 
except  the  commercial  interests  which  would  derive  pecuniary 
gain  from  the  impairment  of  the  Falls.  This  evidence  is  entirely 
different  from  that  which  has  thus  far  been  adduced.  The 
absence  of  protests  against  the  expenditure  of  money  might  pro- 
ceed from  indifference  and,  in  a  sense,  is  a  negative  argument ;  but 
the  open  and  vigorous  protest  against  the  depletion  of  the  Falls 
is  an  active  and  positive  argument.  The  attendance  of  so  many 
visitors  a  year  might  be  explained  on  the  ground  of  a  certain 
degree  of  self-interest  or  self-gratification  —  albeit  of  a  very  high 
order;  but  the  outcry  of  people  throughout  the  whole  land,  the 
majority  of  whom  never  saw,  and,  in  all  probability,  never  will 

1170 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

have    the   indescribable   pleasure   of   seeing,    Niagara    Falls,    is     1914 
entirely   distinct   testimony   to   the  popular   appreciation   of   the  Dow 
unique  value  of  the  great  scene  as  a  national  possession. 

To  the  satisfaction  that  comes  from  the  consciousness  of  w^ork 
well  done  and  well  approved  may,  in  this  case,  be  added  the 
satisfaction  arising  out  of  the  very  importance  of  the  trust  imposed. 
The  Commissioners  of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara,  as 
servants  of  the  people  of  New  York,  are  trustees  not  merely  for 
New  York  and  the  United  States  but  for  all  mankind.  The 
realization  of  the  extent  of  this  trusteeship  was  very  forcibly 
impressed  upon  the  author  by  an  incident  which  occurred  when 
the  Imperial  Chinese  High  Commissioner,  the  Viceroy,  Tuan 
Fang,  visited  the  Falls  several  years  ago.  The  distinguished 
oriental  statesman  viewed  the  various  scenes  about  the  Falls  with 
apparent  interest,  but  for  some  time  with  no  more  evidence  of 
enthusiasm  than  courtesy  might  dictate.  When,  however,  he  came 
to  the  head  of  the  Second  Sister  Island  which  commands  a  sweep- 
ing view  of  the  tumultuous  rapids  above  the  Horseshoe  Fall,  his 
stoical  reserve  vanished.  His  emotions  seemed  to  overpower  him. 
He  shook  his  own  hands,  raised  himself  several  times  on  tiptoe, 
all  the  while  uttering  exclamations  of  the  greatest  delight.  Asked 
later  to  write  his  name  and  a  sentiment  in  a  visitors'  book,  he 
wrote  in  ancient  classical  characters,  *'  This  is  the  most  beautiful 
water  landscape  under  the  heavens." 

When  we  compare  this  with  the  similar  expression  of  the  dis- 
tinguished American  author,  Henry  James,  who  said,  "  You 
stand  steeped  in  long  looks  at  the  most  beautiful  object  in  the 
world;  "  and  with  the  remark  of  another  equally  distinguished 
American  author,  Charles  Dudley  Warner,  who  said,  *'  The 
walk  about  Goat  Island  at  Niagara  Falls  is  probably  unsurpassed 
in  the  world  for  wonder  and  beauty,"  we  realize  that  Niagara 
appeals  to  something  which  exists  universally  in  the  human  breast 
and  that  it  speaks  in  a  language  equally  understood  by  all  peoples. 

Though  the  past  has  contributed  much,  it  must  not  be  supposed 

1171 


Niagara  Falls 

1914  tliat  the  good  work  is  completed.     It  is  true,  the  principle  of  the 

"^  pubhc  preservation  of  scenic  beauty  has  been  permanently  estab- 

lished, public  opinion  has  been  quickened  and  elevated,  and  many 
permanent  improvements  of  a  more  material  character  achieved; 
but  there  is,  nevertheless,  still  a  great  deal  to  do.  Cn  the  Reser- 
vation itself  the  work  of  preservation  and  maintenance  must 
always  go  on  while  beyond  the  Reservation  there  is  still  a  large 
field  for  endeavor.  Only  when  the  last  untidy  factory  site  has 
been  harmonized  with  its  natural  setting,  and  every  power  interest 
has  been  brought  to  restrain  itself  that  Niagara  may  be  preserved, 
when  the  "  Reservation  idea  "  has  been  extended  to  include  all 
the  beauties  of  the  Niagara  river,  will  the  work  even  approach 
completion. 

It  is,  of  course,  vain  to  forecast  the  future  and  we  shall  not 
attempt  it.  It  is  sufficient  for  our  purposes  to  point  out  hopeful 
beginnings  which  have  been  made.  Preservation  of  the  Falls  is 
assured  to  the  extent  of  the  provision  made  by  the  treaty  with 
Great  Britain.  The  work  of  restoring  the  disfiguring  sites  held 
by  the  manufacturing  interests  along  the  river  has  also  been  begun. 

All  plans  for  further  action  are  interesting  chiefly  for  the  elo- 
quent testimony  which  they  bear  to  the  virility  of  the  Niagara 
preservation  idea  which  was  first  effectively  voiced  thirty  years 
ago  in  the  establishment  of  the  State  Reservation  at  Niagara.  In 
the  persistence  of  that  idea  rather  than  in  any  particular  scheme. 
State  or  national,  lies  the  hope  of  the  future.  The  State  Reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  will  have  amply  justified  its  continued  existence 
and  total  cost,  in  v/hatever  terms  that  cost  may  be  measured,  if  it 
contributes  ever  so  slightly  to  keep  alive  this  Niagara  sentiment, 
and  serves  as  an  exemplar  of  what  disinterested  and  efficient  public 
service  and  consistent  and  unselfish  devotion  to  an  ideal  can  bring 
to  pass. 

Summary 

Early  in  the  literature  of  the  Falls  observant  travellers  noticed 
with  concern  the  increasing  tendency  to  permit  the  use  of  tne 

1172 


Preservation  of  the  Falls 

power  to  interfere  with  and  destroy  the  grandeur  of  the  cataract 
and  the  natural  beauty  of  its  surroundings.  In  the  second  quarter 
of  the  nineteenth  century  these  aspects  became  a  common  theme, 
and  were  soon  accompanied  by  more  or  less  indignant  accounts  of 
the  annoyances  heaped  upon  travellers  by  the  hackmen  and  guides 
for  the  various  viewpoints  about  the  Falls.  The  charges  of  these 
men  at  this  period  and  later  were  regarded  as  an  outrage  upon 
the  travelling  public.  Many  writers  longed  v/ith  regret  for  the 
days  when  Niagara  was  an  inaccessible  wilderness. 

In  the  year  1 879,  Governor  Robinson  sent  a  message  to  the 
New  York  State  Legislature  urging  the  Reservation  of  Niagara 
Falls,  and  the  New  York  State  Survey  of  that  same  year  con- 
tains the  report  of  the  special  commissioners  on  the  preservation 
of  the  scenery  around  the  Falls.  From  that  time  on  until  the 
establishment  of  the  New  York  State  Reservation  in  1885,  the 
literature  of  the  day  —  books,  periodicals  and  newspapers  — 
shows  a  concerted  effort  for  the  reservation  and  preservation 
movement  at  Niagara. 

Travellers  to  Niagara  after  the  work  of  the  reservation  was 
well  under  way,  noted  with  approval  the  changed  conditions. 
Disfiguring  structures  were  removed,  extortionate  hackm.en  and 
guides  gradually  disappeared,  necessary  charges  were  regulated, 
and  in  so  far  as  was  consistent  with  its  use  as  a  public  park  the 
scene  was  restored  and  preserved  in  its  natural  beauty. 

The  laws  granting  and  regulating  the  use  of  Niagara  power 
are  included  in  this  chapter  rather  than  in  that  on  Industrial 
Niagara,  because  the  state  and  federal  regulation  of  such  grants 
seems  most  properly  a  phase  of  the  movement  for  preservation. 

The  history  of  the  struggle  between  the  Commissioners  of  the 
State  Reservation  together  with  various  societies  working  always 
for  the  presei-vation  of  the  Falls  —  with  due  regard  for  the 
economic  interests  dependent  upon  the  power  —  on  the  one  hand, 
and  the  advocates  of  unlimited  and  unrestricted  use  of  the  power 
on  the  other  hand,  forms  a  literature  of  its  own.     Enthusiasts  in 


Niagara  Falls 

the  development  of  power  even  at  the  expense  of  grandeur  are 
found  among  the  writers  of  the  last  twenty  years,  but  they  are 
not  so  numerous  as  the  advocates  of  preservation.  The  trend  of 
public  opinion  shows  clearly.  Each  time  that  privileges  menacing 
the  Falls  have  been  sought  through  legislation  a  flood  of  protest 
has  filled  our  newspapers  and  periodicals. 


1174 


Chapter  XII 


Chapter  XII 

OPEN     ROAD  —  GUIDES  —  RAILROADS  —  CANALS  — 

BRIDGES 


1755-1760 

PoucHOT,   M .      Memoir  upon  the  late  war  in  North  America,  1755-60 

between  the  French  and  Enghsh,  1  755-60;  followed  by  observations  upon  Pouchot 
the  theatre  of  actual  war,  and  by  new  details  concerning  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Indians;  with  topographical  maps.     Translated  and  edited 
by  Franklin  R.  Hough.     Roxbury,  Mass. :  W.  Elliott  Woodward.      1  866. 
2:153-156. 

The  passage  by  way  of  the  Niagara,  is  the  most  frequented  on 
the  continent  of  America,  because  this  tongue  of  land  conmiu- 
nicates  with  three  great  lakes,  and  the  navigation  leads  all  the 
Indians  to  pass  this  place,  wherever  they  may  wish  to  go. 
Niagara  is  therefore  the  centre  of  trade  between  the  Indians  and 
Europeans,  and  great  numbers  come  thither  of  their  own  accord 
from  all  parts  of  the  continent. 

Vessels  cannot  winter  in  the  Niagara  River,  because  they  are 
continually  cut  by  the  ice  coming  from  Lake  Erie,  from  the  month 
of  December  to  the  beginning  of  March.  There  might,  however, 
be  made  a  port  of  shelter  on  the  west  side  at  Mascoutin  Point. 

The  river  from  its  mouth,  to  a  distance  of  three  leagues  above, 
to  the  place  named  Le  Plaion,  has  a  channel  about  four  hundred 
toises  wide;  the  current  is  gentle,  and  it  has  a  depth  sufficient  to 
bear  a  frigate  as  far  as  to  the  Platon,  and  to  anchor  any  where 
along  this  distance.  It  has  three  bends  in  this  course,  each  of  a 
league,  which  gives  a  fine  view  to  Niagara.  The  river  flows  for 
three  leagues  between  two  rocks,  almost  perpendicular  and  two  or 
three  hundred  toises  high,  with  such  great  force  that  it  cannot  be 
navigated  between  the  Platon,  and  the  basin  under  the 
falls.      .      .      . 

There  is  a  wagon  road  from  Fort  Niagara  to  the  Platon,  but 
they  generally  go  by  water  in  summer.     In  winter  they  are  always 

1177 


Niagara  Falls 


1755-60 

Pouchot 


1760? 

Severance 


obliged  to  go  by  land,  on  account  of  the  ice.  The  road  from 
Platon  to  the  fort  at  the  portage,  is  about  three  leagues,  which 
they  travel  in  three  hours.  As  it  passes  through  the  woods,  it  is 
sometimes  muddy.  If  it  were  properly  drained  it  would  be  very 
fine. 

They  have  at  the  bottom  of  the  banks  on  the  Platon,  three 
large  buildings  to  serve  as  an  entrepot  for  goods  that  are  being 
transported.  The  shore  where  they  land  is  at  least  sixty  feet  high, 
and  is  very  difficult,  for  they  have  never  built  anything  to  accom- 
modate the  landing. 

The  banks  are  three  curtains,  whose  height  from  the  Platon  to 
above  the  banks,  is  equal  to  that  of  Mendon,  and  not  steeper. 
There  are  two  roads  for  going  up;  one  for  wagons,  which  is  a 
quarter  of  a  league  longer.  It  has  two  very  moderate  slopes. 
The  other  is  a  foot  path,  which  comes  directly  down  the  banks. 
This  is  very  steep,  and  travelers  and  others  who  carry  packs, 
always  pass  that  way.  They  never  stop  to  rest,  although  it  takes 
half  an  hour  to  get  up.  There  is  a  building  for  storage  at  the  top 
of  the  banks. 

The  memoir  of  M.  Belin  represents  this  place  as  if  it  were  one 
of  the  most  difficult  passes  of  the  Alps,  although  above  and  below 
these  banks  there  are  large  plains. 

The  fort  at  the  foot  of  the  portage,  is  only  an  enclosure  of 
upright  posts.  They  had  there  built  some  buildings  for  goods  in 
transit,  and  for  the  service  of  the  fort.  It  is  here  that  they  embark 
for  Lake  Erie.  From  this  place,  the  river  is  not  navigable  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  league,  and  it  is  still  necessary  to  be  cautious 
not  to  be  drawn  into  the  current  of  the  falls.  The  land  around 
this  fort  is  level  and  very  good.  This  place  is  capable  of  having 
such  a  work  as  is  needed. 

1760? 

Severance,  Frank  Hayward.  Hie  achievements  of  Captain  John 
Montresor  on  the  Niagara,  and  the  first  construction  of  Fort  Erie.  (Pub. 
Buf.  hist.  soc.      5:1-19.) 

An  account  of  the  conditions  on  the  Niagara  portage. 

1178 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

1789 

PringlE,  J.  F.     Lunenburgh  or  the  old  eastern  district,  its  settlement      1789 
and  early  progress:  with  personal  recollections  of  the  town  of  Cornwall,  Pr'ng'e 
from  1824:  ..   .  Cornwall.     1890.     Pp.  112.     165. 

Extracts  from  the  journal  of  Miss  Ann  Powell  who  visited  the  Falls 
in  1  789  and  from  the  travels  of  the  Duke  de  la  Rochefoucault  as  quoted 
in  Gourley's  "  Statistical  Account  of  Upper  Canada."  On  page  1  65  are 
described  the  postal  arrangements  of  one  hundred  years  ago,  when  not 
much  facility  was  afforded  for  correspondence.  The  mail  between  Montreal 
and  Niagara  was  sent  by  couriers,  who  travelled  most  of  the  way  on  foot, 
and  took  six  months  to  make  the  round  trip. 

1791 

Clark,  John.      Memoirs  of  Colonel  John  Clark,  of  Port  Dalhousie,      1791 
C.  W.      (Ontario  hist.  soc.     Papers  and  records.      7:173—175.)  Clark 

Written  in  1 860  when  the  writer  was  in  his  seventy-eighth  year.  A 
brief  account  of  the  visit  of  Prince  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  and  father  of 
Queen  Victoria,  to  the  Falls  in  1  79 1 . 

I  recollect  my  brother,  Peter  Clark,  then  in  the  Naval  Depart- 
ment at  Kingston  in  I  793,  accompanied  Prince  Edward,  Duke 
of  Kent,  and  father  to  our  present  Queen  Victoria,  across  Lake 
Ontario  on  his  way  to  the  Falls.  They  sailed  in  his  boat,  fitted 
up  a  little  extra  for  the  purpose,  from  the  Government  stores. 
They  arrived  safe  at  Niagara  and  were  welcomed  by  Governor 
Simcoe,  who  paid  the  prince  every  attention  his  limited  accommo- 
dation would  allow. 

From  thence  the  party  proceeded  on  horseback  by  the  River 
Road,  then  partly  opened  by  the  troops. 

On  referring  to  my  memorandum  I  find  a  further  account  of 
the  Duke  of  Kent's  visit  to  Upper  Canada. 

Our  beloved  Queen  Victoria's  father,  and  grandfather  to  the 

Prince  of  Wales,  who  paid  us  a  visit  in    1 860,   arrived   from 

England  at  Quebec  in  the  year  1791,  a  short  time  before  the 

division   of   the   Province   of   Quebec   into   Upper   and   Lower 

Canada. 

•  •  •  <  • 

1179 


Niagara  Falls 

1791  As  soon  as  horses,  with  saddles  and  bridles,  could  be  mustered, 
the  Royal  party  wended  their  way,  by  narrow  river  road,  on  the 
high  banks  of  the  Niagara  to  the  Falls. 

The  only  place  of  accommodation,  was  a  log-hut  for  travellers 
of  that  day  to  refresh  themselves.  There  the  Royal  party 
alighted,  and  partaking  of  such  refreshments  as  the  house 
afforded,  followed  an  Indian  path  through  the  woods  to  the  Table 
Rock  overlooking  the  Falls. 

There  was  a  rude  Indian  ladder  to  descend  to  the  rocks  below 
—  160  feet  —  which  our  traveller  availed  himself  of,  and  after 
having  satisfied  his  curiosity,  the  party  again  remounted  their 
steeds  and  pursued  their  course  back  to  Niagara. 

1792 

1792  (Ingraham,   Duncan.)      Extract   from  a   letter   from  a   gentleman 
Ingraham         upon    his    return    from    Niagara.        (Buff,    hist,    soc.     15:387-393;    or 

O'Callaghan,    E.    B.,    Doc.   hist,   of   the   state  of   New  York.      Albany: 
Weed.  Parsons,  and  Co.      1  849.     2 :  II  08- II  1  0.) 

The  account  given  in  these  two  sources  is  the  same  although  the  title  is 
different.  The  one  in  the  collection  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society 
describes  the  trip  from  Boston  to  Niagara,  and  the  other  begins  the  account 
at  Albany.  The  extract  which  follows  is  the  same  in  both  authorities. 
The  same  letter  is  also  cited  in  the  collection  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society  for  1  792. 

After  I  had  reached  the  Genesee  river,  curiosity  led  me  on 
to  Niagara,  ninety  miles  —  not  one  house  or  white  man  the 
whole  way.  The  only  direction  I  had  was  an  Indian  path,  which 
sometimes  was  doubtful.  The  first  day  I  rode  fifty  miles,  through 
swarms  of  musquetoes,  gnats,  &c.,  beyond  all  description.  At 
eight  o'clock  in  the  evening  I  reached  an  Indian  town,  called 
Tonnoraunto  —  it  contains  many  hundreds  of  the  savages,  who 
live  in  very  tolerable  houses,  which  they  make  of  timber  and  cover 
with  bark.  By  signs  I  made  them  understand  me,  and  for  a  little 
money  they  cut  me  limbs  and  bushes  sufficient  to  erect  a  booth, 
under  which  I  slept  very  quietly,  on  the  grass.  The  next  day  I 
pursued  my  journey,  nine  miles  of  which  lay  through  a  very  deep 

1180 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

swamp;  with  some  difRculty  I  got  through,  and  about  sun-down     ^792 
arrived  at  the  fort  of  Niagara :     Here  the  centinel  inquired  from  "^^'  "° 
whence  we  came;  upon  his  being  told,  he  called  the  sergeant  of 
the  day,  who  escorted  us  to  the  captain  of  the  guard,  he  asked 

our  names  (a  Mr.  ,  of  ,  was  with  me)   and  said  he 

supposed  we  came  upon  our  private  business,  &c. —  he  sent 
us  to  the  commandant  who  entered  our  names,  and  offered  us  a 
pass  to  go  over  to  the  British  side,  which  we  accepted.  Quite 
fatigued,  we  were  happy  to  find  a  tavern,  and  something  to  eat;  a 
few  hours'  sleep  brought  me  again  to  myself.  This  fort  is  now 
garrisoned  by  the  5  th  regiment,  commanded  formerly  by  Earl 
Piercey,  and  had  the  honour  of  dancing  yankee  doodle  on  the 
plains  of  Cambridge,  19th  April,  I  775.  The  commander  of  the 
fort  is  a  Col.  Smith.  The  day  after  our  arrival  we  crossed  the 
river  Erie  to  the  town  of  Niagara  where  probably  the  British  fort 
will  be  built,  when  the  present  one  is  given  up.  We  met  Col. 
B  [utier] .  This  is  the  man  who  did  so  much  execution  in  the  late 
war  with  the  Indians,  upon  the  Mohawk  river,  Schohary  and 
Cherry  Valley.  We  found  him  holding  a  council  with  a  body 
of  the  chiefs  who  were  at  Philadelphia  in  April  last,  informing 
him  what  they  had  done  there.  A  Mr.  Johnson,  some  relation 
of  tlie  famous  Sir  John  Johnson,  interpreter  to  the  Indians,  was 
also  present;  and  I  have  no  doubt  remaining  but  they  effaced 
every  favourable  impression  made  on  their  minds  by  presents 
from  Congress.  I  see  enough  to  convince  me  of  the  absurdity  of 
our  endeavours  to  hold  the  savages  by  presents,  while  the  British 
are  situated  at  Detroit,  Niagara,  &c.  They  have  all  their 
clothing,  cooking  utensils,  ammunition,  &c.  served  almost  as 
regularly  as  the  troops  on  garrison;  if  they  want  provisions  they 
get  it  free. 

Those  tribes  called  the  Six  Nations  we  are  at  peace  with  and 
take  much  pains  to  cultivate  a  good  understanding,  but  we  deceive 
ourselves.  The  old  men,  the  women,  and  the  children  remain  at 
home  inactive,  while  all  the  young  warriors  join  the  fighting 
powers  against  us  —  this  is  all  they  could  do,  if  we  were  at  open 

1181 


Niagara  Falls 

1792  war  with  them.  An  Indian  becomes  a  miserable  being  when 
Ingraham  deprived  of  his  hunting  ground,  and  surrounded  with  cellars  of 
rum  or  whisky.  The  whole  Six  Nations  live  on  grounds  called 
the  State  Reservations,  and  are  intermediate  spaces  settled  on 
both  sides  by  white  people;  this  has  a  tendency  to  drive  off  the 
game,  and  if  by  chance  they  kill  a  bear,  or  a  deer,  his  skin  goes 
at  once  for  rum;  in  this  way  they  are  become  poor  enervated 
creatures.  They  cannot  keep  together  a  great  while,  and  I  expect 
they  will  quit  all  this  part  of  the  country,  and  retire  over  the  lakes 
Ontario  and  Erie.  Their  whole  number  is  about  6,000,  of  which 
1 ,000  are  warriors  —  how  contemptible  compared  with  their 
former  greatness!  The  leading  men  of  these  Six  Nations,  or 
what  they  call  Chiefs,  were  on  the  road  with  me  going  to  Buff  aloe 
Creek,  to  hold  a  council ;  their  object  I  was  informed  was  to  use 
their  influence  with  the  hostile  tribes  to  make  a  peace.  .      .     . 

Col.  B.  told  me  that  the  only  way  to  make  a  peace  with  the 
Indians  was  to  apply  to  Lord  Dorchester,  or  the  commander  in 
chief  at  Quebec,  and  let  him  appoint  some  of  the  Commanders 
of  the  garrisons,  say  Detroit,  Niagara,  &c.,  to  meet  on  the  part  of 
the  British,  to  draw  a  line  that  shall  be  deemed  right  and  reason- 
able between  the  Americans  and  Indians,  and  have  the  treaty 
guaranteed  to  the  Indians  by  the  British.  I  spurned  at  the  idea, 
and  told  Col.  Butler,  that  it  was  my  wish,  whenever  Americans 
became  so  contemptible,  that  the  whole  country  might  be 
annihilated. 

I  visited  the  great  curiosity,  the  Falls,  and  must  refer  you  to 
Mr.  Ellicott's  account  of  them  in  the  Columbian  Magazine  for 
June,  I  790. 

1798 

1798  Weld,    Isaac.      Travels   through    the   states   of   North   America,    and 

Weld  the  provinces  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  during  the  years  1  795,  1  796, 

and  1797.     Lond. :  Stockdale.     1799.     Pp.  308-329. 
For  fuller  extract,  see  chapter  II. 

After  we  had  gratified  our  curiosity  in  regard  to  the  wondrous 
objects  in  the  neighbourhood,  at  least  as  far  as  our  time  would 

1182 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

permit,  we  were  obligingly  furnished  with  a  bateau  by  the  officer  1793 
of  Fort  Chippeway,  to  whom  we  carried  letters,  to  convey  us  to  Weld 
Fort  Erie.  My  companions  embarked  in  it  with  our  baggage, 
when  the  morning  appointed  for  our  departure  arrived;  but 
desirous  of  taking  one  more  look  at  the  falls,  I  staid  behind, 
determining  to  follow  them  on  foot  in  the  course  of  the  day;  I 
accordingly  walked  down  to  the  falls  from  Fort  Chippeway  after 
breakfast,  spent  an  hour  or  two  there,  returned  to  the  fort,  and 
having  stopped  a  short  time  to  rest  myself  after  the  fatigues  of 
climbing  the  steeps  about  the  falls,  I  set  out  for  Fort  Erie,  fifteen 
miles  distant  from  Chippeway.  .  .  .  The  day  was  by  no 
means  favourable  for  a  pedestrian  expedition;  it  was  intensely 
hot,  and  we  had  not  proceeded  far  before  we  found  the  necessity 
of  taking  off  our  jackets,  waistcoats,  and  cravats,  and  carrying 
them  in  a  bundle  on  our  backs.  Several  parties  of  Indians  that  I 
met  going  down  the  river  in  canoes  were  stark  naked. 

The  banks  of  Niagara  River,  between  Chippeway  and  Fort 
Erie,  are  very  low,  and  covered,  for  the  most  part,  with  shrubs, 
under  whose  shade,  upon  the  gravelly  beach  of  the  river,  the 
weary  traveller  finds  an  agreeable  resting  place.  For  the  first  few 
miles  from  Chippeway  there  are  scarcely  any  houses  to  be  seen; 
but  about  half  way  between  that  place  and  Fort  Erie  they  are 
thickly  scattered  along  the  banks  of  the  river.  The  houses  in  this 
neighbourhood  were  remarkably  well  built,  and  appeared  to  be 
kept  in  a  state  of  great  neatness ;  most  of  them  were  sheathed  with 
boards,  and  painted  white.  The  lands  adjoining  them  are  rich, 
and  were  well  cultivated.  The  crops  of  Indian  corn  were  still 
standing  here,  which  had  a  most  luxuriant  aspect ;  in  many  of  the 
fields  there  did  not  appear  to  be  a  stem  less  than  eight  feet  in 
height.  Between  the  rows  they  sow  gourds,  squashes,  and 
melons,  of  which  last  every  sort  attains  to  a  state  of  great  perfec- 
tion in  the  open  air  throughout  the  inhabited  parts  of  the  two 
provinces.  Peaches  in  this  part  of  the  country  likewise  come  to 
perfection  in  the  open  air.  .  .  .  The  winters  here  are  very 
severe  whilst  they  last,  but  it  is  seldom  that  the  snow  lies  longer 

1183 


Niagara  Falls 

1798  than  three  months  on  the  ground.  The  summers  are  intensely  hot, 
^  Fahrenheit's  thermometer   often   rising   to   96°,    and   sometimes 

above   100°. 

As  I  passed  along  to  Fort  Erie  I  killed  a  great  many  large 
snakes  of  different  sorts  that  I  found  basking  in  the  sun. 
Amongst  them  I  did  not  find  any  rattlesnakes ;  these  reptiles,  how- 
ever, are  very  conmionly  met  with  here;     .     .     . 

The  Seneka  is  one  of  the  six  nations  which  formerly  bore  the 
general  name  of  the  Iroquois  Indians.  Their  principal  village  is 
situated  on  Buffalo  Creek,  which  falls  into  the  eastern  extremity 
of  Lake  Erie,  on  the  New  York  shore.  We  took  the  ship's  boat 
one  morning,  and  went  over  to  visit  it,  but  all  the  Indians,  men, 
women,  and  children,  amounting  in  all  to  upwards  of  six  hundred 
persons,  had,  at  an  early  hour,  gone  down  to  Fort  Niagara,  to 
partake  of  a  feast  which  was  there  prepared  for  them. 

1798  New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  for  opening  the  naviga- 
Lw«lature       ^'°"  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario,  passed  April  5,  1  798.     (Laws 

of  1798.  chap.  93.) 

The  preamble  states  that  this  law  is  passed  in  response  to  the  representa- 
tions to  the  legislature  that  the  construction  of  a  canal  paralleling  the  Falls 
is  practicable  and  that  it  will  greatly  advance  commerce  and  serve  the 
convenience  of  the  people  of  the  state. 

1799 

1799  OgdEN,  John  Cosens.  A  tour,  through  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 
Ogden              By  a  citizen  of  the  United  States   .    .    .    Litchfield.     1  799.     Pp.  110-11  2, 

The  author  was  especially  interested  in  the  Niagara  portage,  but  attempts 
no  description  of  the  Falls. 

The  noble  river  St.  Lawrence  supplies  this  country  for  an 
extent  of  two  thousand  miles,  with  commercial  advantages  inferior 
to  none  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. —  Conceive  to  yourself 
vessels  of  six  hundred  tons  burthen,  unloading  all  kinds  of  British 
goods  at  the  port  of  Montreal,  five  hundred  miles  from  the  sea, 
and  again  receiving  in  return,  furs  from  the  interior  parts  of  the 
country  as  far  as  the  Mississippi  is  known  to  the  westward,  and 

1184 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

the  waters  emptying  into  Lake  Superior  from  the  northward. —  1799 
This  town,  when  the  banks  of  the  different  lakes  and  rivers  are  ^  *" 
settled  by  husbandmen,  which  is  at  no  distant  period,  must  have 
a  vast  increase  of  trade,  for  without  doubt  all  British  manufac- 
tures, thro'  these  vast  water  communications,  will  come  much 
cheaper,  through  the  whole  course  of  its  windings,  than  can  be 
afforded  from  any  other  quarter.  Goods  on  importation  being 
liable  to  no  duty,  which  will  undoubtedly  give  this  country  a  vast 
advantage  over  the  new  settlements  that  I  have  described  in  my 
former  letters ;  indeed  nature  points  out  this  place  as  the  emporium 
of  trade  for  the  people  inhabiting  both  sides  of  these  lakes  and 
rivers  emptying  into  them  as  far  as  they  extend  to  the  west.  From 
Montreal,  boats  called  by  the  Canadians  batteaux,  containing 
twenty-five  barrels  bulk,  are  worked  by  four  men  to  Kingston,  a 
distance  of  nigh  two  hundred  miles  up  the  river  in  the  course  of 
six  or  eight  days,  and  again  return  in  three,  loaded  with  furs,  pot- 
ash, and  other  produce  of  the  country. —  Vessels,  generally 
schooners,  receive  the  goods  at  Kingston,  and  convey  them  in  a 
short  time,  to  the  landing  at  Queenston,  below  the  great  falls  of 
Niagara.  Here  the  portage  gives  employment  to  a  number  of 
teams  in  transporting  them  to  Chipawa  as  before  described ;  — 
they  are  again  received  at  Fort  Erie  in  vessels  of  the  same  burthen 
as  formerly,  which  navigate  all  Lake  Erie,  Huron,  and  Michigan. 
The  expences  Incurred  during  all  this  rout  are  comparatively 
trifling,  as  you  will  observe  there  is  but  one  portage,  and  that  only 
ten  miles  in  the  course  of  this  communication.  And  when  one 
reflects  on  the  temperate  climate,  rich  soil,  and  other  natural 
advantages  of  this  interior  country,  you  anticipate  a  great  popula- 
tion in  a  short  time. —  The  streights  of  Niagara,  from  its  peculiar 
situation,  being  the  channel  through  which  all  the  produce  of  the 
vast  country  above  must  pass,  is  looked  forward  to  as  a  place  of 
the  first  consequence,  and  where  a  farmer  will  at  all  times  find  a 
market  for  his  produce,  the  transport  being  easy  from  thence  to 
the  Atlantic. 

7.1  1185 


Niagara  Falls 

1799  Williamson.  Charles.    The  Falls  of  Niagara.     1 799.     (Mag.  of 
Williamioo      Am.  hist..  July.  1880.     5:54-56;  or  O'Callaghan.  E.  B..  Doc.  hist,  of 

the  state  of  New  York.     Albany:  Weed,  Parsons  and  Co.      1849.     2: 
1165-1167.) 

The  author  was  an  English  land  agent  in  Western  New  York.  His 
account  is  especially  interesting  for  the  light  it  throws  on  travel  conditions 
at  the  close  of 'the  eighteenth  century,  and  the  difficulties  attending  a  trip  to 
Niagara  Falls. 

1800 

1800  Maude,   John.      Visit  to  the   Falls   of   Niagara   in    1800.      Lond. : 
Maude             Longman,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown  and  Green.      1826.     Pp.   159-165. 

The  Niagara  is  not  navigable  higher  than  Queenstown,  con- 
sequently there  is  a  portage  from  this  place  to  Chippawa,  which 
employs  numerous  teams,  chiefly  oxen ;  each  cart  being  drawn  by 
two  yoke  of  oxen,  or  two  horses.  I  passed  great  numbers  on  the 
road  taking  up  bales  and  boxes,  and  bringing  down  packs  of  pel- 
tries. Fourteen  teams  were  at  the  wharf-  waiting  to  be  loaded. 
Here  were  also  three  schooners.     .     .     . 

The  Whirlpool  abounds  in  fish;  never  freezes;  and  has  gen- 
erally its  surface  covered  with  logs,  trees,  ice,  and  such  other  float- 
ing substances  as  it  draws  within  its  vortex. 

Queenstown  contains  from  twenty  to  thirty  houses,  Vvhose  fronls 
are  E.  and  W.  the  worst  possible  aspect,  but  which  has  been 
regulated  by  the  course  of  the  River,  which  is  from  S.  by  E.  to 
N.  by  W.  very  rapid,  and  full  of  eddies. 

On  the  side  of  the  River  opposite  to  Queenstown,  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  design  to  establish  a  Landing;  or 
rather,  renew  the  old  Portage  to  Fort  Schlusser.  There  are  at 
present  only  two  houses  there,  one  of  which  is  the  Ferry-house ;  a 
road  being  opened  from  this  place  to  Tannawantee,  distant  only 
thirty  miles. 

Another  scheme  of  the  Anglo-Americans  is,  to  do  away  the 
necessity  of  a  Portage,  by  substituting  a  Canal  in  its  place:  this 
object    can   be   best    explained    by    a    quotation    from    Captain 

11,S6 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Williamson's  Account  of  the  Genesee:  —  "  The  Fall  was  found     I800 
to  be  three  hundred  and  twenty  feet  from  Steadman's  Landing  '^»"^* 
(Fort    Schlusser)    above    the    Falls,    to    Queenstown    Landing 
below:  the  distance  to  be  cut  (for  the  proposed  Canal)  did  not 
exceed  four  miles,  nearly  three  of  which  is  on  a  level  with  the 
navigable  part  of  the  River  above  the  Falls." 

To  judge  from  Captain  Williamson's  description,  the  construc- 
tion of  this  Canal  would  be  a  trifling  labour:  he  has,  however, 
forgotten  to  mention,  that  these  four  miles  are  to  be  cut  through  a 
limestone  rock,  full  of  fissures,  which  would  make  it  necessary  to 
line  the  Canal  with  tarred  plank,  or  other  materials  impervious  to 
the  water. 

For  more  extended  extract  by  same  author,  see  chapter  II. 

1807-1808 

ScHUI^TZ,    Christian.      Travels   on   an   inland   voyage   through   the      1807-8 
states    of    New- York,    Pennsylvania,    Virginia,    Ohio,    Kentucky    and  Schultz 
Tennessee  .  .   .  2  vols.     N.  Y. :  Isaac  Ripley.     1810.      1:58-59. 

From  Niagara  we  proceeded  up  the  river  to  Lewis  Town,  on 
the  left  bank,  a  new  settlement  of  about  a  dozen  houses,  so  called 
in  honour  of  his  exexcellency  Governor  Lewis ;  but,  as  his  sun  of 
glory  has  set,  the  inhabitants  talk  of  petitioning  the  legislature 
for  leave  to  change  its  name!  Immediately  opposite  to  it  lies 
Queen's  Town,  a  village  of  Upper  Canada,  containing  about  a 
hundred  houses,  and  a  small  garrison  of  twenty-eight  men.  Both 
these  towns  are  situated  at  the  head  of  the  navigation  of  Niagara 
River,  and  each  has  a  carrying  place  round  the  falls;  that  on  the 
American  side,  however,  is  the  best,  and  two  miles  the  shortest. 
The  freight  and  passage  are  the  same,  whether  you  land  here  or 
at  Niagara. 

The  rapids  commence  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  these 
towns,  and  continue  with  increasing  and  irresistible  force  for 
nearly  eight  miles,  up  to  the  foot  of  the  falls. 

The  State  of  New- York  has  granted  the  exclusive  right  to 
Porter,  Barton  &  Co.  for  a  term  of  years,  of  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Schlosser,  which  is  the  landing  place  on  the  American  side,  upon 

1187 


T.  C. 


Niagara  Falls 

1807-8      condition  that  they  should  build  store-houses  at  Lewis  Town,  Fort 
Schultz  Schlosser  and  Black  Rock,  on  Lake  Erie,  which  they  have  done. 

The  portage  for  salt  and  other  articles  was  formerly  principally 
upon  the  British  side;  but,  since  the  present  arrangement,  the 
whole  of  the  portage  is  on  the  American  side.  Add  to  this,  that 
there  is  now  much  greater  security  in  transporting  goods  than 
formerly,  as  this  company  are  bound  not  only  to  have  all  perish- 
able articles  housed  and  stored,  but  are  even  answerable  for  the 
safe  delivery  of  whatever  is  committed  to  their  care.  The  portage 
is  thirty-seven  and  a  half  cents  a  barrel  to  Fort  Schlosser,  and 
merchandise  at  the  rate  of  twenty-five  cents  per  hundred.  The 
distance  is  seven  miles. 

1808 

1808  T.  C.     A  ride  to  Niagara.      (The  portfolio,  July,  Aug.,  Sept.   1810.) 

This  excellent  account  of  a  trip  from  Williamsport,  Pennsylvania,  to 
Niagara  in  the  year  1  809  is  also  bound  as  a  pamphlet  in  the  Marshall 
Collection  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society.  It  contains  much  valuable 
information  not  only  of  the  conditions  of  travel  for  that  time  but  also 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  conditions  of  the  country  and  the  towns  through 
which  the  author  passed.  It  also  contains  a  good  map  showing  the  roads 
and  the  settlements. 

Mr.  Oldschool, 

Finding  myself  at  WilHamsport,  in  Lycoming  county,  about 
the  beginning  of  May,  1809,  and  having  a  month  to  spare,  I 
determined  to  take  a  ride  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  I  had  visited 
the  Genesee  country  and  the  Falls  of  Genesee  in  the  year  1  795, 
but  notwithstanding  the  four  years*  exertions  of  captain  William- 
son, the  Genesee  was  at  that  time  almost  a  wilderness,  and  I  was 
not  tempted  to  go  further  westward  than  the  mouth  of  the  river. 
It  is  now  a  very  populous  and  well  cultivated  country,  consider- 
ing the  short  period  of  its  settlement,  and  every  yesiY  lessens  the 
inconveniences  attending  so  interesting  a  jaunt.  Travellers,  who, 
like  myself,  ride  post  through  a  country,  have  seldom  much  accu- 
rate information  to  give;  but  as  I  think  the  tour  will  yearly 
become  more  fashionable,  because  it  deserves  to  become  so,  I  send 

1188 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

you  the  observations  that  occurred  to  me  on  the  route.  Even  I8O8 
the  designation  of  stages  and  the  names  of  taverns,  will  not  be 
without  their  use  to  persons  in  this  state,  who  have  leisure  and 
curiosity  to  visit  an  object  so  remarkable  as  Niagara  Falls.  At 
any  rate,  the  following  notes  will  form  a  tolerable  register  of  the 
present  state  of  the  country.  I  wish  we  had  such,  imperfect  as  it 
is,  of  every  part  of  the  United  States. 

T.  C. 

Itinerary. 

I  set  out  from  Williamsport  on  Saturday  the  sixth  of  May, 
1 809,  in  the  afternoon,  and  went  to  (14  miles)  Reynold's,  a 
good  tavern.     Here  the  tolerable  road  ends. 

15^  Sunday  7th,  to  Higley's  at  the  block  house,  along  a 
villainous  road,  nearly  impassable  for  a  pleasure  carriage. 

10     To  BIoss's  at  Peters's  Camp:  a  very  bad  road  through  a 

very  improvable  country.     Iron  ore  and  bituminous  coal  found 

within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  his  house;  the  iron  ore  not  rich,  nor 

the  vein  of  coal  thick.     A  miserable  habitation,  but  civil  people. 

9  To  Jenyns's :  a  house  to  bait  at  only. 

10  To  widow  Berry's:  tolerable  accommodation.  The 
bottom  lands  of  the  Tioga  are  almost  all  of  them  in  the  incipient 
stage  of  improvement.  They  are  as  yet  chiefly  settled  by  half 
share  intruders,  who  are  gradually  becoming  tired  of  their  illegal 
and  precarious  title.  The  flats  are  not  wide,  but  the  land  is 
very  rich. 

8  Monday,  may  eighth,  crossed  the  Tioga  and  the  Canisteo 
or  Canister,  to  judge  Linby's,  about  a  mile  over  the  state 
line:  at  the  state  line  the  road,  from  being  execrable  through 
Pennsylvania,  from  Reynolds's,  (I  may  indeed  say  from  Will- 
iamsport, considering  the  frequent  crossings  of  Lycoming  Creek) 
to  the  boundary  line  of  the  state,  becomes  suddenly  pleasant  and 
good.     I  do  not  now  recollect  how  many  times  a  traveller  has  to 


^  Tlie  figures  at  the  beginning  of  the  paragraphs  denote  the  number  of 
miles  from  the  place  mentioned  in  the  preceding,  to  that  in  the  paragraph  at 
which  the  figure  is  placed. 

II  SO 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  pass  Lycoming  Creek,  and  Trout  Run,  and  the  Tioga,  and  the 
^-  C-  Canister  in  the  last  fifty  miles;  but  there  cannot  be  less  than 

between  forty  and  fifty  fordings  altogether;  I  believe  the  latter 
number  is  nearest  the  truth.  And  yet  the  greater  part  of  the 
road  passes  through  or  in  sight  of  very  good  land.  Between 
Reynolds's  and  judge  Linby's,  I  met  with  no  hay. 

12  To  Irwin's  at  the  painted  post:  through  a  good  country, 
along  a  good  road,  to  a  tolerable  tavern. 

12  To  doctor  Falkner's,  who  keeps  tavern  at  Mud 
Creek.     .     .     . 

6  To  Bath,  to  William  Spring's  tavern.  This  is  the  county 
town  of  Steuben.  It  was  the  scene  of  the  Genesee  speculations 
so  much  encouraged  by  captain  Williamson.  It  is  situated  in  a 
high  cold  climate ;  almost  surrounded  by  mountains ;  on  a  meagre, 
barren,  siliceous  soil.  It  contains  even  now,  although  the  first 
town  built  by  and  the  favorite  residence  of  captain  Williamson, 
but  thirty  houses.  Captain  Williamson's  old  house,  a  mile 
before  you  reach  Bath,  with  eight  hundred  and  forty-six  acres 
of  land,  four  hundred  of  which  were  cleared  and  improved,  and 
sixty  of  them  meadow,  sold  lately  to  a  Mr.  Hopkins  for  nine 
thousand  dollars.  The  buildings  alone  cost  captain  Williamson 
at  least  fifteen  thousand.  Goods  are  purchased  here  chiefly  from 
Newyork,  which,  as  a  market,  is  upon  the  average  about  one- 
sixteenth  cheaper  than  Philadelphia.  The  price  of  carriage 
hither  is  about  the  same,  viz.  two  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents 
per  hundred  weight;  but  the  road  to  and  from  Newyork  is  much 
the  best.  I  staid  here  on  business  part  of  Tuesday,  May  ninth, 
and  in  the  afternoon  went  on  to  Terples's  (twenty  miles).  He 
is  the  sheriff  of  the  county,  and  keeps  a  tolerable  tavern.  Very 
bad  road  from  Bath  hither. 

Wednesday  ninth,  rain.  In  the  afternoon  to  Rice's  (eleven 
and  a  half  miles)  at  Snell's  town,  nicknamed  Pen  Yang,  from 
its  being  originally  settled  by  Pennamites  and  Yankees  in  about 
equal  proportions.  This  is  a  poor  place  and  a  very  middling 
tavern.      It  is  on  the  outlet  of  the  Crooked  Lake  where  there 

1190 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

is  an  excellent  mill-seat.     I  heard  of  limestone  about  nine  miles     1808 
from  Terples's  near  to  the  bank  of  the  Seneca  Lake,  but  I  saw    '    ' 
not  a  particle  of  that  stone  on  the  whole  road  from  the  mouth 
of  Loyalsock  till  I  came  here:  an  extent  of  ninety-four  miles. 

Thursday  May  1  1.  To  Powel's  at  Geneva  (fifteen  miles). 
About  one  hundred  houses ;  a  place  of  much  trade.  A  delightful 
street  on  the  bank  of  the  lake :  the  houses  of  frame,  well  painted, 
clean,  cheerful,  with  a  full  view  of  this  charming  lake  in  front. 
Geneva  is  built  on  limestone,  which  I  suspect  extends  all  the  way 
up  the  Seneca  Lake  to  Catharine's  Town,  if  not  in  a  continuous 
stratum,  in  hills  and  nodules.  Powel's  tavern  was  built  by  cap- 
tain Williamson.  It  might  be  kept  cleaner  and  neater  than  it  is. 
I  guessed  it  at  fifty  feet  square  withinside.  .  .  .  Instead, 
therefore,  of  going  the  direct  turnpike  road  to  Canandaigua, 
(pronounced  Canadarque)  sixteen  miles,  I  went  the  Sulphur- 
spring  road. 

9  To  Sterne's  tavern:  walked  to  Dickson's  mill  and 
house,     .     .     . 

3^  To  Powel's  at  the  Sulphur-springs.  This  is  the  brother 
of  Powel  at  Geneva,  a  civil  obliging  man.  The  place  is  dreary, 
but  the  house  large,  though  unfinished.  It  was  intended  as  a 
kind  of  watering  place,  .  .  .  There  are  two  or  three  sulphur 
springs  hereabout,  but  Powel's  is  the  largest  and  most  saturated. 
I  gave  for  a  bottle  of  London  porter  (so  called)  at 
Powel's  live  shillings  York  money:  probably  the  people,  who 
would  otherwise  resort  here,  find  the  living  somewhat  too  expen- 
sive. An  assessor  here  informed  me  that  the  lands  of  that  town- 
ship were  rated  one  with  another  in  the  tax  books,  at  twenty-two 
shillings  and  six  pence,  York  currency,  per  acre. 

1 0  To  Taylor's  at  Canandaigua :  a  good  tavern.  Canadarque 
consists  of  one  street  extending  from  the  lake.  It  contains  from 
ninety  to  a  hundred  frame  houses,  generally  speaking,  neat  and 
elegant  in  their  external  appearance;  a  meeting  house  and  a 
court  house.  It  is  indeed  a  very  handsome  town.  There  are 
two  potash  works  here.     About  eight  lawyers,   for  this  is  the 

1191 


T.  C. 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  county  town  of  Ontario.     The  agriculture  of  the  neighborhood 

is  probably  improving,  for  I  observed  in  one  of  the  newspapers 
(there  are  two  pubHshed  here)  forty  halfblooded  Merino  lambs 
to  be  disposed  of  at  Palmyra  by  William  Howe  Cuyler.  The 
house  and  lot  of  forty  acres  in  this  town  formerly  owned  by 
Mr.  T.  Morris,  sold  to  the  present  occupant,  Mr.  Clarke,  a 
tanner,  for  seven  thous8uid  dollars.  In  the  time  of  Mr.  Morris 
it  was,  in  good  truth,  a  hospitable  mansion;  and  then,  the  only 
house  in  the  place  of  genteel  appearance.  At  present  there  are 
twenty  as  good. 

10     Friday,  twelfth,  to  Eccleston's. 
2     To  Hall's;  the  more  frequented  of  the  two. 

1 2  To  the  widow  Berry's,  about  half  a  mile  on  this  side  the 
Genesee  river.  This  is  in  Hartford.  From  Canadarque  hither, 
you  pass  through  Bloomfield  and  Charlestown  townships.  It  is 
one  village  all  the  way  from  Canadarque;  at  least  you  are 
scarcely  ever  out  of  sight  of  a  house.  In  Bloomfield  I  saw  two 
brick  houses,  one  brick  store,  and  one  brick  meeting  house.  My 
memory  does  not  serve  me  to  recollect  any  other  from  Williams- 
port  hither,  but  log  and  frame  buildings.  In  Pennsylvania,  on 
this  route,  you  see  log  houses ;  in  Newyork  state,  frames.  .  .  . 
From  Canandaigua  hither  the  stone  on  the  road  is  round  siliceous 
pebble,  siliceous  grit,  chert,  chert-flint,  flint  occasionally  by  itself, 
and  sometimes  imbedded  in  limestone,  chert  intermixed  with  lime- 
stone, and  here  and  there  limestone,  in  proportion  of  perhaps 
one-fourth  of  the  whole  number  of  stones.  For  a  mile  before 
you  come  to  the  Genesee  river,  the  road  is  made  chiefly  of 
gravel  formed  of  compact  siliceous  stones. 

4  Across  the  Genesee  river.  Passed  the  Indian  village  of 
Canewagas.  This  tribe  has  reserved  about  two  miles  square  on 
the  river.  It  began  to  rain,  and  I  was  compelled  to  put  up  for 
the  night  at  a  tolerable  tavern  kept  by  a  major  Smith. 

12  Saturday,  May  thirteenth,  to  Marvin's;  tolerable  house. 
Very  poor  cherty  land  for  five  miles  from  Smith's. 

8     To  Keys  or  Kyes  at  Batavia.     Excellent  land  and  well 

1192 


Open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

settled  for  the  last  eighteen  miles.     The  road  tolerably  good.     I8O8 
Limestone  and  chert  all  the  way.    The  country  is  very  level,  and    "    " 
as  well  fitted  for  a  Batavian  as  any  I  know  of. 

Batavia  contains  two  taverns,  (another  is  fitting  up  in  the  court 
house)  two  stores,  and  about  a  dozen  houses.  One  of  them  is 
the  land  office  of  the  Holland  company  for  the  disposal  of  the 
three  millions  of  acres  purchased  of  the  late  Robert  Morris. 
This  is  under  the  care  of  Joseph  and  Benjamin  Ellicot,  brothers 
to  Andrew  Ellicot  of  Lancaster,  one  of  whose  sons  has, a  mill 
here  in  the  town  upon  the  Tonnewanta  creek. 

All  the  Holland  company's  lands  hereabouts  (ninety-four 
miles  one  way  by  about  as  much  in  the  broadest  part  the  other 
way)  have  been  accurately  surveyed  under  the  direction  of  the 
Ellicots,  who  have  laid  down  connectedly  on  a  large  scale  every 
tract,  on  one  large  map  divided  into  three  parts.  Each  part  is 
attached  to  rollers  and  inclosed  within  a  glass  sash  frame,  so  that 
by  turning  backward  or  forward  the  roller  containing  the  survey 
required,  you  find  in  a  minute's  time  any  particular  tract,  its 
courses  and  distances,  and  a  reference  to  the  field  notes  containing 
the  quality  of  the  land  and  its  timber.  All  the  field  books  are 
half  bound  and  numbered,  and  the  notes  appear  to  be  judiciously 
taken;  so  as  to  enable  the  company  to  judge  of  the  comparative 
value  of  each  tract.  The  rollers  appear  to  me  to  be  about  eight 
or  ten  feet  long  each,  and  the  tracts  very  neatly  and  accurately 
laid  down.     .     .     . 

The  common  selling  price  of  land  in  the  Holland  purchase  is 
from  two  to  four  dollars  cin  acre,  long  credit.  At  first  they  took 
payment  of  the  instalments  in  wheat,  at  present  they  demand  cash. 
Mr.  Joseph  Ellicot,  I  hear,  means  to  remove  his  office  to  Buffaloe, 
recently  named  Newamsterdam.  The  company  has  erected,  at 
their  o^vn  expense,  at  Batavia,  a  court  house,  a  gaol,  and  a  hotel, 
all  under  one  roof.  The  outside  is  airy  and  neat,  but  the  inside 
is  neither  elegantly  nor  commodiously  distributed  for  any  of  the 
purposes  intended.  They  make  good  beer  in  Batavia,  at  five 
dollars  the  thirty-three  gallons;  chiefly  from  wheat. 

1193 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  10     To  Goss's,  to  feed:  a  poor  place.     Richardson's,  a  mile 

T-  ^-  further,  seems  somewhat  better. 

3  Carr's  saw-mill  on  Murder  Creek.  The  stone  all  chert. 
The  limestone  appears  to  decrease  in  quantity. 

5  To  Van  Deewinder's,  a  frame  house,  the  only  place 
between  Batavia  and  Buff  aloe  where  you  can  sleep,  and  bad 
enough  it  is.  The  road  from  Batavia  hither  is  very  full  of  stumps 
and  swamp  holes;  three-fourths  of  it  consists  of  log  causewaj's. 
There  is  a  log  cabin  about  every  mile  or  two.  It  is  much  the 
worst  road  I  have  met  with  from  the  state  line  hither:  it  is  much 
the  same  as  the  road  from  Lycoming  Creek  past  the  block  house 
and  Peters's  Camp  to  Tyoga,  only  the  Holland  company  have 
taken  somewhat  more  pains  than  the  state  of  Pennsylvania. 

14  Sunday,  May  fourteenth,  to  Ransom's  for  breakfast; 
fried  veal :  the  only  fresh  meat,  except  some  beef  at  Canadarque, 
that  I  have  seen  since  I  left  Williamsport.  Nor  has  my  horse 
had  hay  more  than  once  since  I  left  Reynolds's,  the  first  stage 
from  Williamsport.  They  attribute  the  want  of  it  to  a  winter 
unusually  protracted. 

8  To  Landen's  at  Buffaloe,  a  village  of  about  sixteen  houses 
near  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie  on  the  lake.  From  Van  Deewinder's 
here  nothing  but  chert  along  the  road,  but  Landen  says  they 
have  plenty  of  limestone  upon  the  hills  about  three  miles  off. 
Landen's  is  but  an  indifferent  tavern,  though  the  best  in  the  place. 
Buffaloe  appears  very  well  situated  for  business  with  Erie, 
Detroit  and  the  western  part  of  upper  Canada,  but  there  are,  as 
yet,  no  symptoms  of  industry.  Landen  tells  me  that  the  whole 
road  round  the  lake  to  the  town  of  Erie  in  Pennsylvania,  ninety 
miles  off,  is  well  settled  except  about  nine  miles.  I  asked  him 
where  was  the  market  for  the  produce  of  that  part  of  the 
country?  he  replied,  New  Orleans,  by  the  Chatangue  Lake,  there 
being  but  nine  miles  of  land  carriage  from  Lake  Erie  to  New 
Orleans,  to  wit,  the  Chatangue  portage,  which  is  true.  But,  in  my 
opinion,  the  market  will  be  Montreal,  for  there  are  not  more 
than  nine  miles  portage  from  Lake  Erie  to  Montreal,  to  wit,  at 

1194 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Queenstown,  and,  as  I  think,  the  navigation  is  not  only  very  much  1808 
shorter,  but  much  easier.  For  when  the  lake  salt  is  four  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  at  Buffaloe,  it  sells  at  ten  dollars  at  Pittsburgh; 
hence,  allowing  a  dollar  per  barrel  profit,  the  carriage  from 
Buffaloe  to  Pittsburgh  will  be  five  dollars  by  water.  I  believe 
land  carriage  is  now  about  six  dollars  per  hundred  weight  from 
Philadelphia  to  Pittsburgh.  The  ice  was  very  thick  in  Lake 
Erie. 

3  To  Millar's  ferry  along  the  bank  of  the  lake.  If  it  be  no 
object  to  call  at  Buffaloe,  there  is  a  road  turning  to  the  right, 
about  two  miles  from  Buffaloe,  which  leads  directly  to  the  ferry, 
and  saves  that  distance.  The  stone  that  bounds  the  river  here  is 
a  mass  of  black  chert.  I  arrived  about  twelve  o'clock,  but  the 
ice  was  so  thick  in  the  river  Niagara  that  it  was  impassable  till 
three.  There  were  three  wagons  of  emigrants  waiting  to  cross 
to  the  British  side  from  Shoharie  in  Newyork  state,  and  Buffaloe 
in  Northumberland  county,  Pennsylvania;  they  were  chiefly 
Germans.  They  expected  two  hundred  acres  of  land  to  cost  them 
about  fifty  dollars;  I  understand  the  British  government  sells 
it  at  forty  dollars  per  two  hundred  acres.  The  American  emi- 
grants to  Canada  generally  complain,  as  I  heard,  of  the  violence 
of  party  politics  in  Newyork  state  and  in  Pennsylvania.  The 
taxes  in  Canada  are  very  light,  but  unequal.  The  crossing  here 
is  three- fourths  of  a  mile  over;  price  half  a  dollar  for  man  and 
horse.  They  catch  abundance  of  fish  in  the  spring  with  a  seine. 
The  family  were  dining  on  pickerell  and  salmon  trout,  each  about 
four  pounds  weight. 

1 5  To  Chippeway :  a  house  every  three  or  four  hundred 
yards  all  the  way.  An  excellent  road  through  good  land.  Chip- 
peway contains  about  ten  houses.  There  are  two  good  taverns, 
one  kept  by  Stevens,  the  other  by  Fanning.  Stevens  being  the 
nearest  and  the  newest  I  stopt  there.  They  are  of  equal  repute. 
Each  has  a  new  part  connected  with  the  old  building,  and  each 
has  eight  windows  in  front.  The  diningroom  at  Stevens's  is 
twenty  feet  by  thirty,  carpetted.     The  attendance  good,  and  the 

1105 


T.  C. 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  people  civil.     For  a  pint  of  tolerable  Teneriffe,  a  gill  of  rum, 

supper,  breakfast,  bed,  and  feed  for  my  horse,  I  paid  only  thir- 
teen shillings  and  six  pence  York  money.  There  had  been  a 
handsome  bridge  over  the  Chippeway,  but  the  middle  part  was 
broken  down,  and  they  now  ferry  across.  On  the  opposite  side 
to  the  taverns,  is  a  fort  with  a  lieutenant's  guard.  The  waters  of 
Chippeway  are  dark  coloured  owing  to  its  running  for  near 
thirty  miles  through  a  swamp.  .  .  .  But  my  landlord,  Stevens, 
could  give  me  no  information;  nor  would  he  take  the  trouble  of 
giving  me  any  particular  directions  as  to  the  proper  means  of 
seeing  the  falls  to  the  best  advantage.  "  They  are  by  the  road 
side,  you  cannot  miss  them." 

•  Monday,  May  15,  to  the  falls  of  Niagara.  Opposite  Chip- 
peway, the  river  seems  to  be  about  a  mile  and  a  half  across.  At 
the  falls  it  is  contracted  and  divided  by  an  island  into  two  main 
cataracts,  the  one  near  the  British,  the  other  near  the  American 
side.  The  road  runs  along  the  brow  of  a  hill,  and  as  you  pass 
along  at  about  two  miles  distance  from  Chippeway,  you  observe 
a  wagon  road  descending  to  the  right  into  some  flats  washed 
by  the  rapids  of  Niagara.  The  descent  may  be  eighty  or 
ninety  feet.  The  flats  are  very  narrow,  but  there  are  four  or 
five  buildings  on  them,  a  mill,  a  tannery,  &c.  At  any  of  these 
you  can  procure  a  person  to  walk  with  you  half  a  mile  to  the 
Table  Rock,  over  a  part  of  which  the  river  rushes  and  makes 
the  great  fall.  Ten  dollars  would  make  this  a  good  horse  road ; 
at  present  you  have  to  wind  through  the  bushes  very  uncomfort- 
ably. The  tavern-keepers  at  Chippeway  ought  to  feel  it  their 
duty  to  make  the  walk  as  comfortable  for  the  ladies  as  possible, 
and  a  trifle  would  make  it  so.  When  you  get  on  the  edge  of 
this  limestone  flat  called  the  Table  Rock,  you  have  before  you 
a  full  and  complete  view  of  an  amphitheatre  of  about  half  a 
mile  in  circumference;  comprehending  close  to  your  right  two- 
thirds  of  the  river  Niagara,  after  rushing  along  in  broken  and 
foaming  rapids,  precipitating  itself  into  a  chasm  beneath  your 
feet,   exactly   one   hundred   and   fifty    feet   deep.      The   falling 

1196 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

water  projects  far  enough  to  admit  you  to  see  a  considerable  I8O8 
way  between  the  rock  and  the  main  sheet,  and  affords  room 
enough  for  those  who  wish  to  descend,  to  go  behind  it.  This  is 
owing  to  a  projecting  ledge  of  the  rock  over  which  the  water  is 
precipitated.  Opposite  to  you,  at  the  distance  of  somewhat  less 
than  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  you  see  the  river  broken  by  a  finely 
wooded  island;  and  the  rest  of  this  immense  body  of  water, 
rushing  down  into  the  farther  part  of  the  chasm  below,  on  the 
American  side. 

The  roaring  and  foaming  of  the  rapids  for  near  a  mile  in  full 
view  before  the  river  arrives  at  the  precipice;  the  green  tint  of 
the  water,  edged  all  the  way  down  by  curling  folds  of  snow  white 
foam;  the  immediate  chasm  of  boiling  snow  into  which  the 
river  pours;  the  mist  that  eternally  hovers  over  the  gulf  below, 
and  through  which  you  see  at  intervals  the  turbulence  of  the 
bottom ;  the  trees  of  the  island  which  divides  the  falls,  and  which 
seem  to  descend  even  below  the  edge  of  the  precipice  itself; 
the  immense  interminable  mass  of  wood,  which  fills  the  whole  of 
the  surrounding  country,  and  borders  to  the  very  edge,  every  part 
of  the  watery  prospect;  and  the  rapidity  with  which  the  green 
and  white  current  below  drives  along  as  if  in  haste  to  escape  from 
the  horrible  chasm  in  which  it  had  been  ingulfed,  form  altogether 
a  scene  of  grandeur  and  of  beauty,  unrivalled.  I  felt  content  that 
I  had  taken  the  journey.     It  was  worth  the  trouble. 

After  having  sufficiently  contemplated  the  scene  before  me,  I 
was  satisfied  that  I  could  well  dispense  with  my  intended  tour 
to  the  American  side;  and  also  with  the  troublesome  descent 
down  an  unsafe  ladder  half  a  mile  off,  and  a  walk  of  near  a 
mile  over  the  rough  rocks  at  the  bottom,  to  get  at  the  view  below, 
and  behind  the  sheet  of  water.  It  appeared  to  me  that  every 
thing  that  was  worth  seeing,  might  be  seen  in  safety  and  in  comfort 
from  the  Table  Rock;  but  those  who  have  more  youth,  more 
leisure,  and  more  curiosity  than  I  had  may  like  to  see  all  that 
is  to  be  seen.  It  is  unpardonable  in  the  tavern-keepers  at  Chip- 
peway,  whose  establishments  are  to  be  maintained  by  the  con- 

1197 


T.  C. 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  course  of  travellers,  who  come  expressly  to  see  the  falls,  that 
they  do  not  provide  at  least  a  sound  and  safe  ladder,  and  expend 
twenty  or  thirty  dollars  in  laying  the  stones  at  the  bottom  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  enable  the  female  part  of  the  visitants  to  contem- 
plate the  scene  under  the  Table  Rock,  if  they  wish  so  to  do:  at 
present  it  is  an  undertaking  too  arduous  and  fatiguing  for  the 
female  sex. 

Those  who  wish  to  descend  will  be  directed  to  a  house  about 
half  a  mile  from  the  flats,  where  a  ladder  is  kept  for  the  pur- 
pose. When  I  was  there  nobody  had  gone  down  it  since  the 
preceding  season,  and  I  was  advised  not  to  try ;  an  advice  which 
I  readily  complied  with.  From  the  flats  where  the  habitations 
are,  you  can  ascend  again  into  the  main  road,  which  I  think  is 
about  eighty  or  ninety  feet  perpendicular  above  the  edge  of  the 
water.  This,  therefore,  is  the  descent  which  forms  the  rapids  of 
the  river,  before  the  perpendicular  fall  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
feet  commences. 

When  you  have  again  got  upon  the  high  road  by  an  ascent 
at  the  further  end  of  the  flats,  you  see  about  a  hundred  yards 
before  you  a  house,  with  a  field  before  it,  fenced  with  a  worm 
fence.  It  is  now  occupied  by  Charles  Wilson,  but  has  lately 
been  sold  to  a  Mr.  Shannon.  Do  not  go  so  far  as  the  house, 
but  skirt  round  the  fence,  and  in  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  or 
two  hundred  yards,  you  will  see  two  or  three  knolls  or  promi- 
nences on  which  you  may  again  take  your  stand,  and  have  per- 
haps a  still  more  complete  view  of  the  whole  scenery  than  from 
the  Table  Rock.  There  is  an  oak  tree  on  the  best  brow  that  I 
found  for  the  purpose,  on  which  about  four  feet  high  I  cut  a 
small  blaze  with  my  penknife.  A  small  island  in  the  river  on 
the  American  side,  in  the  midst  of  the  falls  on  the  American 
side ;  a  mill  seat  in  the  distance ;  and  the  beauty  of  the  smaller  fall 
which  is  made  by  that  island,  are  objects  worth  noticing,  as  adding 
to  the  picturesque  of  the  scenery,  after  you  have  sufficiently  con- 
templated the  grand  whole.  I  gave  the  man  who  went  with  me 
from  Hardie's,  the  tanner,  half  a  dollar,  with  which  he  was  well 

1198 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

content.  He  told  me  that  land  thereabout,  unimproved,  sold  1808 
from  three  to  four  pounds  sterling  an  acre,  not  far  from  the  road, 
prime  land.  Hardie  (a  civil  man)  emigrated  fifteen  years  ago 
from  Lewistown,  on  the  Juniata,  before  Mifflin  county  was  struck 
off  from  Cumberland.  I  mention  this  because  I  saw  neither  actual 
improvement  in  his  situation,  nor  any  means  of  improvement  that 
might  not  have  been  made  or  obtained  in  the  place  he  left. 

I  intended  originally  to  have  gone  from  Buffaloe  up  the 
American  side,  to  Schlosser's,  but  Landen  at  Buffaloe  informed 
me,  the  road  was  impassable.  However,  persons  had  been 
appointed  to  put  it  in  order,  and  he  was  one,  and  about  to  set  to 
work  the  next  day,  so  that  in  a  week  or  two  it  would  be  good. 
From  Schlosser's  northward  to  Lewistown  there  is  a  road,  which 
forms  the  portage  on  the  American  side  round  the  falls  of  seven 
miles,  and  thence  from  Lewistown  to  Niagara  fort,  a  tolerable 
road  of  six  miles.  The  river  makes  a  bend  toward  the  British 
side,  so  that  the  portage  round  the  falls  there  is  nine  miles.  The 
country  on  the  American  side  is  good  and  will  admit  of  thick 
settlement,  but  there  are  very  few  settlers  from  Niagara  fort  south- 
ward to  Buffaloe.  I  cannot  help  thinking  it  would  be  well  worth 
while  to  force  a  settlement  along  that  frontier. 

4|/2  Inquire  for  John  Thompson's  house;  it  is  a  mile  and  a 
half  off  the  road.  You  go  past  one  Bateman's  on  the  left  hand  of 
the  road,  where  you  may  get  some  person  not  merely  to  direct,  but 
to  go  with  you  to  Thompson's,  which  is  a  good  stone  house  near 
the  river.  At  the  back  of  his  house  there  is  a  stony  field,  full  of 
cedars  and  white  pine ;  go  to  the  bank,  and  you  see  a  place  they 
call  the  whirlpool,  which  is  a  truly  picturesque  scene.  The  river 
seems  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  below  you;  narrow, 
rapid,  foaming;  in  its  haste  it  drives  against  a  bay  which  forms 
nearly  a  cul  de  sac;  this  occasions  an  eddy,  which  they  call  the 
whirlpool.  On  some  days  it  is  comparatively  still;  on  others  it 
roars  as  loud  as  the  great  falls,  and  may  be  well  heard  at  three 
and  four  miles  distance.  It  is  an  object  not  to  be  passed  on  such 
a  tour.     Volney  notices  it,  but  I  had  not  Volney  with  me,  and 

1199 


T,  C 


Niagara  Falls 

1808  I  had  forgotten  it.  I  heard  of  it  by  chance,  from  my  conductor 
at  the  Table  Rock  telHng  me  of  some  one  who  hved  near  the 
whirlpool.  A  traveller  must  inquire  for  himself,  he  can  not 
count  upon  being  told  of  anything  worth  seeing  at  Chippeway. 
The  man  who  conducted  me  was  a  German;  he  had  lived  for 
some  years  thereabout  as  a  farming  servant,  at  six  dollars  per 
month  and  board,  which  I  mention  as  an  item  of  the  price  of 
labour. 

l|/2  Returned  from  Thompson's  to  (three  miles)  Queens- 
town.  This  is  situated  at  the  bottom  of  the  hill;  that  is  from 
one  hundred  and  fifty  to  two  hundred  feet  below  the  road  which 
leads  from  Lake  Erie.  This  road  has  a  gentle  descent  all  the 
way  from  Lake  Erie  hither;  but  here  it  falls  abruptly  into  a 
bottom  thus  much  below  its  own  level.  It  is  highly  probable  that 
at  some  far  remote  period,  the  great  falls  were  at  this  place ;  for 
here  is  the  connmencement  or  the  termination  (call  it  which  you 
will)  of  the  higher  level.  The  river  here  begins  to  widen,  and 
admits  of  being  ferryed;  but  even  the  ferrying  place  has  several 
eddies  in  it. 

Queenstown  is  a  pleasant  village  of  about  sixteen  or  eighteen 
houses.  I  stopped  at  Banister's,  a  civil  man,  from  Massachu- 
setts. I  got  a  pint  of  excellent  port,  which  more  majorum  I  find 
to  be  the  fashionable  wine  among  the  Anglo  Canadians. 

This  is  a  place  of  trade,  being  the  commencement  of  the 
portage  round  the  falls.  Banister  pays  about  twelve  shillings 
sterling  a  year  for  direct  taxes  of  all  kinds.  The  military  and 
judiciary  are  paid  by  the  crown.  Judge  Hamilton,  who  died 
lately,  and  had  very  large  property,  was  assessed  at  no  more. 
The  imported  goods  come  by  way  of  Montreal.  For  tea  they 
give  one  dollar  and  a  half  per  pound,  loaf  sugar  three  shilling 
(Newyork  currency) .  For  my  wine  he  charged  me  five  shillings, 
but  it  was  good.  At  Batavia  I  got  Mr.  Ellicott  to  change  my 
Pennsylvania  notes,  for  the  notes  current  in  Newyork  state;  but 
I  found  notes  of  no  kind  current  in  Canada.  They  trade  for  coin. 
They  have  no  bank ;  and  they  dislike  our  notes.     No  wonder. 

1200 


C "a\k  ok  THt.  Winds 
Beneath    the    lalls    in    winter 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

After  dinner  I  rode  (eight  miles)  to  Newark,  Fort  St.  George,  isos 
The  road  excellent.  The  ride  along  the  Niagara  beautiful.  The  ^-  ^• 
country  well  settled.  In  fact  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  continued 
village  from  the  ferry  opposite  the  Black  Rock  for  thirty-three 
or  thirty-four  miles  down  to  Newark.  I  stopped  at  Emery's,  a 
very  good  tavern.  I  wished  to  see  Captain  Lee  who  is  collector 
at  the  American  port  of  Niagara;  but  no  ferry  is  kept  at  either 
place.  I  hired  a  boat  for  the  purpose.  ...  I  was  sorry  to 
see  the  American  town  and  fort  of  Niagara,  so  inferior  in  external 
appearance,  at  least,  to  the  British  town  of  Newark  and  Fort 
St.  George. 

This  being  the  extent  of  my  proposed  journey  outward,  I 
returned  (eight  miles)  to  Banister's  at  Queenstown,  where  I  slept. 
By  his  persuasion,  and  it  being  also  a  new  route,  I  determined  to 
go  by  Lewistown,  (a  shabby  American  settlement  opposite 
Queenstown.)  I  arose,  therefore,  at  five  o'clock,  and  crossed  the 
ferry  to  Lewistown. 

1811 

Melish,  John.      Travels  through  the  United  States  of  America  in      ign 
the  years  1806,  1807,  and  1809.  1810,  and  181  1    .    .    .   with  corrections  Melish 
and  improvements  till   1815    .    .    .    Phila.  and  Lond. :    1818.      Pp.  503— 
509. 

The  road  (on  the  Canadian  side)  proceeds  along  the  bank  of 
the  river,  and  is  elevated  above  the  water  seven  or  eight  feet. 
On  the  British  side  there  are  rich  settlements,  all  the  way  down, 
and  I  learned  that  the  inhabitants  are  chiefly  Germans,  from 
Pennsylvania.  On  the  American  side  are  very  few  settlements, 
but  they  have  commenced,  and  it  is  supposed  they  will  go  on 
very  rapidly. 

The  account  is  accompanied  by  a  queer  stereotyped  general  plan  of  the 
Falls  of  Niagara. 

1814 

Wright,  Frances.     Views  of  society  and  manners  in  America:  in  a      1814 
series  of  letters  from  that  country  to  a  friend  in  England,  during  the  years  "Wright 
1818,    1819,    and    1820.      Lond.:    Longman,    Hurst,    Rees,    Orme   and 

1201 


Niagara  Falls 

1814  Brown.      1821.     Pp.  237-246.     Also  N.  Y.:  E.  Bliss  and  E.  White. 

Wright  1821.    Pp.  173-180. 

An  exceedingly  interesting  account  of  the  journey  from  Lewiston  to 
the  Falls.  Even  more  illuminating,  perhaps,  is  the  account  of  the  stage 
trip  from  Rochester  along  the  ridge  road  to  Lewiston.  Miss  Wright  was 
observant  of  the  country  and  the  condition  of  the  people. 

The  cataract  is  graphically  described,  the  language  is  well  chosen,  the 
description  sympathetic  without  being  rhapsodical. 

1816 

1816  New  York  (State).     Memorial  of  the  citizens  of  New  York  in  favor 
New  York      of  a  canal  navigation  between  the  great  western  lakes  and  the  tide-waters  of 

the  Hudson.     N.  Y. :  Samuel  Wood  and  Sons.     1816. 

A  discussion  of  the  Hudson  River  and  St.  Lawrence  routes.  Objections 
to  a  Niagara  canal.     Drafted  by  De  Witt  Clinton. 

New  York  (State).  Memorial  of  the  citizens  of  New  York  in 
favour  of  a  canal  navigation  between  the  great  western  lakes  and  the  tide- 
waters of  the  Hudson.  (Pub.  Buf.  hist.  soc.  Vol.  XIH.  1909,  See 
index  for  references.) 

1817 

1817  LangsloW,   Richard.     A  Niagara  Falls  tourist  of  the  year   1817. 
Langslow         (Pub.  Buf.  hist.  soc.     5:11  1-133.) 

The  journal  of  Captain  Richard  Lanslow  of  the  Honorable  East  India 
Service,  giving  a  full  itinerary  of  the  journey.  There  is  no  attempt  to 
describe  the  Falls,  but  there  is  much  concerning  the  travel  conditions  of  the 
time. 

1818 

1818  HoWLAND,  Mrs.  SaRAH  HagaRD.     Extracts  from  the  tour  of  Sarah 
Howland          Howland,  and  some  of  the  poetry,  letters,  and  other  papers  preserved  by 

her,  together  with  some  account  of  her  family  compiled  by  her  great  grand- 
son, Howland  Pell.      (N.  Y.?)      1890. 

An  account  of  a  journey  from  New  York  to  Niagara  Falls  by  carriage 
in  1818.  The  trip  took  two  months.  There  is  a  chronicle  of  various  stops 
on  the  journey,  but  no  detailed  description  of  the  Falls,  which  were 
visited  on  July  1  5  and  1  6. 

1821 
1821  The  fashionable  tour;  or,  A  trip  to  the  Springs,  Niagara,  Quebeck,  and 

Boston,    in   the    summer   of    1821.      Saratoga    Springs:    G.    M.    Davison. 

1822.    Pp.  99-110. 

1202 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

1822 

Poole,   Stanley  Lane.      The  life  of  the  Right  Hon.   Stratford     1822 
Canning,     Viscount     Stratford     de     Redcliffe  .   .   .   Lend. :     Longmans,  "**°'* 
Green.     1888.    Vol.  L    Pp.  331-334. 

No  description  of  Niagara,  no  word  about  it,  in  fact,  except  that  it  is 
there,  but  much  interesting  detail  concerning  the  journey  thither,  the  progess 
of  settlement,  and  the  opening  of  the  country. 

1823 

New  York   (State)    Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  ihe     1823 

Niagara  canal  company.      (Laws  of   1823,  chap.   132.)  New  York 

_,         ,  ,  .  .  Legislature 

Regular  act  or  mcorporation. 

1825 

The  fashionable  tour  in   1825.     An  excursion  to  the  springs,  Niagara,      1825 
Quebec  and  Boston.      Saratoga  Springs:   G.   M.   Davison.      1825.      Pp. 
119-124. 

Gilpin,  T.     A  northern  tour  .   .   .   Phila.:  Carey.     Pp.   145-150.        1825 

Gilpin 

(A)  northern  tour;  being  a  guide  to  Saratoga,  Lake  George,  Niagara.      i825 
Canada,  Boston,  etc,    .   .   .    Phila.:  Carey  and  Lea.      1825.      Pp.    147- 
150. 

Little  resemblance  to  a  guide-book.  Interesting  and  sympathetic  descrip- 
tion.    A  discussion  as  to  the  correct  pronunciation  of  the  word  "  Niagara." 

1826 

(The)    northern  traveller:   containing  the   routes  to   Niagara,   Quebec,      1826 
and  the  Springs,  with  the  tour  of  New  England,  and  the  route  to  the  coal 
mines  of  Pennsylvania.      2d  ed.   imp.  &  ext.      N.  Y. :  A.   T.  Goodrich. 
1826.     Pp.  80-95. 

A  guide  to  points  of  interest,  scenic  and  historical.  A  view  of  Niagara 
from  below,  engraved  by  Peter  Maverick,  one  of  the  best  of  the  early 
engravers.  The  view  in  question  is  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  at  Table  Rock 
and  very  much  emphasizes  the  distance  behind  the  sheet  of  falling  water. 

In  the  edition  of  1834  the  account  of  the  Falls  is  found  on  pages  69-70. 
Cn  page  70  is  the  following  description  of  the  "  Sorcerer's  Cave." 

A  veiy  singular  cavern  was  discovered,  in  1825,  about  a  mile 
below  the  falls,  which  is  reached  by  descending  the  old  Indian 

1203 


Niagara  Falls 

1826  ladder,  a  steep  path-way,  rendered  passable  by  roots,  rocks,  etc. 
The  cave  is  about  80  yards  below  the  ladder.  The  way  to  it  is 
difficult ;  the  passage  is  barely  large  enough  to  admit  a  man,  and 
in  it  are  found  stalactites,  and  specimens  of  something  that  seems 
like  petrified  moss  or  wood.  About  20  feet  above  is  a  beautiful 
spring,  issuing  from  a  rock,  in  a  singular  rocky  position;  and 
there  is  another  cave  near  by  which  is  also  worthy  of  a  visit. 

1827 

1827  A  trip  to  Niagara.  By  a  Washingionian.  (Soc.  lit.  miss.,  Nov. 
1827.    3:657-664.) 

An  account  of  the  journey  to  the  Falls,  with  a  description  of  the  cataract 
and  the  effect  of  the  spectacle  upon  the  feeHngs  of  the  beholder. 

1828 

1828  Stuart,  James.     Three  years  in  North  America.     3d  ed.  rev.     Edin. : 
Stuart              Robert  Cadell.     Lond. :  Whittaker  and  Co.      1 833.     Vol.  I.     Pp.   1 38, 

140-141. 

From  Black-Rock  we  had  a  very  pleasant  ride,  by  a  level 
road  along  the  river  side  sixteen  miles,  to  Chippewa,  the  battle- 
ground of  a  severely  contested  action  between  the  Americans  and 
the  British  in  1814,  and  to  Niagara  Falls,  three  miles  farther. 
The  country  we  passed  through  was  entirely  level,  greatly  over- 
cropped, and  there  was  very  little  appearance  of  industry  or 
exertion  to  reclaim  it.  Wherever  the  stage  stopped  to  water  the 
horses,  the  doors  were  crowded  with  children  offering  apples 
and  plums  for  sale;  and  we  saw,  for  the  first  time  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  several  beggars. 

We  distinctly  heard  the  sound  of  the  cataract,  about  ten  miles 
from  the  falls;  but  it  is  often  heard  at  a  far  greater  distance  in 
favourable  states  of  the  wind  and  atmosphere,  even,  it  is  said, 
thirty  miles  from  them.  The  spray,  appearing  like  a  cloud  of 
smoke,  was  visible  at  the  distance  of  more  than  two  miles. 

The  best  points  of  view  are  from  the  Table  Rock  and  from 
the  boat,  from  which  the  falls,  as  well  on  the  American  as  on  the 

1204 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Canada  side,  are  seen.     But  the  rapids  are  seen  to  the  greatest     1828 
advantage  from  Goat  Island,  to  which  a  very  ingeniously  con-^*^*"' 
structed  and  strong  rough  bridge  has  been  thrown  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  over  great  blocks  of  rock  and  rapids. 

There  is  no  difficulty  in  getting  to  these  stations.  To  Table 
Rock,  the  way  across  the  field  from  the  hotel  is  without  any 
difficulty;  and  there  is  a  winding  path  to  facilitate  the  descent 
of  about  300  feet  to  the  boat.  The  water  is  a  good  deal  agi- 
tated at  the  point,  about  1 ,200  yards  in  width,  where  the  boat 
crosses,  but  the  boatman's  knowledge  of  the  eddies  enables  him 
to  pass  with  perfect  safety  in  ten  or  fifteen  minutes.  Passengers 
must,  however,  lay  their  account  with  something  like  a  drenching 
from  the  spray  of  the  falls  in  crossing,  and  should  be  well  pro- 
vided with  great  coats.  There  is  a  steep  wooden  stair  from  the 
landing-place,  to  the  top  of  the  bank  on  the  American  side.  .  .  . 

1829 

Stone,   William  LeETE.      From  New  York  to  Niagara.      Journal      1829 
of  a  tour,  in  part  by  the  Erie  canal,  in  the  year  1829.      (Pub.  Buff.  hist.  Stone 
soc.  1910.     14:238-2411.) 

We  left  Lockport  in  a  mail  coach  at  half  past  1 .  Our  tra- 
velling companions  hence  to  Lewiston,  were  a  boisterous  gang  of 
Universal  Suffrage  Jackson  men,  on  their  way  to  attend  the 
exhibition  got  up  by  the  hotel-keepers  at  the  Falls,  to  collect  a 
crowd  of  customers  in  a  dull  season.  Our  road  was  across  to 
the  "  Ridge  Road,"  which  we  did  not  reach  until  within  two 
miles  of  Lewiston,  was  over  a  new  country,  some  of  the  way 
almost  entirely  unsettled.  The  land  was  higher  than  for  the 
last  hundred  miles,  and  the  soil  apparently  somewhat  inferior. 
But  the  forests  were  yet  more  lofty  and  imposing.  Oaks  and  occa- 
sionally sycamores  of  immense  size,  now  mingled  with  the  tower- 
ing maples  and  elms.  We  passed  through  a  section  of  the  Indian 
reserved  lands,  partially  settled  by  a  portion  of  the  Tuscarora 
tribe  of  Indians.  These  improved  lands,  with  a  very  few  excep- 
tions, appeared  in  a  sad  state  of  neglected  cultivation.  For  several 
miles,  while  traversing  the  northern  verge  of  this  mountain  ridge, 

120S 


Niagara  Falls 

1829  our  admiration  was  engrossed  by  the  prospect  of  one  of  the  most 

^">"«  glorious  uncultivated  landscapes  upon  which  the  eye  of  man  ever 

reposed.  Beneath  our  feet  on  the  north,  and  extending  from  east 
to  west  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach,  v/as  stretched  a  belt  of 
woodland,  apparently  perfectly  level,  from  the  base  of  the  moun- 
tain to  the  southern  shore  of  the  lake.  Although  the  whole  of 
this  tract  of  land  is  sparsely  settled,  yet  the  forest  so  far  predomi- 
nates over  the  occasional  spots  of  cultivation,  that  the  latter  were 
entirely  merged  in,  and  lost  in  the  former.  To  the  eye,  the  tops 
of  the  trees  presented  the  even  surface  of  a  parlour  floor;  and 
the  forests  having  changed  the  verdant  foliage  to  those  number- 
less bright  and  beautiful  hues  which  are  the  peculiar  mark  of  our 
American  autumn,  rendered  the  whole  surface  far  more  beautiful 
than  the  most  gorgeous  carpet  ever  imported.  All  the  colors  and 
hues  which  Nature  can  paint,  were  here  blended  together  in  the 
sweetest  harmony;  and  had  the  whole  extent  been  covered  by  a 
grand  collection  of  all  the  blossoms  that  ever  bloomed  since  the 
gates  of  Paradise  were  closed,  glowing  in  their  richest  and  bright- 
est tints,  they  could  not  have  constituted  a  richer  flower  garden. 
But  " .  .  .  expression  cannot  paint  the  breath  of  Nature 
and  her  endless  bloom! 

Beyond  this,  the  most  delightful  region  that  "  fancy's  foot- 
steps ever  trod,"  rolled  the  dark  waters  of  Ontario,  bounded  on 
the  north  by  the  azure  hills  of  Upper  Canada,  which  rose  dimly 
in  the  distant  horizon !  Soon  after  we  descended  upon  this  lovely 
plain,  we  came  in  sight  of  Lewiston  beyond  which  the  monu- 
ment which  Canadian  patriotism  has  erected  to  the  memory  of 
Gen.  Brock,  upon  Queenston  Heights,  rose  loftily  in  view. 
Lewiston  is  a  very  pleasantly  situated  and  pretty  town.  We  did 
not  stop  at  the  spacious  and  inviting  hotel,  but  as  the  sun  was 
yet  shining  brightly  upon  us,  we  rode  directly  down  to  the  ferry. 
And  here,  for  the  first  time  did  I  behold  the  troubled  waters  of 
the  Niagara  —  the  mighty  river,  the  name  of  which  of  all  others 
was  the  most  deeply  implanted  in  my  memory  in  my  school  boy 
days!  the  grand  outlet  of  the  great  inland  seas  of  the  still  greater 

1206 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

West!  1  he  banks  on  either  side  above  and  on  either  hand,  on  i829 
the  American  shore,  were  high,  rocky  and  precipitous;  and  the^'°"* 
river  itself  is  confined  by  its  massive  barriers,  to  a  narrower  space 
than  I  had  supposed.  The  current  is  rapid,  and  it  boils  and 
whirls,  and  in  some  places  breaks  into  a  surf,  as  though  not  yet 
restored  to  tranquility  after  its  angry  leap  over  the  great  cata- 
ract seven  miles  above.  None  but  a  small  row-boat  was  plying 
upon  the  ferry,  in  which  we  should,  as  strangers,  scarcely  have 
ventured,  had  we  not  seen  it  safely  rowed  across  the  river  by  a 
single  hand,  for  our  accommodation.  We  passed  over  the  dark 
and  troubled  current,  however,  speedily,  and  in  safety;  and  for 
the  first  time  I  found  myself  in  a  foreign  country,  and  under  the 
power  of  one  who  "  a  kingly  crown  has  on."  I  am  as  decidedly 
a  Republican  in  principle,  as  any  man.  But  I  am  no  Jacobin  — 
no  democrat.  I  hate  the  mob :  and  I  have  such  an  utter  loathing  of 
the  character  of  Jackson  —  such  a  thorough  and  hearty  detesta- 
tion of  his  scurvy  administration,  that  it  was  a  relief  to  me  to 
get  beyond  his  jurisdiction.  I  seemed  to  breathe  a  purer  air; 
and  although  I  love  my  own  country  best,  and  its  institutions,  yet 
I  regretted  that  my  circumstances  were  such  as  to  compel  me  to 
return  within  the  United  States,  until  the  people  shall  have 
returned  to  their  senses,  and  this  disgraceful  state  of  things  ter- 
minated. At  the  tavern,  near  the  ferry,  I  was  detained  nearly 
an  hour,  for  the  want  of  a  carriage,  to  take  us  over  to  the 
falls.     .     .     . 

The  village  of  Queenston  stands  at  the  foot  of  the  heights, 
and  is  not  a  town  of  much  consequence,  though  rendered  mem- 
orable during  the  last  war  with  England,  by  the  brilliant,  though 
in  the  end  unfortunate,  expedition  of  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  in 
1812.  I  gazed  for  some  time  upon  the  heights,  and  upon  the 
steep  ascent  up  which  the  gallant  Solomon  Van  Rensselaer  led 
his  troops,  cutting  his  way  through  a  line  of  British  troops,  uith 
his  sabre,  as  he  fell  covered  with  wounds.  I  gazed  also,  but 
with  feelings  of  mingled  shame  and  indignation  upon  the  oppo- 
site shore,  where  our  own  recreant  militia  stood,  refusing  to  pass 

1207 


Niagara  Falls 

1829  over  and  secure  the  victory  which  Van  Rensselaer  and  the  brave 
^'***  Col.   Fenwick  had  won  —  refusing  to  cross  even  to  save  their 

brethren,  who  had  gallantly  carried  the  heights. 

1830 

1830  The  fashionable  tour:  a  guide  to  travellers  visiting  the  middle  and 
northern  states  and  the  provinces  of  Canada.  4th  ed.  enl.  and  imp. 
Saratoga  Springs:  G.  M.  Davison  and  N.  Y. :  G.  and  C.  and  H.  Carvill. 
1830.    Pp.  262.  268-275. 

Full  information  is  given  as  to  stage  routes.  There  is  a  matter-of-fact 
description  of  the  Falls,  on  both  the  Canadian  and  American  sides.  We 
also  learn  that  at  that  period,  "  On  Bath  Island  "  mills  had  been  erected, 
*'  contiguous  to  what  is  termed  the  race-Tva^  which  divides  Bath  from 
Goat  Island.  The  latter,  which  is  330  yards  broad,  is  principally  a 
wilderness." 

1830  Ferrall,  S.  a.     a  ramble  of  six  thousand  miles  through  the  United 

Ferrall  States  of  America.     Lond. :  Effingham  Wilson.      1832.     Pp.  28-35. 

Beside  the  description  of  the  walk  from  Tonawanta  to  the  Falls  there 
is  an  account  of  the  Falls  themselves,  which  is  not  very  satisfactory.  Con- 
siderable space  is  given  to  the  queer  characters  seen  in  the  hotel. 

The  distance  from  Tonawanta  to  the  village  of  the  Falls, 
now  called  Manchester,  is  about  eleven  miles.  The  way  lies 
through  a  forest,  in  which  there  are  but  a  few  scattered  habita- 
tions. A  great  part  of  the  road  runs  close  to  the  river  Niagara ; 
and  the  occasional  glimpses  of  this  broad  sheet  of  water,  which 
are  obtained  through  the  rich  foliage  of  the  forest,  added  to  the 
refreshing  breeze  that  approached  us  through  the  openings,  ren- 
dered our  pedestrian  excursion  extremely  delightful. 

1830  Fowler,  John.     Journal  of  a  tour  in  the  state  of  New  York  in  the 

Fowler  year   1830   .   .   .   Lond. :  Whittaker,  Treacher  and  Arnot.      1831.      Pp. 

131-147. 

From  Buffalo,  the  approach  may  be  made  either  on  the 
American  or  Canadian  side  of  the  river.  I  preferred  the  latter, 
and  getting  into  a  stage  about  eight  o'clock,  was  conveyed  three 
miles  to  Black  I^ock,  a  small,  but  increasing  village  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  river,  and  upon  the  line  of  the  canal;  like  Buffalo 

1208 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

destroyed  by  the  British  in  1814.  The  river  here  is  about  a  mile  1830 
in  width,  running  with  a  very  moderate  current,  and  twenty-five  f^^^'^"" 
feet  deep.  Over  this  we  were  ferried  in  a  boat,  with  paddles 
worked  by  horses.  On  the  Canada  side,  just  as  you  land,  are  a 
few  houses,  christened  "  Waterloo,"  very  near  the  site  of  old  Fort 
Erie,  the  scene  of  desperate  engagements  between  the  Americans 
and  the  British,  during  the  last  war,  as  was,  in  fact,  nearly  the 
whole  extent  of  the  river  from  lake  to  lake. 

Continuing  along  the  banks  of  the  stream,  we  shortly  came 
opposite  Grand  Island,  which  is  twelve  miles  long,  and  from  two 
to  seven  broad,  and  was  ceded  to  the  State  of  New  York  by  the 
Seneca  Indians  in  1815.  We  were  about  twelve  miles  distant, 
when  looking  in  the  direction  of  the  falls,  I  saw  the  spray,  which 
I  at  first  mistook  for  smoke,  rising  in  colunms  to  a  very  consider- 
able height,  and  the  whole  horizon  around  skirted  with  light 
clouds;  I  also  began  to  hear  the  sound  of  them  very  distinctly. 
Besides  Grand  Island,  the  river  contains  a  number  of  other  small 
islands,  and  independent  of  the  influence  of  that  excitement  by 
which,  at  every  progressive  step,  the  mind  and  feelings  become 
more  deeply  aroused,  the  ride  itself,  the  whole  distance,  is  one  of 
singular  beauty  and  interest.  Until  we  reached  Chippewa,  the 
stream  had  been  gliding  along  with  a  smoothness  which  left  you 
wholly  unprepared  for  the  ruffled  and  tumultuous  scene  it  was  so 
soon  to  present. 

The  Terrapin  RocJ^s  are  approached  by  a  rudely  constructed 
bridge  from  Goat  Island.  They  extend  about  300  feet  from  the 
shore  to  the  Horse  Shoe  Fall,  and,  at  their  farthest  verge,  abso- 
lutely overhang  the  vast  abyss  into  which  the  torrent  rolls  with 
all  its  thrilling  and  majestic  grandeur. 

I  confess  the  impression  was  awful,  but  to  me,  if  I  may  so  say, 
it  was  awfull])  enchanting ;  my  excitement  was  raised  to  a  pitch 
which  seemed  to  dispel  the  idea  of  danger,  and  I  verily  believe  if, 
at  that  moment,  I  had  known  it  to  be  imminent,  I  should  have 

1209 


Niagara  Falls 

1830         retreated  from  the  position  with  some  hesitation  cind  reluctance.    I 
Fowler  ^^g  (4uinl3  with  high  and  enthralHng  amazement. 

From  the  Table  Rock  I  next  passed  under  the  fall.     The 
descent  is  by  means  of  a  spiral  stair-way  which  is  inclosed,  and  on 
arriving  at  the  bottom  of  which  I  had  to  doff  every  vestige  of 
clothing,  and  was  furnished  by  the  guide,  who  was  about  to 
accompany  me,  with  a  waterproof  garment  in  lieu  of  it:   the 
necessity  of  this  exchange  I  full  soon  discovered,  being  com- 
pletely enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  spray.     The  path  is  a  very 
rugged    one,    under    awfully    overhanging    rocks,    and    as    we 
approached  nearer  and  nearer,  the  roar,  the  tumult,  and  the  agita- 
tion which  encompassed  us  **  around,  above,  below,"  was  appall- 
ingly, grandly  terrific.     The  violence  and  density  of  the  spray, 
loo,  increased  at  every  step,  so  that  we  were  obliged  to  carry  our 
heads  down  to  respire  at  all;  and  in  one  part,  where  there  is  a 
considerable  projection,  it  was  driven  against  us  with  such  almost 
incredible  vehemence  that  it  required  no  trifling  effort  to  keep  on 
our  feet.     I  can  compare  it  to  nothing  better  than  the  most  violent 
of  thunder  rain,  which,  instead  of  falling  vertically,  is  propelled 
horizontally,  with  the  fury  of  a  tornado.     The  walking,  too,  is 
rendered  more  difficult  by  the  number  of  small  eels,  which  are 
twisting  about  under  your  feet  in  all  directions.    At  length,  how- 
ever, staggering  and  stumbling  on,  we  reached  what  is  called 
Termination  RocJ^,    ]  53   feet  from  the  commencement  of  the 
volume  of  water,  and  beyond  which  there  is  no  proceeding,  the 
descent  being  nearly  perpendicular.     Few,  I  believe,  evince  any 
inclination  to  explore  thus  far,  though  tales  are  told  of  persons 
taking  a  meal  underneath,  and  so  on ;  which,  for  the  mere  say-so, 
certainly  might  be  done,  as  any  one,  if  so  disposed,  might  treat 
himself  to  dinner  in  a  shower-bath,  nor  fear  having  to  complain 
of  a  dr])  morsel;  but  be  assured  the  inconvenience  of  such  a  cere- 
mony under  the  Falls  of  Niagara  would,  if  possible,  be  an  hun- 
dred-fold  greater.      After  remaining  some  time   seated  on  the 
farthest  projection  of  rock,  contemplating  the  wildly  majestic  and 

1210 


Open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

novel  character  of  the  scene  around,  I  returned  to  the  stair-way,  1830 
and  on  reaching  the  little  building  which  has  been  erected  at  the  °^  " 
top  of  it,  and  casting  off  my  drenched  surtout,  I  was  presented 
by  my  guide  with  a  printed  form  of  certificate,  in  testimony  of  the 
performance,  in  the  following  words:  To  wit, —  "This  may 
certify  that  Mr.  John  Fowler  has  passed  with  me  behind  the 
Great  Falling  Sheet,  under  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  to  '  Termination 
Rock.'  Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  office  of  the  General 
Register  of  Visitors,  at  the  Table  Rock,  this  30th  day  of  August, 
1830.—  (Signed)   W.  D.  Wright.  G.  N.  F." 

Continuing  from  this  along  the  bank,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
lower  down,  is  a  man  in  attendance  with  a  small  boat  to  ferry 
across  the  river.  To  a  stranger  it  would  appear  altogether  impos- 
sible for  a  boat  to  live  in  such  a  water,  and  certainly  the  impetu- 
osity and  strength  of  the  current,  together  with  its  numerous 
eddies,  are  not  quite  pleasant;  but  I  had  every  confidence  in  my 
ferryman,  apparently  grown  gray  in  the  service,  and  was  right 
little  disposed  to  indulge  in  any  groundless  apprehensions  of 
danger.  He  even  told  me,  but  this  he  esteemed  a  feat,  that  his 
son,  a  boy  of  twelve  years  of  age,  had,  more  than  once,  swam 
across. 

I  ascended  from  this  place  [foot  of  the  American  Fall]  by  a 
long  flight  of  stairs,  which  has  been  constructed  to  the  top  of  the 
bank,  and  passing  along  the  shore  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile,  came 
to  a  bridge  which  has  actually  been  carried  across  the  rapids  to 
Bath  Island,  and  upon  which,  (will  it  be  believed?)  there  is  a 
large  paper  mill,  as  well  as  other  mills,  in  operation ;  there  is  also  a 
house  where  the  weary  traveller  may  find  most  comfortable 
refreshment,  and  where  I  partook  of  all  the  dinner  —  it  was  a 
very  slight  and  hasty  one,  to  be  sure  —  I  either  had  or  needed  dur- 
ing the  day.  My  feasting  was  of  another  character,  but  the 
richest,  the  noblest,  the  most  sumptuous  banquet  I  ever  did,  I 
ever  can  enjoy. 

1211 


Niagara  Falls 

1830  From  Bath  Island  I  passed  by  another  bridge  on  to  Goat 

Fowler  Island,  which  is  perhaps  about  a  mile  in  circumference,  overgrown 

with  trees  and  shrubs  of  different  kinds  .  .  .  but  here,  in  my 
opinion,  is  obtained  decidedly  the  finest  view  of  the  rapids,  and 
the  principal  fall,  which  is  to  be  had  from  any  situation  around 
them.  I  allude,  of  course,  to  the  Terrapin  RocJ(S.  .  .  .  There 
is  another  very  small  island  adjoining  Goat  Island,  called  Iris 
Island,  from  which  a  stair-way  has  been  constructed  to  the  foot 
of  the  falls,  afFording  an  excellent  position  for  contemplating  them 
from  that  part. 

1831 

1S31  (The)  tourist  or  pocket  manual  for  travellers  on  the  Hudson  river,  the 

western  canal,  and  stage  road,  to  Niagara  Falls   ...   2d  ed.  enl.  and  imp. 
N.  Y.:  Ludwig  and  Tolefree.     Pp.  59-61. 
In  edition  of  1  838,  see  pages  55-60. 

1833 

1833  Butler,  Frances  Anne.     Journal.     2  vols.     Phila. :  Carey,  Lea 

B"'I"  and  Blanchard.     1835.     Vol.  II,  Pp.  21 5-21 8. 

The  visit  of  this  author,  better  known  to  the  world  as  Fanny  Kemble, 
was  made  in  July,  1  833.  She  describes  her  journey  to  the  Falls  and  the 
approach  to  them,  but  does  not  attempt  any  description  of  the  cataract. 

At  nine  o'clock  we  started  from  Lockport :  .  .  .  The  road 
between  Lockport  and  Lewistown  is  very  pretty ;  and  we  got  out 
and  walked  whenever  the  horses  were  changed.  .  .  .  We 
reached  Lewistown  at  about  noon,  and  anxious  inquiries  were 
instituted  as  to  how  our  luggage  was  to  be  forwarded  when  on  the 
other  side ;  for  we  were  exclusive  extras  —  and  for  creatures  so 
above  common  fellowship  there  is  no  accommodation  in  this 
levelling  land.  A  ferry  and  a  ferry-boat,  however,  it  appeared 
there  were, —  and  thither  we  made  our  way.  .  .  .  The  ferry- 
boat being  at  length  procured,  we  got  into  it.  The  day  was 
sultry ;  the  heat  intolerable.  The  water  of  this  said  river  Niagara 
is  of  a  most  peculiar  colour,  like  a  turquoise  when  it  turns  green. 
It  was  like  a  thick  stream  of  verdigris,  full  of  pale,  milky  streaks, 
swirls,  eddies,  and  counter-currents  and  looked  as  if  it  was  running 

1212 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

up  by  one  bank,  and  down  by  the  other.     I  sat  in  the  sun,  on  the     1833 
floor  of  the  boat,  revising  my  verses.  " 

Arrived  on  the  other  side,  i.  e.  Canada,  there  was  a  second 
pause,  as  to  how  we  were  to  get  conveyed  to  the  falls.     My 

father,  ,  and  D,  betook  themselves  to  an  inn  by  the 

road-side,  which  promised  information  and  assistance ;  and 

and  I  clambering  up  the  heights  of  Queenston,  sat  ourselves  down 
under  some  bushes,  whence  we  looked  towards  Lake  Ontario, 
and  where  he  told  me  the  history  of  the  place ;  how  his  country- 
men had  thumped  my  countrymen  upon  this  spot,  and  how  the 
English  general  Brock  had  fallen,  near  where  we  sate.  A  monu- 
ment in  the  shape  of  a  stone  pillar  had  been  erected  to  his  memory, 
and  to  the  top  of  this  —  betook  himself  to  reconnoitre,  which 
ambitious  expedition  I  felt  no  inclination  to  share.  After  he  had 
been  gone  some  time,  I  thought  I  perceived  signs  of  stirring  down 
by  the  inn  door;  I  toiled  up  the  hill  to  the  base  of  the  pillar  to  fetch 
him,  and  we  proceeded  down  to  the  rest  of  the  party.  An  uneasy- 
looking,  rickety  cart,  without  springs,  was  the  sole  conveyance 

we   could   obtain,   and   into   this  we   packed   ourselves.      

brought  me  some  beautiful  roses  which  he  had  been  stealing  for 

me,  and gave  me  a  glass  of  milk,  with  which  restoratives  I 

comforted  myself,  and  we  set  forth.  As  we  squeaked  and  creaked 
(I  mean  our  vehicle)   up  the  hill,  I  thought  either  my  father's 

or 's  weight,  quite  enough  to  have  broken  the  whole  down, 

but  it  did  not  happen.     My  mind  was  eagerly  dwelling  on  what 

we  were  going  to  see;  that  sight  which said  was  the  only  one 

in  the  world  which  had  not  disappointed  him.  I  felt  absolutely 
nervous  with  expectation.  The  sound  of  the  cataract  is,  they  say, 
heard  within  fifteen  miles  when  the  wind  sets  favourably:  to-day 
however  there  was  no  wind :  the  whole  air  was  breathless  with  the 
heat  of  midsummer;  and  though  we  stopped  our  wagon  once  or 
tw^ice  to  listen  as  we  approached,  all  was  profoundest  silence. 
There  was  no  motion  in  the  leaves  of  the  trees,  not  a  cloud  sailing 
in  the  sky,  everything  was  as  though  in  a  bright  warm  death. 

1213 


Niagara  Falls 

1833         When  we  were  within  about  three  miles  of  the  falls,  just  before 

"  entering  the  village  of  Niagara, stopped  the  wagon,  and  then 

we  heard  distinctly,  though  far  off,  the  voice  of  the  mighty  cataract. 
Looking  over  the  woods  which  appeared  to  overhang  the  course  of 
the  river,  we  beheld  one  silver  cloud  rising  slowly  into  the  sky  — 
the  everlasting  incense  of  the  waters.  A  perfect  frenzy  of  impa- 
tience seized  upon  me.  I  could  have  set  off  and  run  the  whole 
way,  and  when  at  length  the  carriage  stopped  at  the  door  of  the 

Niagara  House,  waiting  neither  for  my  father,  D ,  nor , 

I  rushed  through  the  hall,  and  the  garden,  down  the  steep  foot- 
path cut  in  the  rocks.  I  heard  steps  behind  me,  —  was  following 
me;  down,  down  I  sprang,  and  along  the  narrow  foot-path, 
divided  only  by  a  thicket  from  the  tumultuous  rapids,  I  saw 
through  the  boughs  the  white  glimmer  of  that  sea  of  foam  —  "  Go 

on,  go  on,  don't  stop,"  shouted ,  and  in  another  minute  the 

thicket  was  passed.     I  stood  upon  Table  Rock. seized  me 

by  the  arm,  and  without  speaking  a  word,  dragged  me  to  the 
edge  of  the  rapids,  to  the  brink  of  the  abyss.  I  saw  Niagara  — 
Oh,  God!  who  can  describe  that  sight! ! ! 

1833  Davison,  G.  M.    Niagara  Falls:  the  traveler's  guide  through  the  middle 

Davison  and  northern  states  and  the  provinces  of  Canada.     Saratoga  Springs:  1833. 

Pp.  264-272. 

1833  Shirreff,  Patrick.     A  tour  through  North  America;  together  with 

Shirreff  a  comprehensive  view  of  the  Canadas  and  United  States  as  adapted  for 

agricuhural  emigration.     Edinb:   1835.     Pp.  88—94. 

This  literary  farmer  gives  us  his  general  impressions  of  the  river  and 
Falls;  the  hotel  on  the  American  side;  an  account  of  his  trip  across  the 
ferry  to  Canada,  behind  the  sheet, —  the  air  currents,  eels,  and  toads ;  the 
beauty  of  the  rapids;  tells  us  the  best  side  from  which  to  take  a  first  viev/ 
of  the  Falls;  describes  the  city  building  on  the  Canadian  side,  and  tells  of 
the  agricultural  state  of  the  country  around. 

Immediately  after  dinner  we  set  out  for  the  Pavilion  House,  a 
celebrated  hotel  in  Canada,  a  porter  conveying  our  luggage  in  a 
barrow  to  the  ferry,  which  we  reached  by  descending  a  wooden 
spiral  staircase.     The  river  is  1 ,200  yards  broad.     The  agitated 

1214 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

state  of  the  waters  conveys  an  idea  of  danger,  and  we  were     1833 
landed  safely  on  the  opposite  beach  in  1 4  minutes,  having  been  ^^"■■"'^^ 

drenched  in  crossing  by  the  spray  of  the  falls.      Mr.   D 

remained  with  the  luggage,  while  we  went  in  search  of  assistance 
to  transport  it.  Two  men  of  colour  were  met  carrying  trunks  to 
the  ferry,  who  brought  ours  on  their  return. 

1834 

Report  on  the  location  and  expense  of  a  ship   canal  around  Niagara      1834 
Falls;  also,  from  the  Illinois  river  to  Lake  Michigan.     With  a  report  of  a 
select  committee  to  the  assembly  April  1  4,  1  834,  relating  to  the  connection 
from  Oswego  to  the  Hudson.     N.  Y. :  Office  of  the  R.  R.  jour.      1  834. 
Pp.  1-7. 

This  report  was  collated  from  the  report  of  N.  S.  Roberts,  C.  E., 
made  in  January,  1  826,  for  an  association  of  gentlemen  residing  in  Man- 
chester and  Lewiston.  It  was  published  in  pursuance  of  a  resolution  of 
the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York,  September,  1834.  A  state 
convention  was  held  at  Utica  September  11,1  834,  to  consider  the  project 
for  a  canal  around  the  Falls.  This  movement  was  inspired  by  jealousy  of 
Canadian  canal  development,  and  the  projects  of  other  states,  and  by  the 
fear  of  the  loss  of  the  upper  lake  trade,  and  the  inadequacy  of  the  Erie 
canal  as  well  as  a  desire  for  southern  and  western  trade. 

The  following  report,  ...  is  collated  .  .  .  with  the 
view  of  ascertaining  the  location  and  expense  of  a  Canal,  of  the 
dimensions  stated  in  the  accompanying  estimate.  It  has  been 
published  at  this  latter  day  with  a  view  to  disseminate  the  only 
information  as  yet  possessed  on  this  subject.  It  serves  the  pur- 
pose, however  of  proving  the  practicability  of  the  project,  and 
guide  by  which  to  judge  of  the  comparative  expense  of  a  con- 
struction on  a  larger  scale. 

This  improvement,  so  decidedly  national  in  its  character,  should 
be  proportioned  to  the  largest  class  of  steamboats  and  schooners 
navigating  the  lakes,  and  correspond  with  the  Ship  or  Steamboat 
Canal  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  with  locks  55  feet  wide,  10  feet 
deep,  and  200  feet  long;  by  which  vessels  from  the  ocean  can 
be  passed  to  our  upper  lakes. 

1215 


Niagara  Falls 

1834  It  was  this  magnificent  work,  now  in  successful  progress,  under 

the  patronage  of  the  British  government,  to  be  finished  by  contract 
within  two  years,  and  the  completion,  by  the  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, of  her  communication  with  Pittsburg,  on  the  Ohio,  which 
induced  the  call  of  a  State  Convention  at  Utica,  the  1 1  th  of 
September  last,  "  to  take  into  consideration  the  project  of  a  Ship 
Canal  around  the  Niagara  Falls,  and  one  from  Oswego  to  the 
Hudson  " —  the  proceedings  of  which  are  hereunto  annexed. 

1834  Steele's   Niagara   guide   book:    being   a   synopsis   of   Steele's   book    of 

Niagara  Falls  .   .   .   Buffalo.     Steele.      1 840. 

"  Steele's  Book  of  Niagara  Falls,  first  published  in  1  834,  and  which 
was  the  first  work  of  any  extent  or  accuracy  ever  published  on  the  subject 
of  this  great  wonder  of  the  world." 

1834  Tanner,   Henry  S.      The  American  traveler  or  guide  through  the 

Tanner  United  States.     Phila. :  Author.      1834.     Pp.  86-87. 

The  height  of  the  Falls,  places  of  interest  in  the  vicinity,  routes  from 
Niagara.  An  engraving  of  the  Falls  as  seen  from  the  American  ladder 
forms  the  frontispiece  of  the  book.  There  is  also  a  small  view  of  the  Falls 
from  Table  Rock. 

Another  edition  in   1  836. 

1834  (The)  western  traveller's  pocket  directory  and  stranger's  guide;  exhibit- 

ing distances  on  the  principal  canal  routes  in  the  states  of  New  York  and 
Ohio,  in  the  territory  of  Michigan,  and  in  the  province  of  Lower  Canada, 
etc.     Schenectady:  S.  S.  Riggs,  Ptr.     1834.     Pp.  32-34. 

Some  figures  on  distances  and  dimensions  are  given.  Tliere  is  no 
attempt  at  description.  There  is  a  quotation  from  an  English  writer  for  the 
trip  under  the  Falls.     The  points  of  interest  are  indicated  in  passing. 


1835 

Parsons 


1835 

Parsons,  Horatio  A.  A  guide  to  travelers  visiting  the  Falls  of 
Niagara,  containing  much  interesting  and  important  information  respecting 
the  Falls  and  vicinity,  accompanied  by  maps.  2d  ed.  greatly  enl. 
Buffalo:  Oliver  G.  Steele.      1835. 


1835 

Vanderwater 


IVanderwater,    Robert  J.]      The  tourist   or  pocket   manual 
travellers   .    .    .    N.  Y.:  Harper.      1835.      Pp.  67-74. 

1216 


for 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Williams,  W.  G.     Report  of  a  survey  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara      1835 
with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal,  made  during  the  year  1  835.  William* 
(H.  R.  doc.  214.  24th  Cong..  1st  sess.) 

1836 

Parsons,  Horatio  A.  The  book  of  Niagara  Falls.  3d  ed.  care-  1836 
fully  rev.  and  enl.  and  accompanied  by  maps.  Buffalo:  Oliver  G.  Steele.  Pa>*ons 
1836. 

Another  edition  in  1  838. 

1839 

De  VeaUX,  Samuel.      The  Falls  of  Niagara,   or  tourist's  guide  to      i839 
this  wonder  of  nature,  including  notices  of  the  whirlpool,  islands,  etc.,  and  De  Veaux 
a  complete  guide  through  the  Canadas.     Buffalo:  William  B.   Hayden. 
1839. 

1840 

HaWLEY,  Jesse.  Memorial  against  ceding  to  the  United  States  the  1840 
right  to  construct  the  Niagara  ship  canal  and  in  favor  of  retaining  it  as  the  Hawley 
property  of  the  state.      (N.  Y.  state  sen.  doc.      108.     April   I  1,   1840.) 

(The)  New  York  state  tourist.  Descriptive  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  1840 
rivers.     N.  Y. :  Goodrich.     1840.     Pp.  75-82. 

Steele's  book  of  Niagara  Falls.  7th  ed.  carefully  rev.  and  imp.  Buffalo:  1840 
Oliver  G.  Steele.      1  840. 

**  The  work  was  originally  prepared  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Parsons,  who  was 
for  a  long  time  resident  at  the  Falls,  and  familiar  with  the  whole  scenery 
at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  as  well  as  with  all  the  interesting  localities  in  the 
vicinity;  who  omitted  no  means  of  obtaining  accurate  information  in  relation 
to  the  various  facts  stated,  and  his  work  was  the  first  on  that  subject,  of  any 
extent  or  accuracy  ever  published." 

Other  editions  in  1846,  1847.  1848. 

1841 

BoNNYCASTLE,  Sir  RiCHARD  H.  The  Canadas  in  1841.  Lond. :  1341 
Henry  Colburn.      1842.     VoLI.      Pp.   215-216;  241-247.  Bonnycastle 

A  short  journey  of  seven  miles  from  Newark,  or,  as  it  is  now 
generally  termed,  Niagara,  takes  you,  either  by  the  steam-boat 
or  coach,  to  Queenston.  By  the  former  you  stem  this  beautiful 
and  rapid  stream,  having  the  most  delightful  scenery  on  either 

77  1217 


Niagara  Falls 

1841  shore,  and  come  suddenly,  near  Queenston,  under  the  shadow  of 
Bonnycasfle  ^j^^  rocky  barrier  which  there  hems  in  the  mighty  river,  with  a 
wall  of  rock  almost  perpendicular,  and  severed,  as  if  by  an  earth- 
quake, into  a  dreadful  chasm  only  five  or  six  hundred  feet  in 
width,  up  which  neither  steam,  sail,  nor  oar  will  ever  navigate; 
for  from  Queenston  to  the  Falls,  seven  miles  more,  the  angry  river 
rushes  between  these  aged  walls,  in  a  succession  of  rapids,  whirl- 
pools, and  rushings  without  affording  even  a  continuous  edge, 
whereon  the  human  foot  may  tread,  to  behold  these  mysterious 
strugglings  of  the  pent-up  Father  of  Rivers. 

If  you  go  by  stage  to  Queenston  and  the  Falls,  almost  the 
whole  line  of  journey,  for  fourteen  miles,  reminds  you  of  dear 
England,  being  a  succession  of  fine  fields,  farms,  and  orchards, 
interspersed  with  noble  groves  of  chestnut,  whose  dark  foliage 
adds  sublimity  to  the  swift  and  deep  current  that  rolls,  in  cease- 
less course,  so  frequently  within  your  view,  for  the  first  seven 
miles  of  the  journey. 

I  attempted  to  make  a  road  from  the  Clifton  Hotel  towards 
the  Whirlpool,  but  found  so  many  conflicting  interests,  that  I  had 
not  the  success  which  a  longer  residence  might  have  afforded  me. 
At  present  the  road  is  somewhat  difficult  to  follow  along  the  top 
of  the  high,  rocky  precipitous  wall  which  hems  in  the  stream ;  but 
an  active  adventurous  person  may  achieve  it,  and  well  he  is  repaid. 
A  succession  of  magnificient  rapids,  caverns,  and  precipices  are 
presented  to  his  view;  and  the  road  itself,  as  it  exists,  is  not  bad 
for  the  first  distance,  or  about  a  mile  down  to  the  Devil's  Cavern, 
which  is  a  large  excavation,  or  natural  hole,  in  the  face  of  the 
precipice,  about  one-third  of  the  way  down.  Rattlesnakes'  Den 
is  another  on  the  opposite  side.  This  road  is  a  military  reserva- 
tion, and  should  be  opened.  It  has  not  to  contend  with  the  diffi- 
culties which  avarice  otherwise  threw  in  the  way  of  the  military 
reserve  at  the  Falls  being  made  free  to  the  public. 

Sir  John  Colborne,  and  his  predecessor  Sir  Peregrine  Mait- 
land,  attempted  to  make  the  Falls  available  to  all  visitors  with- 

1218 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

out  expense.  Sir  Peregrine  was  resisted  by  an  American,  who  1841 
kept  the  great  hotel,  and  took  possession  of  the  pubHc  property ;  Bonnycastic 
and  finding  he  could  pocket  a  dollar  or  so  for  each  person  passing 
down  to  the  Table  Rock,  fought  the  government  a  long  time  with 
success;  and,  owing  to  the  engineer  officer  having  employed  an 
unarmed  working  party  of  soldiers  to  level  the  obstacles  this  per- 
son had  purposely  made  in  the  paths,  a  most  lucrative  and  excel- 
lent case  of  grievance  was  got  up,  which  fed  the  traitor  Mackenzie 
for  years,  and,  I  believe,  is  scarcely  yet  ended.  The  juries  of 
the  district,  however,  did  not  agree  with  the  American  hotel- 
keeper  and  ultimately  gave  a  verdict  in  favour  of  the  government. 

Sir  John  Colborne,  desirous  to  open  the  Falls  to  the  travelling 
world,  gave  a  license  of  occupation  revocable  at  pleasure,  to 
Messrs.  Clarke  and  Street,  merchants  of  some  wealth  residing  at 
the  Falls,  with  the  express  understanding  that  they  were  to  offer 
no  obstacles  to  the  public,  were  to  keep  the  staircases  and  roads 
in  order,  and  to  plant  and  beautify  the  banks.  They  had  a 
great  interest  in  the  locality;  and  having,  with  others,  planned 
the  construction  of  a  pleasure  city,  if  I  may  use  the  term,  at  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  which  should  become  the  most  fashionable 
place  of  British  North  America,  and  having  commenced  a  rail- 
road to  bring  the  American  travellers  and  produce  from  Buffalo, 
they  began  erecting  baths,  a  museum,  etc.,  on  the  military  reserve, 
and  contrary  to  the  express  articles  of  the  agreement  which  had 
been  made  with  them  —  probably  because  they  were  the  parties 
who  had  most  strenuously  resisted  the  American  hotel-keeper  in 
his  endeavours  to  make  Niagara  a  closed  raree  show. 

The  lieutenant-governor  immediately  took  active  measures  to 
put  a  stop  to  the  proceedmgs  of  these  worthy  merchants,  one  of 
whom  was  a  Scotchman,  the  other  originally  from  the  United 
States.  With  this  view,  he  employed  the  officer  of  engineers  in 
charge  of  the  reserve,  to  require  them  to  desist  from  enclosing  and 
building  and  that  officer  warned  by  the  fate  of  his  predecessor, 
taking  care  not  to  employ  the  military  in  any  shape,  caused  one 
small  stone  to  be  removed  publicly  from  the  walls.     On  this,  the 

1219 


Niagara  Falls 

1841  very  persons  who  had  obtained  the  Hcense  of  occupation,  with  the 

Bonnycastle  f^^|}  understanding  that  it  was  granted  to  them  in  order  to  prevent 
the  possibiHty  of  such  another  attempt  as  that  of  the  American 
inn-keeper,  now  turned,  full  of  grievance  against  the  government, 
brought  two  actions  of  trespass  against  the  officer  of  engineers, 
and,  mirabile  diciu!  although  one  of  them  had  sat  on  the  judg- 
ment seat  when  the  jury  punished  the  American  for  his  covetous- 
ness,  they,  by  their  great  influence  in  the  neighborhood,  were  able 
to  obtain  a  decided  verdict,  with  damages  of  five  hundred  pounds 
against  the  crown ;  and  either  they,  or  their  heirs,  now  remain  in 
actual  possession  of  land  of  which  they  had  humbly  begged  the 
temporary  occupancy? 

The  City  of  the  Falls  proved,  as  any  sensible  person  might 
have  anticipated,  a  thorough  failure,  and  the  public  have  still 
access  to  the  Table  Rock,  and  staircase,  owing  to  Messrs.  Clarke 
and  Street  being  unable  to  eject  the  government  from  a  space  of 
one  chain,  or  sixty  feet  in  width,  along  the  upper  edge  of  the 
precipice. 

Travellers  may,  therefore,  without  paying  toll  to  the  miller 
proceed  as  far  as  the  mill,  constructed  by  one  of  the  parties  on 
the  rapids  above,  and  may  also  go  down  the  staircase  for  nothing ; 
though  such  is  the  profit  derived  from  this  staircase,  that  the  bar- 
room, through  which  you  must  pass  to  descend,  pays  these  people, 
I  am  told,  two  hundred  a  year. 

You  must  also  pay  for  going  under  the  sheet  of  water,  which 
is  fair  enough,  as  you  must  have  a  guide  and  water-proof  dress. 

But  enough  of  this,  which  would  not  have  been  mentioned, 
were  it  not  that  the  travelling  public  from  all  parts  of  the  world 
is  interested  in  it;  and  if  the  local  government  will  put  the  case 
in  Chancery,  as  I  intended  to  do,  there  is  but  little  fear  that  the 
beautiful  banks  of  the  Falls  will  not  long  remain  at  the  mercy  of 
private  speculators. 

1841  De  Veaux,  Samuel.     The  travellers'  own  book,  to  Saratoga  Springs, 

De  Veaux  Niagara  Falls  and  Canada,  containing  routes,  distances;  .  .  .  Buffalo: 
Faxon  and  Read.     1  84 1 .     Pp.  95-258. 

1220 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Written   in  colloquial   form.      Sketches   are  made  in  a  tour   round  the      1841 
Falls  and  vicinity,  put  into  the  form  of  four  jaunts.     Description,  history,  Dc  Veaux 
anecdotes,    advice   to   travellers,    fishing,    etc..    Part   III,    "  The   Falls   of 
Niagara,  description  of  this  wonder  of  nature,  of  the  whirlpool,  islands,  a 
jaunt  to  Canada,  Table  Rock,  Brock's  monument,  etc." 

Another  edition  in   1845. 

DwiGHT,  Theodore,  Jr.  The  northern  traveller;  containing  the  1841 
routes  to  the  springs,  Niagara,  Quebec,  and  the  coal  mines;  .  .  .  6th  ed.  L>wight 
N.  Y.:  John  P.  Haven.     1841.     Pp.  49-58. 

A  clear,  concise  description  of  the  points  of  Interest.  Figures  given  are 
inaccurate.  Brief  account  of  the  battles  of  the  War  of  1812  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Falls. 

In  edition  of  1830,  see  pages  80-104. 

1842 

Pictorial   guide  to  the   Falls   of   Niagara;   a   manual   for  visitors   .   .   .      1842 
Buffalo:  Salisbury  and  Clapp.     1842. 

I  hroughout  the  book,  which  is  divided  into  three  parts,  are  directions  for 
visitors  to  the  Falls.  The  first  part  deals  with  the  Niagara  strait  and  the 
shores,  the  second  describes  the  Falls  and  the  remarkable  scenes  in  the 
vicinity,  and  the  third  gives  the  history  of  the  region  and  various  anecdotes. 

1843 

HuLETT,  T.  G.     Every  man  his  own  guide  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,      1843 
or.  The  whole  story  in  a  few  words.     By  T.  G.  H.,  a  resident  at  the  Falls.     "  ^" 
3d  ed.    .   .    .    Buffalo:  Faxon  and  Co.     1843. 

Another  edition  In  1  844. 

On  pages  1  1 0  to  1 24  is  to  be  found  Lyell  on  "  The  Recession  of 
Niagara  Falls"  from  his  Lectures  on  Geology,  and  on  pages  125-126 
are  the  Hennepin  and  La  Hontan  descriptions  of  the  Falls. 

1844 

HoLLEY,  Orville  Luther.      Tlie  picturesque  tourist;  being  a  guide      ^S'*'* 
through   the   northern   and   eastern   states   and   Canada;    .    .    .    N.    Y.:   J.     °  '^ 
Disturnell.      1844.     Pp.  174-176. 

The  tourist  Is  referred  to  Orr's  Pictorial  Guide  to  Niagara  Falls,  pub- 
li.shed  in    1842,   for  detailed  description.      A   brief  account  of  points   of 

1221 


Niagara  Falls 

1S44  interest  and  a  list  of  the  principal  hotels  are  given,  supplemented  by  a  poem 

Holley  from  the  pen  of  Willis  Gaylord  Clark,  two  views  and  a  detailed  map  or 

chart  of  the  Falls,  islands,  etc. 

1845 

1845  Peck's  tourist's  companion  to  Niagara  Falls,  Saratoga  Springs,  the 
Lakes,  Canada,  etc.  .  ,  .  Buffalo:  William  B.  and  Charles  E.  Peck. 
1845. 

1846 

1846  (The)  American  guide-book;  being  a  hand-book  for  tourists  and 
travellers  through  every  part  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  Phila. :  George  S. 
Appleton.     1846.    Pt.  i.    Pp.  145-156. 

Itinerary  to  places  of  scenic  and  historical  interest.     Two  charts  and  a 
view  of  the  Falls  from  the  Canadian  side  are  included. 

1846  Cousin   George.      Sketches  of   Niagara   Falls   and  river.      Buffalo: 

Cousin  George  William  B.  and  Charles  E.  Peck.      1846. 

A  juvenile  sketch  which  contains  a  description  and  guide  to  the  Falls 
with  maps  and  views. 

1846  De   Tivoli,   J.      A  guide  to  the   Falls   of  Niagara,   with   a  splendid 
De  Tivoh        lithographic  view  by  A.  Vaudricourt  from  a  daguerreotype  of  J.  Langheim. 

N.  Y. :  Burgess,  Stringer  and  Co.     I  846. 

1847 

1847  Appleton's  railroad  and  steamboat  companion.  N.  Y. :  D.  Appleton 
and  Co.     Phila. :  Geo.  S.  Appleton.      1847.     Pp.  185-193. 

1848 

1848  Album  of  the  Table  Rock,  Niagara  Falls,  and  sketches  of  the  Falls 
and  scenery  adjacent.      Buffalo:  Jewett,  Thomas.      1848. 

Visitors'  inscriptions  quoted  from  the  registers. 

1848  Barton,  James  L.     Address  on  the  early  reminiscences  of  western 

Barton  New   York   and   the   lake   region   of   the   country.      Delivered   before   the 

Young    men's    association    of    Buffalo,    February    16,     1848.       Buffalo: 
Jewett,  Thomas  and  Co.      1848.     Pp.   15-18.  61-64. 

Account  of  the  portage  road  and  portage  business  before  the  War  of 
1812. 

1222 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

(The)    Niagara    Falls    guide.       With    full    instructions    to    direct    the      1848 
traveller  to  all  the  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls  and  vicinity   .   .   .   Buffalo: 
A.Burke.     1848. 

Another  edition  in  1  849. 

1849 

(The)    Canadian  guide  book   ,    .    .    Montreal:   Armour  and   Ramsay.      1849 
1849.     Pp.  1-9. 

1850 

Appleton's  new  and  complete  United  States  guide  book  for  travellers.      1850 
N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  and  Co.      Phila. :  Geo.  S.  Appleton.      1850.     Pp. 
209-217. 

New  and  revised  edition   1854,  pp.  209-217. 

1851 

Burke's  descriptive  guide;  or,  The  visitor's  companion  to  Niagara  Falls:      1851 
its    strange    and    wonderful    localities.       By    an    old    resident.       Buffalo: 
Andrew  Burke.      I  85  1 . 

Other  editions  issued  in  1852.  1854,  1855,  1857,  and  1858. 

(The)   Niagara  Falls  guide  with  full  instructions  to  direct  the  traveller      1851 
to  all  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls  and  vicinity.      .      .      .      5th  ed.   rev. 
Buffalo:  James  Faxon.      I  85  1 . 

1852 

Johnson,  F.  H.     Every  man  his  own  guide  at  Niagara  Falls  without      1352 
the  necessity  of  inquiry  or  possibility  of  mistake;  including  the  sources  of  Johnson 
Niagara,   and  all  places  of  interest,   both  on  the  American  and  Canada 
side.     .     .     .     Rochester:  D.  M.  Dewey.      (1852)     Pp.  1-93. 

Besides  presenting  many  interesting  facts  regarding  the  Falls  themselves, 
the  author  includes  descriptions  of  the  several  routes  from  the  Falls  to  other 
points. 

Other  editions  in   1853,   1854.    1856. 

Johnson,  F.  H.  A  guide  for  every  visitor  to  Niagara  Falls.  Includ- 
ing the  sources  of  Niagara,  and  all  places  of  interest,  both  on  the  American 
and  Canada  side     .     .     ,     Buffalo:  Phinney  and  Co.      (1852) 

Other  editions  in  1853,  1856,  1865,  1  868,  and  1871. 


1223 


Niagara  Falls 

1853 

1853  Hackstaff's  new  guide  book  of  Niagara  Falls;     .     .     .     Niagara  Falls, 

N.  Y.:  W.  E.  Tunis  and  Co.     1853. 

Earlier  editions  were  issued  in  1850  and  1851  respectively. 

1853  New  York   (State)   Legislature.     An  act  to  incorporate  the 
New  York      Niagara  ship  canal  company.      (Laws  of  1853,  chap.  595.) 

Legislature 

This  act  which  was  passed  July  21,  1853,  is  a  general  act  of  Incor- 
poration.    It  was  amended  by  chapter  772  of  the  Laws  of  1866. 

1854 

1854  Fowler,  Reginald.     Hither  and  thither;  or,  Sketches  of  travels  on 
F-^I"            both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.     Lond. :  Daldy.     1 854.     Pp.  204-2 1  3. 

We  crossed  the  stream  again  to  Manchester  on  our  way  to 
Buffalo.  ,  .  .  The  mode  of  conveyance  to  Buffalo  was  by 
railroad,  a  distance  of  about  twenty-one  miles.  The  line,  is 
merely  a  slip  of  iron  nailed  along  a  stout  wooden  rail,  and  was 
in  many  places  broken  and  uneven.  It  would  be  perfectly  unable 
to  bear  the  weight  and  friction  of  an  English  locomotive,  but 
answers  tolerably  well,  where  neither  speed  nor  weight  of  the 
carriages  is  great;  at  any  rate  it  is  an  improvement  on  the  heavy 
"  stage,"  plunging  at  every  yard  into  a  mud  hole.  A  slightly 
open  fence  alone  separated  it  for  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
high  road ;  there  was  nothing  else. 

1854  (The)  Ontario  and  St.  Lawrence  steamboat  company.  Hand-book  for 
travellers  to  Niagara  Falls,  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and  through  Lake 
Champlain  to  Saratoga  Springs.  Buffalo:  Jewett  Thomas  and  Co.  Pp. 
3^49. 

Stereotyped  views. 

1855 

1855  Springs,  water-falls,  sea-bathing  resorts,  and  mountain  scenery  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada;  .  .  .  N.  Y.:  J.  Disturnell.  1855.  Pp. 
106^-113. 

Poem  of  David  Paul  Brown,  Upon  Being  Asked  to  Describe  Niagara.; 
descriptions  of  the  various  points  of  interest  and  other  guide-book  matter. 

1224 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Tunis's  topographical  and  pictorial  guide  to  Niagara;  containing  also      1855 
a  description  of  the  route  through  Canada,  and  the  great  northern  route, 
from  Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal,  Boston,  and  Saratoga  Springs.     .     .     . 
Niagara  Falls:  W.  E.  Tunis.     1855. 

Other  editions  published  in  1856,  1857,  1869.  1870.  1873.  and  1874. 

1856 

Ensign,  Bridgman  and  Fanning.     Guide  to  the  western  rivers  and     1856 
lakes  with  engravings  and  railroad  routes.     N.  Y. :  Ensign.  Bridgman  and  ^""8" 
Fanning.      1856. 

Plenty  of  figures  but  not  very  complete  information  as  to  points  of 
interest.  ITie  Cave  of  the  Winds  is  located  on  the  Canadian  side.  The 
account  is  accompanied  by  a  view  of  the  Horseshoe  Falls  from  the  Canadian 
side. 

International   topographical   railroad   guide   between   the   Atlantic   sea-      i856 
board  and  the  Missouri  river.     W.  E.  Tunis.     Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y. : 
M.  Wallace.     Chicago:      1856.     Pp.  52-58. 

Compact  and  accurate  account  of  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity.  Vfith 
special  attention  to  the  Suspension  Bridge  two  miles  below  the  Falls. 

1857 

Allen,  Stephen  M.     Address  on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of     1857 
navigation  to  Niagara  Falls,  July  4,   1857.     Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :  Pool  Allen 
and  Sleeper.      1  857. 

A  history  of  the  Niagara  portage. 

Disturnell,  J.  comp.     (A  trip  through  the  lakes  of  North  America.)      1857 
N.  Y.:  Disturnell.     1857.     Pp.  206-217.  Distumdl 

Hunter,  William  S.  Jr.     Hunter's  panoramic  guide  from  Niagara      1857 
Falls  to  Quebec.     .     .     .     Boston.     J.  P.  Jewett  and  Co.      1857.     Pp.  Hunter 
1-18. 

Profusely  illustrated.     Another  edition  in  1860. 

Tourist's   guide   to   Niagara   Falls,    Lake   Ontario,    and   St.    Lawrence      1857 
River.     .     .     .     N.  Y.:  Disturnell.      1857c.     Pp.   1-26. 

(A)   trip  through  the  lakes  of  North  America.      .     .     .     N.  Y.:  J.      1857 
Disturnell.     1857.     Pp.  206-217. 

1225 


Niagara  Falls 

1857  Complete    guide  to    the    Niagara    river,    its   rapids,    falls,    islands,    and 

romantic  scenery,  interspersed  with  quotations  of  prose  and  poetry  relating 
to  the  Falls. 

1859 

1859  (The)  Falls  of  Niagara:  being  a  complete  guide  to  the  points  of  interest 

around  and  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  great  cataract;  with 
views  taken  from  sketches  by  Washington  Friend,  esq.  and  from  photo- 
graphs.    Lond. :  T.  Nelson  and  Sons.      1859. 

The  views  are  fine  and  beautifully  colored.     Another  edition  in  1860. 

1859  (The)    new  world    in    1859,    being   the   United   States   and   Canada, 

illustrated  and  described.     .     .     .     Lond.:      (1859)      Pp.  72-76. 

"  With  these  preliminary  remarks  (figures)  we  shall  proceed  to  describe 
the  most  important  objects  of  interest,  addressing  ourselves  as  if  the  reader 
were  on  a  visit  there."  The  description,  which  is  illustrated,  begins  on  the 
American  side  and  makes  the  "  rounds." 

1859  Niagara;  its  falls  and  scenery.     .     .     .     N.  Y. :  Harthill.      (1859c) 
Pp.   1-17. 

1860 

1860  Nelson,   T.   and  Sons.      The  Falls  of  Niagara;  being   a  complete 
Nelson             guide  to  all  the  points  of  interest  around  and  in  the  immediate  neighbor- 
hood of  the  great  cataract;  with  views  taken  from  sketches  by  Washington 
Friend  and  from  photographs.     Lond. :  Nelson.      1  860. 

Gives  colored  views  of  the  Falls. 

1860  RoeblING,  John  A.     Report  on  the  condition  of  the  Niagara  railway 
^°^^''"8          suspension  bridge,   1860.    (Jour.  Frank,  inst.    Dec.   1860.    70:361-372.) 

This  report  was  made  after  an  absence  of  two  years,  and  Mr.  Roebling 
says  "After  a  thorough  examination  of  all  parts  of  the  work,  I  am  unable 
to  report  any  change." 

1861 

1861  Barlow,    Peter    W.      Concluding   observations    and    deductions    on 
Barlow             the  Niagara  bridge.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.     Mar.    1861.      71:160-165.) 

Barlow,  Peter  W.  Observations  on  the  Niagara  bridge.  (Jour. 
Frank,  inst.     Jan.    1861.      71:16-22.) 

Deals  with  the  deflection,  strength  and  durability  of  the  Roebling 
bridge. 

1226 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Barlow,  Peter.  Observations  on  the  Niagara  railway  suspension  laei 
bridge.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.     Feb.    1861.      71:237-238.)  Barlow 

This  article,  taken  from  the  London  Builder  No.  927,  deals  with  the 
suggestion  of  two  London  suspension  bridges  as  a  result  of  Barlow's 
observations  on  the  Niagara  bridge. 

Barlow,  Peter  W.  On  the  mechanism  of  bridges.  (Jour.  Frank, 
inst.     Feb.   1861.     71:89-93.) 

Deals  with  the  construction  and  cure  of  the  undulation  of  suspension 
bridges. 

1863 
Johnson,  F.  H.     Guide  to  Niagara  Falls  and  its  scenery.  .     .      iges 

Phila. :    Childs.       1863.  Johnson 

A  descriptive  guide  to  all  points  of  interest  on  both  the  American  and 
Canadian  sides  with  some  account  of  the  geology  and  recession  of  the 
Falls  by  Sir  Charles  Lyell, 

Other  editions  in  1864,  1867.  and  1868. 

National  Ship-canal  Convention.  Proceeding  of  the  con-  i863 
vention  held  at  the  city  of  Chicago,  June  2  and  3,  1863.  Chicago:  National 
Tribune  Co.   1863.     Pp.   111-114.  Ship-Canal 

^  Convention 

Abstract  from  Captain  W.  G.  Williams's  report  on  a  Niagara  ship 
canal,  made  in  1835,  showing  the  proposed  routes. 

1864 

New  York    (State).      Report  of  the  committee  on  commerce  and     1864 
navigation  on  the  bill  for  the  incorporation  of  the  Niagara  ship  canal  com-  New  York 
pany,  transmitted  to  the  legislature  January  22,  1864.     Albany:  Comstock 
and  Cassidy.      1864.      (Sen.  doc.  21.     January  22,   1864.) 

Discusses  the  national  character,  military  characteristics,  commercial 
importance,  and  history  of  the  Niagara  ship  canal  project,  with  the  scale 
of  navigation  and  cost  of  transportation. 

Niagara  Falls.  A  guide  and  souvenir  with  a  new  series  of  views  from  i864 
photographs  taken  on  the  spot.      Buffalo:  Sage  Sons  and  Co.        1864. 

Itinerary  separated  from  explanatory  and  anecdotal  matter. 


(A)    souvenir  of  Niagara   Falls,  with  a   series  of  views  in  oil  colors, 
from  photographs  taken  on  the  spot.     Buffalo:  Sage.      1864. 

1227 


1864 


Niagara  Falls 

1864  Descriptions  of  the  points  of  special  interest,  of  the  river,  below  and 
above,  with  an  account  of  some  of  the  legends  connected  with  the  Falls. 
There  is  also  a  guide  in  English  and  French. 

1865 

1865  Hayes,   J.    D.      "The   Niagara   ship   canal;"    and   "Reciprocity," 
Haye»             papers  written  for  the  "  Buffalo  commercial  advertiser,"  together  with  the 

speech  of  Hon.  Israel  T.  Hatch,  in  the  convention  at  Detroit,  July   14, 

1865.  Buffalo:  Matthews  and  Warren.     1865.     Pp.  1-21. 

These  papers,  which  were  published  by  the  resolution  of  the  board  of 
trade,  discuss  the  commercial,  political,  and  military  necessity  of  another 
ship  canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Arguments  against  the  proposed 
improvement  are  also  given. 

1865  Woodman,  Charles  C.     Argument  in  favor  of  a  marine  railway 
Woodman        around   the   Falls  of   Niagara,    addressed   to   the   committee   on   military 

affairs  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States.     February,  1865. 

Includes  extracts  from  Memorial  of  the  National  Canal  Convention, 
assembled  at  Chicago,  June  1 863,  and  a  proposed  act  for  the  marine 
railway  in  question. 

1866 

1866  (The)  Canadian  handbook  and  tourist's  guide,  giving  a  description  of 
Canadian  lake  and  river  scenery  and  places  of  historical  interest  with  the 
best  spots  for  fishing  and  shooting.  Comp.  by  H.  B.  Small,  ed.  by  J. 
Taylor.     Montreal:  Longmore  and  Co.      1866.     Pp.  170-184, 

Describes  the  view  from  Prospect  Point  before  any  improvements  were 
made.     Another  edition  in  1  867. 

1866  Cutting,  H.  S.     TTie  Erie  canal  vs.  the  Niagara  ship  canal.     Argu- 

Cutting  ment  of  Hon.  H.  S.  Cutting  before  the  assembly  committee  on  commerce 

and  navigation,  March  6,   1  866. 

Arguments  against  the  Niagara  ship  canal. 

jggg  Miles,    Hiram.      Address   before   the   assembly   committee   on   com- 

Miles  merce.     March  6,  1 866. 

Opposed  to  the  Niagara  ship  canal  as  a  dangerous  experiment. 

1866  Railway  time  tables  and  traveller's  guide  through  central  New  York, 

Niagara    Falls.    Saratoga    Springs,    etc.       Buffalo:    Felton    and    Brother. 

1866.  Pp.  91-100. 
Three  views  by  J.  W.  Orr. 

1228 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Traveler's    guide,    and    illustrated    description    of    central    New    York,      1866 
Niagara  Falls,  Saratoga  Springs,  etc.,  together  with  railroad  time  tables. 
Buffalo:  Felton  and  Brother.      1866.     Pp.  43-52. 

Besides  a  brief  well-written  account  of  the  history  of  the  Niagara 
frontier,  there  is  a  most  interesting,  not  to  say  entertaining  and  half  jocular 
account  of  all  points  of  interest  in  order.  It  is  written  in  an  unusually 
good  style.  Advises  escape  from  the  hackmen  and  ample  time  for  a 
leisurely  survey.  Of  unusual  literary  merit  for  a  guide  book  account. 
Tliere  are  two  views  of  the  Falls,  one  from  the  American  shore  and  one 
from  Goat  Island,  neither  of  them  very  good. 

Another  edition  in    1 886. 

Drive  first  to  Table  Rock ;  now  but  a  ruin,  with  hardly  a  trace 
of  its  former  glory.  In  July,  1818,  it  lost  forty  feet  of  its  width 
and  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  of  its  length.  In  1 828  three  other 
pieces  fell  off.  In  1829  another  body  broke  away,  and  on  the 
twenty-sixth  day  of  June,  1850,  a  huge  mass,  two  hundred  feet 
long,  sixty  feet  wide,  and  one  hundred  feet  thick,  was  precipitated 
down  the  bank. 

1867 

Hunter,  William  S.     Hunter  and  Chisholm's  panoramic  guide  from      1867 
Niagara  Falls  to  Quebec.     Montreal:  Chisholm.      1867.      Pp.   1-18.         Hunter 

The  authors  have  endeavored  to  give  a  "  panoramic  or  picture  map  of 
all  the  most  celebrated  and  picturesque  points  along  the  noble  river." 

(Small,  H.  B.  comp.)     The  Canadian  handbook  and  tourist's  guide.      1867 
.     .     .     Montreal:  Longmore.      1867.     Pp.   170-185.  Small 

1869 

Humphrey,    James    M.       Speech    in    the    house    of    representatives,      1869 
January  14,   1869,  on  bill  No.   1212,  to  provide  for  the  construction  of  a  Humphrey 
ship-canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

Proposed  to  substitute  another  bill  providing  federal  aid  for  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  Erie  and  Oswego  canals. 

1870? 

BarhaM,  William.      Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various      1870? 
travellers:   with   original   additions.      Gravesend:    n.   d.        Pp.    1  02-1  05  ;  ^arham 
157-159. 

1229 


Niagara  Falls 

1870?  Pages    102-105 — Description  of  "Summer  and  Winter  Scenery. — 

Barham  River  below  the  Falls."     One  of  the  original  additions  apparently. 

The  surrounding  scenery  on  both  sides  of  the  river  is  in  good 
keeping  with  the  magnificence  of  the  Falls.  It  is  just  what  it 
should  be, —  grand,  striking,  and  unique.  By  most  visitors  it  is 
only  seen  in  summer.  But  in  the  winter  it  is  also  inimitable  and 
indescribably  beautiful.  The  trees  and  shrubbery  on  Goat  and 
other  islands,  and  on  the  banks  of  the  river  near  the  Falls,  are 
covered  with  transparent  sleet,  presenting  an  appearance  of  "  icy 
brilliants,"  or  rather  of  millions  of  glittering  chandeliers  of  all 
sizes  and  descriptions,  and  giving  one  a  most  vivid  idea  of  fairy- 
land. 

"  For  every  shrub  and  every  blade  of  grass, 
And   every  pointed  thorn,   seems  wrought   in   glass; 
The  frighted  birds  the  rattling  branches  shun, 
Which  wave  and  glitter  in  the  distant  sun." 

The  scene  presents  a  splendid  counterpart  to  Goldsmith's 
description  of  the  subterranean  grottos  of  Paros  and  Antiparos. 
The  mist  from  the  Falls  freezes  upon  the  trees  so  gradually  and 
to  such  thickness,  that  it  often  bears  a  most  exact  resemblance  to 
alabaster ;  and  this,  set  off  by  the  dazzling  colours  of  the  rainbows 
that  arch  the  river  from  twenty  different  points,  seems  by  natural 
association  to  raise  the  imagination  to  that  world,  where  the  streets 
are  of  pure  gold,  the  gates  of  pearl,  and  night  is  unknown. 

"  Look,  the  massy  trunks 
Are  cased  in  the  pure  crystal;  branch  and  twig 
Shine  in  the  lucid  covering;  each  light  rod. 
Nodding  and  twinkling  in  the  stirring  breeze. 
Is  studded  with  its  trembling  water-drops, 
Still  streaming,  as  they  move,  with  coloured  light. 
But  round  the  parent  stem,  the  long,  low  boughs 
Bend  in  a  glittering  ring,  or  arbours  hide 
The  glassy  floor.     Oh!  you  might  dsem  the  spot 
The  spacious  cavern  of  some  virgin  mme, 
Deep  in  the  womb  of  earth,  where  the  gems  grow! 
And  diamonds  put  forth  radiant  rods,  and  bud 
With  amethyst  and  topaz,  and  the  place 

1230 


s<. 


lm> 


A   Win  iKR   5(  i:ne   at    Ni.\(.\ra 
Slu  AS  inv;    \hc    efteci    nf    llic    lin/en    sprav    on    lr(c;-    in    (lie    \ii',nil\- 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Lit  up  most  royally  with  the  pure  beam  1870? 

That  dwells  in  them;  or,  haply,  the  vast  hall  Barham 

Of  fairy  palace,  that  outlasts  the  night 

And  fades  not  in  the  glory  of  the  sun; 

Where  crystal  columus  send  forth  slender  shafts. 

And  crossing  arches,  and  fantastic  aisles 

Wind  frora  the  sight  in  brightness,  and  are  lost 

Among  the  crowded  pillars." 

The  winter  scenery  about  the  Falls  is  peculiar,  a  sight  of  which 
is  worth  a  journey  of  thousands  of  miles.  Myriads  of  wild  ducks 
and  geese  spend  the  day  in  and  above  the  rapids,  and  regularly 
take  their  departure  for  Lake  Ontario  every  night  before  dark; 
though  some  are  often  found  in  the  morning  with  a  broken  leg  or 
wing,  and  sometimes  dead,  in  the  river  below  the  Falls.  This 
generally  happens  after  a  very  dark  or  foggy  night;  and  it  is  sup- 
posed that,  as  they  always  have  their  heads  up  stream,  while  in 
the  water,  they  are  carried  down  insensibly  by  the  rapids,  till  they 
find  themselves  going  over  the  precipice,  and  then,  in  attempting  to 
fly,  they  dive  into  the  sheet  of  water,  and  are  buried  for  a  time 
under  the  Falls,  or  clashed  upon  the  rocks. 

Dead  fish  too,  of  almost  all  sizes  and  descriptions,  and  weigh- 
ing from  one  to  seventy  pounds,  are  found  floating  in  the  eddies 
below  the  Falls,  forming  a  dainty  repast  for  gulls,  loons,  hawks, 
and  eagles.  The  splendid  gyrations  of  the  gulls,  and  their  fear- 
less approaches,  enveloped  in  clouds  of  mist,  up  to  the  boiling 
caldron  directly  under  the  Falls,  attract  much  attention.  But  the 
eagle,  fierce,  daring,  contemplative,  cind  tyrannical,  takes  his  stand 
upon  the  point  of  some  projecting  rock,  or  the  dry  limb  of  a 
gigantic  tree,  and  watches  with  excited  interest  the  movements  of 
the  whole  feathered  tribes  below.  Standing  there  in  lordly  pride 
and  dignity,  in  an  instant  his  eye  kindles  and  his  ardour  rises  as 
he  sees  the  fish-hawk  emerge  from  the  deep,  screaming  with 
exultation  at  his  success.  He  darts  forth  like  lightning,  and  gives 
furious  chase.  The  hawk,  perceiving  his  danger,  utters  a  scream 
of  despair,  and  drops  his  fish;  and  the  eagle  instantly  seizes  the 
fish  in  air,  and  bears  his  ill-gotten  booty  to  his  lofty  eyrie. 

1231 


Niagara  Falls 
1870?  Sometimes  during  a  part  of  the  winter,  the  ice  is  driven  by  the 


Barh 


arham 


wind  from  Lake  Erie,  and  poured  over  the  Falls  in  such  immense 
quantities  as  to  fill  and  block  up  the  river  between  the  banks,  for  a 
mile  or  more,  to  the  depth  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  feet,  so  that 
people  cross  the  ice  to  Canada,  on  foot,  for  weeks  together:  the 
river  itself  is  never  frozen  over,  either  above  or  below  the  Falls, 
but  it  affords  an  outlet  for  vast  quantities  of  ice  from  the  upper 
lakes. 

Pages  157-159  —  "The  Village  of  Niagara  Falls. —  Number  of 
visitors." 

The  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Falls  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  presents  many  powerful  attractions  for  a  permanent 
residence.  For  salubrity  of  air  and  healthfulness  of  climate,  it 
yields  to  no  spot  in  the  United  States.     Here, 

"  Nature  hath 
The  very  soul  of  music  in  her  looks. 
The  sunshine  and  the  shade  of  poetry." 

The  latitude  here  is  forty-three  degrees  six  minutes  north,  and 
the  longitude  two  degrees  six  minutes  west  from  Washington.  The 
winters  are  generally  much  milder  than  in  New  England,  owing, 
as  supposed,  to  the  action  of  the  two  neighbouring  lakes,  that  lie 
on  either  side. 

In  a  pamphlet  published  in  London  in  the  year  1  834,  written 
by  Robert  Burford,  Esq.,  who  spent  the  summer  and  autumn  of 
1832,  in  taking  a  panoramic  view  of  the  Falls,  it  is  stated  that  this 
place  is  "  without  all  question,  the  most  healthful  of  any  on  the 
continent  of  North  America.  The  heat  of  summer  can  there  be 
borne  with  pleasure,  while  at  the  same  time,  the  annoyance  of 
musquitoes  and  other  insects  is  unknown.  Various  are  the  con- 
jectures whence  arises  the  remarkable  salubrity  of  this  region;  but 
the  most  natural  is,  that  the  agitation  of  the  surrounding  air  pro- 
duced by  the  tremendous  Falls,  combines  with  the  elevation  and 
dryness  of  the  soil,  and  absence  of  swamps,  to  produce  this  happy 
result." 

1232 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

In  the  summer  of   1832,  when  the  cholera  raged  in  all  the     1870> 
villages  around,  as  Buffalo,  Lockport,  Lewiston,  &c.,  not  a  single 
case  occurred  here.  Again,  when  this  disease  visited  many  villages 
of  the  vicinity,  in  the  summer  of  1834,  this  place  was  wholly 
exempt. 

The  village  of  Niagara  Falls  on  the  American  side,  formerly 
called  Manchester,  contains  about  500  inhabitants. 

There  are  two  spacious  hotels  in  the  village,  the  Eagle  and 
the  Cataract,  which  will  accommodate  a  large  number  of  per- 
manent guests.  .  .  .  The  village  also  contains  a  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  a  *'  Union  House,"  for  the  use  of  all  other  denomi- 
nations when  they  choose  to  come  to  it. —  It  has  a  Paper  Mill,  a 
Flouring  Mill,  and  a  few  Mechanics'  shops;  and  there  is  an 
opportunity  of  using  water  here  to  an  unlimited  extent. 

Canal  boats  and  sloops  come  from  the  Erie  Canal  and  the 
Lake  to  Porter's  store-house,  a  short  distance  above  the  Falls. 
There  are  three  railroads  now  finished,  which  terminate  at  Niagara 
Falls.  One  from  Buffalo,  distant  twenty-two  miles  —  one  from 
Lockport,  and  one  from  Lewiston.  Stage-coaches  run  from  the 
Falls  in  all  directions,  and  the  mail  passes  regularly  twice  every 
day.  The  roads  from  Buffalo,  Lewiston,  and  Lockport  are  now 
very  good;  equal  to  any  in  this  region,  and  afford  to  travellers 
many  delightfiil  views  of  the  river,  the  Falls,  and  the  rapids;  — 
especially  as  the  road  from  Buffalo  to  Lewiston  passes  very  near 
the  bank  of  the  river  the  whole  distance.  The  steamboat 
Red  Jacket  also  runs  daily  from  Buffalo  to  the  landing,  two 
miles  above  the  Falls,  and  thence  across  to  Chippewa,  and  returns 
daily  by  the  same  route.  This  is  a  perfectly  safe  and  very 
pleasant  route  to  the  Falls.  At  Lewiston,  seven  miles  below, 
steamboats  from  Lake  Ontario  are  daily  bringing  and  receiving 
passengers.  Near  Lewiston  commences  the  celebrated  Ridge 
Road, —  formerly,  without  doubt,  a  sand-bank  on  the  margin  of 
Lake  Ontario, —  and  runs  east  to  Rochester,  and  thence  nearly 
to  Oswego,  a  distance  of  about  1 40  miles. 

1233 
78 


Niagara  Falls 

1870  National   commercial   convention,    Detroit,    Mich.      Dec.     13,    1871. 

Proceedings  of  the  National  commercial  convention  to  consider  the  ques- 
tion of  increased  transportation  facilities  from  the  West  to  the  seaboard, 
held  in  Detroit,  December  15  (i.  e.  13),  1871.  PubKshed  by  order  of 
the  convention.  Detroit:  The  Daily  Post  Book  and  Job  Printing  Estab- 
lishment.     1872. 

Advocated  the  building  of  a  canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

1872 

1872  AlBERGER,  F.  a.     Speech  on  the  Niagara  ship  canal  bill,  before  the 

Alberger  housc  of  assembly,  March  20,   1872.     Albany:  Weed,  Parsons  and  Co. 

1872. 

Believes  the  bill  dangerous  to  the  commercial  interests  and  welfare  of 
the  state.  Includes  the  report  of  the  Canal  Board  on  the  Niagara  ship 
canal. 

1872  (The)  Clifton  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls.     .     .     .     Niagara 

Falls,  N.  Y.:  Bnindage.      1872. 

1872  HadFIELD,    Robert.      Memorial   as  to   the   proposed   Niagara   ship 
Hadfield          canal,   the   course   of   commerce   on  the   lakes,   etc.      See,   Statistics   and 

information  relative  to  the  trade  and  comnaerce  of  Buffalo  for  the  year 
ending  December  31,   1871.     .      .     .     Reported  by  William  Thurstone, 
Secretary.      Buffalo:  Warren.  Johnson,  and  Co.      1872.     Pp.   109-120. 
Arguments  against  the  proposed  ship  canal. 

1873 

1873  Faxon's  illustrated  hand-book  of  travel  by  the  Fitchburg,  Rutland  and 
Faxon              Saratoga  railway  Hne,      .      .      .      Bost. :  Faxon.      1873.      Pp.    104-112. 

Webster's  description,  written  in  1825,  is  quoted  at  length. 

1874 

1874  ChaPIN,    J.    R.      Niagara    Falls    and    how    to    see    them.       Buffalo: 

Chapin  (1874.) 

1874  Horner's    Buffalo    and    Niagara    Falls    guide    and    encyclopedia    of 

Homer  useful  knowledge.     Buffalo:  Horner.      1874.      Pp.  63-86. 

1876 

1876  How  to  see  Niagara.     .     .     .     Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthev/s,  North- 

rup  and  Co.       1  876. 

Profusely  illustrated.      Other  editions  in   1  889  and   1  890. 

1234 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

1877 

New   guide   to   Niagara,   with   descriptions   of  its   scenery,    casualties,      1877 
narrow    escapes,    etc.      Niagara    Falls:    Gazette    printing    establishment. 
1877. 

1879 

Tunis'  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara.     Rev.  and  pub.  by  H.  T.  Allen.      1^79 
Buffalo:  Courier.      1879.  '^""'* 

1880 

People's    guide    to    Buffalo,    Niagara    Falls    and    Chautauqua    lake.      1880 
Buffalo:    1880.      Pp.   71-82. 

1881 

Allen,  H.  T.     Allen's  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara;  rev.  and  pub.      *^^^ 
byH.  T.Allen.     Buff  alo :  1 88 1 .  ^"'" 

Other  editions  issued  in  1 882  and  1 883. 

Delano,  F.  R.     The  water  power  of  Niagara.      N.  Y.:   Banker's      1881 
pub.  assn.     1881.     P.  4.  D='*"° 

In  this  connection  it  may  not  be  inappropriate  to  mention  a 
plan  which  was  matured  some  years  since  for  establishing  a  second 
Manchester  in  the  County  of  Niagara.  It  was  known  as  the 
Niagara  ship  canal  project,  and  was  the  revival  of  a  similar  one 
which  had  been  entertained  some  years  before,  and  for  which  a 
survey  had  been  made  by  authority  of  the  War  Department  of 
the  United  States.  Topographical  Engineers  under  the  charge  of 
Capt.  W.  G.  Williams.  In  1853  Mr.  G.  W.  Holley,  then  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  from  Niagara,  .  .  .  presented  a 
bill  which  was  passed,  authorizing  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal 
from  some  point  on  the  river  above  the  Falls  into  the  river  below 
them,  or  mto  Lake  Ontario.  The  reports  to  the  Canadian  authori- 
ties of  the  operations  of  the  Welland  Canal  for  some  years  pre- 
vious to  that  date  showed  that  three-fourths  of  the  business  of 
that  canal  was  done  by  Americans,  and  there  was  a  strong  desire 
manifested  that  a  ship  canal  should  be  constructed  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  the  river,  v/hich  would  be  much  shorter  and  more 
safely  navigated  that  the  long  Welland  Canal.  The  idea  was 
so  favorably  received  and  supported  by  individual  capitalists  and 

1235 


D 


Niagara  Falls 

1881  t)y  friends  and  officers  of  the  Government,  especially  by  Con- 
gressional representatives  in  the  United  States  Congress  from  the 
Western  and  Northwestern  states  that  a  bill,  with  liberal  pro- 
visions, authorizing  the  work  was  passed  by  a  large  majority  of 
both  branches  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
There  was  also  a  reasonable  prospect  that  a  donation  of  public 
land  would  be  made  in  aid  of  the  project.  But  the  exciting 
political  questions  which  engaged  the  attention  of  the  people  from 
1 854  to  1 860  prevented  further  action  on  the  question.  Since  it 
is  supposed  that  Capt.  Eades  has  started  a  new  idea  concerning 
the  transportation  of  ships  by  rail  across  the  Isthmus  of  Panama, 
it  may  be  mentioned  here  that,  in  connection  with  the  Niagara 
Ship  Canal,  it  was  proposed,  if  it  should  be  constructed,  to  trans- 
fer ships  of  the  largest  size  from  the  level  of  the  Niagara  river 
to  that  of  Lake  Ontario  by  rail,  in  floating  docks  or  tanks. 
Another  part  of  the  plan  was  to  furnish  an  inexhaustible  water 
power  to  be  used  at  the  Lewiston  ridge,  below  which  a  city  of 
fountains  was  to  be  built.  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  project 
may  be  consummated  as  a  work  of  necessity  for  the  following 
reason,  if  for  no  other,  namely:  that  all  the  great  water  courses, 
east  of  the  Mississippi,  are  gradually  shrinking  in  capacity,  so  that 
in  dry  seasons  like  those  of  the  last  four  years  they  cannot  answer 
the  demands  made  upon  them. 

1881  (The)    Middle   states:    a   handbook    for   travellers.      .      ,      .      Bost. : 

Osgood.      1881.     Pp.    177-184. 

1881  SWEETSER,  M.  F.  ed.     The  middle  slates;  a  handbook  for  travellers. 
^«""         .    .    .    4th  cd.     Bost.:  Osgood.     1881.     Pp.  177-186. 

1882 

1882  Holder,    Thomas.       A    complete    record    of    Niagara    Falls    and 
°    ^^            vicinage,   being  descriptive,   historical   and   industrial.      .      .      .      Niagara 

Falls:  Published  for  the  author.      1882. 

Polite  advertising  schemes,  illustrated. 

1236 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

1883 

Buffalo  Saengerfest  guide  and  pocket  companion;  also  guide  to  Niagara      1883 
Falls.     Buffalo:  Hahn  and  Schelle.      1883. 

The  complete  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity.     Gazette      1883 
printing  house,     Niagara  Falls:   (1883) 
Illustrations  and  map. 

[Porter,   Peter  Augustus]     The  complete  illustrated  guide  to     1883 
Niagara    Falls    and    vicinity.       Niagara    Falls. :    Gazette    printing    office.  Porter 
1883. 

Descriptive    and    scenic    account    of    the    Falls   with    some    information 
regarding  its  history  and  geology. 

1884 

Cantilever  bridge  over  Niagara.      (Knowl.,  April  4,   1884.     5:227.)      1884 
The  description  of  the  bridge  is  taken  from  the  Scientific  American  and 
contains  no  reference  to  the  Falls. 

Kingsbury,  J.  Addison.     Pleasure  and  travel  made  easy.     A  better      1884 
way  to  see  old  sights  or  new     .     .     .     Vol.  I.     Pittsburgh:  Kingsbury,  l^'ngsbury 
1884. 

An  expense  book  of  the  Allegheny  Valley  R.  R. 

Lespinasse,  R.      The  great  cataract  illustrated,  and  complete  guide      1884 
to  all  points  of  interest  at  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.    .    .    .  '-^^P'"««e 
Chicago:  R.  Lespinasse.      1884. 

Quotations,  pictures  and  general  notes. 

1885 

Rhine,  Alice   Hyneman,   ed.      Niagara   Park  illustrated;   original      1885 
and  selected  descriptions,  poems  and  adventures.     .     .     .     N.  Y. :  Niagara  '^"'"^ 
Pub.  CO.      1885c. 

Points  of  interest,   geography,   history,   geology,   literature   and  legends. 

Schneider,   Charles   C.      The  cantilever   bridge   at   Niagara   Falls      1885 
and  the  discussion.      (Trans.  A.  S.  C.  E.      Nov.    1885.      14:499-606.)  Schneider 

This  paper  was  read  at  the  meeting  of  March  4,   1885,  and  is  valuable 
technically  with  the  discussion  as  embodying  the  views  of  expert  engineers. 

Tugby's  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.     .     .     .     Niagara  Falls,      1885 
N.  Y. :    \  homas  Tugby.      I  885.  Tugby 

1237 


Niagara  Falls 


1886 


1886 

Grand  Trunk  Railway.    Excursion  routes  and  rates  from  Buffalo  and 


Grand  Trunk  Niagara  Falls  via  Grand  trunk  railway  and  Richelieu  and  Ontario  navi- 
gation  company  s  steamers.     Buffalo:   I  006.     Pp.   1-3. 


1886 


1887 

Severeince 


1887 


1887 

Welch 


Grand  Trunk  tourist's  guide.      Buffalo:   Matthews,   Northrup  and  co. 
(1886) 

1887 

Severance,  Frank  Hayward.     Niagara  in  London:  a  brief  study 
from  many  standpoints.     Buffalo:   1887. 

A  very  interesting  study,  embodying  some  of  the  material  later  pub- 
lished in  more  ample  form  in  "  Studies  of  the  Niagara  Frontier." 


Views   of   Niagara   Falls    and   vicinity, 
imprint. 


1887.       IPhotographs]    no 


Welch,  Jane  Meade.  The  neighborhood  of  the  international  park. 
(Harp.,  Aug.  1887.    75:327-343.) 

A  charming  account  of  Niagara  river  and  Falls,  from  the  point  of 
view  of  the  artist,  the  historian,  and  the  man  of  science  and  with  special 
reference  to  points  of  interest  to  the  tourist. 


1888 

Bogart 


1888 
1888 

1888 
1888 


1888 

Bogart,  John.     Feats  of  railway  engineering.      (Scrib.  mag.,  July, 
1888.    4:1-34.) 

Includes  accounts  of  the  suspension  and  cantilever  bridges  at  Niagara 
Falls  with  illustrations  and  drawings. 

Grand  trunk  railway  system.      (Summer  resorts  reached  by  the  Grand 
trunk  railway  and  its  connections.    .    .    .     [Buffalo,   1888.]     Pp.  47-51.) 


Michigan  central  railroad  company.     From  city  to  surf 
Niagara  Fails  route."     Chicago:   Rand,  McNally.      1 


Niagara  Falls  illustrated.     N.  Y. :  Albertype  co.   [1888] 


,     .     "The 
Pp.    1-78. 


Niagara  Falls  sketch  book.      Buffalo:  Sumner.      I  000c. 

Innumerable  scratchy  little  sketches  illustrating  every  phase  of  a  visit 
and  of  the  scenery.  Interesting  for  inklings  of  conditions  at  the  Falls  at 
that  period. 


1238 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Severance,  Frank  Hayward.     How  to  see  Niagara.     Railway     1888 
guide   and   illustrated   handbook  of   Buffalo,    Niagara   Falls   and  vicinity.  Severance 
Matthews,  Northup  and  Co.     June,   1888.      Pp.  35-37. 

Brief  and  clear. 

1889 

(The)    great    cataract    of    Niagara:    its    wonders,    past    and    present.      1889 
Buffalo:  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.      1889. 

1890 

DuNLAP,    P.    E.    comp.      Sheldon   and   Hawley's   illustrated   guide   to      1890 
Niagara  Falls  and  points  of  interest.      1890.  Uun  ap 

Fine  photographic  views  of  the  Falls  and  suspension  bridge  from 
various  points  of  view. 

[Gluck,  J.  F.]   a  little  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.     .     .     .     By  an  old      1890 
resident.      Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.      1890.         ^'"^"^ 

Advertisement  of  hotel  keepers  at  the  Falls,  but  well  written  with  but 
little  of  an  advertising  nature  and  that  unobtrusive.  Mostly  quotations 
from  prominent  visitors  and  writers.  Takes  up  the  beauty  and  grandeur 
of  the  Falls,  their  moral  influence,  the  length  of  time  which  one  should 
spend  there,  the  climate,  the  best  season  for  a  visit,  and  the  cost  of  the 
trip.     There  are  many  fine  views. 

Guide  to  Niagara  Falls:  historical,  descriptive  and  short  sketches  from      1890 
many  authors.     Buffalo:  J.  C.  Prescott,  excursion  manager,  Erie  Railroad, 
n.  d. 

Composed  largely  of  advertising  matter. 

JuDSON,  William   PiersoN.      From  the  west  and  north-west  to  the      1890 
sea  by  the  way  of  the  Niagara  ship  canal.     N.  Y. :   1890.  Judson 

The  military  and  commercial  advantages  of  a  Niagara  ship  canal, 
accompanied  by  the  report  of  Captain  Carl  F.  Palfrey,  Corps  of  Engi- 
neers, U.  S.  A.     On  possible  routes  and  cost  of  such  a  canal. 

League  of  American  Wheelmen.   Eleventh  annual  meet,  Niagara     ^^^^ 
Falls.  N.  Y.   August  25,  26,  27,   1890.    Niagara  Falls  bicycle  club.    Pp.  V'^'^  °^ 
1 7-24.  .V.    , 

Wheelmen 

Niagara  Falls.       [Buffalo   and   N.   Y. :   Matthews,   Northrup,    1890.]       1890 
Description  of  the  Falls  with  quotations  and  illustrations.      Gives  also 

1239 


1890 


1891 

Newton 


Niagara  Falls 

the  cost  of  a  visit,  with  various  details  as  to  the  best  time  for  the  trip,  length 
of  stay  and  so  forth. 

1891 

[Newton,  Samuel  B.]  Niagara  and  Chautauqua.  Compliments 
of  Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  railroad.  Buffalo:  Wenborne- 
Sumner.      (1891.) 

A  descriptive  guide  to  the  Falls  containing  numerous  sketches  and 
photographs  interspersed  with  advertisements. 


1892 

Long 


1892 


Severance 


1892 

Long,    Elias   A.      Niagara   as   it   is.      A   complete   guide.      N 
Rural  pub.  co.      1892. 


Y. 


A  systematic  guide  providing  for  the  most  economical  and  advantageous 
use  of  the  visitor's  time.  Tours  are  suggested,  descriptions,  general 
information,  anecdotes,  "  impressions  of  visitors,"  with  charts  and  views 
are  given. 

[Severance,  Frank  Hayward.]  A  new  guide  to  Niagara  Falls 
and  vicinity.  .  .  .  Chicago  and  N.  Y. :  Rand,  McNally.  1892. 
Pp.  1-124. 

Gives  an  itinerary  for  the  trip  to  the  Falls,  with  descriptions  of  the 
scenery,  history  and  other  information. 


1893 

Hopkins 


1893 


1893 

F^OPKINS,  G.  M.     Atlas  of  the  vicinities  of  the  city  of  Niagara  Falls, 
North  Tonawanda  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Phila. :   1893  c. 
Plates  3  and  5  show  the  Falls  and  islands. 

Tlie  Niagara  book,  a  complete  souvenir  of  Niagara  Falls;  containing 
sketches,  stories  and  essays  ...  by  W.  D.  Howells,  Mark  I  wain. 
Prof.  Nathaniel  S.  Shaler,  and  others.  Buffalo:  Underbill  and  Nichols. 
1893. 

A  book  written  to  supply  the  lack  of  a  *'  good  souvenir  "  of  Niagara 
Falls.  It  consists  of  "  original  stories,  sketches,  and  essays  —  descriptive, 
humorous,  historical  and  scientific^ — -dealing  directly  with  Niagara  Falls." 
A  new  and  revised  edition  in  1901. 

1240 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Contents: 

Part  I.     Almy,  F.     What  to  see.     Dunlap,  O.  E.  Dramatic  incidents.      1893 
Porter,  P.  A.     Historic  Niagara.     Shaler,  N.  S.     The  geology  of  Niagara  Hopkin* 
Falls.     Day,  D.  F.     The  flora  and  fauna  of  Niagara  Falls.     Sellers,  C. 
Utilization  of  Niagara's  power. 

Part  II.  Twain,  Mark.  The  first  authentic  mention  of  Niagara  Falls. 
Howells.  W.  D.  Niagara  first  and  last.  Martin,  E.  S.  As  it  rushes  by. 
Slicer,  T.  R.    Famous  visitors  at  Niagara  Falls. 

Part  III.    Buffalo  and  the  Pan-American  Exposition. 

[Severance,    Frank   Hayward.]      The    Columbian   year   book.     1^93 
Niagara  Falls  and  Buffalo,   N.   Y.      Pub.   by  J.   C.   Prescott,   excursion  Severance 
manager,  Erie  lines.     Buffalo:   1893. 

Mostly  advertising  matter.  Directions  as  to  how  to  see  Niagara, 
together  with  some  statistics. 

1894 

New  York  central  and  Hudson  river  railroad  company.     What  can  I      1894 
see?  and  how  much  will  it  cost  me  in  two  days  at  Niagara  Falls?    .    .    . 
N.  Y.:  N.  Y.  C.  and  H.  R.  R.  R.  Co.  (1894.) 

Itinerary  and  other  information  for  visit  to  the  Falls. 

1895 

Michigan    central    railroad.       Niagara    Falls    from   different   points    of      1895 
view.     Chicago:  Knight  Leonard  and  Co.      1895. 

Quotations,  information,  colored  views.  Altogether  a  very  pretty  little 
booklet. 

Niagara  Falls  park  and  river  railway.     Niagara  River  from  the  rapids      1895 
above  the  falls  to  Lake  Ontario.     (Buffalo:  Matthews,  Northrup.    1895.) 

1896 

DuNLAP,  Orrin  E.      The  new  steel  arch  bridge  over  Niagara  Falls.      1896 
(Eng.  news,  Jan.  2.   1896.      35:13-14.)  Dunlap 

"  One  of  the  great  engineering  feats  of  the  coming  year." 

LuTARD,    Augusts.      Aux    £tats-unis.      Deuxieme    edition.       Paris:      1896 
Societe  d'editions  scientifiques.     N.  Y.:  Brentano.      1896.     Pp.   196-205.  ^"^^'"'^ 
The  author  tells  us  the  purpose  of  his  "  guide  "  when  he  says: 
"  Je  me  contenteral  done  de  decrire  le  Niagara  tel  que  je  I'ai  vu  en 
I  894,  c'est-a-dire  depuis  la  creation  des  nouveaux  pares,  et  depuis  I'estab- 
lissment  du   chemin  de    fer   electrique   .    .   .   En  un   mot,   je   vais   essayer 

1241 


Niagara  Falls 

1896  d'etre  un  Guide  utile  f>our  le  voyageur  frangais  qui  sera  tente  de  visiter  cette 

Lutard  merveille  qui  vaut,  a  elle  seule,  le  voyage  en  Amerique." 

1896  Michigan    central    railroad    company.      Niagara    Falls    in    miniature. 

Chicago:  Rand,  McN ally.     1896. 

A  very  neat  little  booklet,  well  illustrated,  consisting  for  the  most  part 
of  quotations  from  famous  visitors  and  literary  lights, —  Anthony  Trollope, 
J.  M.  Heredia,  Edwin  Arnold,  James  A.  Garfield,  J.  J.  Audobon, 
William  Black,  Lady  Duffus  Hardy,  Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  Bayard 
Taylor,   etc. 

1896  Morse,  Mrs.  S.   D.      Greater  Niagara.      Tourist's  edition.      Niagara 

Morse  Falls.      1 896. 

"  Its  parks,  its  drives,  its  railways,  its  hotels;  All  the  beauties  of  this 
great  watering  place  an  dhow  to  see  them."  Points  of  interest,  scenic  and 
historical,  are  described. 

1896  New  York  central  railroad.     Two  days  at  Niagara  Falls.      Published 

by  the  passenger  department  of  "America's  greatest  railroad."      1  896. 

1896  Paul's  dictionary  of  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls,  Tonawanda,  and  vicinity. 

Paul  Buffalo:  Peter  Paul  Book  Co.      (1896.)      Pp.   1 70-256. 

"  This  complete  guide  "  to  "  Niagara  as  it  is  "  gives  suggestions  for 
tours,  with  accounts  of  the  principal  points  of  interest.  Some  impressions 
of  travellers  are  given,  and  information  concerning  the  geology  of  the 
district. 

1896  Pen  and  sunlight  sketches  of  scenery  reached  by  the  Grand  trunk  railway 
system  and  connections,  with  routes  and  rates  for  summer  tours.  1 896. 
Pp.  18-25. 

Dickens's  descriptions,  together  with  information  regarding  access  to  the 
Falls  and  river. 

1897 

1897  Across  Niagara's  gorge.  (Battle  Creek,  Mich.:  W.  C.  Gage  and 
Sons.      1897).      (No  title  page,  title  taken  from  cover.) 

A  small  guide  to  Niagara. 

1897  Cutter's    guide   to   Niagara    Falls,    and    adjacent   points   of   interest. 

Cutter  Cutter's  guide  pub.  co.       1897. 

Takes  up  not  merely  the  usual  scenic  and  historical  material,  but  has  two 
very  good  articles  on  the  power  development  at  the  Falls.  All  phases  are 
very  well  illustrated. 

1242 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Features  of  the  Falls.     (St.  ry.  rev.,  Oct.   1897.     7:644-646.)  1897 

A  description  of  the  Falls  and  suggestions  for  visitors. 

Grand  trunk  railway  system.      (Gateways  of  tourist  travel.      Pen  and       1897 
camera  pictures  of  scenery  reached  by  the  Grand  trunk  railroad  system 
and  connections.      N.   d.       1897.      Pp.   9-16.) 

1898 

The  new  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls  as  it  looks  now.     (Illus.  Am.,  Sept.      1898 
23.   1898.     24:233.) 

1899 

The  bridges  of  Niagara  gorge.     (Sci.  Am.,  June  17,  1899.     80:296-      1899 
297.) 

DUNLAP,   OrrIN   E.      The   romance   of   Niagara   bridges.       (Strand      1899 
mag.,  Nov.  1899.     18:430-433.)  Dunkp 

No  matter  what  caused  the  formation  of  the  Niagara  gorge, 
the  fact  remains  that  its  existence  has  forced  a  wonderful  demon- 
stration of  man's  skill.  The  romance  of  the  Niagara  Bridges  is 
the  most  marvellous  and  interesting  story  of  its  kind  in  the  history 
of  the  world. 

It  is,  indeed,  a  strange  coincidence  that  as  the  current  of  the 
river  cut  its  way  through  the  canyon,  it  was  separating  what  were 
to  be  sections  of  two  nations  —  the  river  being  the  boundary 
between  New  York  State  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada  —  which 
were  later  to  be  brought  into  mutual  rejoicing  over  the  connection 
of  the  mighty  cliffs  by  such  a  tender  bond  as  that  of  a  boy's 
kite-string. 

In  the  early  days,  before  the  Niagara  gorge  had  been  spanned 
by  a  bridge,  the  only  means  of  crossing  was  by  a  ferry  operated 
close  to  the  foot  of  the  Falls  —  that  great  natural  spectacle  which 
has  for  centuries  commanded  the  admiration  of  the  people  of  the 
world.  Then  the  Niagara  locality  was  deemed  quite  a  distance 
west,  but  ambitious  man  kept  plunging  still  farther  westward  to 
open  up  the  new  country  beyond.  The  gorge  of  Niagara  lay 
across  the  direct  pathway.  It  was  evident  that  this  obstacle  to 
travel  must  be  overcome,  and  the  necessary  money  was  secured  to 
construct  a  bridge.  The  style  of  structure  decided  upon  was  of 
the  suspension  type,  and  the  site  was  at  the  point  where  the  edges 

1243 


Niagara  Falls 

1899         of  the  cliffs  were  over  800  feet  apart,  and  this  right  above  where 
Duniap  ^YiQ  terrible  whirlpool  rapids  begin. 

The  success  met  with  by  the  promoters  and  builders  of  the 
railway  suspension  bridge  created  a  demand  for  a  bridge  two 
miles  farther  up  stream,  close  to  the  Falls,  where  the  scenic  feature 
was  more  pronounced.  After  much  opposition  a  charter  was 
obtained,  and  in  the  winter  of  1 867-68  a  rope  was  carried  across 
the  river  at  the  site  of  the  proposed  new  bridge  on  an  ice  bridge, 
and  thus  connection  was  made  between  the  cliffs  at  this  point  for 
another  structure  which  was  to  develop  many  interesting  incidents 
in  bridge  destruction  and  bridge  construction.  The  bridge  first 
built  on  this  site  was  a  wooden  structure,  opened  to  the  public  on 
January  2nd,  1 869.  It  was  only  about  1 0  ft.  wide,  and  carriages 
were  unable  to  pass  one  another  on  it.  This  led  to  long  waits  at 
either  end,  and  no  doubt  many  readers  of  this  article  will  remem- 
ber the  long  lines  of  carriages  moving  in  one  direction  across  the 
bridge  in  caravan  form,  while  many  others  were  waiting  for  the 
line  to  pass  in  order  that  they  might  secure  the  right  of  way.  Those 
were  the  days  when  the  Niagara  hackman  was  in  his  prime,  and 
the  locality  had  not  been  revolutionized  by  the  electric  trolley. 
In  1 872  steel  supplanted  wood  in  the  bottom  chord,  and  in  1 884 
the  wooden  towers,  in  which  elevators  were  operated  on  the 
Canadian  side,  gave  way  to  towers  of  steel.  In  October,  1 887, 
the  work  of  widening  the  bridge  was  commenced,  and  it  v/as  com- 
pleted June  1 3th,  1 888,  without  any  suspension  of  traffic.  This 
gave  an  entire  new  steel  structure  from  bank  to  bank,  with  a  span 
of  1 ,268  ft.  As  a  suspension  bridge,  it  was  the  admiration  of 
all  who  visited  Niagara,  but  it  was  doomed  to  an  untimely  fate. 
On  the  night  of  January  9- 1 0th,  1889,  the  Niagara  locality 
was  visited  by  a  terrific  hurricane,  and  when  daylight  came  in  the 
morning  not  a  single  inch  of  the  bridge  proper  remained,  it  having 
been  torn  away  from  the  cliffs  as  though  cut  out  by  a  knife,  and 
the  entire  mass  of  steel  lay  bottom  up  in  the  gorge  below.  On  the 
slopes  of  the  bank  on  each  side  of  the  river  the  ends  of  the  fallen 
mass  were  visible,  while  beneath  the  deep,  silent  waters  of  the 

1244 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

river  the  greater  portion  of  the  wreck  was  hidden,  and  there  it     1899 
remains  to  this  day.     .     .     .  Dunlap 

While  they  mourned  the  loss  of  their  bridge  the  controlling 
companies  were  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  at  once  ordered  it  to  be 
duplicated.  This  rebuilding  of  the  bridge  was  a  feat  of  surprising 
rapidity ;  but  as  the  iron-mills  had  all  the  patterns,  the  steel  parts 
were  quickly  at  hand.  On  March  22nd,  1889,  the  duplicate 
bridge  was  started,  and  on  May  7th,  1 889,  it  was  opened  for 
travel,  thus  accomplishing  one  of  the  most  notable  feats  of  bridge 
construction  ever  witnessed  on  the  Niagara  frontier.  This 
structure  had  a  width  of  1  7|/2  feet,  and  when  it  was  built  the  men 
behind  it  believed  they  were  building  for  all  time. 

Not  so,  however.  In  1 889  they  little  realized  that  the  ensuing 
decade  would  bring  forth  such  wonderful  changes  in  the  Niagara 
region  as  to  demand  a  voluntary  destruction  of  the  handsome 
structure  they  had  built,  in  order  that  it  might  give  way  to  a  more 
modern  and  a  better  bridge.  But  all  this  was  to  be  and  has  now 
taken  place.  With  the  development  of  great  units  of  electrical 
power  at  Niagara  Falls  there  was  a  revolutionizing  force  of  won- 
derful power  set  free.  The  horse-car  lines  of  the  region  and 
other  new  roads  were  electrically  equipped,  and  a  nev/  force  was 
set  to  work  developing  the  Niagara  surroundings.  With  the  con- 
struction of  electric  roads  on  both  sides  of  the  gorge  for  scenic 
purposes  there  came  a  demand  for  international  connection 
of  the  lines,  in  order  that  a  belt-line  trolley  service  might  be 
operated  about  the  gorge.  The  modern  electric  car  is  heavily 
weighted,  and  it  was  found  that  none  of  the  bridges  were  suffi- 
ciently strong  to  furnish  the  required  service.  This  led  to  the 
determination  to  replace  the  upper  and  new  suspension  bridge  with 
an  all-metal  arch. 

This  arch  was  built  in  1897-98,  and  has  the  distinction  of 
being  the  greatest  steel  arch  in  the  world.  The  abutments  stand 
close  to  the  water's  edge  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  and  the  length 
of  the  main  span  between  them  is  about  840  ft.  This  arch  has 
but  one  floor,  on  which  room  has  been  provided  for  double  tracks 

124S 


Niagara  Falls 

1S99         for  the  electric  car  service,  the  road  being  the  first  international 
""  ^^  line  between  the  United  States  and  Canada.     There  is  ample 

room  for  carriages,  and  walks  are  also  provided  for  pedestrians. 
As  the  bridge  practically  stands  right  in  front  of  the  Falls,  a  grand 
view  of  the  cataract  is  obtainable.  In  the  grace  of  its  lines  this 
arch  is  surpassingly  beautiful,  and  is  today  classed  as  one  of  the 
wonderful  things  to  be  seen  at  Niagara.  Hie  method  of  erection 
was  very  similar  to  the  arch  first  erected  across  the  gorge,  the 
suspension  bridge  being  removed  after  the  arch  had  been  erected. 
It  is  the  fourth  bridge  built  on  this  site. 

1899  Great  gorge  route.     Niagara  Falls  and  the  Niagara  gorge:  being  photo- 

graphs by  C.  D.  Arnold  and  G.  E.  Curtis ;  with-  text  explanatory  of  the 
views.     Niagara  Falls.      1 899. 

1899  KeyES,    Monroe    James.      Tourists*    illustrated    guide   book    to    the 
Keyes              islands,  peninsulas,  and  cities  of  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara  Falls.     Bucyrus, 

O. :  News  pub.  CO.     1 899.     Pp.  78-79. 
F'acilities  indicated  for  quick  trip. 

1900 

1900  Passenger  department  of  the  Richelieu  and  Ontario  navigation  company. 
Official  guide,     1  900.     From  Niagara  to  the  sea.   .   .   .  N.  p.     Pp.  5-9. 

1900  Rebuilding  Niagara's  reservation  bridges.     (Sci.  Am.,  Sept.  22,  1900. 

83:187.) 

An  account  of  the  construction  of  the  concrete  arch  bridge  between 
the  mainland  and  Goat  Island. 

1900  Strengthening  the  cantilever  bridge  at  Niagara.     (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.  20, 
1900.    83:249-250.) 

1901 

1901  Almy,  Frederic,    What  to  see,     (In  The  Niagara  book.     N.  Y. : 
A!my               Doubleday.   Page  and  co.       1901.      Pp.   3-28.) 

'*A  consecutive  description  for  visitors  "  taking  up  the  various  points 
of  interest,  scenic  and  historical,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  mapping  out  a 
program  for  one  day  at  Niagara,  and  giving  various  statistics  of  interest. 

1901  Cutter,    Charles.       Pan-American.    Buffalo    and    Niagara    Falls: 

Cutler  a  picturesque  souvenir.      1901c. 

Some  fine  photographs  of  the  Falls  frora  various  points  of  view. 

1246 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

DuNLAP,  Orrin  E.     New  concrete  arch  bridges  at  Niagara.      (Sci.      1901 
Am..  Nov.  23.  1901.    85:327.)  Duniap 

An  article  on  the  bridges  which  connect  Goat  Island  with  the  mainland. 

Handbook  to  the  Pan-American  exposition,  BufFalo  and  Niagara  Falls.      1901 
Chicago:  Rand.  McNally.     (1899-1901c).     Pp.  182-237. 

Michigan  central  railroad.      General  passenger  department.      Niagara      1901 
Falls.     Chicago:     Rand,  McNally.     1901. 

A  well-arranged  guide  —  How  to  see  Niagara.  The  cost  of  the  trip 
is  given  with  a  description  of  the  infinite  variety  of  the  scenery.  There 
is  some  account  of  the  geology  of  the  Falls  and  quotations  from  both  prose 
and  poetry.     The  book  is  also  illustrated. 

JuDSON.  William  PieRSON.     History  of  the  various  projects,  reports,      1901 
discussions  and  estimates   for  reaching  the  great  lakes   from  tide-water,  Judson 
1768-1901.    N.p.    N.d.    Pp.  10-12.     (1901.) 

A  natural  sequence  of  the  many  projects  for  canals  of  various 
sizes  from  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Ontario,  was  the  consideration  of 
a  canal  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Lake  Erie,  and  projects  for  such  a 
canal  were  made  in  connection  with  and  closely  following  the 
ones  already  described. 

The  first  action  was  taken  in  1  798  when  a  company  was  char- 
tered by  the  State  of  New  York  to  construct  around  Niagara 
Falls,  a  canal  capable  of  passing  boats  of  eighty  tons ;  which  canal 
was  to  be  completed  within  ten  years,  but  which  was  never  begun. 
On  the  expiration  of  this  term,  the  Legislature  directed  the  Sur- 
veyor-General of  the  State  of  New  York  to  explore  a  route  for  a 
canal  from  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie  and  under  this  direction 
James  Geddes,  C.  E.,  made  survey  for  a  canal  around  Niagara 
Falls  from  Schlossers  to  Lewlston.  The  results  of  this  survey 
were  published  under  date  of  January  9,  1  809,  as  a  Senate  reso- 
lution, In  which  It  was  stated  that  goods  were  taken  from  Lake 
Erie  to  Lake  Ontario-  by  a  28-mile  portage  for  which  the  charge 
was  $  1 0  per  ton  for  the  Niagara  transfer  only. 

In  1 826  another  and  more  accurate  survey  was  made  by  private 
Individuals,  where  the  matter  rested  until  1835,  when  Captain 
WlUIam   G.    Williams,    of   the    United   States   Topographical 

1247 


Niagara  Falls 

1901  Engineers  was  detailed  to  make  survey  for  a  ship  canal  to  connect 

Judson  Lake  Erie  and  Lake  Ontario.     Surveys  were  then  made  of  five 

different  routes,  the  results  of  which  are  published  in  seven  large 
sheets,  with  report  and  estimates  showing  a  canal  with  1 0  feet 
depth  of  water.  These  are  published  as  Doc.  214,  H.  R.  24th 
Congress,  1st  session,  1836.  This  matter  was  again  published  as 
H.  R.  No.  201 ,  24th  Congress,  2nd  session,  1 837,  and  also  again 
published  as  part  of  H.  R.  Rep.  1 430,  5 1  st  Congress,  1  st  session, 
1890. 

No  further  action  was  taken  until  1853  when  surveys,  maps 
and  estimates  for  a  canal  with  1 4  feet  depth  of  water  were  made 
under  New  York  State  Commission  by  Charles  B.  Stuart,  C.  E., 
and  Edward  W.  Serrell,  C.  E. 

In  1863  President  Lincoln  appointed  Charles  B.  Stuart,  C.  E., 
to  make  report  and  estimates  for  a  gunboat  canal  of  1 2  feet  depth 
and  this  report  was  published  as  H.  R.  Doc.  No.  5 1 ,  38th  Con- 
gress, 1  st  session,  1 864.  No  action  was  taken  until  1 867,  when 
surveys  were  made  for  the  United  States  during  that  year  by 
James  S.  Lawrence  and  Stephen  S.  Gooding,  C.  E.  Six  different 
lines  were  surveyed ;  three  from  Lewiston  on  the  Niagara  River, 
and  three  from  Lake  Ontaio;  all  being  for  a  depth  of  14  feet. 
These  were  published,  with  maps  and  profiles  in  report  of  the 
Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  pages  21  7  to  287,  1  868,  and  again 
as  part  of  H.  R.  Rep.  1 430,  5 1  st  Congress,  1  st  session,  1 890. 

In  1889  a  revision  of  former  estimates  and  surveys  was  made 
by  Captain  Carl  F.  Palfrey,  Corps  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  for  a 
2 1  -foot  canal  on  two  routes  from  Lake  Ontario  to  Niagara  river. 
These  were  published,  with  profiles  and  estimates,  in  the  annual 
report  of  the  Chief  of  Engineers,  U.  S.  A.,  for  1889,  at  page 
2434. 

In  1889  a  bill  was  introduced  in  Congress  by  Representative 
Sereno  E.  Payne  as  H.  R.  582,  51st  Congress,  1st  session,  under 
date  of  December  1  8th,  providing  for  a  Commission  to  select  one 
of  these  routes  and  appropriating  $1,000,000  for  construction 
upon  it.     No  action  was  taken  by  Congress. 

1248 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

In  1890  a  report,  with  maps,  profiles,  and  revised  estimates  was  1901 
made  by  William  Pierson  Judson,  M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  and  was^  **" 
published  as  part  of  H.  R.  No.  283,  52nd  Congress,  1st  session, 
1892,  and  as  part  of  Senate  resolution  of  the  54th  Congress,  1  st 
session,  1896,  and  was  also  published  separately  under  title  of 
*'  From  the  West  and  Northwest  to  the  Sea  by  Way  of  the 
Niagara  Ship  Canal."  These  estimates  were  for  two  routes  from 
Lake  Ontario  to  Niagara  River  and  for  21  feet  depth  of  water. 

Reports  were  also  made  to  Congress  in  1 890  by  Representative 
Sereno  E.  Payne,  and  in  1 892  by  Representative  C.  A.  Bentley, 
and  in  1 896  by  Representative  C.  A.  Chickering,  and  by  Senator 
Calvin  S.  Brice,  in  each  of  which  the  commercial  and  engineering 
aspects  of  the  case  were  fully  presented  and  favorably  discussed. 

In  1895,  under  Senate  resolution  130,  which  became  a  law  on 
March  2,  1895,  the  President,  in  November,  1895,  appointed  a 
United  States  Deep  Waterways  Commission,  consisting  of  James 
Angell,  John  E.  Russell  and  Lyman  E.  Cooley,  M.  Am.  Soc. 
C.  E.  The  report  made  to  the  Commission  by  Mr.  Cooley  con- 
tains a  large  amount  of  valuable  information  on  this  subject  and 
is  accompanied  by  profiles  of  all  the  routes,  giving  information 
not  before  published.  The  report  of  the  Commission  was  pub- 
lished under  date  of  1897  as  H.  R.  Doc.  192,  54th  Congress, 
2nd  session. 

In  1898  the  United  States  Board  of  Engineers  on  Deep 
Waterways  elsewhere  referred  to,  caused  Charles  L.  Harrison, 
M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  to  make  surveys  and  estimates  for  canals 
2 1  feet  and  30  feet  deep,  connecting  the  waters  of  Lake  Ontario 
and  Lake  Erie;  the  results  of  which  surveys  form  a  part  of  the 
report  of  this  Board  which  was  submitted  to  Congress  on 
December  1,  1900. 

In  1 900  the  State  Engineer  of  New  York,  Edward  A.  Bond, 
M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  caused  estimates  to  be  made  for  canals 
around  Niagara  Falls  as  a  part  of  the  barge  canal  project  on  the 
basis  of  1 1  feet  depth  in  the  locks,  and  1 2  feet  depth  in  the  water- 
ways as  given  in  the  report  of  1901 . 

79  1249 


Niagara  Falls 

1901  Porter,  Peter  A.     Official  guide.     Niagara  Falls,  river,  frontier; 

Porter  scenic,  electric,  historic,  geologic,  hydraulic.     With  illustrations  by  Charles 

D.  Arnold.     (Buffalo:  The  Matthews-Northrup  Works.      1901.) 

A  complete  guide,  covering  every  aspect  of  the  subject.  Accurate, 
interesting,  well  written,  and  with  fine  views. 

1901  Rand-McNally.       Hand-book    to    the     Pan-American    exposition. 

Rand-  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  .   .   .   Chicago  and  N.  Y.:  Rand.  McNally. 

McNally  (|90|).     Pp.  182-237. 

Tells  the  traveler  how  to  get  to  the  Falls,  the  expense  of  the  trip,  and 
suggests  tours  in  the  vicinity.  Gives  also  something  of  the  history  of  the 
Falls  and  a  description  of  the  scenery. 

1901  Reid,  Robert  A.     One  hundred  views  of  the  Pan-American  exposi- 
Reid                tion,  Buffalo,  and  Niagara  Falls  .   .   .   Buffalo.      1901. 

1902 

1902  Bishop,  Irving.     The  red  book  of  Niagara.     A  comprehensive  guide 
Bishop            to  the  scientific,  historical  and  scenic  aspects  of  Niagara.     For  the  use  of 

travellers  .   .   .   Buffalo:     1902. 

An  interesting  and  well-written  guide  describing  the  city  of  Niagara 
Falls,  telling  in  detail  how  to  see  the  Falls  to  best  advantage,  enabling  the 
visitor,  "  whether  his  tastes  be  for  the  scenic,  the  scientific  or  the  historical, 
to  see  Niagara  from  his  own  point  of  view,  with  the  minimum  outlay  of  time 
and  money."  The  book  gives  a  clear  and  concise  account  of  the  history, 
geology,  power  developments  and  industries  at  the  Falls.  It  closes  with  a 
brief  account  of  the  fishing  and  hunting  on  the  river,  and  differs  from  most 
guides  in  including  a  short  list  of  references  on  the  subjects  treated. 

In  1861 ,  Joel  Robinson,  with  an  engineer  and  assistant,  piloted 
the  Maid  of  the  Mist,  one  of  the  earlier  steamers  of  that  name, 
through  the  rapids  to  Lewiston.  The  trip  was  accomplished  in 
safety,  although  the  boat  suffered  some  injury.  On  August  28, 
1887,  C.  A.  Perry  of  Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  made  the 
passage  of  the  Rapids  to  the  Whirlpool  in  a  life-boat  of  special 
construction  which  he  had  himself  made.  R.  W.  Flack,  of  Syra- 
cuse, attempted  the  same  feat  in  July  following,  but  was  drowned. 
A  successful  passage  was  made  July  12,  1900,  by  Capt.  Nissen 
of  Chicago.  His  boat,  "The  Fool  Killer,"  had  a  length  of  24 
feet  with  a  4-foot  beam  and  was  provided  with  six  air  compart- 

12'0 


Open  Road  —  Guides  -  -  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

merits.     His  idea  of  the  boat  seems  to  have  been  a  misnomer.     1902 
Several  people  have  also  safely  passed  through  the  rapids  in  strong  B'*^°p 
casks  built  specially  for  the  purpose. 

In  July,  1883,  Captain  Matthew  Webb,  who  had  previously 
swum  across  the  English  channel,  lost  his  life  while  attempting 
to  swim  the  Rapids.  His  body  was  recovered  a  few  days  later 
at  Lewiston.  A  Bostonian  named  Kendall,  in  1886,  managed 
by  the  aid  of  a  life  preserver,  to  get  though  alive,  though  much 
exhausted. 

Blondin  came  to  Niagara  in  1859  with  his  business  manager, 
Harry  Calcourt.  He  gave  his  first  performances  on  a  wire  cable 
which  was  stretched  across  the  Gorge  from  White's  Pleasure 
Ground,  about  where  the  car-sheds  of  the  Gorge  Road  now 
stand.  At  a  subsequent  exhibition,  the  cable  was  stretched  across 
the  Whirlpool  Rapids,  just  north  of  the  present  Lower  Arch 
Bridge.  Among  some  of  his  feats  were  walking  across  the  rope, 
chained  hand  and  foot ;  making  the  passage  in  the  evening ;  cross- 
ing with  his  feet  encased  in  butter  tubs;  crossing  without  a 
balancing  pole;  carrying  a  cooking  stove  to  the  middle  of  the 
rope,  where  he  stopped  and  cooked  an  omelette;  turning  hand- 
springs, standing  on  his  head,  or  sitting  down  sideways  on  the  rope 
two  hundred  feet  above  the  water,  and  many  other  equally 
daring  acts.  His  greatest  exploit  was  performed  in  1 860,  when 
he  carried  Calcourt  across  the  Whirlpool  Rapids  on  his  back, 
in  the  presence  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  Four  times  in  the  course 
of  the  trip  Blondin  stopped  to  rest,  each  time  setting  his  burden 
dov.Ti  upon  the  rope  and  resuming  it  to  continue  his  journey. 

Since  Blondin's  day  other  rope-walkers  have  imitated  his  feats 
with  more  or  less  success.  In  1 873  Bellini  crossed  on  a  rope 
stretched  from  Prospect  Park  to  the  opposite  side  near  the  Ferry 
Road.  Stephen  successfully  crossed  on  a  wire  rope  above  the  old 
Suspension  Bridge,  in  1878,  and  also  jumped  from  the  wire  to 
the  water.  Samuel  Dixon  also  crossed  on  the  same  wire. 
Madame  Spellerini  and  others  have  made  the  passage  safely  a': 

1251 


Niagara  Falls 

1902         various  times,  but  no  one  achieved  the  reputation  attained  by 
^'*'^  Blondin. 

On  October  24,  1901 ,  Mrs.  Annie  Edson  Taylor  passed  over 
the  Horseshoe  Fall  in  a  barrel  and  survived  —  a  feat  never  before 
accomplished  by  anyone.  The  barrel  in  which  Mrs.  Taylor 
made  the  trip  was  strongly  built  of  oak  and  weighted  at  the  lower 
end  with  an  anvil  weighing  1 00  pounds.  An  opening  at  the  top 
large  enough  to  admit  the  body  was  closed  by  a  valve.  The 
barrel  containing  Mrs.  Taylor  was  towed  by  two  men  in  a  row- 
boat  over  to  the  Canadian  channel  and  released.  It  passed  over 
the  Horseshoe  Fall  about  200  feet  from  Table  Rock,  and  was 
recovered  in  an  eddy  near  the  Maid  of  the  Mist  landing  on  the 
Canadian  side.  Except  for  a  cut  upon  the  head  and  a  few 
bruises  Mrs.  Taylor  was  uninjured. 

The  principal  fish  caught  with  the  hook  in  the  Niagara  River 
are  yellow  perch,  yellow  pike  (the  pike  perch),  blue  pike,  white, 
rock  and  black  bass,  and  muskallonge.  The  best  perch  fishing 
begins  about  the  middle  of  May  and  lasts  until  July.  The  fall 
run  begins  early  in  August  and  may  continue  till  the  middle  of 
October,  although  the  earlier  part  of  the  period  is  considered  the 
best.  Blue  pike  bite  voraciously  for  a  few  days  early  in  May, 
and  are  likely  to  be  caught  afterwards  in  fishing  for  perch. 
Yellow  pike  are  readily  caught  either  with  bait  or  by  "  chuggin," 
from  August  1  to  September  15,  although  they  may  be  taken  in 
small  numbers  after  May  1 ,  especially  with  minnows.  Black 
bass  may  be  taken  between  June  1 6  and  December  3 1 .  White 
bass  may  be  taken  in  May  on  the  American  side  of  the  river, 
but  are  protected  on  the  Canadian  side  until  later.  Muskallonge 
are  sparingly  caught  in  Buffalo  harbor  and  around  Grand  Island 
about  June  1 ,  and  in  the  latter  region  in  August  and  September. 
Sturgeon  are  speared  in  the  river  below  the  Whirlpool  in  May. 
Eels  are  caught  in  great  numbers  below  the  Falls,  where  they 
sometimes  crawl  out  among  the  wet  stones  in  their  endeavor  to 
pass  up  the  river. 

1252 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

The  best  places  for  fishing  in  the  lower  river  are  at  Lewiston  or     1902 
Queenston  and  at  Youngstown.     .     .    .  Bishop 

Above  the  Falls  perch  and  rock  bass  fishing  may  be  had  at 
Schlosser's  dock  and  at  La  Salle.  .  .  .  The  fish  do  not  run 
as  large  here  as  at  Lewiston,  but  the  fisherman  is  reasonably  sure 
of  a  fair  catch  in  the  proper  season.  At  Buffalo  there  is  much 
fishing  at  the  Ferry  Street  dock  but  the  fish  are  small  and  few. 
Yellow  pike  and  blue  pike  are  caught  during  August  in  the  early 
evening  on  the  breakwater  above  Ferry  Street.     .     ,     . 

Duck  hunting  is  good  along  the  river  in  many  places.  Favorite 
spots  for  this  sport  are  the  upper  reach  of  the  Niagara  where  it 
leaves  Lake  Erie,  in  the  vicinity  of  Grand  Island,  and  between 
Grand  Island  and  the  head  of  the  rapids.  In  the  autumn  of 
1900  ducks  were  quite  numerous  between  the  Upper  Arch 
Bridge  and  the  Falls.  During  the  winter  they  frequent  the  open 
water  above  the  rapids,  where  they  are  shot  in  large  numbers. 

Michigan  central  railroad  company.     Niagara  Falls.     Chicago.     1902.      "^^02 

1903 

American  library  association,  twenty-fifth  annual  conference.     Niagara      1903 
Falls,  June  22-27,  1903.     Buffalo:  Matthews.  Northrup  and  Co.     1  903. 

A  handsome  booklet,  well  written  and  illustrated.  Contains  a  history 
of  the  Falls  and  reservation  together  with  an  account  of  power  development 
on  the  river. 

1904 

American  institute  of  homeopathy.     Sixtieth  annual  conference.    Niagara      1904 
Falls.     June  20-25,  1904. 

Deals  with  the  scenic,  historical  and  industrial  aspects. 

Burk's  guide  of  Niagara  Falls:  directions  as  suggested  by  a  resident.      1904 
Niagara  Falls:  C.   E.   Burk.      1904.  Burk 

1906 

Severance,  Frank  HaYWARD.     The  story  of  Joncaire,  his  life  and      1906 
times  on  the  Niagara.     Buffalo.      1906.     Passim.  Severance 

The  following  chapters  are  portions  of  an  extended  study ,^  as 
yet  unpublished,  of  the  operations  of  the  French  on  the  Lower 

^  Published  in  1917  under  the  title    An  Old  Frontier  of  France,"  2  vol. 

1253 


Niagara  Falls 

190G  Lakes,  with  special  reference  to  the  history  of  the  Niagara  region. 
Severance  ^\iq  sourccs  froHi  which  the  narrative  is  drawn  are  almost  wholly 
documentary,  both  printed  and  in  manuscript.  The  most  impor- 
tant printed  sources  are  the  "  London  Documents,"  and  "  Paris 
Documents,"  which  constitute  volumes  five  and  nine  of  the 
"Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  New 
York."  .  .  .  Some  examination  of  the  manuscripts  themselves 
has  been  made  in  various  depositaries,  especially  the  Public 
Record  Office  and  the  British  Museum  in  London,  the  Canadian 
Archives  Office  at  Ottawa,  and  in  the  manuscripts  office  of  the 
New  York  State  Library,  at  Albany.  Some  facts  have  been 
gleaned  from  the  Provincial  Records  of  Pennsylvania.  .  .  . 
With  the  exception  of  the  short  but  precious  "  Histoire  du 
Canada  "  of  the  Abbe  de  Belmont;  the  "  Histoire  de  I'Amerique 
septentrionale  "  of  De  Bacquevllle  de  la  Potherie  (Paris  1  722)  ; 
the  works  of  Charlevoix  and  one  or  two  other  chroniclers  who 
were  contemporary  with  the  events  of  which  they  wrote,  the  fol- 
lowing narrative  is  based  entirely  on  the  documents  themselves. 

In  June,  Alphonse  de  Tonty  left  Montreal  for  Detroit,  at 
which  post  he  had  been  granted  the  privilege  of  trade,  on  condi- 
tion that  he  would  confine  his  operations  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
Detroit,  nor  send  goods  for  sale  to  distant  tribes.  In  crossing 
Lake  Ontario,  on  his  way  to  Niagara,  he  met  nine  canoes,  all 
going  to  Albany  to  trade.  Three  were  from  Mackinac,  three 
from  Detroit  and  three  from  Saginav/.  Tonty  endeavored  to 
head  off  this  prospective  trade  for  the  English  and  succeeded  so 
well,  heightening  his  arguments  by  substantial  presents,  that  they 
all  agreed  not  to  go  to  Albany,  but  to  go  with  him  to  Detroit. 

Two  days  later,  when  this  imposing  flotilla  was  within  six  miles 
of  Niagara,  they  fell  in  with  seventeen  canoes,  full  of  Indians  and 
peltries.  In  reply  to  his  inquiries,  these  also  admitted  that  they 
were  going  to  Albany  to  trade,  though  they  added  that  they  were 
coming  to  Detroit  afterwards.  Tonty  was  equal  to  the  emer- 
gency. Inspired  by  self-interest  as  well  as  loyalty  to  his  govern- 
ment, "  he  induced  them  also  to  abandon  their  design,  by  the 

1254 


everance 


Open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

promise   that   the  price   of   merchandise   at   Detroit  should  be     1906 
diminished,  and  he  would  also  give  them  some  brandy."     There  ^ 
followed  a  judicious  distribution  of  this  potent  commodity. 

One  is  tempted  to  conjure  up  the  scene.  Here  were  twenty-six 
laden  canoes,  not  counting  Tonty's  own  boats.  They  had  come 
long  journeys  from  remote  and  widely  separated  points,  and  their 
one  objective  point  was  the  Englishman's  trading  place  on  the 
Hudson.  But  no  sooner  do  they  come  under  the  blandishments 
of  the  Frenchman,  and  scent  the  aroma  of  his  brandy-kegs,  than 
these  long-cherished  plans  so  arduously  followed,  are  thrown  to 
the  winds.  They  beach  their  canoes  at  or  near  the  point  of 
Niagara.  A  cask  of  liquor  is  broached,  and  Tonty  permits  the 
thirsty  savages  "  to  buy  two  or  three  quarts  of  brandy  each,  to 
take  to  their  villages.  But  they  first  agreed  that  it  should  be  care- 
fully distributed  by  a  trusty  person." 

In  spite  of  these  reassuring  precautions,  the  transaction  seems 
somewhat  to  have  burdened  his  mind,  for  he  thought  it  well  to 
explain  that  **  he  hoped  the  council  would  not  disapprove  of  what 
he  had  done,  nor  of  the  continuance  of  the  same  course,  as  he 
had  no  other  intention  than  merely  to  hinder  the  savages  from 
going  to  the  English." 

He  succeeded  fairly  well  in  that  purpose.  After  the  distribu- 
tion of  brandy,  they  all  reembarked,  seven  of  the  canoes  promising 
to  go  to  Montreal.  Tonty  sent  back  with  them  his  trusty  inter- 
preter, L'Oranger,  to  keep  them  from  changing  their  minds  as 
they  paddled  down  the  lake.  "  He  was  only  able  to  conduct  six 
of  them  to  Montreal ;  the  seventh  escaped  and  went  to  Orange." 

Meanwhile  ten  canoes  joined  the  commandant's  own  retinue; 
all  paddled  swiftly  up  the  Niagara  to  the  old  landing,  made  the 
toilsome  portage  around  the  falls  and  pushed  on  together  for 
Detroit,  where  they  arrived  July  3d.  It  was  a  typical  move  in 
the  game  that  was  being  played,  and  France  had  gained  the 
point. 

This  expedition  was  notable  for  its  use  of  the  Niagara  route. 
Only  a  few  years  before  we  find  Vaudreuil  explaining  to  the 

1255 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  Minister  that  he  dispatched  the  Sieur  de  Lignery  to  Mackinac, 
Severance  ^^^  Louvigny  to  Detroit,  by  the  Ottawa-river  route,  because  the 
Senecas  had  warned  him  that  a  band  of  Foxes  lay  in  wait  fot 
plunder  at  the  Niagara  portage,  or  on  Lake  Erie/  If  this  were 
not  dupHcity  on  the  part  of  the  Senecas,  it  shows  that  war  parties 
from  the  West  foraged  as  far  east  as  the  Niagara ;  notwithstand- 
ing the  supposed  jealousy  with  which  the  Senecas  guarded  it. 

One  of  the  first  legislative  acts  passed  under  Burnet  had  aimed 
to  put  a  stop  to  the  direct  trade  between  the  English  and  the 
French.  It  had  long  been  the  custom  for  Albany  traders  to  carry 
English-made  goods  to  Montreal,  while  selling  them  to  the 
French,  who  in  turn  traded  them  to  the  Indians.  The  English 
could  supply  certain  articles  which  were  more  to  the  savage  taste 
than  those  sent  over  from  France;  and  they  could  afford  to  sell 
them  at  a  lower  price.  Having  stopped  the  peddling  to  the 
French  Governor  Burnet  made  strong  efforts  to  draw  the  far 
Western  Indians  to  Albany  for  trade  direct  with  them.  In  these 
efforts  he  was  fairly  successful.  Bands  of  strange  savages  from 
Mackinac  and  beyond,  accompanied  by  the  squaws  and  papooses, 
presented  themselves  at  Albany,  where  their  kind  had  never  been 
seen  before.  They  had  come  down  Lake  Huron,  past  the  French 
at  Detroit,  and  through  Lake  Erie ;  and  paddling  down  the  swift 
reaches  of  the  navigable  Niagara  had  made  the  portage,  reem- 
barking  below  the  heights  and  at  the  very  doorway  of  the  French 
trading-house;  with  some  interchange,  no  doubt  of  jeers  and 
imprecations,  but  none  of  furs  for  the  French  goods ;  and  follow- 
ing the  historic  highways  for  canoes  they  skirted  the  Ontario 

^Vaudreuil  to  the  Minister,  Oct.  15,  1712.  In  a  subsequent  letter, 
Nov.  6,  1712,  Vaudreuil  speaks  of  the  band  of  Otagamis  (i,  e. 
Outagamis,  otherwise  Foxes  or  Sacs),  led  by  one  Vonnere,  who  lay  in 
wait  at  the  Niagara  portage,  so  that  an  expedition  for  Detroit  led  by 
M.  de  Vincennes  was  sent  by  the  Ottawa  River  route,  "  not  only  to  avoid 
those  savages,  but  to  prevent  the  convoy  from  being  pillaged  by  the 
Iroquois,"  etc.  The  name  "Vonnere"  is  found  elsewhere  in  the  m.ore 
probable  form  "  Le  Tonnerre,"  i.  e.  "Thunderbolt." 

1256 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

shore  to  the  Oswego,  then  passed  up  that  river,  through  Oneida     1906 
Lake  and  down  the  Mohawk  until  they  could  lay  their  bundles  " 

of  beaver  skins  before  the  English,  on  the  strand  at  Albany. 

This  was,  indeed,  a  triumph  of  trade.  They  spoke  a  language 
which  the  traders  there  had  never  heard,  but  they  brought  many 
packs  of  furs;  and,  with  perhaps,  a  double  interpretation,  the 
business  sped  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  English.  These 
people  came  in  various  bands ;  about  twenty  hunters,  in  the  spring 
of  1722;  and  in  the  spring  of  1723,  over  eighty,  besides  their 
numerous  train  of  women  and  children ;  with  sundry  other  parties 
following.    They  traveled  over  1 ,200  miles  to  get  to  Albany. 

There  developed  in  England  at  this  time  a  considerable  outcry 
against  the  monopoly  enjoyed  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company; 
and  an  ingenious  advocacy  of  free  trade  in  North  American  fur- 
gathering.  .  .  .  Arthur  Dobbs,  who  combined  with  the 
natural  British  hostility  to  the  French  a  bitterly  critical  attitude 
towards  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  set  forth  at  length  in  his 
book  views  which  no  doubt  met  the  approval  of  many  of  the 
British  public  of  his  day.  Curiously  enough,  one  of  his  strongest 
arguments  was  based  on  a  map-maker's  blunder.  On  the  large 
map  which  accompanies  his  work,  the  Great  Lakes  are  shown, 
with  "  the  great  fall  of  Niagara  "  properly  indicated  at  the  outlet 
of  "  Conti  or  Errie  Lake."  The  whole  region  of  the  Lakes  is 
shown,  as  accurately  on  the  whole  as  on  many  another  map,  up 
to  that  time ;  but  running  into  Lake  Erie,  a  few  miles  south  of  the 
present  site  of  Buffalo,  the  unknown  geographer  had  added  a 
stream  of  considerable  size,  and  named  it  "  Conde  River."  Its 
real  prototype,  in  the  annals  of  earlier  explorers,  may  have  been 
the  Cattaraugus  or  Eighteen-Mile  Creek;  but  here  we  have  it, 
shown  unduly  large,  as  the  only  stream  entering  Lake  Erie,  its 
head-waters  coming  from  vague  mountains  to  the  southeast. 

Contemplating  this  stream,  and  the  exigencies  of  the  fur  trade 
in  the  region,  Mr.  Dobbs  saw  a  great  opportunity  for  the  British, 
"  by  forming  a  Settlement  on  the  River  Conde,  which  is  navigable 

1257 


Niagara  Falls 

1906  into  the  Lake  Errie,  which  is  within  a  small  distance  of  our 

Severance  Colonics  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland,  and  being  above  the 
great  Fall  of  Niagara,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Iroquese, 
who  are  at  present  a  Barrier  against  the  French,  and  a  sufficient 
protection  to  our  Fort  and  trading  House  at  Oswaga,  in  their 
Country  upon  the  Lake  Frontenac,  who  by  that  Trade  have 
secured  the  Friendship  of  all  the  Nations  around  the  Lakes  of 
Huron  and  Errie.  We  should  from  thence,  in  a  little  Time, 
secure  the  navigation  of  these  great  and  fine  Lakes,  and  passing  to 
the  southward,  at  the  same  time,  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  the  Upper 
Lake,  and  Lake  of  Hurons,  we  should  cut  off  the  Communication 
betwixt  their  Colonies  of  Canada  and  Mississippi,  and  secure  the 
Inland  Trade  of  all  that  vast  Continent."  Further  on  we  have 
more  details,  heal  and  imagined,  of  our  region:  "The  Streight 
above  Niagara  at  the  Lake  is  about  a  League  wide.  From  this  to 
the  River  Conde  is  20  Leagues  South-west ;  this  River  runs  from 
the  S.  E.  and  is  navigable  for  60  Leagues  without  any  Cataracts 
or  Falls;  and  the  Natives  say,  that  from  it  to  a  River  which  falls 
into  the  Ocean,  is  a  Land  Carriage  of  only  one  League.  This 
must  be  either  the  Susquehanna  or  Powtomack,  which  fall  into 
the  Bay  of  Chisapeak."  He  further  argues  the  wisdom  of  mak- 
ing a  settlement  on  this  wonderful  river  Conde,  of  building  proper 
vessels  there  to  navigate  these  lakes,  so  that  "  we  might  gain  the 
whole  Navigation  and  Inland  Trade  of  Furs,  etc.,  from  the 
French,  the  Fall  of  Niagara  being  a  sufficient  Barrier  betwixt  us 
and  the  French  of  Canada,"  etc.  It  was  alleged  that  the  British 
Government  might  easily  induce  colonists  from  Switzerland  and 
Germany  "  to  strengthen  our  settlements  upon  this  River  and 
Lake  Erie."  Another  suggestion  was  that  disbanded  British 
troops  be  sent  on  half  pay  to  Lake  Erie,  where  they  would  "  make 
good  our  possessions,  which  would  be  a  fine  retreat  to  our  Sol- 
diers, who  can't  so  easily,  after  being  disbanded,  bring  themselves 
again  to  hard  Labour,  after  being  so  long  disused  to  it."  The 
more  Mr.  Dobbs  dwelt  upon  it  the  more  important  this  particular 
project  appeared.     The  French  were  to  be  cut  off  from  com- 

1258 


Open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

munication  with  the  Mississippi;  Canada  was  to  be  "  made  insig-  1906 
nificant  for  the  French."  The  entire  free  trade  of  North  America  Severance 
was  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  Enghsh.  And  finally,  with  a 
burst  of  sentiment  which  recalls  the  devout  aspirations  of  the 
French  missionaries,  but  is  an  anomaly  in  the  plans  of  British 
traders,  he  exclaims:  "  How  glorious  would  it  be  for  us  at  the 
same  time  to  civilize  so  many  Nations,  and  improve  so  large  and 
spacious  a  country !  by  communicating  our  Constitution  and  Lib- 
erties, both  civil  and  religious,  to  such  immense  Numbers,  whose 
Happiness  and  Pleasure  would  increase,  at  the  same  Time  that 
an  Increase  of  Wealth  and  Power  would  be  added  to  Britain."  ^ 

To  the  period  we  are  now  considering,  belongs  —  if  it  belongs 
to  history  at  all  —  the  Niagara  visit  of  the  Sieur  C.  Le  Beau, 
**  avocat  en  parlernent,"  romancer  and  adventurer  at  large. 
According  to  his  own  testimony,  this  young  man,  a  native  of 
Rochelle,  went  to  Paris  in  I  729,  and  in  the  same  year  was  drawn 
from  his  legal  studies  into  a  voyage  to  Canada.  Shipwrecked  in 
the  St.  Lawrence,  he  arrived  at  Quebec,  in  sad  plight,  June  18, 
1 729.  He  found  employment  as  a  clerk  in  the  fur  business 
{**  bureau  du  castor'')  where  he  continued,  making  his  home 
with  the  Recollect  Fathers,  for  more  than  a  year.  Fie  ran  away 
from  sober  pursuits,  in  March,  1731  ...  and  under  sufficiently 
fantastic  conditions.  He  v/as  accompanied,  with  other  Indians,  by 
his  mistress,  an  Abenaki  maiden,  with  whom  he  had  exchanged 
clothes.  He  had  resorted  to  this  and  other  disguise  to  avoid 
arrest  by  the  French  as  a  deserter.  A  long  story  is  made  of  his 
encounter  with  soldiers  from  Fort  Niagara,  and  of  his  final  sanc- 
tuary in  Seneca  villages.  He  says  that  letters  were  received  from 
Montreal,  by  the  commandant  at  Fort  Niagara,  ordering  his 
arrest,  if  he  appeared  in  the  neighborhood. 

Needless  to  say,  no  mention  of  Le  Beau  is  found  in  the  official 
correspondence.     His  book  has  for  the  most  part  the  air  of  truth ; 


^  See    "An    account    of   tlie   Countries    adjoining   to    Hudson's    Bay," 
etc.,  by  Arthur  Dobbs,     Loncl,  1  744. 

1250 


Niagara  Falls 


1906 

Severance 


1907 


1907 


1909 

Buffalo 

Historical 

Society 

1909 


he  is  precise  with  his  dates,  and  in  his  account  of  Indian  customs 
shows  much  accurate  knowledge.  Among  the  things  that  tell 
against  him  are  his  allusions  to  a  Jesuit  priest,  Father  Cirene, 
among  the  Mohawks ;  but  this  name  is  not  found  in  all  the  Rela- 
tions of  the  order.  His  account  of  Niagara  Falls  is  dubious;  he 
says  they  are  600  feet  high.  This  is  La  Hontan's  figure  of  many 
years  before.  Le  Beau  has  much  to  say  of  La  Hontan  and  his 
misrepresentations,  but  the  indications  are  that  he  accepted  one  of 
that  gay  officer's  wildest  exaggerations,  and  that  he  may  never 
have  seen  Niagara  at  all.  He  probably  came  to  Canada,  and 
had  some  experience  among  the  Indians;  and  when  he  wrote  his 
book,  chose  to  so  enlarge  upon  what  he  had  really  seen  and  experi- 
enced, still  holding  to  a  thread  of  fact,  that  the  result  has  little 
interest  as  fiction,  and  no  value  whatever  as  history. 

1907 

Niagara,  and  how  to  see  it.  Meetings  of  the  S.  A.  F.  and  O.  H. 
1907.     Pp.  33-34. 

Rebridging  Niagara.      (Harp.  w..  July  31.    1907.      41:756-762.) 
With  special  reference  to  the  new  upper  steel  arch  bridge  just  below  the 

Falls. 

1909 

Buffalo  Historical  Society.    Publications.    Vol.  XIII.     1909. 

(See  index  for  references  to  Niagara  ship  canal  and  effect  of  opening  of 
Erie  canal  on  the  Niagara  portage.) 

Severance,  Frank  Hayward.  Historical  sketch  of  the  board  of 
trade,  the  merchants  exchange,  and  the  chamber  of  commerce  of  Buffalo. 
(Pub.  Buff.  hist.  soc.     1909.     13:311-313.) 

Opposition  to  the  Niagara  ship  canal. 

On  one  subject  which  came  up  time  and  again,  championed  by 
many  boards  of  trade  and  individuals,  both  in  and  out  of  Con- 
gress, the  Buffalo  Board  of  Trade  was  uniformly  and  consistently 
obdurate.  That  was  the  Niagara  Ship  Canal.  Ship  canals 
around  the  falls  had  been  proposed  in  very  early  days;  and  advo- 
cated, after  surveys  and  elaborate  reports,  from  1835,  at  intervals 
through  nearly  four  decades.     In  December,   1871,  a  Niagara 


1260 


:;^  /    r 


V, 


Open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

Ship  Canal  convention  was  held  at  Detroit.  The  Buffalo  Board  1909 
of  Trade  did  not  send  delegates,  but  prepared  instead  an  able  "*"" 
argument  against  the  proposed  construction.  This  argument,  in 
printed  form,  was  laid  before  the  convention.  The  Buffalo 
Board,  while  expressing  a  deep  interest  in  all  feasible  projects  for 
cheapening  transportation,  pronounced  the  Niagara  Ship  Canal 
unnecessary  and  useless  in  the  attainment  of  that  object.  It  pro- 
tested against  any  Federal  appropriation  therefor,  holding  that  the 
national  finances  did  not  warrant  such  an  outlay,  and  —  an  even 
stronger  argument  —  that  if  built,  the  canal  would  benefit  foreign 
commerce  at  the  expense  of  our  own.  It  claimed  that  the  true 
solution  of  the  question  which  the  Detroit  convention  had  under 
discussion,  was  the  improvement  of  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the 
cheapening  of  transportation  from  the  West  by  that  route. 

The  outcome  of  the  convention,  in  view  of  the  wide  attention 
which  it  attracted,  and  the  heat  which  marked  its  deliberations, 
suggests  the  "ridiculous  mouse"  of  old  /Esop.  Resolutions 
were  adopted  asking  "  Representatives  in  Congress  to  do  all  in 
their  power  to  procure  an  appropriation  "  to  build  the  canal. 
Nothing  followed ;  and  although  the  Niagara  Ship  Canal  scheme 
is  almost  perennial  in  its  cheerful  reappearance,  it  is  apparently  as 
far  from  realization  as  it  was  in  1 87 1 ,  1 863,  or  1 835. 

Symons,  Thomas  W.     The  United  States  government  and  the  New      1909 
York  state  canals.      (Pub.  Buff.  hist.  soc.     1909.      13:131-133.)  Synion. 

An  account  of  federal  action  on  a  canal  around  Niagara  Falls. 

1910 

FernaLD,  Frederick  AtHERTON.     The  index  guide  to  Buffalo  and      1902 
Niagara  Falls   .    .    .    Buffalo,  N.  Y. :  F.  A.  Fernald.      1910.  F^rnald 

Arranged  on  the  dictionary  or  encyclopedia  plan.  Excellent  articles 
on  the  Falls,  the  town  and  its  industries,  and  all  points  of  interest,  scenic 
and  historical,  with  several  views. 

1913 

Cumberland,  Barlow.     A  century  of  sail  and  steam  on  the  Niagara      1913 
river.     Toronto.      1913.     Pp.  31-32  :  99-1 01  ;  1 2 1  ;  1  69.  Cumberland 

1261 


Niagara  Falls 

1913  Though  devoted  to  the  history  of  the  Niagara  river  ports  and  especially 

Cumberland  jq  the  rise  of  the  Niagara  Navigatiorx  Company,  this  volume  incidentally 
contains  interesting  material,  here  and  there,  on  travel  conditions  to,  from 
and  around  the  Falls. 

The  "  Railroad  Cars  "  were  those  of  the  *'  Buffalo  and  Niagara 
Falls  Railroad  "  opened  in  1836,  then  running  two  trains  a  day- 
each  way  between  Buffalo  and  the  Falls,  leaving  Buffalo  at  nine 
in  the  morning  and  five  in  the  afternoon.  Manchester  was  the 
name  of  the  town  laid  out  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Falls,  where 
from  the  abundance  of  water  power  it  was  expected  a  great  manu- 
facturing centre  would  be  established. 

An  advertisement  in  a  later  year  (1844)  mentions  the  steamer 
"  Emerald  "  to  "  leave  Buffalo  at  9  a.  m.  for  Chippawa,  arrive 
by  cars  at  Queenston  for  steamer  for  Toronto,  Oswego,  Rochester, 
Kingston  and  Montreal." 

The  "  cars  "  at  Queenston  were  those  of  a  horse  railroad  which 
had  been  constructed  along  the  main  road  from  Chippawa  to 
Queenston,  of  which  some  traces  still  remain.  The  rails  were  long 
wooden  sleepers  faced  with  strap  iron. 

It  was  In  this  season  of  1 878  that  the  converging  railways  in 
the  districts  spreading  from  the  south  and  southwest  towards 
Buffalo,  began  a  system  of  huge  excursions  for  three  days  to 
Niagara  Falls  and  return,  on  special  trains  both  ways,  and  at 
rates  for  the  round  trip  not  far  from,  and  often  less,  than  single 
fare.  Most  of  these  separate  railways  have  since  been  merged  into 
some  one  or  other  of  the  main  Tmnk  Lines,  but  then  they  were 
independent  and  each  sending  in  its  quota  on  its  own  account  to 
make  up  a  "  Through  Special."  The  most  successful  excursions 
of  these  were  the  series  which  came  every  week  from  the  then 
Wabash  District,  from  Indiana  and  the  southwest,  and  were 
known  as  the  *'  Friendly  Hand  "  excursions.  The  name  arose 
from  a  special  trade  mark  which  appeared  in  all  the  Wabash 
folders  and  announcements,  of  an  outstretched  hand  with  the 
thumb  and  fingers  spread,  on  each  of  which  was  shown  the  line 

1262 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

and  principal  stations  of  each  one  of  the  contributing  railways     1913 
that  fed  their  excursions  into  the  main  stem.     The  excursionists^"'"''*'''*"^ 
were  energetic,  and  although  the  "  Falls  "  was  the  focus  of  their 
route,  we  induced  large  numbers  of  them  to  cross  over  to  Toronto. 
A  prevailing  slogan  was : 

"  One  day  to  Falls, 

One  day  to  stay. 

Next  day  Toronto 

And  then  '  get  away.'  " 

In  those  early  days,  before  the  "  Park  Commissioners  "  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  had  taken  public  possession  of  the  surroundings, 
there  were  few  places  at  the  Falls  from  which  either  the  river  or 
the  rapids  could  be  seen  without  paying  a  fee.  The  proprietors  of 
these  places  issued  tickets  in  little  books,  containing  coupons  for 
admittance  to  all,  or  to  a  selection,  of  these  *'  points  of  interest," 
and  put  them  all  in  the  hands  of  the  managers  of  the  excursions. 
The  advertisement  "  dodgers  "  announced: 

Special  Inducement  for  this  Excursion  to  the  Falls 

Suspension  Bridge  and  Return .  .    25c. 

Prospect  Park 25c. 

Art  Gallery   25c. 

Museum  and  Operators 50c. 

Garden  of  Living  Animals 25c. 

One  ticket  purchased  on  the  train  for  Si.oo 
Admits  the  Holder  to  all  these  regular  prices. 

A  good  round  commission  on  these  sales  was  a  helpful  "  fmd  " 
or  "  side  cut "  to  the  energetic  young  railway  men  who  personally 
accompanied  these  excursions,!  through  their  trains,  on  the  way 
to  the  Falls,  carrying  large  satchels  with  their  selections  of 
''  Points  of  Interest "  and  other  tickets,  and  answering  the  multi- 
tude of  enquiries  made  by  their  tourist  patrons.  An  extension 
ticket  to  "  Toronto  and  Return  "  was  a  pleasant  addition  to 
their  wares,  and  a  satisfactory  introduction  to  us.     .     .     . 


1263 


The  Regular  Prices  for 
Admission  are  to 


Niagara  Falls 

1913  Under  the  hill  there  can  be  discerned  beneath  the  shadow  of 
Cumberland     ^^^  Height  the  old  road  leading  up  from  the  lower  level  of  the 

dock  to  the  upper  level  upon  which,  what  is  left  of  the  Town  of 
Queenston  stands.  It  is  marked  and  scarred  vAth.  the  ruts  of 
many  decades  and  full  of  memories.  Upon  these  slopes  the 
Indian  made  his  way  to  the  waterside  at  the  Chippewa  creek. 
Here  came  the  trappers  with  their  bales  of  furs  brought  down 
from  the  far  North- West.  Here  came  the  vo^ageur  traders  of 
France  with  beads  and  gew-gaws  for  barter  with  the  Indians,  and 
later  the  English  with  blankets  and  firearms. 

In  the  earliest  days  two  portages  were  available,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  river,  but  during  the  French  period  and  for  long,  long 
after  the  one  on  the  east  side  from  Lewiston  was  mainly  used,  its 
terminus  at  Lake  Erie  being  called  Petite  Niagara  as  distinctive 
from  the  great  Fort  Niagara  at  its  lower  end. 

1914 

1914  Greater  Buffalo  and  Niagara  frontier.     Commercial  and  industrial   .    .   . 
Publicity  committee  of  the  Buffalo  chamber  of  commerce.     1914. 

"  Some  pertinent  facts  regarding  Industrial  Niagara  Falls." 

1916 

jgjg  Person,   C.   W.      Over  the  whirlpool   by   aerial   cable.      (Scl.   Am., 

Per«>n  March  25,  1 91  6.     114:330.) 

A  description  with  illustrations  of  an  aerial  scenic  railway  recently  con- 
structed over  the  whirlpool  at  Niagara. 

The  following  titles  contain  no  Information  In  their  Imprints  which  makes 
it  possible  to  assign  even  an  approximate  date  for  the  publication.  Under 
these  circumstances  it  seemed  best  to  list  these  together  at  the  close  of  this 
chapter,  with  no  attempt  at  a  chronological  arrangement  for  them. 

No  Date 

Canal  Board         CaNAL    BoaRD.       Proceedings.      Report   of    the    canal    board    on    the 
Niagara  ship  canal. 

Advocates  enlarging  the  Erie  canal  In  place  of  building  a  new  and  rival 
route  around  the  Falls. 

(Tlie)  Falls  of  Niagara  depicted  by  pen  and  camera.  Buffalo  and 
N.  Y. :  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.      N.d. 

1264 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

A  handsome  book.  The  views  are  fine  and  the  descriptions  of  the 
Falls  are  taken  from  those  of  various  literary  lights  and  famous  visitors. 

Grand  trunk  railway  system.  Across  Niagara's  gorge.  (Battle  Creek, 
Mich.     N.d.) 

A  neat  little  booklet,  beautifully  illustrated,  designed  to  serve  as  a 
souvenir  of  the  steel  arch  bridge  and  of  the  Falls. 

Guide    to    Niagara    Falls.       Niagara    Falls:    Niagara    Falls    Gazette. 

N.d. 

Hooker,  Samuel.  (Handbill  advertising  himself  as  guide  to  Niagara 
Falls.)     Buffalo.     N.d. 

A  list  of  minerals  to  be  found  at  the  Falls  together  with  the  specimens 
of  animals  and  Indian  antiquities  to  be  seen  there. 

Michigan  central  railroad.  Niagara  Falls  from  many  points  of  view. 
Chicago:  Knight  Leonard  and  Co.     N.d. 

Impressions  of  visitors  and  information  for  visitors. 

New  York  central  and  Hudson  river  railroad  company.     Two  days  at 
Niagara  Falls.      (Four  track  ser.     No.  9.)      N.d. 
Descriptive  guide  giving  quotations  and  views. 

New  York  central  and  Hudson  river  railroad,  passenger  department. 
Health  and  pleasure  on  "America's  greatest  railroad."  (Four  track 
series.)      Pp.    159-162. 

Niagara  in  summer  and  winter.     No  imprint. 

Niagara    (photographic  views).      No  imprint. 

(The)  Niagara  river  from  the  rapids  above  the  Falls  to  Lake  Ontario. 
Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthews.  Northrup  and  Co.     N.d. 

Advertisement  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Park  and  River  Railway  showing 
the  advantages  accruing  to  the  tourist  from  using  the  route  in  question. 

(The)  North  American  tourist.  N.  Y.:  Goodrich.  N.d.  Pp. 
85-92. 

Descriptions  of  the  various  points  of  interest  together  with  the  best 
possible  positions  from  which  to  view  them. 

Pocket  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.  The  complete  illustrated  guide  to 
Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity.      No  imprint. 

80  ^265 


Niagara  Falls 

Summary 

In  no  phase  of  Niagara  literature  is  a  more  complete  change 
in  conditions  portrayed  than  in  the  writings  cited  in  this  chapter. 
To  this  generation,  accustomed  to  the  comforts  of  rapid  transit, 
the  accounts  of  horse-back  and  stage-coach  trips  of  many  miles 
to  view  the  greatest  natural  wonder  of  this  continent  are  most 
interesting.  The  earliest  accounts  dealing  especially  with  the 
conditions  of  travel  to  the  Falls  are  largely  written  from  the  point 
of  view  of  possible  trade  with  the  district  and  contain  information 
concerning  roads  and  portage.  The  narrative  of  T.  C.  published 
in  the  Portfolio  in  1810  is  especially  valuable  for  its  accurate  and 
clear  account  of  the  country  traversed,  the  conditions  of  agricul- 
ture and  trade,  and  the  characteristics  of  the  surrounding  country 
and  people. 

Early  in  the  nineteenth  century  the  trip  to  the  Falls  became 
fashionable  not  only  for  European  visitors,  but  also  for  the 
well-to-do  class  of  our  own  country.  This  period  gives  us  a 
number  of  personal  reminisences  taken  from  letters  and  diaries. 
The  growing  popularity  of  the  trip  also  brought  forth  the  publi- 
cation of  guide  books  describing  the  various  routes  to  the  Falls, 
and  the  sights  to  be  seen  there.  From  these  early  days  of  the 
nineteenth  century  down  to  the  present  time,  the  publication  of 
guides  to  Niagara  has  been  steady  and  continuous.  In  the  earlier 
accounts  we  find  mention  of  the  trip  by  boat  from  one  side  of 
the  river  to  the  other,  and  in  later  years  the  descriptions  of  the 
bridges  in  accordance  with  the  rapidly  developing  science  of 
engineering.  We  also  find  interesting  accounts  of  the  first  steam- 
boats on  the  river,  and  the  first  railroads,  with  information  about 
the  beginnings  and  progress  of  the  Niagara  excursion  movement. 

The  Niagara  ship  canal  project  was  also  productive  of  much 
writing  in  the  shape  of  legislative  documents,  petitions  of  citizens, 
discussion  of  the  engineers  and  boards  of  trade  and  the  like. 
Along  with  the  economic  development  of  Niagara  has  arisen  a 
species    of    advertising    literature,    some    of    it    giving   valuable 

1266 


open  Road  —  Guides  —  Railroads  —  Canals  —  Bridges 

information  regarding  the  cataract  in  conjunction  with  its  details 
of  power,  situation,  railroads,  and  accessibility. 

It  seems  appropriate  that  after  the  gathering  together  of  the 
description  and  discussions  of  Niagara  comprised  in  the  preced- 
ing chapters  of  this  book,  the  work  should  close  with  those 
accounts  which  picture  for  us  the  difficulties  and  hardships 
encountered  by  early  visitors  to  this  great  wonder  of  our  world, 
the  gradual  improvement  of  travel  conditions  with  the  advance 
of  science  and  transportation  facilities,  until  now  the  opened  road 
has  made  Niagara  a  universal  goal  for  travellers. 


1267 


/:/:<;n;,v./    /-v    ./      ilill 


TART  ()]■   Till-:  AMI'.RIC AX    1'  \I.l. 

I'Vom    the    t'i)(>l   of  tlic    Si;iir   l*a>c 

Pdiiitt'd    /'v    //.    (sic)    J.    I'riin.-lt    (i.-i;!.') 

Piihlishr,!    hx    Jlrurv    1.     I/,-,;./,.-,- v.     V,t.' 


ALPHABETICAL   LIST 

Bibliography 

Explanation  of  S!gns   and  Abbreviations 

When  the  name  of  the  author  has  been  unobtainable  the  title  has  been 
put  in  according  to  the  initial  letter  of  the  first  word,  excluding  the  article, 
which  is  put  in  parentheses  at  the  end  of  the  title.  If  published  under 
initials  and  the  name  of  the  author  cannot  be  determined  it  has  been  placed 
in  the  order  of  the  first  letter  of  the  initials.  Brackets  indicate  material 
which  has  been  supplied  by  the  author  for  the  purpose  of  filling  out  names, 
titles  or  words.  Parentheses  indicate  material  supplied  by  the  author  so 
as  to  make  the  information  conveyed  in  the  title  more  complete.  They 
are  also  used  to  indicate  the  fact  that  the  article  or  work  indicated  in  the 
title  appears  in  a  periodical  or  collection  of  other  material.  Where  no 
place  or  no  date  of  publication  is  given  it  has  been  impossible  to  determine 
the  same.  The  large  Roman  numerals  at  the  extreme  end  of  the  title 
indicate  the  chapter  of  the  Anthology  in  which  a  selection  from  the  work 
is  to  be  found. 

A.  N.  C.  Poem.  {In  Rolph,  Thomas,  A  brief  account  together  with 
observations,  made  during  a  visit  in  the  West  Indies,  and  a  tour  through 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  parts  of  the  years,  1  832—33 ;  together 
with  a  statistical  account  of  Upper  Canada.  Dundas,  N.  C. :  Hackstaff, 
1836.     P.   196.) VIII 

Abbott,  Arthur  Vaughan.  Industrial  Niagara.  (R.  of  R.,  Sept. 
1895.      12:295-299.) X 

Abbott,  Lyman.  Niagara  Falls  in  harness.  (Outl.,  Nov.  16,  1895. 
52:788.)     X 

Abdy,  Edward  Street.  Journal  of  a  residence  and  tour  in  the  United 
States  of  North  America,  from  April,  1  833,  to  October,  1  834.  Lond. : 
John  Murray.      1853.      1  :28^294 XI 

Abercromby,  Ralph.  Seas  and  skies  in  many  latitudes;  or.  Wander- 
ings in  search  of  weather.     Lond. :  Stanford.      1  888.     Pp.  1  9-22  .  .  IV 

Accurate  map  of  the  English  colonies  (An)  in  North  America 
bordering  on  the  river  Ohio.  8  x  9'/'2-  (^"  ^he  Universal  mag.  Lond.: 
J.  Hinton.     1754.     15:241.) IX 

Acetylene  searchlights  proposed  for  Niagara  Falls.  (W.  elec.  July 
10,  1897.    21:22.) 

1259 


Niagara  Falls 

Across  Niagara's  gorge.  [Battle  Creek,  Mich.:  W.  C.  Gage  and 
Sons.      (1897)]      (No  title  page,  title  taken  from  cover.) XII 

Adams,  Alton  D.  The  American  and  Canadian  channels  of  Niagcira 
Falls.      (Elec.  rev.  Nov.  II.  1905.     47:739-742.) 

■  The  destruction  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Cass.,  Mar.  1905.  27: 
413-417.)     XI 

■  Diversion  of  water  from  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Apr.  28, 
1906.      47:875-876.) XI 

How  to  save  Niagara  Fa\U.      (Tech.   wld.,   Oct.    1905.      4: 

161-167.)     XI 

Niagara  Falls  already  ruined.      (Tech.  wld.,  Apr.,    1906.      5: 

115-124.)   XI 

Niagara  power  at  Goat  Island.      (Sci.   Am.,  Apr.    15,    1905. 

92:299.)     X 

Pipe  line  power  in  Niagara  gorge.      (Cass.,  Dec.    1905.      29: 

126-131.)     X 

Power  sites  about  Niagara  Falls,      (Sci.  Am.,  Aug.  26,    1905. 

93:155.)    X 

Prof>osed   dam    for    Lake   Erie.       (Sci.   Am.,    Feb.    10,    1906. 

94:127.)     X 

Recession  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.,  Sept.  2,   1905.      93: 

178.)   VII 

Utilizing  the  power  of  the  Niagara  rapids.      (Eng.   mag.,  June, 

1905.     29:381-387.) X 

Wheel  pits  and  tunnels  for  Niagara  pov.'er.      (Elec.  rev.  May 

20.  1905.     46:805-809.) X 

Adams,  John  Quincy.  [SjDeech  on  Niagara  Falls.]  (In  A  souvenir 
of  Niagara.     Buffalo :  Sage.      1  864.     P.  128.) IV 

Additional  Niagara  power  for  Buffalo.  (\V.  elec.  Dec.  4,  1897. 
21:317.). 

Aesthetic  versus  the  economic  value  of  the  Falls  (The). 
(Sci.  Am.  sup.,  July  7,  1906.     62:25506-25507.) 

Agassiz,  Garnault.  Niagara  — ■  the  "  Mighty  Thunderer."  A 
reprint  from  the  National  magazine  for  September,   1912 X 

Agassiz,  Louis.  Lake  Superior;  its  physical  character,  vegetation,  and 
animals,  compared  with  those  of  other  and  similar  regions.  With  a 
narrative  of  the  tour  by  J.  Elliot  Cabot.  .  .  .  Best. :  Gould,  Kendall 
and  Lincoln.      1850.      Pp.    12-20 VI 

Ageof  Niagara  (The),  (Pub.  opin.,  Oct.  29,  1896.    21:560.).  VII 

[A  review  of  Spencer's  '  Duration  of  Niagara  Falls.']       (Geog. 

jour.   (Lond.:)   Feb..   1895.     5:172-173.) VII 

1270 


Alphabetical  List 

Age  of  Niagara  (The),  (Nature.  Nov.  1898.     59:16.) VII 

Alberger,  F.  A.  Speech  on  the  Niagara  ship  canal  bill,  before  the 
house  of  assembly,  March  20,  1872.  Albany:  Weed,  Parsons  and 
Co.       1872 XII 

Album  of  the  Table  Rock,  Niagara  Falls,  and  sketches  of  the  Falls 
and  scenery  adjacent.     Buffalo:  Jewett,  Thomas.      1848 XII 

AIec-T\veedie,  Mrs.  E.  America  as  I  saw  it;  or,  America  revisited. 
N.  Y.:  Macmillan.     1913.     Pp.  347-356 IV 

Alexander,  James  Edward,  Captain.  Transatlantic  sketches, 
comprising  visits  to  the  most  interesting  scenes  in  North  and  South 
America,  and  the  West  Indies.  Lond. :  Richard  Bendey.  1833.  2: 
141-156.) Ill  and  VII 

(Alexander,  J.  S. )  Wonders  of  the  west,  or  a  day  at  the  Falls  of 
Niagara,  in  1  825.     A  poem,  by  a  Canadian.     N.  Y. :  1  825 VIII 

Alida;  or.  Miscellaneous  sketches  of  incidents  during  the  late  American 
war  founded  on  fact.  With  poems.  By  an  unknown  author.  3d.  ed. 
rev.  &  imp.  N.  Y. :  Printed  for  the  author.  1841.  Pp.  183- 
191     VIII 

Allard,  Carl.  Recentissima  novi  orbis,  sive  Americae  Septentrionalis 
et  Meridionalis  tabula.  (In  his  Atlas  minor.  .  .  .  Amstelo-dami. 
Ex  officina  Caroli  Allard.      [  1  696]      No.    1  38.) IX 

Allen,  H.  T.  Alien's  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara;  revised  and  pub- 
lished by  H.  T.  Allen.      Buffalo:    1881 XII 

Allen,  Stephen  M.  Address  on  the  occasion  of  the  opening  of  navi- 
gation to  Niagara  Falls,  July  4,  1857.  Niagara  Falls:  Pool  and 
Sleeper.        1857 XII 

Allis,  Almon  Trask.  Uncle  Alvin  at  Niagara.  (In  his  Uncle  Alvin 
at  home  and  abroad.     Hornellsville.      1895.      Pp.    I  1  2-1  34.)  .  .VIII 

Almy,  Frederic.  What  to  see.  (In  The  Niagara  book.  N.  Y. : 
Doubleday,  Page  and  Co.      1  90 1 .     Pp.  3-28. ) XII 

Along  the  Niagara-Toronto  transmission  line.  (Elec.  wld.  & 
eng.  Sept.   16,   1905.     46:470-481.) 

Aluminum  as  a  conductor  of  electricity.  (Jour.  soc.  chem.  ind., 
Jan.  30.  1897.     16:73.) 

Aluminum  company  of  Americau  (Harp,  w.,  June  14,  1913. 
57,  pt.l:25.)    X 

American  civic  association.  The  impending  destruction  of  Niagara 
Falls.  Statement  submitted  to  President  Roosevelt.  .  .  .  Phila. : 
1905. 

Niagara    again.       [  1  908] XI 

1271 


Niagara  Falls 

American  Civic  Association.  A  Niagara  emergency  message  for 
instant  consideration  by  every  member  of  the  American  civic  association. 
[Harrisburg.     1909] XI 

-^^—  [Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls]  (Clipping  sheet,  2d  ser.,  no. 
6.  Apr.  18,  1908) XI 

Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls:  memorandum  submitted  on  behalf 

of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  at  the  hearing  held  Nov.  26,  1 906, 
before  the  Hon.  W.  H.  Taft,  secretary  of  war,  in  the  matter  of  the 
admission  of  electric  p>ower  generated  in  Canada  from  the  water  of  the 
Niagara  River.      [1906] XI 

American  Gazetteer  (The).  Containing  a  distinct  account  of  the 
New  World  .  .  .  Lond. :  A.  Millar  and  J.  and  R.  Tonson.  1  762. 
Vol.    Ill V 

American  guide-book  (The);  being  a  hand-book  for  tourists  and 
travellers  through  every  part  of  the  United  States.  .  .  .  Phila. : 
George  S.  Appleton.     1  846.     Pt.  I .  Pp.  1 45-1 56 XII 

American  institute  of  hoxneopathy.  Sixtieth  annual  conference. 
Niagara  Falls.     June  20-25,  1904 XII 

American  library  association.  Twenty-fifth  annual  conference, 
Niagara  Falls,  June  22-27,  1903.  Buffalo:  Matthews  Northrup 
and  Co.     1 903 XII 

American  sketches,  by  a  native  of  the  United  States.  Lond:  John 
Miller.     Pp.  233-249 Ill 

Ampere,  Jean  Jacques  Antoine.  Promenade  an  Amerique  .  .  . 
Paris:  Michel  Levy  freres.      I  855.      1  : 1  62-1  70 IV 

Andrews,  William  C.  How  Niagara  has  been  "  harnessed."  (R.  of 
R.,  June,  1901.     23:694-697.) X 

Annotated   time  table  of  the  tour  through  Canada  of  their  Royal 
Highnesses  the   Duke   and   Duchess  of  Cornwall   and   York 
October.   1901 IV 

Annual  register  ...  of  the  year  1759.  4th  ed.  Lond. : 
J.   Dodsley.      1765.      2:32 V 

Another  development  of  Niagara  power  planned.  (Elec.  wld. 
Jan.  14,  1899.     33:49.) 

Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d'.  Amerique  Septen- 
trionale.      1  746.      (/n  his  Atlas  general.      1  727-80.     No.  10.)  ...  IX 

■  America  Septentrionalis  a  domino  d'An\ilIe  in  Galliis  edita  nunc 

in  Anglia  coloniis  in  interiorem  Virginiam  deductis  nee  non  fluvii 
Ohio   cursu    austa   notio    geographicis   et   historicis    illustrata   sumptibus 

Homannianorum  Heredum  Noribergae  ao  1  756 IX 

1272 


Alphabetical  List 

Anville,  Jean  Baptiste  Bourguignon  d*.      Canada,  Louislane  et 
terres  Angloises.      (In  his  Atlas  general.      1  727—80,  No.  32.)  .  .  .  IX 

North  America,   from  the  French  of  mr.   D'Anville.      Improved 

with  the  back  settlements  of  Virginia   and  course   of  Ohio. 
(In   Jefferys,    Thomas,    The   natural    and   civil   history   of   the   French 
dominion  in  North  and  South  America.     Lond. :    1  760.     Pt.  I.  Opp. 
p.    134.)    IX 

■  North  America.      From  the  French  of  mr.  d'Anville.     Improved 

with    the   back   settlements   of   Virginia   and    the   course   of   the   Ohio. 

Illustrated   with    geographical    and    historical    remarks.       (In    Jefferys, 

Thomas,  A  general  topography  of  North  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Lond,:       Printed    for    Robert    Sayer    and    Thos.    Jefferys. 

1 768.     No.   7.) IX 

— —     North  America  from  the  French  of  mr.  D'Anville.    Improved  with 


the  English  surveys  made  since  the  Peace.      1  763.      (In  Mills,  David, 

A  report  on  the  boundaries  of  Ontario.     Toronto:   1873.) IX 

A  particular  map  of  the  American  lakes,  rivers,  etc.     Par  le  Sr. 


d'Anville  de  I'Academie  R'le  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles  Lettres  et  de 
celle  des  Sciences  de  Petersbourg.  Secretaire  de  M'gr.  le  Due 
d'Orleans.  Lond.:  Drav^Ti  and  engraved  for  John  Harrison,  June  25, 
1  790.  (Grosvenor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Maps,  historical  and 
miscellaneous.      No.   82.) IX 

Anzi,  Conte  Aurelio  Delgi.  Nuova  Francia  e  Luigiana,  S^xl  1  Yj. 
(In  Zani,  Valerio,  II  genio  vagante.  Biblioteca  curiosa  di  cento  a 
piu  relazioni  di  viaggi  [etc.]  raccolta  dal  signor  conte  Aurelio  delgi 
Anzi,  (pseud.)  Parma  per  I.  &  F.  M.  Rosati,  1691-1693.  Pt.  2. 
bet.  pp.  422-423.) IX 

Appleton's  new  and  complete  United  States  guide  book  for  travellers. 
N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  and  Co.  Phila. :  Geo.  S.  Appleton.  1850. 
Pp.    209-217 XII 

Railroad  and  steamboat  companion.      N.  Y. :  D.  Appleton  and 

Co.     Phila.:  Geo.  S.  Appleton.      1847.     Pp.   185-193 XII 

Appleton,  Thomas  Gold.  Goat  Island,  Niagara.  (In  his  Faded 
leaves.      Best.:  Roberts  Bros.      1872.      P.   33.) VIII 

Niagara.      (In  his  Faded  leaves.      Bost. :  Roberts  Bros.      1872. 

Pp.   27-30.)    VIII 

Application  of  Niagara  power  to  the  work  of  the  Inter- 
national Traction  Co.  (The).  (St.  ry.  jour.  Feb.  3,  1900. 
16:103-109.) 

Applications  of  the  Niagara  power.  (Eng.  news,  Aug.  1,  1895. 
34:64.) 

1273 


Niagara  Falls 

"Aquarius."      Thoughts    at    Niagara.       (KnicL    |mag.    Sept.    1843. 

22:193-196.)    V 

Archaelogia  Americana.    (Worcester,  Mass.:  1820.    1  :67-68.)  .  .1 
Archer,  J .   Niagara  Falls.  As  seen  from  below.   Painted  by  Wall. 

6  X  9|/2.      (/n  Hinton,  J.   H.,  ed.,  History  and  topography  of  the 

United    States.      New   ed,      Boston:    Samuel    Walker.       1834.       1: 

opp.  348.)    IX 

Arfwedson,  Carl  David.     The  United  States  and  Canada  in  1  832, 

1 833,  and  1  834.    Lond. :  Richard  Bentley.     1 834.    2:31 2-326 .  .  Ill 
Argyll,  Duke  of.     First  impressions  of  the  new  world.      (Lit.  liv.  age, 

Jan.  3,  1880.     144:38-40.) IV 

Arnold,   Sir   Edwin.      Seas  and  lands.      N.   Y. :   Longmans,   Green. 

1891.     Pp.  41-44 IV 

Arnot,  Raymond  H.     The  industries  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Pop.  sci. 

Oct.,  1908.     73:30^318.) X 

Art  on  Niagara  Falls;  quotes  description  of  Horatio  Gates  Strafford, 

in  his  gazetteer  of  New  York  of   1  824,  at  length.     Albany.      1  842. 

Pp.  289-291. 
Articles  of  incorporation,  together  with  the  by-laws  of  the  Niagara 

Falls  water  power  co.,  as  amended  April   1  1,   1857,     N.  Y.      Baker 

and  Goodwin.      1857 X 

Atkins,  Barton.     The  river  Niagara:  descriptive  and  historical.      Pan- 
American  edition.     Buffalo :  1  899 V 

Attempt  to  save  Niagara  (The).      (Cent.  April,  1885.    [new  ser. 

71    29:  954-955) XI 

Aubert,  F.      Transport  de  force  par  I'electricite  des  chutes  du  Niagara  a 

Buffalo.      (Le  Genre  civil.     July  24,  1897.     31:201-202.) X 

Audubon,  John  James.      Audubon  and  his  journals,  by  Maria  R. 

Audubon;   with   notes   by   Elliott   Coues.      N.    Y. :    Scribner.       1897. 

2:286-288 VI 

Ornithological  biography.    Edin. :  Adam  Black.     1831.     1:362— 

363    VI 

Austin,     Henry.        Niagara.        (Indep.,     Nov.     29,      1900.        52: 

2867.)     VIII 

Avary,   Harper  L.      Niagara  as  a  dynamo.      (Illus.  Am.   Dec.   26, 

1896.     21:7-8.) 
Babcock,  James  Staunton.     Niagara.      (In  his  Visions  and  voices. 

Hartford:  Hunt.      1849.     Pp.  131-132.) VIII 

Bacl6,  L.     L'utilisation  de  la  force  hydraulique  des  chutes  du  Niagara. 

(Le  Genre  civil.     Sept.  24,  1  892.     2 1  :342-345.) X 

1274 


Alphabetical  List 

Bacon,  Ezekiel.     Aegri  Somnia;  recreations  of  a  sick  room.     N.  Y. : 

J.  Allen.     1843.     Pp.  105-107 VIII 

Baird,   Robert.      Impressions  and  expressions  of  the  West   Indies  and 

North  America  in    1 849.      Edinb.   and  Lond. :   Blackwood  and  Sons. 

1850.     2:79-95 IV 

Baker,  Naaman  R.     An  ode  to  Niagara.     (In  his  Constancy  and  other 

poems.     Mt.  Morris.      1894.     P.  48.) VIII 

Bakewell,  Robert,  Jr.      Observations  on  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  with 

reference  to  the  changes  which  have  taken  place  and  are  now  in  progress. 

(Am.  jour.  sci..  1857.     73:85-95.) VII 

Observations  on  the  whirlpool  and  the  rapids  below  the  Falls  of 

Niagara.      (Am.  jour.  sci.  2d  ser.     1847.     4:25-36.) VII 

On  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  on  the  physical   structure  of  the 

adjacent  country.      (Loudon's  mag.  of  nat.  hist.     Jan,.  1830.     3:1  17- 
130.)   VII 

Ballou,  Maturin  M.  Footprints  of  travels;  or,  Journeyings  in  many 
lands.     Bost. :  Ginn.      1  889.     P.  2 IV 

Ballou,  William  Hosea.  Niagara  river.  (Sci.  Am.  sup.  Jan.  1 , 
1 882.      1  3:  5045-5046.) VII 

[Bamburgh,  William  Cushing].  Niagara  Falls  from  uncommon 
points  of  view.     N.  Y.:  Phoenix  art  pub.  co.     1  893 IX 

Banks,  George  Linneaus  ed.  Blondin,  his  life  and  performances. 
Lond. :  Routledge,  Warne  and  Routledge.      1  862.     Pp.  32-4  1 . 

Barber,  John  W.  and  Howe,  Henry.  Historical  collections  of  the 
State  of  New  YorL    N.  Y. :  S.  Tuttle.     1 84 1 .    Pp.  352-35  7 V 

Barham,  William.  Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various 
travellers:  with  original  additions.  Gravesend:  n.  d.  Pp.  102—105; 
157-159    XII 

Barhite,  John  A.  Report  to  the  constitutional  convention  of  the  sub- 
committee of  the  committee  on  legislative  powers  relative  to  the  diversion 
of  the  waters  of  Niagara.  (Ann.  rept's  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:   1895.      11:  61-73.) XI 

Barker,  George.  The  redemption  of  Niagara. —  Views  near  the 
Cataract.- —  From  photographs  and  sketches  by  George  Barker,  Niagara 
Falls.     (Harp.  w..  July  18.  1885.  29:460-461,  466.) XI 

Barlow,  Jool.     The  Columbiad.     Lond.:   1809.     P.  29 VIII 

Barlow,  John  R.  John's  trip;  or,  A  visit  to  Niagara  Falls.  A  serio- 
comic poem  in  four  cantos.     Niagara  Falls:  William  Pool.     1871  .VIII 

1275 


Niagara  Falls 

Barlow,  John  Richard.  The  maiden  of  the  mist;  an  Indian  legend  of 
Niagara:  (origin  of  the  great  paintings  the  Red  man's  fact  and  the 
White  man's  fancy.)  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :  Niagara  Courier  Press. 
1908 VIII 

Barlow,  Peter  W.  Concluding  observations  and  deductions  on  the 
Niagara  bridge.    (Jour.  Frank,  inst.   Mar.,  1861.    71  :1  60-1  65.)  .XII 

Observations  on  the  Niagara  bridge.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.     Jan. 

1 861 .      71:1 6^32.) XII 

Observations  on  the  Niagara  railway  suspension  bridge.      (Jour. 

Frank,  inst.     Feb..  1861.     71:237-238.) XII 

On  the  mechanism  of  bridges.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.     Feb.,  1861. 


71  :  89-93.)   XII 

Barlow,  W.  H.     The  upward  jets  of  Niagara.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst., 

Oct.  1877.    104:  275-277.) VII 

Barralet,  John  James   (del.)   Lawson   (sculpt.)   View  of  the  Falls 

of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 

Falls.     1697-I87-.    Mat  7.) IX 

Bartlett,  W.   H.     The  Horse  Shoe  Fall,   Niagara  —  with  the  tower. 

7x4'/2.     (In  American  scenery.     From  drawings  by  W.  H.  Bartlett. 

The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis.     Lond. :  G.  Virtue.      1  840. 

1:32.) IX 

The  landing  on  the  American  side.    (Falls  of  Niagara.)    7  x  4^. 

(/n   American   scenery.      From   drawings   by   W.    H.    Bartlett.      The 

literary   department   by   N.    P.   Willis.      Lond. :    G.    Virtue.       1 840. 

1:97.)     IX 

Niagara  Falls.     (From  near  Clifton  house.) —  Chutes  de  Niagara 


vues  pres  de  Chfton  house. —  Der  wasserfall  Niagara  vom  Cliftonchen 
hotel  gesehen.  7x4^.  (In  American  scenery.  From  drawings  by 
W.  H.   Bartlett.      The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis.      Lond.: 

G.  Virtue.     1840.     1  :45.) IX 

Niagara  Falls  from  the  ferry.     7  x  4|/2.      (In  American  scenery. 


From  drawings  by  W.  H.  Bartlett.     The  literary  department  by  W.  P. 

Willis.    Lond.:  G.  Virtue.     1840.     1:4.) IX 

Niagara  Falls.       (From  the  top  of  the  ladder  on  the  American 


side.)      7]/2  X  4%.      (In  American  scenery.     From  drawings  by  W.  H. 
Bartlett.     The  literary  department  by  N.  P.  Willis.     Lond.:  G.  Virtue. 

1840.  2:  12.) IX 

The  rapids  above  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     7  x  4|/2.      (/n  American 


scenery.     From  drawings  by  W.  H.  Bartlett.     The  literary  department 
by  N.  P.  Willis.     Lond. :  G.  Virtue.     1  840.     1:16.) IX 

1276 


Alphabetical  List 

Bartlett,  William  H.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,   N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat   13. 

and  13a.) IX 

Barton,    Benjamin  Smith.      Description  of  the   Falls  of  Niagara. 

(Phila.   med.   and  phy.  jour.      Phila,:      J.  Conrad  and  Co.      1804. 

I  :pt.   1.  pp.  39-47.) VII 

Barton,  James  L.     Address  on  the  early  reminiscences  of  western  New 

York  and  the  lake  region  of  country.      Delivered  before  the  Young 

men's  association  of  Buffalo,  February    16,    1848.      Buffalo:  Jewett, 

Thomas  and  Co.     1848.     Pp.  15-18,  61-64 XII 

Barton,   Philip  P.      Niagara  Falls  power.     The  organization  of  the 

operating  department  of  the   Niagara   Falls  power  company.      (Cass. 

Jan..    1902.     21  :  1  79-205.) X 

Bartram,  John.     Observations  on  the  inhabitants,  climate,  soil,  rivers, 

productions,  animals,  and  other  matters  worthy  of  notice.     Made  by  Mr. 

John  Bartram,  in  his  travels  from  Pensilvania  to  Onondago,  Oswego  and 

Lake  Ontario,  in  Canada.     To  which  is  annex'd,  a  curious  account  of 

the  cataracts  at  Niagara.     By  Peter  Kalm  .   .   .  Lond. :  Whiston  and 

White.     1751.     Pp.  79^94. 
Bates,  Katharine  Lee.     The  song  of  Niagara.      (Can.  mag.     May, 

1910.     35:58.) VIII 

Bauer,  W.  C.     Niagara  in  winter  and  Niagara  in  summer IX 

Baxter,  W.  E.    America  and  the  Americans.    Lond. :  George  Rutledge 

and  Co.     1855.    Pp.  223-226 IV  and  VI 

Beardsley,   Levi.      Reminiscences  .   .   .   N.   Y. :   C.   Vinten.      1852. 

Pp.  147-150 V 

Beaurain,  Chr.  de.     Carte  de  I'Amerique  Sept'le  pour  servir  a  I'intelli- 

gence  de  la  guerre  entre  les  Anglois  et  les  Insurgents  Dediee  a  Mgr.  de 

Sartine,  Ministre  de  la  Marine  par  M.  le  Chr.  de  Beaurain.    Geographe 

du  Roi,  et  son  pensionnaire.      1777 IX 

Beauty  of  Niagara  and  its  power,  (The).     (Elec.  rev.,  June  27, 

1903.     41  :  1098.)    XI 

Beck,  Adam.     The  public  interest  in  the  Niagara  Falls  power  supply; 

speech  in  the  Legislature,  May,    1905.      Embodying  the  views  of  the 

government  of  Ontario.     Toronto:  Cameron.      1905. 

Beck,  Raphael.      Niagara  Falls.      (Painting.) IX 

Beers,  J.  H.      History  of  the  Great  Lakes.     Chicago:  Beers.      1899. 

1:27-32 V 

Begg,  Mary  Millar.      Niagara.      (In  her  My  mother's  marriage  ring 

and  other  poems.     Glasgow:   Bryce.      1893.      P.    100.) VIII 

1277 


Niagara  Falls 

Behrend,  B.  A.     A  new  large  generator  for  Niagara  Falls.      (Trans. 

Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.,  Atlantic  City,  July  1,  1908.    27,  pt.  2:1057- 

1068.)    X 

Bell,  Louis.     Two  aspects  of  "  Conservation  "  and  the  Niagara  power 

situation.     (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.     Nov.,  1912.     10:714.) 
Bellin,    N .      Carte   de  TAmerique  Septentrionale.       1  743.       (/n 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France. 

A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon  flls.      1  744.      I,  Front.) IX 

Carte  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.       1 743.       (In  Charlevoix, 

Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,   History  and  general   description  of  New 
France,  ed.  by  J.  G.  Shea.     N.  Y. :  Harper.      1  900.      1  : 1  00.)  .  . IX 

Carte  de  I'ocean  occidental  et  Partie  de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale. 

1  744.     (In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,  Histoire  de  la  Nou- 
velle France.   A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon  fils.    1  744.    Vol.  Ill,  Front.)  .  .IX 

■  Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  cours  du  Mississipi  et  pais  voisins.  Dediee 
a  M.  le  Comte  de  Maurepas,  Ministre  et  Secretaire  d'etat  Commandeur 
des  Ordres  du  Roy.    Par  N.  Bellin.    Ingenieur  de  la  Marine.    1  744. IX 

Carte  de  la  Louisiane,  cours  ou  Mississipi  et  pays  voisins.      1  744. 

(In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle 
France.    A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon  fils.     1744.    Vol.  II.    Front.) IX 

— —  Carte  de  la  Louisiane  cours  du  Mississipi  et  pais  voisins.  1  744. 
(In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de.  History  and  general 
description  of  New  France,  ed.  by  J.  G.  Shea.  N.  Y. :  Harper.  1  900. 
6:10-11.)    IX 

■  Carte  des  cinq  grands  lacs  du  Canada.  (In  his  Le  petit  atlas 
maritime  ...    1  764.       1:6.) IX 

— —  Carte  des  lacs  du  Canada.  (In  Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois 
Xavier  de,  Histoire  de  la  Nouvelle  France.  A  Paris:  Chez  Nyon 
fils.     1744.     3:276-277.) IX 

— — —  Karte  des  abendlaendischen  weltmeeres,  und  eines  theils  von  dem 
mitternaecheigen  America:  gezeichnet  zum  nahern  verstandniss  der  im  jahr 
1  720  gethanen  raise  des  ehrw:  vaters  de  Charlevoix  priesters  der  gesell- 
schafft  Jesu,  in  die  lander  Canada,  Louisiana  und  San  Domingo:  durch 
N.  Bellin.  1744.  8|/2  x  14^2-  (In  Schroter,  Johann  Friedrich, 
Allgemeine  geschichte  der  lander  und  volker  von  America.  Nebst  einer 
vorrede  Siegmund  Jacob  Baumgartens. —  (anon)  Halle:  J.  J.  Gebauer. 
1753.     2:478.) IX 

La  nouvelle  France  ou  Canada.      (In  his  Le  petit  atlas  maritime. 

Receuil  de  cartes  et  plans  des  qualre  parties  du  monde.  Par  le  S. 
BelJm.     1  764.    Vol.  I,  No.  4.) IX 

1278 


Alphabetical  List 

Belt,    Thomas  .  .   .   Niagara:    glacial    and    post-glacial    phenomena. 

(Quarterly  jour.  sci.  Lond. :  April.  1875.     Pp.  135-156.) VII 

Bennett,  W.  C.     Snatched  from  Niagzira.      (Belgravia.      Midsummer 

holiday  no.     1878.     Pp.  90-97.) VIII 

Bennett,  W.  J.     View  of  the  American  Fall.     Published  by  Megarey. 

(1831?)    IX 

Part  of  the  American  Fall.     Published  by  Megarey.  (  1  83 1  ?  )  .  IX 

View  of  the  British  Fall.    Published  by  Megarey.    (  1  83 1  ?)  .  IX 

Part  of  the  British  Fall.     Published  by  Megarey.     (  1  83 1  ?)  .  IX 

Benwell,  J.      An  Englishman's  travels  in  America,  with  obsei"vations. 

Lond..  Goodwin.     1 853.     Pp.  45-47 IV 

Bernard,    Duke   of  Saxe-Weimar   Eisenach.      Travels   through 

North   America,   during  the  years    1825    and    1826.      Phila. :   Carey. 

Lea  and  Carey.      1  828.      1  :  75-78 Ill 

Bernard,  J.  F.  Le  cours  de  fleuve  Missisipi,  selon  les  relations  les  plus 

modernes.     Amsterdam:  chez  J.  F.  Bernard.      1  737 IX 

Berry,  C.  B.     The  other  side:  how  it  struck  us.     Lond.:  Griffith  and 

Farran.      1880.      Pp.    170-183 XI 

Bianchi,  Alberto  G.     Los  Estados  Unidos.     Descripciones  de  Viaje. 

Editor.  N.  Lugo  Vina.    Mexico.     1  887.     Pp.  146- 1  58 IV 

Biart,  Lucien.     A  travers  rAmerique,  nouvelles  et  recits   .    .    .    Paris: 

Bibliotheque  du  Magasin  des  Demoiselles.      1876.     Pp.  89-94.  .  .IV 
Bickersteth,  M.     Extract  from  "  Japan  as  we  saw  it."      (Ann.  rep't 

of    the    com'rs    of    the    state    reserv.    at    Niagara.       Albany.       1895. 

11:59.)     V 

Bickford,  E.  L.  T.  Harris.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.     (In  his  Gold  — 

the   god    and   other    poems.      Camborne:    author.      n.  d.      Pp.    113- 

118.)    VIII 

Biddle,   Horace  P.      Niagara.      (In  his   Poems.      N.   Y. :   Riverside 

Press.     1872.     P.  237.) VIII 

Bierstadt,  E .     American  Falls  from  Goat  Island.      (Grosvenor 

library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.       Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1697-1 87-. 

Mat    18.)     IX 

"Big  Falls"  (The).    (Once  a  wk.    July  19.  1873.    29:50.)...V 
Big  power  station  at  Niagara  Falls.     (W.  elec.     Dec.  18.  1897. 

21:342.). 
Bigelo'W,  Timothy.      Journal  of  a  tour  to  Niagara  Falls  in  the  year 

1  805.     Best. :  John  Wilson  and  Son.      1  876.     Pp.  56-68 Ill 

Bigney,  M.  F.     Visit  of  the  sunbeams  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      (In  his 

The  forest  pilgrims,  and  other  poems.     New  Orleans:  Gresham.      1867. 

Pp.  98-99.) VIII 

1279 


Niagara  Falls 

Bigot,  Charles.  De  Paris  au  Niagara:  Journal  de  voyage  d'une 
delegation.     Paris:  A.  Dupret.  editeur.      1887.      Pp.    1  40-1  56.  .XI 

Bigsby,  John  J.  The  shoe  and  canoe  .  .  .  Lond. :  Chapman  and 
Hall.     1850.     2:1-34 IV 

[Bill  for  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls,  The.]  (Eng. 
news.     June  7.    1906.      55:642.) XI 

Billardon  de  Sauvigny,  Edme  Louis.  Hirza,  ou  Les  Illinois, 
tragedie.  Representee,  pour  la  premiere  fois,  par  les  comediens  ordi- 
naires  du  Roi,  le  mercredi  27  Mai  1767.  Paris:  La  veuve  Duchesne. 
1780.     Pp.  3-4 VIII 

Bingley,  William.  Travels  in  North  America,  from  modern  writers. 
With  remarks  and  observations,  exhibiting  a  connected  view  of  the 
geography  and  present  state  of  that  quarter  of  the  globe.  Designed  for 
the  use  of  young  persons.     Lond.:   1821.     Pp.  37—40 V 

Birch,  T.  Falls  of  Niagara  from  the  American  ladder.  (Grosvenor 
hbrary,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-.  Mat 
16.)    IX 

Bird,  James.  Francis  Abbot;  the  recluse  of  Niagara,  and  metropolitan 
sketches.  2d  ser.  Lond.:  Baldwin  and  Cradock.  1837.  Pp. 
1-93    VIII 

BIrdseye  view  of  Niagara  Falls  and  surrounding  country. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat    18.) IX 

Birkinbine,  John.  Proposed  water-power  improvement  in  the  gorge 
of  the  Niagara  River,  New  York.  (Proc.  engrs.  club,  Phila.,  Jan., 
1899.     16:  38-45.)   X 

Birkinbine  plan  for  utilizing  Niagara  gorge  power  (The). 
(Elec.  eng.  N.  Y.     Feb.  9,   1  899) X 

Bishop,  Irving.  The  red  book  of  Niagara.  A  comprehensive  guide  to 
the  scientific,  historical  and  scenic  aspects  of  Niagara.  For  the  use  of 
travellers   .    .    .    Buffalo:     1902 XII 

Blackwell,  E.  R.  and  Allen,  Z.  On  the  volume  of  the  Niagara  river, 
as  deduced  from  measurements  made  in  1  84  1  by  Mr.  E.  R.  Blackwell 
and  calculated  by  Z.  Allen.  (Am.  jour,  sci.,  (Oct.-Dec,  1843)  46: 
67-73.)    VII 

Blake,  Henry  T.  Ode  to  Niagara  Falls.  (Jour.  Am.  hist.  Jan., 
1907.      1  :141-142.)    VIII 

Blanchard,  Amy  Ella.  A  loyal  lass,  a  story  of  the  Niagara  campaign 
of  1 8 1 4.     Boston  &  Chicago :  W.  A.  Wilde  Co.     ( 1 902) VIII 

1280 


Alphabetical  List 

Blanchard,  Frank  Leroy.     Niagara  power  at  Buffalo.      (Harp,  w., 

June  5.   1897.     41  :  569-570.) X 

Blane,  William  Newnham.     An  excursion  through  the  United  States 

and  Canada  during  the  years    1822-1823.      Lond. :   Baldwin.   Crad- 

dock  and  Joy.  1824.  Pp.  393-406.  Ill;  also  pp.  405-406.  .  .VI 
Blouet,  A .      (del.)      General  view  of  the  Falls  taken  from  the 

Canada  shore.      (Print.) IX 

- — —  View  of  the  central  fall  taken  from  Goat  Island.  (Print.)  .  .IX 
— - —     View   of    the    great   Horseshoe   Fall    taken    from    Goat    Island. 

(Print.)    IX 

View  of  the  passage  under  the  great  Horseshoe  Fall  taken  from 

the  shore  on  the  Canada  side.      (Print.) IX 

— —      Vue  de  la  chute  de  Schlosser  prise  de  la  rive  de  I'etat  de  New 

York.       (Print.) IX 

Blume,    Justice   Jarvis.      Across   Niagara   on   a   man's  back.      No 

publisher.      N.d V. 

Boddam-Whetham,  J.  W.     See  V/hetham,  J.  V/.  Boddam. 
Bodenstedt,  Frederick.     Niagara.     (5ee  Michigan  Central  Railroad 

Company.     From  city  to  surf  .   .   .   Chicago:  Rand,  McNally.     1888. 

Pp.    67-68.) VIII 

— —  Niagara.  (In  Ott,  Adolph  and  Palmer,  Hans,  Nordamerika. 
Vereinigte  staaten  von  Amerika    .    .    .    Bern:  Rydegger  und  Baumgart, 

1 887.  P.  503.) VIII 

Bodrner,  Charles.  View  of  Niagara  Falls.  (In  his  Atlas  of  eighty- 
one  plates  to  accompany  Wied-Neuwied,  M.  A.  P.  von  Prinz.  Travels 
in  the  interior  of  North  America.  Lond.:  Ackermann  &  Co.  1843. 
Plate  No.    39 IX 

Boehmio,  August  Gottlieb.  Americae  mappa  generalis  secundum 
legitimas  projectionis  stereographicae  regulas  relationesque  recentissimas 
et  observationes  socioru  acad,  reg.  sequae  Parisiis  est  aliorumque 
auctorum  nee  non  secunduru  mentem  D.  I.  M.  Hasii  m.  p.  p.  in  partes 
suas  methodicas  divisa  nunc  concinnata  et  delineata  ab  Aug.  Gottl. 
Boehmio.  Phila.  mag.  istro.  In  lucem  proferentibus  Homannianis 
Heredibus.    A.  1  746.    (Maps  of  Am.  I.  No.  18.) IX 

Bogart»   John.      Feats  of  railv/ay  engineering.      (Scrib.   mag.      July, 

1888.  4:1-34.)    XII 

-^— -     Letter  as  to  the  diversion  of  water  near  Niagara  Falls.      (Ann. 

rep'ts  of  the  conf\'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:    1891. 

7:117-118.) X 

81  1281 


Niagara  Falls 

Bogart,  John.  Report  on  the  outline  of  the  crest  of  the  falls  of  Niagara 
in  I  890,  and  the  recession  of  the  falls  since  1 842.  (Am.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.   Albany:  1  891 .    7:89-94.)  .VII 

Bolton,  Reginald  Pelham.  An  expensive  experiment;  the  hydro- 
electric power  commission  of  Ontario.  N.  Y. :  Baker  &  Taylor  co. 
1913 X 

Bonaldi,  Juan  Antonio  Parez.  El  poema  del  Niagara.  2d  ed. 
N.  Y.:   1883 VIII 

"  Bonfils."  Vue  d'une  partie  des  deux  Branches  de  la  Cataracte  de 
Niagara;  and  Vue  d'une  partie  de  la  Branche  Occidentale  de  la 
Catarcte  de  Niagara.  (In  Crevecouer,  H.  St.  John  de,  Voyage  dans 
la  haute  Pensilvanie  et  dans  I'etat  de  New  York,  par  un  membre  adoptif 
de  la  nation  Oneida  .  .  .  Paris:  De  Crapulet.  1801.  2:148- 
193.)    IX 

'  Vue  d'une  partie  des  deux  Branches  de  la  Cataracte  de  Niagara; 
and  Vue  d'une  partie  de  la  Branche  Occidentale  de  la  Cataracte  de 
Niagara.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.     1697-187-.     Mat  7.) IX 

Bonnecamps,  Joseph  Pierre  de.  Account  of  the  voyage  on  the 
Beautiful  river  made  in  1  749,  under  the  direction  of  Monsieur  de 
Celoron,  by  Father  Bonnecamps.  (Ihwailes,  Jesuit  Relations,  LXIX, 
p.    159.) „I 

B[onnefons],  J.  C.  Voyage  au  Canada  dans  le  Nord  de  I'Amerique 
Septentrionale  fait  depuis  I'an  1751  a  1761.  Quebec:  Imprimerie 
Leger  Brousseau.  1887.  (Abbe  H.  R.  Casgrain,  ed.)  P.  57- 
61     1 

Bonnycastle,  Sir  Richard  H.  TTie  Canadas  in  1  84 1 .  Lond. : 
Henry  Colburn.     1842.     1  :215-260 IV,  XII 

Canada  and  the  Canadians.     New  ed.  Lond. :  Colburn.      1  849. 

1 :233-244    XI 

Bornet,  John.  Niagara  Falls,  American  side.  Published  by  Goupil  & 
Co..  772  Broadway.  N.  Y.:  1855 IX 

Borrett,  George  Tuthill.  Letters  from  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  Lond.:  Printed  for  private  circulation  by  J.  E.  Adiard.  1865. 
Pp.   52-62 IV 

Bouchette,  Joseph.  The  British  dominions  in  North  America;  or 
a  topographical  and  statistical  description  of  the  provinces  of  Lower  and 
Upper  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  Nova  Scotia,  the  islands  of  New- 
foundland, Prince  Edward  and  Cape  Breton,  including  considerations 
on  land-granting  and  emigration   .    .    .    Lond. :  Longman,  Reese,  Orme, 

Brown,  Green,  and  Longman.      1832.      1  :  138-1  47 VII 

1282 


Alphabetical  List 

Bourne,  Edward  G.  The  recession  of  Niagara  gorge.  (Nature, 
Apr.  2.  1891.    43:515.) VII 

Bowen,  Emanuel.  A  map  of  the  British  American  plantations,  extend- 
ing from  Boston  in  New  England  to  Georgia,  including  all  the  back 
settlements  in  the  respective  provinces  as  far  as  the  Mississipi.  8J/2  x  1  1. 
(In  the  London  mag.  Lond. :  For  J.  Astley.  [1749]  July,  1749. 
18:  opp.    308.) IX 

■  A  new  and  accurate  map  of  Louisiana  with  part  of  Florida  and 
Canada.  (In  his  Complete  atlas,  or  distinct  view  of  the  known  world. 
I  752.     No.  57.) IX 

and   Gibson,   John.      An   accurate   map   of   North   America. 

Describing  and  distinguishing  the  British,  Spanish  and  French  dominions 
on  this  great  continent;  according  to  the  definitive  treaty  concluded  at 
Paris,  1 0  feb.  1  763.  (In  Jefferys,  Thomas,  General  topography  of 
North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Lond. :  Printed  for  Robert  Sayer 
and  Thomas  Jeffreys.      1  768.     No.  9.) IX 

—  An  accurate  map  of  North  America.  Describing  and  distinguish- 
ing the  British,  Spanish,  and  French  dominions  on  this  great  continent, 
exhibiting  the  present  seat  of  war  and  the  French  encroachments;  also 
all  the  West  India  Islands  .  .  .  (1755?)  (Am.  maps,  I,  No. 
20.)    IX 

An  accurate  map  of  North  America,  describing  and  distinguish- 
ing the  British  and  Spanish  dominions  .  .  .  also  all  the  West  India 
Islands   .    .   .    (Am.  maps  II,  No.  26-27.) IX 

Bowman,  A.  A.     Power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Can.  eng. 

Nov.,  1902.     9:295-297.) X 

Bradford,  Thomas  Gamaliel.     Niagara  Falls  anl  vicinity.     2  x  2'/4' 

(In  his  Comprehensive  atlas,   geographical,   historical  and  commercial. 

Bost.:  Am.  Stationers  Co.      1835.     P.  56.) IX 

Brainard,  John  Gardiner  Calkins.     Niagara.     (In  Church,  F.  E., 

The  great  fall,  Niagara.     N.  Y.:1857.     P.  3.) VIII 

Poems   .    .   .    Hartford:  Edward  Hopkins.      1842.     P.  10. VIII 

Brandenburg,  Broughton.     Carnival  of  ice  at  Niagara.     (Harp,  w., 

Dec.  24,  1904.    48:1990-1994.) V 

Bremer,   Frederika.     The  homes  of  the  new  world.     Lond.:   Hall, 

Virtue  and  Co.      1853.     2:194-202 IV 

Bressani,  Francesco  Giuseppe.  A  brief  account  of  certain  missions 
of  the  Father  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  New  France,  by  Father  Francesco 
Giuseppe  Bressani,  of  the  same  Society,  to  the  most  eminent  and  reverend 
signor.  Cardinal  de  Lugo.  At  Macerata,  by  the  heirs  of  Agostino  Grisei. 
1653.      (Thwaites.  Jesuit  Relations.  XXXVIII,  pp.  235-237.)  .  .  .1 

1283 


Niagara  Falls 

[Brewer,  .]     A  description  of  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky, 

the  Niagara  River  and  Falls,  Mount  Vernon,  etc.,  etc,  to  illustrate 
Brewer's  panorama.  Phila. :  U.  S.  Job  Printing  ofRce.  1849.  P. 
8-12    IX 

Brewer,  Willieon  H.  Earth  tremors  at  Niagara  Falls,  (Yale  sci. 
mo.    May.  1896.    2:329-334.) VII 

Bricc,  Andrew.  Universal  geographical  dictionary  .  .  .  Lond. : 
Robinson  and  Johnston.      1  759.     P.  260 V 

Bridges  of  Niagara  gorge  (The).  (Sci.  Am.  June  17,  1899. 
80:  296-297.)   XII 

Brief  history  of  the  power  development  at  Niagara  (A). 
(Cutter's  guide  to  Niagara  Falls,  and  adjacent  points  of  interest. 
Cutter's  guide  pub.  co.     1897.     Pp.  65-75.) 

British  Canadian  (A).  The  tour  of  H.  R.  H.  the  Prince  of  Wales 
through  British  America  and  the  United  States.  Montreal:  John 
Lovell.     1860.     Pp.   187-188 IV 

Broadhurst,  William  G.  A  dry  Niagara.  February  14,  15,  16, 
1909.     (Eng.  news,  Mar.  4,  1909.     61  :227.) XI 

Brookes,  R.  The  general  gazetteer;  or,  Compendious  geographical  dic- 
tionary, in  miniature  .  .  .  Now  much  improved,  and  brought  down  to 
the  present  time,  under  the  direction  and  inspection  of  the  Rev.  Jedidiah 
Morse.     Lond. :  J.  Newberry.      I  762 V 

Brown,  Curtis.  The  diversion  of  Niagara.  (Cosmop.,  Sept.,  1894. 
Pp.   526-545.) X 

Brown,  David  Paul.  Upon  being  asked  to  describe  Niagara.  (In 
Springs,  water-falls,  sea-bathing  resorts,  and  mountain  scenery  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada  .  .  .  N.  Y.:  J.  Disturnell.  1855.  P. 
106.)    VIII 

Brown,   J.    Newton.      TTie  Falls  of  Niagara.      (In  his   Emily,   and 

other  poems.     Concord:  Boyd.      1840.     Pp.   126-129.) VIII 

(Brown,  James  Bryce.)  Views  of  Canada  and  the  colonists,  embrac- 
ing the  experience  of  an  eight  years'  residence;  views  of  the  present 
state,  progress,  and  prospects  of  the  colony;  \vith  detailed  and  practical 
information  for  intending  emigrants.  2d  ed.  Edinb.  A.  and  C.  Black. 
1844.     Pp.  90-92 V 

Brown,  James  Francis.     The  red  man's  fact.      [1908?] IX 

The  white  man's  fancy.       [  1  908?] IX 

Brownell,  Henry  Howard.  Niagara.  (In  his  Poems.  N.  Y. : 
D.  Appleton  &  Co.  Phila.:  Geo.  S.  Appleton.  1847.  Pp.  38- 
45.)    VIII 

1284 


Alphabetical  List 

Bruce,  Dwight  H.  (ed.)  The  empire  state  in  three  centuries.  N.  Y. : 
The  century  history  co.     n.d.     2:297-298. 

Bruce,  Wallace.  Niagara.  (In  Michigan  Central  R.  R.  Chicago: 
1901.     P.   33.) VIII 

Brush,  Harlan  W.  Development  oi  Niagara  power.  (Consular  repts., 
iviar..  1903.    V.  71,  no.  270.  pp.  448-450.) .TT."TX 

— — —  Electric  power  at  Niagara.  (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Jan.  24,  1903. 
55 :  22633-4.)    X 

Bryant,   Henry  G.      Extract  from  Century  magazine   for  September, 

1892,  describing  an  expedition  made  to   the  Grand   Falls,   Labrador, 
(Am.   rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at  Niagara.     Albany. 

1893.  9:81-83.)    V 

Buck,  Harold  W.  The  new  generating  plants  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
power  company.  (Trans.,  Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.  Great  Barrington, 
Mass,     June  18.  1902.     19:765-780.) X 

— The  new  generating  plants  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company. 

(Eng.  news,  July  3,    1902.     48:9-11.) X 

Niagara  Falls  from  the  economic  standpoint,      (Outl.,  May  19, 

1906,     83:133-136.)    X 

Niagara  Falls  power,     (Cass.,  May,  1901.     20:  3-20.) X 

Recent  developments  in  Niagara  power.      (Cass,,   Dec,    1903. 

25:104-115.)    X 

Utilization   of   Niagara   power.       (Jour,    ass'n   eng,    soc,    June, 

1904.     32:  344-351.)    X 

Buck,  L.  L.  A  few  remarks  about  the  Niagara  gorge,  and  discussion. 
(Trans.  A,  M.  S.  C.  E.     Aug.,  1894.     32:205-213.) VII 

Buckingham,  James  Silk.  America  historical,  statistic  and  descrip- 
tive,    Lond.:  Fisher.      (1841.)      2:498-534 Ill 

The  eastern  and  western  states  of  America.     Lond.  and  Paris: 

Fisher,   Son.      [1843.]      3:452-471 Ill 

The  Falls  of  Niagara.  (British  and  foreign  institute,  trans- 
actions.    Lond.:    1845.      1:401-403.) Ill 

■  Hymn    to    Niagara.        (In    Barham,    William,    Descriptions    of 

Niagara:    selected    from   various   travellers;    ,     ,     .     Gravescnd:    n.    d. 

Pp.   41-42.)    VIII 

1285 


Niagara  Falls 

Buckingham,  James  Silk.  Hymn  to  Niagara.  (In  Johnson,  R.  L., 
Niagara,  its  history,  incidents  and  poetry  .  .  .  Wash.:  W.  Neale. 
1898.     Pp.  56-57.) VIII 

^——  The  talk  of  Niagara.  (British  and  foreign  institute,  transactions. 
Lond.:  1845.     1:401-403. 

Buckingham  and  Chandos,  Duchess  of  A.  A.  Glimpses  of  four 
continents,  letter  written  in  1893.  Lond.:  Murray.  1894.  Pp.  273- 
275    IV 

Buettner,  Johann  G.  Briefe  aus  und  iiber  Nordamerika;  oder, 
Beitrage  zu  einer  richtigen  kenntniss  der  Vereinigten  Staaten  und  ihrer 
Bewohner  .  .  .  Dresden  and  Leipzig:  Arnoldische  Buchhandlung. 
1847.      1:61-69 Ill 

Buffalo  and  Niagara  power,    no  imp.    [1895.] 

Buffalo  (N.  Y. )  board  of  trade.  .  .  .  Report  of  the  committee 
to  be  presented  to  the  commercial  convention  at  Detroit,  to  be  held 
December  13,  1871,  relative  to  the  Niagara  ship  canal  project 
[Buffalo.  1871.] 

Buffalo  bridge  question  (The).  [Remonstrance  of  citizens  of  Erie 
and  Niagara  counties,  New  York,  against  the  passage  of  any  law 
authorizing  the  construction  of  a  bridge  across  the  Niagara  river.] 
(Niagara  Falls  Gazette  extra.) 

Buffalo  historical  society.  Annual  report  of  the  board  of  managers, 
January  1  2,  1  886,  and  the  society  proceedings,  with  an  appendix  con- 
taining a  report  of  the  proceedings  at  Niagara  Falls,  July  15,  1885, 
dedicating  the  New  York  State  Reservation,  of  "  Free  Niagara,"  to 
the  world.     Buffalo:  1886. 

———  Publications.  Vol.  XIII.  1909.  (See  index  for  references  to 
Niagara  ship  canal  and  effect  of  opening  of  Erie  canal  on  the  Niagara 
portage.)     XII 

Buffalo-Niagara  power  celebration  (The).  (Elec.  eng.,  Jan. 
20.  1897.     23:85-87.) 

Buffalo  Saengerfest  guide  and  pocket  companion;  also  guide 
to  Niagara  Falls.      Buffalo:  Hahn  and  Schelle.      1883 XII 

Buffalo:  Some  representative  views  collected  under  the  direction  of 
the  Buffalo  merchants'  exchange,  for  presentation  to  the  delegates  of 
the  International  American  conference  as  a  souvenir  of  their  visit  to  the 
city  on  October   1  4,    1  889 IX 

Bulkley,   C.   H.   A.      Niagara.      A  poem.      N.   Y. :   Leavitt.   Trow  & 

Co.     1848.     P.  55 VIII 

1286 


Alphabetical  List 

Bull,  Sara  C.  [Ole  Bull's  "Niagara"]  (In  her  Memoirs  of  Ole 
Bull.    Best.:  Houghton,  Mifflir>  &  Co.     1886.    Pp.  169-1  72.)  .VIII 

Bullock,  W.  Sketch  of  a  journey  through  the  western  states  of  North 
America  from  New  Orleans,  by  the  Mississippi,  Ohio,  city  of  Cin- 
cinnati and  Falls  of  Niagara,  to  New  York,  in  1827.  .  .  .  Lond. : 
John  Miller.  1827.  Pp.  xxiii-xxvi.  (Thwaites,  Early  western 
travels.      9:142-149.)    Ill 

Bunn,  Alfred.  Old  England  and  New  England.  Lond.:  Bentley. 
1853.      1:302-310 IV 

Burbank,  George  B.  The  construction  of  the  Niagara  tunnel,  wheel 
pit  and  canah      (Cass.  July,   1  895.     8:213-224.) X 

Burford,  Robert.  Description  of  a  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  now 
exhibiting  at  the  Panorama,  Leicester  square,  painted  by  the  proprietor, 
Robert  Burford,  from  drawings  taken  by  him  in  the  autumn  of  1832. 
Lond. :    Brettell.       1  833 IX 

Burke's  descriptive  guide;  or.  The  visitor's  companion  to  Niagara 
Falls:  its  strange  and  wonderful  localities.  By  an  old  resident. 
Buffalo:  Andrew  Burke.      1851 XII 

Burk's  guide  of  Niagara  Falls:  directions  as  suggested  by  a  resident. 
Niagara  Falls:  C.  E.   Burk.      1904 XII 

Burne-Jones,  Philip.  Dollars  and  democracy.  With  numerous 
illustrations  from  original  drawings  by  the  author.  N.  Y. :  1904.  Pp. 
234-238   XI 

Burroughs,  Rev.  Charles.  Niagara  Falls.  (In  his  The  poetry 
of  religion  and  other  poems.  Bost. :  Ticknor,  Reed  and  Fields.  1851. 
Pp.  62-66.  67-68.) VIII 

Burton  act  to  be  extended.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Feb.  22,  1913. 
61:391.)     XI 

The  Burton  bill  and  its  effects  on  electrical  developments 
at  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.  June  29,  1907.  49: 
1291-1294.) X  and  XI 

Busch,  Moritz.  Wanderungen  zwischen  Hudson  und  Mississippi,  I  85  I 
und   1  852.     Stuttgart  und  Tubingen.      1  854.     2:121 IV 

Business  Men's  Association  of  Niagara  Falls.  The  water-power 
of  Niagara  applied  to  manufacturing  purposes:  the  hydraulic  tunnel  of 
the  Niagara  Falls  power  company:  and  accurate  description  of  one  of 
the  greatest  industrial  undertakings  of  the  age.  [Buffalo:  Matthews, 
Northrup.     1890  c] X 

Butler,  Frances  Anne.  Journal.  2  Vols.  Phila. :  Carey,  Lea  and 
Blanchard.      1835.     2:215-218 XII 

1287 


Niagara  Falls 

Butler,  W.  F.  The  great  lone  land ;  a  narrative  of  travel  and  adventure 
in  the  north-west  of  America.  Lond. :  Low,  Marston,  Low,  Searle. 
1872.     P.  25 IV 

Buttre,  J.  C.  Niagara  Falls.  (Lit.  liv.  age.  May  27,  1854.  41: 
385.)     IX 

Bye,  J— .      (sc.)     The  Falls  of  Niagara  with  the  adjacent  country. 

6K2  X   14.      Lond.:  J.  Johnson.      1804.      (In  Volney,  C.  F.,  View 

of  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  United  States.      Lond. :   for  J.  Johnson. 

1804.     Pi.  3.     P.  99.    /^ /so  Phila.:  Conrad.     1804.     P.  80.)..  IX 
C.  R.   (del.)      Niagara  Falls.      (Horseshoe  Fall)      John  Poppel   (sc.) 

Published  for  Herman  J.  Meyer.     N.  Y. :  1 85  1 IX 

John  Poppel.   (sc.)  Niagara  Falls.      (Horseshoe  Fall)    (Grosve- 

nor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-187—. 
Mat    16.)    IX 

Cable  bridge  at  Niagara  replaced  by  conduit.  (W.  elec.  Aug. 
1,  1903.    33:74.) 

Cableway  over  Niagara's  whirlpool.  (Lit.  dig.  May  13,  1916. 
52:1365.) 

Cabot,  J.  Elliot,     see  Agassiz,  Louis. 

Caine,  W.  S.  A  trip  round  the  world  in  1887-1888.  Lond.:  Rout- 
ledge  and  Sons.      1  888.      Pp.  27-32 IV 

Calcium  carbide.     (Elec.  wld.    June  5.  1897.    29:  733-734.) .  .X 

Calendar  of  N.  Y.  col.  mss.,  indorsed  land  papers;  in  the  office 
of  the  secretary  of  state  of  N.  Y.  (1643-1803)  Albany:  Weed, 
Parsons  &  Co.     1864.    P.  653.    Sept.  7.  1  784.    37:43 V 

In  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  of  N.  Y.     (1643-1803) 

Albany:   Weed,   Parsons  &  Co.      1864.      P.    865.      Dec.    1,    1791. 
52:72    V 

In  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  of  N.  Y.      (1643-1803) 

Albany:   Weed,   Parsons  &  Co.      1864.      P.   866.      Dec.    12,    1791 

52:82    V 

In  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  of  N.  Y.      (1643-1803) 

Albany:   Weed.    Parsons  &  Co.       1864.      P.   908.      Feb.    4,    1793. 
55:121     V 

In  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  of  N.  Y.      (1643-1803) 

Albany:  Weed,  Parsons  &  Co.      1864.      P.  910.     Mar.    14,   1793. 
55:161     V 

1288 


Alphabetical  List 

Callington,  W.  R.  Birdseye  view  of  the  River  Niagara  from  Lake 
Erie  to  Lake  Ontario;  showing  the  situation  and  extent  of  Navy  Island 
and  the  towns  and  villages  on  the  banks  of  the  river  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States,   •    .    .    from  an  actual  survey  made  in  1837.     Bost.  .IX 

Cameron,   P.  Calderon.      Niagara  Falls  in  winter. 

Cameron,   Roderick.      Catalogue   of  plants  v/hich   have  been   found 

growing  without  cultivation  in  the  park  and  its  outlying  territories.    .    .    . 

(Ann.    rep'ts   of   the   com'rs   for   the   Queen   Victoria  Niagara   Falls 

park.      1894.      9:app.) VI 

■  Catalogue  of  plants  which  have  been  found  growing  without  cul- 
tivation in  the  park  and  its  outlying  territories.  .  .  .  (Ann.  rep'ts 
of  the  com'rs  for  the  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park.  1895. 
10:app.)     VI 

Campanius  Holm,  Thomas.  [View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.] 
T.  Ch.  (sc.)  5'/4  X  5^/4.  {In  his,  Kort  beskrifning  om  provincien  Nya 
Severige  uti  America,  som  nu  forjden  af  the  Engelske  kallas  Pennsyl- 
vania.    Stockholm:  S.  Wankyfs.      1  702.     Opp.  p.  4.) IX 

Campbell,  John  Francis.  A  short  American  tramp  in  the  fall  of 
1864.     Edinb. :  Edmonston  and  Douglas.     1865.     Pp.  228-264  .VII 

Campbell,  Patrick.  Travels  in  the  interior  inhabited  parts  of  North 
America.  In  the  years  1791  and  1792.  .  .  .  Edinb.:  Guthrie. 
1  793.     Pp.  1  74-1  76 11 

Campbell,  Thcmas.  The  emigrant.  (In  Descriptive*  catalogue  of 
the  Gluck  collection  in  the  Buffalo  Public  Library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. : 
1899.) 

Campuzano,  D.  Juan  BustajTiente  y.  Del  Atlantico  al  Paclfico; 
Apuntes  e  Impresiones  de  un  Viaje  a  traves  de  los  Estados  Unidos. 
Madrid.     1885.    Pp.  346-364 IV 

Canada  —  Commission  of  conservation.  Water  powers  of 
Canada;  by  Leo.  G.  Denis  and  Arthur  V.  White.  Ottawa:  The 
Mortimer  co.     1911.      (See  index.) X 

Canada  seventy  years  ago.     3d  ed.  St.  Catherines,  Ont. :  1860.  .V 

Canadian  electrical  development  at  Niagara.  (Eng.  (Lond. :) 
Aug.   7,   1903.     96:136-13*9.) X 

Canadian  girl,  or  the  Pirate  of  the  lakes  (The),  a  story  of  the 
afFections;  by  the  authoress  of  the  Jeiv's  daughter.  Lond.:  W.  Bennett. 
1838.     Pp.  264-267 VIII 

Canadian   guide   book    (The).     .     .     .     Montreal:      Armour   and 

Ramsay.      1849.      Pp.    1-9 XII 

1289 


Niagara  Falls 

Canadian  handbook  and  tourist's  guide  (The),  giving  a  descrip- 
tion of  Canadian  lake  and  river  scenery  and  places  of  historical  interest 
■with  the  best  spots  for  fishing  and  shooting.  Comp.  by  H.  B.  Small, 
ed.  by  J.  Taylor.     Montreal:  Longmore  and  Co.      1866.     Pp.   170- 

184 XII 

Canadian-Niagara  power.      (Elec.  wld.  &  ensr.,  Apr.    11,    1908. 

51:756.)    y XI 

Canadian-Niagara  power  company  (The).     (Elec.  wld.     May 

27,  1899.     33:707.) 
Canadian-Niagara    power    company's    development.      (Can. 

eng.     Nov.,    1902.     9:290-292.) X 

Canadian   Niagara  pow^er  company's  transmission  to   Buf- 
falo.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng..  June  29,   1907.     49:1299-1302.)  .  .  .X 
Canadian-Niagara  power  league  (The).     (Elec.  rev.     Nov.  24, 

1897.     31:251.) 
Canadian-Niagara  power  to-day.      (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Jan.   7, 

1905.     45:17-20.) 
Canadian    power   plant    (The).       (Elec.   wld.      Jan.    14,    1899. 

33:47-49.)    X 

Canadian  tourist  (The).     .     .     .     Montreal:  Hew  Ramsay,     (cop. 

1856.) 
Canal  board.     Proceedings.     Report  of  the  canal  board  on  the  Niagara 

ship  canal    XII 

Canale,  G.  D.      To  Niagara.      (Lit.  liv.  age,  Aug.  28,    1858.     58: 

716.)    VIII 

Cantilever  bridge  over  Niagara.      (Knowl.     April  4,   1  884.     5  : 

227.)    XII 

Caparn,   Harold  A.      Present  status  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Landscape 

architecture.     April,    1914.     4:No.  3,  81.) XI 

Captivity  and  sufferings  of  Benjamin  Gilbert  and  his  family, 

1780—83    (The).     Reprinted  from  the  original  edition  of  1784  with 

introduction   and   notes   by   Frank   H.    Severance.      Cleveland.       1 904. 

Pp.    129-130 V 

Carborundum    company    (The).       (Elec,   wld.      June   5,    1897. 

29:731-732.) 
Carlisle,  George  William  Frederick  Howard.     Two  lectures  on 

the  poetry  of  Pope,  and  on  his  own  travels  in  America.     Delivered  to 

the  Leeds  Mechanics'  institution  and  literary  society,  December  5th  and 

6th,    1850.     Leeds.      1850.     Pp.  25-26 XI 

1290 


Alphabetical  List 

Carpenter,  William  Lant.  ITie  falls  of  Niagara  in  winter.  (Nature, 
Mar.  31.  1881.     23:511-514.) V 

Carpio,  Manuel.  Soneto  a  la  Catarata  del  Niagara.  (In  Poesias  de 
Manuel  Carpio  con  su  biografia  escrita  por  el  Sr.  Doctor  Jose  Bernardo 
Conto.  Nuova  edicion,  Veracruz-Pueblo:  Liberias  La  Ilustracion. 
Paris:  A.  Donnametti.      1  883.     P.  206.) VIII 

Carta  del!a  nouva  Inghilterra,  Nuova  York,  e  Pensilvania.  (In 
Atlante  dell'  America,  [anon.]  Liverno:  Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi, 
e  comp.  con  approvazione.     1  777.     No.  2.) IX 

Carta  rappresentante  i  cinque  Laghi  del  Canada.  (In  Atlante 
deU'America.  (anon)  Liverno;  Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi,  e  comp. 
con  approvazione.      Mil .     No.  5.) IX 

Carte  de  la  nouvelle  France,  augmentee  depuis  la  derniere  seruant  a 
la  navigation  faicte  en  son  vray  Meridien  par  le  S'r.  de  Champlain, 
Capitaine  pour  Ic  Roy  en  la  Marine,  le  quel  depuis,  I'an  1  603,  jusques 
en  I'annee  1629;  a  descouvert  plusieurs  costes  terres;  lacs  rivieres  et 
Nations  de  sannoges  por  cy  diuant  incognues  comme  il  se  voit  en  ses 
relations  qui'l  a  faict.  Imprimer  en  1  632.  (In  O'Callaghan,  E.  B. 
Documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Albany:  1849. 
3:  Frontispiece  P.   13.) 

Carte  pour  suivre  la  relation  des  voyages  de  cavalier  de  La 
Salle,  1669-1682.  7  x  6'/2-  (/rr  Societe  de  geographie.  Bulletin. 
6  serie.     Paris:   1880.     20:  At  end.) IX 

Carter,  James  C.  Oration  at  the  dedication  of  the  state  reservation  at 
Niagara,  July  15,  1885.  (19th  ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.)     Albany:    1903.     Pp.  263-277.) XI 

Carus,  Paul.  The  chief's  daughter:  a  legend  of  Niagara.  Chicago: 
1901  c VIII 

Carus-Wilson,  Charles  A.  The  Niagara  spray  clouds.  (Nature. 
March  2,  1893.     47:414.) 

Carver,  Jonathan,  captain.  Travels  through  the  interior  parts  of 
North  America,  in  the  years  1766,  1767,  and  1768.  Lond.:  J. 
Walter.       1778.      Pp.    169-170 II 

[Cass,  Lewis.]  France,  its  king,  court  and  government.  By  an  Ameri- 
can.     N.  Y.:  Wiley  and  Putnam.      1840.      Pp.    127-130 II 

Cassier's  magazine.  Niagara  power  number.  July,  1895.  8:173- 
384    X 

Cataract  of  Niagara   (The).     (1  702)     (Print.) IX 

Cataract  house,   Niagara  Falls.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N. 

Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87— .     Mat   17.) IX 

1291 


Niagara  Falls 

Cataract  House,  Niagara  Falls.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-187—.     Mat  17.) IX 

Cataract  power  company's  transmission  plant  (The).  (Elec. 
wld.    July  2.  1898.     32:3-4.) 

Cazin,  F.  M.  F.  Niagara  power.  (Elec.  wld..  July  17.  1897.  30: 
72-74.)    X 

Central  station  campaign  at  Niagara  Falls  (A).  (Elec.  wld. 
&  eng.     Nov.  16,  1905.     46:863.) 

Chamberlin,  John.  [Letter  to  editor  by  John  Chamberlin  of  Buffalo 
on  "  The  Niagara  Reservation  "  and  its  remarkable  and  various  plant 
Hfe.]       (Garden  and  forest,  Nov.  30,    1892.      5:  575.) VI 

Chambers,  William.  Things  as  they  are  in  Araerica.  Lond.  and 
Edin. :  William  and  Robert  Chambers.     1  854.     Pp.  1  02-1  1  2 XI 

Champlain,  Samuel  de.  Champlain  map,  1  632.  (In  Oeuvres  de 
Champlain  publiees  sons  le  patronage  de  L'Universite  Laval  par  L'Abbe 
C— H.  Laverdiere.     2d  ed.  Quebec:    1870.     2:  opp.    1385.).. IX 

Des  Sawages,  ov,  Voyage  de  Seimvel  Champlain  de  Brovage, 

fait  en  la  France  Novvelle,  I'an  mil  six  cens  trois:  contenant  les  moeurs, 
fa^on  de  viure,  manages,  guerres,  &  habitation  des  sauuages  de  Canadas 
...  A  Paris,  Chez  Clavde  de  Monstr'ceil.  [1604.]  Pp.  42,  45-46. 
47.  (CEuvres  de  Champlain,  publiees  sous  le  patronage  de  I'Universite 
Laval  par  I'abbe  C.-H.   Laverdiere.     Quebec:   Imprime  au  Seminaire 

par  G.-E.  Desbarats.     1 870.     1  : 1 06,  1 09-1  10,  111.) I 

Voyages.     Translated  from  the  French  by  Charles  Pomeroy  Otis. 


With  historical  illustrations,  and  a  memoir  by  the  Rev.  Edmund  Farwell 

Slafter.    Boston:  Prince  Society.     1878-1882.     1  :  271 .  274-276.  . I 
Chandler,     Henry,       The    nymph    of    Niagara    gorge.       Buffalo: 

1890    VIII 

Changes  in  the  Buffalo-Niagara  Falls  pov/er  transmission 

line.     (St.  ry.  jour..  Dec.  1897.     13:  860.) 
Channing,  William  Ellery.     The  Niagara  Fall.      (In  his  Poems. 

Bost.:  Little  and  Bro^vn.      1843.     P.  35.) VIII 

Channing,  William  H.     Niagara.     (In  his  Leaves  of  spring  gathered 

in   autumn.       [Poems]       Phila. :    Press  of  J.   B.   Lippincott   and   Co. 

1883.     Pp.  66-79.) 
Chapin,    J.    R.       Niagara    Falls    and    how    to    see    them.      Buffalo: 

(1874)    XII 

1292 


Alphabetical  List 

Chapter  on  Niagara  (A).      (Am.  month,  mag.     June,   1838.     11 

(n.s.5)  :  529-535.)    Ill 

Charles,  Emily  Thornton.     An  address  to  the  body  of  a  man  in  the 

whirlpool.  Niagara.  {In  her  Lyrical  poems.  Phil  a. :  Lippincott. 
1 887.     Pp.   110-111.) VIII 

Charlevoix,  Pierre  Francois  Xavier  de.  Histoire  et  description 
generale  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  avec  le  Journal  Historique  d'un  voyage 
fait  par  ordre  du  roi  dans  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.  Paris:  Chez  la 
Veuve  Ganeau.      1  744.     5  :  335-336,  343-347 1 

— —  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  North- America.  Undertaken  by  order  of 
the  French  King.  Containing  the  geographical  description  and  natural 
history  of  that  country,  particularly  Canada  ...  In  a  series  of 
letters  to  the  Duchess  of  Lesdiguieres.  Translated  from  the  French. 
London:  R.  and  J.  Dodsley.      1761.      I  :345-356 I 

Chateaubriand,  Francois  Augiiste  Rene,  vicomte  de.  Atala;  ou, 
Les  amours  de  deux  sauvages  dans  le  desert.  Paris:  Impr.  de  Migneret, 
an  IX—  1801    VIII 

Atala;  or.  The  amours  of  two  Indians  in  the  wilds  of  America. 

Lond.:  For  J.  Lee.      1802.     Pp.  120-121 VIII 

Travels    in    America     and    Italy.       Lond. :     Colburn.       1 828. 


1:131-134    II 

Chatelain,  H.  A.  Carte  contenant  le  royaume  du  Mexique  et  la 
Floride,  dressee  sur  les  meilleures  observations  et  sur  les  memoires  les 
plus  Nouveaux.      (In  his  Atlas  historique      [anon.]      fol.     Amsterdam: 

1705-20.     V.  6,  No.  27:101.) IX 

— Carte   de   la   Nouvelle   France   ou   se  voit  le  cours   des   grandes 

riviere  de  S.   Laurens  et  de  Mississipi,  aujourd'hui  S.  Louis.      {In  his 
Atlas  historique.      [anon.]      fol.     Amsterdam:    1705—20.     V.  6,  No. 

23:91.)     IX 

■  Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  &  des  decouvertes 

qui  y  ont  ete  faites.    {In  his  Atlas  historique.     [anon.]    fol.  Amsterdam: 

1  705-20.    V.  6,  No.  20:82.) IX 

Carte  tres-curieuse  de  la  Mer  du  Sud,  contenant  des  remarques 


nouvelles  6:  tres-utiles  non  seulement  sur  les  ports  &  iles  de  cette  mer, 
mais  aussi  sur  les  principaux  pais  de  I'Amerique  tant  Septentrionale 
que  Meridionale  .  .  .  {In  his  Atlas  historique.  [anon.]  fol.  Am- 
sterdam: 1705-20.     V.  6.  No.  30:117.) IX 

Saut   ou   chute   d'eau    de   Niagara.      4'/2    x   5.       {In   his   Atlas 


historique.       [anon.]       fol.      Amsterdam:    1705-20.      V.   6,   No.   24: 
94.)     IX 

1293 


Niagara  Falls 

Cheap  electricity  for  all.  (Conservation  commission  of  the  state 
of  New  York.)      n.d X 

Chemical  plant  at  Niagara  (A).  (Jour.  soc.  chem.  ind.,  Jan.  30, 
1897.     16:73.) 

Chester,  Greville  John.  Transatlantic  sketches  in  the  West  Indies, 
South  America,  Canada  and  the  United  States.  Lond. :  Smith,  Elder. 
1 869.     Pp.  279-282 IV 

Chisholm,  Hugh  J.  Niagara.  Chisholm's  complete  guide  to  the 
grand  cataract.  [Portland,  Me.:  Chisholm  Bros.  1891.]  Bound 
with:  New  album  of  Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y.  [Portland,  Me.: 
1891?] 

Christmas,  H.  Canada  in  1849.  Pictures  of  Canadian  life;  or.  The 
emigrant  churchman.  By  a  pioneer  of  the  wilderness.  Edited  by  the 
Rev.  H.  Christmas.  Lond.:  Richard  Bentley.  1850.  1:131- 
167    IV 

Church,  Frederick  Edward.     Niagara.     1857 IX 

The  great  fall,  Niagara.     Painted  by  Frederick  Edward  Church. 

N.  Y. :  Williams,  Stevens.  Williams  and  Co.     1  85  7 IX 

[Church's  Niagara.]  (Lit.  liv.  age,  Oct.  24,  1857.  55:254- 
255.)     IX 

Church's  new  picture  of  Niagara  (Mr.).  (Lit.  liv,  age.  May 
15,    1868.      97:441-443.) IX 

Clark,  George  L.  Niagara  Falls  power,  different  types  of  develop- 
ment.    (Cass.,  May,  1905.     28:79-81.) X 

Clark,  John.  Memoirs  of  Colonel  John  Clark,  of  Port  Dalhousie, 
C.  W.     (Ontario  hist.  soc.     Papers  and  records.     7:1  73-1  75.)  .  .XII 

Clark,  Le'wis  Gaylord,  editor.  The  literary  remains  of  the  late 
Willis  Gaylord  Clark,  including  the  Ollapodiana  Papers,  the  Spirit 
of  Life,  and  a  selection  from  his  various  prose  and  poetical  writings. 
N.  Y.:   Burgess,  Stringer  and  Co.      1844.      Pp.    154-172 Ill 

Clark,  Willis  Gaylord.  (Poem.)  (In  Holley,  George  W.,  Niagara; 
its  history  and  geology,  incidents  and  poetry  .  .  .  N.  Y.,  Buffalo, 
Toronto.      1872.     Pp.   161-162.) VIII 

Clarke,  John  M.  The  menace  to  Niagara.  (Pop.  sci.  mo.,  Apr., 
1905.     66:489-504.)    XI 

A   scientist's   view   of   Niagara.       (Harp,   w.,   Nov.    21,    1903. 

47:  pt.  2:  1866.) VII 

Claypole,  E.  W.  The  eccentricity  theory  of  glacial  cold  versus  the 
facts.      (Trans.   Edin.  Geol.  Soc.      1888.      5:5^34-548.) VII 

1294 


Alphabetical  List 

Claypole,  E.  W.  Falls  of  rock  at  Niagara.  (Nature.  Feb.  1 4,  1 889. 
39:  367.)    VII 

The  old  gorge  at  Niagara.      (Science  n.s.      Aug.    13,    1886. 

8:236.)     VII 

Clifton  house,  Niagara  Falls.     (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat.    17.) IX 

Clifton  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls   (The).     .     .     . 

Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y. :  Brundage.     I  872 XII 

Clinch,  Rev.  Joseph  H.     Niagara.     (In  his  The  captivity  in  Babylon, 

and  other  poems.     Bost. :  Burns.     1  840.     Pp.  77-8 1 .) VIII 

Clinton,  DeWitt.     The  life  and  writings  of  DeWitt  Clinton  by  William 

W.   Campbell,      (N.   Y.:    Baker  and  Scribner.      1849.      Pp.    130- 

131.)     VI 

Clinton,  George  W.    Journal  of  a  tour  from  Albany  to  Lake  Erie  by 

the  Erie  canal  in  1826.      (Pub.  Buf.  Hist.  Soc.    1  4:292-293.). .  .VI 

Sketches  of  Niagara  Falls  and  river  by  Cousin  George.     Buffalo: 

Peck.      1  846 V  and  VIII 

Cockburn,  Lieut.-CoL  James  Patterson,  R.  A.  Chute  du  Niagara 
and  Entrance  to  the  cave  of  the  Horseshoe,  Niagara,  on  the  English  side. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
187-.     Mat  12.) IX 

Falls  of  Niagara.     Lond. :  Ackerrnarm  &  Co.     1833 IX 

The  Falls  of  Niagara.     Engraved  by  C.  Hunt.     Lond.:  Acker- 

mann  &  Co,      1  85  7 IX 

Coe,  Ben  F.  Evolution  of  Niagara  power.  (Coll.  w.  May  28,  1  896. 
Pp.  11-12.)    X 

Coke,  E.  T.  A  subaltern's  furlough:  descriptive  of  scenes  in  various  parts 
of  the  United  States,  upper  and  lower  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  and 
Nova  Scotia,  during  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1832.  Lond.:  Saunders 
and  Otley.      1833.     Pp.  292-31  1 XI 

Cole,  Thomas.  A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  From  an 
original  picture  in  the  possession  of  Joshua  Bates,  Esq.  Painted  by  T. 
Cole,  Esq.  Engraved  and  printed  by  Fenner  Sears  &  Co.  4^  x  5j/2. 
Lond.:  I.  T.  HInton  and  Simpkin  &  Marshall,  1831.  (In  Hinton, 
J.  H.  ed..  History  and  topography  of  the  United  States.  3d  ed. 
Lond. :  J.  Dowding.      1  842.     2  :  opp.  484.) IX 

A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      Painted  by  T.  Cole. 

Engraved  on  steel  by  T.  S,  Woodcock.  5^  x  7%.  Bost.:  S. 
Walker.  1 832.  (In  Malte-Brun,  Conrad,  A  system  of  universal 
geography.     Bost. :  S.  Walker.      1  834.     2 : 1 99.) IX 

1295 


Niagara  Falls 

Cole,  Thomas.  The  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Tv/enty  years  ago.)  3%  x  6. 
(In  Our  globe;  a  universal  picturesque  album,  ed.  by  the  North 
American  bibliographic  institution.     Phila. :  1840.      I  :9.) IX 

A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     From  an  original  picture 

in  the  possession  of  Joshua  Bates,  Esq.,  painted  by  T.  Cole,  Esq. 
Lond.:  Pub.  April  I.  1831,  by  I.  T.  Hinton  and  Simpkin  &  Marshall. 
(Grosvenor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
I87-.     Mat  9.) IX 

—     A  distant  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  painted  by  T.  Cole,  Esq., 


engraved  on  steel  by  T.  S.  Woodcock.     Boston:  pub.  by  S.  Walker, 

1832.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 

I697-187-.     Mat  9.) IX 

Coles,  Abraham.     Niagara.     (In  his  The  microcosm,  and  other  p)oems. 

N.  Y.:  Appleton.     1881.    Pp.  219-222.) VIII 

A  Sabbath  at  Niagara.     (In  his  The  microcosm  and  other  poems. 

N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  and  Co.     1881.    Pp.  226-235.) VIII 

Colt,  Mrs.  S.  S.  ed.  The  tourist's  guide  through  the  empire  state. 
Albany.      1871.     Pp.   188-196. 

Cotton,  C.     Tour  of  the  American  lakes,  and  among  the  Indians  of  the 

North-west  territory,  in    1830   .   .   .   Lond.:  Westley,  Davis.      1833. 

1:1-11     Ill 

Combe,  George.     Notes  on  the  United  States  of  North  America  during 

a  phrenological  visit  in  1838-9-40.     Phila.:  Cary  and  Hart.      1841. 

2 :  79-80   Ill 

Comettant,   Jean   Pierre   Oscar.      Voyage  pittoresque  et   ancedo- 

tique   dans   le    Nord   et    le   Sud   des    Etats-Unis    d'Amerique.       Paris. 

1866     Pp.   146-1  70 IV 

Commelia,  Anna  Olcott.  Niagara.  (In  her  Of  such  is  the  kingdom, 
and  other  poems.  N.  Y. :  Fowler  and  Wells.  1 894.  Pp.  1 7- 
20.)    VIII 

Complete  Illustrated  guide  to  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity 
(The).     Gazette  printing  house.     Niagara  Falls:    (1883). 

Comstock,  John  Lee.  Outlines  of  geology.  Hartford:  D.  F.  Robin- 
son.    1834.     Pp.  30-36 VII 

Conclusions  of  the  Niagara  power  companies  regarding 
Niagara  (The).     (Elec.  rev.  Mar.  25.  1905.     46:494.) X 

Continued  protection  of  Niagara  (The).  (Outl.,  Feb.  6,  1909. 
91 :  274-275.) XI 

1296 


Alphabetical  List 

Constitutional  convention.  Report  of  the  subcommittee  on  pro- 
posed constitutional  amendment.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      1904.     21:149-167.) XI 

Construction  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  plant.  I.  (Eng. 
rec,  Jan.  14.  1893.    27:152-136.) X 

II.     (Eng.  Tec.  Mar.  11.  1893.     27:  293-294.) X 

III.     (Eng.  rec.  Apr.  22.  1893.     27:415-416.) X 

IV.     (Eng.  rec.  May  20.  1893.     27:490-491.) X 

V.     (Eng.  rec    July  8.  1893.     28:87-88.) X 

VI.     (Eng.  rec.  Aug.  19.  1893.     28:183-184.) X 

VII.     (Eng.  rec.  Sept.  30.  1893.    28:280-281.) X 

VIII.     (Eng.  rec.  Oct.  21.  1893.    28:  328-329.) X 

IX.     (Eng.  rec.  Nov.  4.  1893.     28:360.) X 

Control  and  regulation  of  Niagara  river.      (Elec  wld.  &  eng.. 

Feb.   1.   1913.     61:235.) XI 

Control  of  navigable  streams  (The).      (Elec  wld.  &  eng..  Feb. 

15.1913.     61  :  329.) XI 

Cook,  Joel.     Niagara.      {In  his  America,  picturesque  and  descriptive. 

Phila.:  Coates.     1900.    Vol.11.    Pp.  379-386). 
Cook,  Joseph.     Overtones;  a  book  of  verse.     N.  Y. :  Knickerbocker 

press.      1903.     Pp.  85-86 VIII 

Cooke,  Henry.     An  excursion  to  Niagara  and  Canada.      (Colburn's 

new  monthly  mag.     1849.     87:358-360.) IV 

Cooper,  James  Fenimore.     The  oak  openings;  or  The  bee-hunter 

.   .   .   N.  Y.:  Burgess.  Stringer.      1848.     2:216-217 VIII 

The  pathfinder;  or  The  inland  sea  .   .   .   Phila.:  Lea  and  Blan- 

chard.     1840.     1:47-49.     2:52-53 VIII 

— — —  The  spy;  a  tale  of  the  neutral  ground  .  .  .  Lond. :  H.  Colburn 
and  R.  Bentley.      1831.     P.  403 VIII 

Copeland,  Benjamin.  Niagara  and  other  poems.  Buffalo:  Mat- 
thews-Northrup.      1904.     Pp.    11-12 VIII 

Cornish,  Vaughan.  The  travels  of  Ellen  Cornish;  being  the  memoir 
of  a  pilgrim  of  science,  with  sixty-five  plates  from  photographs  by  the 
author,  maps  and  plans.  Lond.:  W.  J.  Ham-Smith.  1913.  Pp. 
105-138     VII 

Cornwallis,  Kinahan.  Royalty  in  the  New  World;  or  The  Prince 
of  Wales   in  America.      New  York:   Doolady.      1860.      Pp.    145- 

153   IV 

82  ^297 


Niagara  Falls 

Coronelli,  [M.  V.].  L'Amerique  Septentrionale,  ou  la  Partie  Septen- 
trionale  des  Indes  occidentales.  Dressee  sur  les  Nouveaux  Corrigee  et 
augmentee  Par  le  Sr.  Tillemon ;  et  Dediee  a  son  Excellence  Monsiegneur 
Pierre  Venier,  ambassadeur  ordinaire  de  la  Serenissime  Republique  de 
Venise,  pres  di  sa  Majeste  tres  Christienne  Louis  le  Grand.  Par  le 
P.  Coronelli,  Cosmographe  de  la  Ser'me  Republique  de  Venise. 
A  Paris:  Chez  J,  B.  Nolin  sur  le  Quay  de  I'Horloge  des  Palais,  Vers  le 
Pont  Neuf,  a  I'Enseigne  de  la  Place  des  Victoires.  Avec  Privilege  du 
Roy.     1 689 IX 

■  La  Louisiana,  parte  settrionalle  scoperta  sotto  la  protettione  de 
Luigi  XIV,  Re  di  Francia.  Dal.  Coronelli.  (Atlante  Veneto.  Venice: 
1695.    1:28.)   IX 

■  Partie  occidentale  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France  ou  sont 


les  nations  des  Ilinois,  de  Tracy,  les  Iroquois,  et  plusieurs  autres  peu- 
ples;  avec  la  Louisiane  nouvellement  decouverte  .  .  .  Dressee  sur  les 
Memoires  les  plus  Nouveaux  Par  le  P.  Coronelli  Cosmographe  de  la 
Ser'me  Republique  de  Venise.  Corrigee  et  augmentee  Par  le  S'r. 
Tillemon;  et  Dediee  a  Monsieur  I'Abbe  Baudrand.  A  Paris.  Chez 
J.  B.  Nolin  sur  le  Quay  de  I'Horloge  de  Palais  Vers  le  Pont  Neuf 
a   I'Enseigne   de   la    Place   des   Victoires.      Avec   Privilege   du   Roy. 

1688  IX 

— -     Partie  orientale  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France  ou  sont 


les  Provinces,  ou  Pays  de  Saguenay,  Canada,  Acadie  .  .  .  Les 
Peuples,  au  Nations  des  Etechemins,  Iroquois,  Attiquomeches  .  .  . 
avec  la  Nouvelle  Angleterre,  la  Nouvelle  Ecosse,  la  Nouvelle  York,  et 
la  Virginie,  les  Isles  de  Terre  Neuve,  de  Cap  Breton  .  .  .  Dressee  sur 
les  Memoires  les  plus  Nouveaux  Par  le  P.  Coronelli  cosmographe  de  la 
Serenis'me  Republique  de  Venise.  Corrigee  et  augmentee  par  le  S. 
Tillemon;  et  Dediee  a  Monsieur  I'Abbe  Baudrand  par  son  tres  humble 
Serviteur  J.  B.  Nolin.     A  Paris.     Chez  J.  B.  Nolin.      1  689 IX 

Cortambert,  Louis  Richard.  "  Excursion  aux  cataractes  du  Niagara. 
Juin,  1833."  (In  his  Voyage  au  pays  des  Osages.  Un  tour  en 
Sicile.     Paris:  A.  Bertrand.      1837.     Pp.  85-90.) Ill 

Cost  of  Niagara.      (Lit.  dig..  Sept.  23,   1 91 6.     53:742.) 

Cost  of  power  at  Niagara  (The).  (Jour.  Frank,  inst.,  June, 
1895.     139:477-478.) 

Cousin  George.  Sketches  of  Niagara  Falls  and  river.  Buffalo: 
Wm.   B.  and  Chas.   E.   Peck.       1846 XII 

Cowdin,  Jasper  Bamett.     Ripple  brook,  Niagara  Falls;  two  poems. 

Brooklyn.  N.  Y. :  1886.     P.  7 VIII 

1298 


Alphabetical  List 

Coyle,  William  H.     Falls  of  Niagara,  as  seen  from  the  Table  rock. 

October,    1834.      A  poem    .     .    .    Jacksonville:   Calvin  Goudy,   Ptr., 

1835. 
Cox,  F.  A.  and  Hoby,  J.     The  Baptists  in  America;  a  narrative  of 

the  deputation  from  the  Baptist  Union  in  England,  to  the  United  States 

and  Canada.     N.  Y. :  Leavitt,  Lord.      1836.     Pp.  207-209 III 

Coxe,  Reginald.     The  Luna  Fall IX 

Study  of  the  rapids IX 

Craig,  W.  M.  (del.)      Falls  of  Niagara;  on  the  river  St.  Lav^rence  in 

Canada.  T.  Wallis.  (sc.)  Published  as  the  act  directs  by  C.  Brightly 
and  T.  Kinncrsley,  Bungay;  Nov.,  1804 IX 

Cramer,  Charles.  Etwas  iiber  die  Natur  Wunder  in  Nord  America. 
Zweiter  Alschnitt,     St.  Petersburg:  Grctsch,      1840.     Pp.  6-9....  V 

Cranch,  Christopher  Pearse.  The  cataract  isle.  (In  Johnson, 
R.  L.,  Niagara;  its  history,  incidents,  and  poetry.  .  .  .  Wash.:  W. 
Neale.     1898.     Pp.  49-50.) VIII 

Creation  and  development  of  the  state  reservation  at  Ni- 
agara (The).  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv:  at 
Niagara.      1902.      19:14-84.) XI 

Creuxius  Franciscus  (S.  J.).  New  France  in  1660.  (Reduced 
facsimile  from  his  "  Historia  Canadensis."     Paris:    1664.) IX 

New  France   in    1660.       (Reduced   facsimile  from  his   Historia 

Canadensis.  Paris:  1664.)  (In  Thwaites,  R.  G.,  Jesuit  relations. 
Cleveland:  Burrows  Bros.      1900.     46:  frontispiece.) IX 

Crevecouer,  Hector  St.  John  de.  Description  of  Niagara  Falls  in  a 
letter  to  his  son  under  date  of  July,  1  785.  (Mag.  Am.  hist.,  Oct., 
1878.     Vol  II,  pt.  II,  pp.  605-613.) II  and  IX 

[Crevecouer,  Hector  St.  John  de.]  Voyage  dans  la  haute 
Pensylvanie  et  dans  I'etat  de  New  York,  par  un  membre  adoptif  de  la 
nation  Oneida.  Traduit  et  public  par  I'auteur  d'un  cultivateur 
American.      Paris:  De  Crapelet.      1801.     2:148-193 II 

Crowley,  Mrs.  Richard.  Echoes  from  Niagara:  historical,  political, 
personal.      Buffalo:  Moulton.      1890.      Pp.    1-19 V 

Cruikshank,  Julia.  Whirlpool  heights:  the  dream-house  on  the 
Niagara  river.     Lond.:  George  Allen  &  Unwin,  Ltd.      1915  .  .  .  .VIII 

Cumtberland,  Barlow.  A  century  of  sail  and  steam  on  the  Niagara 
river.     Toronto:   1  91  3.     Pp.  3  1-32  ;  99-1  01  ;   1  2  1  ;   1  69 XII 

Currie,   P.  W.      On  the  ancient  drainage  at  Niagara  Falls.       (Geog. 

jour.,  Dec,   1901.      18:642.) VII 

1299 


Niagara  Falls 

Currle,  P.  W.     On  the  ancient  drainage  of  Niagara  Falls.     (Trans,  of 

the  Can.  inst.     Aug.,  1901.     7:  pt.  1.     No.  13:7-14.) VII 

Currier,   N.   .      Niagara   Falls   from  Table  Rock.      (Grosvenor 

library.    Buffalo,    N.   Y.      Views   of   Niagara  Falls.      1697-187—. 

Mat   21.)     IX 

Curtis,  George  William.     Lotus-eating.     A  summer  book.     N.  Y. : 

Harper  Bros.      1852.      Pp.   75-102 IV 

Cutter,    Charles.       Pan-American,    Buffalo    and    Niagara    Falls:    a 

picturesque  souvenir.      1901    c XII 

Cutter  and   Koonz.      Panoramic  views  of  Niagara  Falls.      Niagara 

Falls:  Cutter  and  Koonz.      1901 IX 

Cutter,   G.  V/.      Morning  at  the  Falls.      (In  his   Poems  and  fugitive 

pieces.      Cincinnati:    Moore,    Wilstach,    Keys.       1857.      Pp.    266- 

268.)    VIII 

Niagara,     (/n  his  Poems  and  fugitive  pieces.     Cincinnati:  Moore, 

Wilstach.  Keys.     1857.     Pp.  180-183.) VIII 

Cutter's   guide   to   Niagara   Falls,   and   adjacent   points   of 

interest.     Cutter's  guide  publishing  co.     1897 XII 

Cutting,  H.  S.      The  Erie  canal  vs.  the  Niagara  ship  canal.     Argument 

of  Hon.   H.   S.   Cutting  before  the  assembly  committee  on  commerce 

and  navigation.   March   6,    1  866 XII 

D.  W.     The  glory  of  Niagara.      (Life  and  health,  Aug.,    1897.     Pp. 

264-266.) IV  and  XI 

Dale  Stephen  M.      Seeing  Niagara  Falls  for  the  first  time.     Ladies' 

home  jour.     June.   1904.     21:9-10.) XI 

Dalton,  Willam.      Travels  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  part 

of    Upper    Canada.       .       .       .       Appleby.       (Eng.)  :    R.    Bateman. 

1821    Ill 

Dana,    Charles    A.       Niagara    Falls.       (General    view    from    Clifton 

house.)      4x6.      (In  Dana,  C.  A.  ed..  The  United  States  illustrated. 

2  vol.  in  one.     N.  Y. :  J.  Meyer.      [18531      1:13.) IX 

Darby,  .      The  straits  of   Niagara,   from  a  map  by  Mr.   Darby. 

6J/2  X  1  Yz.       (In  Blane.   W.    N.,   Travels  through   the  United   States 

and  Canada.  Lond. :  Baldwin  &  Co.  1828.  Opp.  p.  404.)  .  .  .IX 
Darby,   William.      Brooke's  universal   gazetteer,   or  new   geographical 

dictionary:     ...    3d  Am.   ed.     Phil.:   Bennett  and  Walton.     1820. 

P.  553   V 

The  straits  of  Niagara.      6J/2  x  1  3.      (In  his  A  tour   from   the 

city  of  New  York  to  Detroit  in  the  Michigan  territory.      N.  Y. :  For 
the  author.      1819.     Opp.  p.    155.) IX 

1300 


Alphabetical  List 

Darby,  William.  A  tour  from  the  city  of  New  York,  to  Detroit,  in 
the  Michigan  territory,  made  between  the  2cl  of  May  and  the  22d  of 
September,  1818  .  .  .  The  tour  is  accompanied  with  a  map  upon 
which  the  route  will  be  designated;  a  particular  map  of  the  Falls  and 
river  of  Niagara,  and  the  environs  of  the  city  of  Detroit.  N.  Y. : 
Kirk  and  Mercein.      1819.     Pp.    160-169. 

View  of  the  United  States,  historical,  geographical,  and  statistical; 

exhibiting,  in  a  convenient  form,  the  natural  and  artificial  features  of 
the  several  states.     .     .     .     Phila. :  Tanner.     1828.     Pp.  209-21 6.  V 

Darton,  Nelson  Horatio.  Catalogue  and  index  of  contributions  to 
North  American  geology,  1732-1891.  (U.  S.  geol.  survey.  Bull. 
No.  127.    Wash.:  1896.    Pp.  686-702.) 

Data  on  electric  baking:  with  Niagara  power.  (Elec.  wld.  & 
eng.     Aug.  12.  1905.     46:268.) 

Daubeny,  Charles  Giles  Bridle.  Journal  of  a  tour  through  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  made  during  the  years  1837-1838. 
Oxford:  T.  Combe,  ptr.      1843.     Pp.  44-48 VII  and  XI 

Davenport,  Bishop.  A  new  gazetteer,  or  geographical  dictionary,  of 
North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  .  .  .  Bait.:  M'DowelL  1833. 
P.  356   V 

Davies,  Thomas.  An  east  view  of  the  great  cataract  of  Niagara. 
Engraved  on  copper  by  J.  Foregeron.      1  760 IX 

Davis,   Major  Henry.      "Great   Horseshoe  Fall."      (1848?)..  IX 

Davis,  Rebecca  Harding.     The  passing  of  Niagara.     (Indep.     Nov. 

25.   1897.     49:1527-1528.) XI 

Davison,  G.  M.     Niagara  Falls:  the  travelers'  guide  through  the  middle 

and  northern  states  and  the  provinces  of  Canada.      Saratoga  Springs. 

1 833.     Pp.  264-272 XII 

Day    at    the   Falls    (A).       (Colburn's   new   mo.    rnag.,    1838.      4: 

482-483.)   Ill 

Day,    David    F.      A  catalogue  of  the   flowering   and    fern-like  plants 

growing   without   cultivation   in   the   vicinity   of   the   Falls   of   Niagara. 

(Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at  Niagara.      1 898. 

14:61-134.)     VI 

— —  Catalogue  of  the  Niagara  flora.  A  catalogue  of  the  flowering 
and  fern-like  plants  growing  without  cultivation  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Falls  of  Niagara.      (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at 

Niagara.      1887.     4:67-133.) VI 

1301 


Niagara  Falls 

Day,  David  F.  Catalogue  of  the  Niagara  flora.  A  catalogue  of  the 
flowering  and  fern-like  plants  growing  without  cultivation  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Troy:)  The  Troy  Press.     1888 VI 

The  flora  and  fauna  of  Niagara  Falls.      (The  Niagara  book. 

N.  Y.:  1901.    Pp.  158-177.) VI 

The  plants  of  Buffalo  and  its  vicinity.     Cryptogamae.      (Bull. 


of  the  Buf.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Sci.      1882.     4:No.  4,  153-290.)  ...  .VI 
The  plants  of  Buffalo  and  its  vicinity.      Phaenogamae.      (Bull. 


of  the  Buf.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Sci.     1882.    4:No.  3.  65-152.) VI 

Day,  Richard  E.  Niagara.  (In  his  Lines  in  the  sand.  [Poemsl 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. :  John  T.  Roberts.      1  878.     Pp.  28-30.) VIII 

Day,  Sainuel  Phillips.  English  America;  or,  Pictures  of  Canadian 
places  and  people.  Lond.:  T.  Cautley  Newby.  1864.  2:211- 
219   IV 

— Life  and  society  in  America.      Lond.:    Newman.      1880.      2d 

ser.     Pp.  26^46 IV 

Day,   W- .      (Lith.)      Great   Horseshoe   Fall.      On   stone  by  A. 

Picken,  Jr IX 

De  berugte  waterval  van  Niagara  in  New  York.  (Grosvenor 
library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-187 — . 
Mat  2.)    IX 

Dearborn,  Henry  A.  S.  Memorandum  of  a  journey  to  the  Niagara 
frontier  for  the  purpose  of  negotiating  treaties  with  the  Seneca  & 
Tuscarora  tribes  of  Indians.  (Buf.  Hist.  Soc,  pub.,  vol.  VII.  See 
index.)     V 

Death  of  Washington,  with  Niagara  as  a  background. 

Deedes,  Henry.  Sketches  of  the  south  and  west;  or,  Ten  months'  resi- 
dence in  the  United  States.     Edinb.  and  Lond.:   1866.     Pp.  8-1  I  .IV 

De  Haas,  Mauritz  Frederick  Hans.  The  rapids  above  the  Falls. 
(1878)    IX 

Delano,  F.  R.  The  water  power  of  Niagara.  N.  Y. :  Banker's  pub. 
assn.      1881.      P.  4 XII 

Delarochette,  L — .      Bowie's  new  pocket  map  of  North  America, 

divided  into  its  provinces,  colonies,  etc.,  by  J.  Palairet,  lately  revised 
and  improved  with  many  additions,  from  D'Anville,  Mitchel,  and 
Bellini,   by   L.    Delarochette.      Lond.:   N.   d IX 

De  I'Isle,  Guillaume.  Carte  de  la  Louisiana  et  du  cours  du  Mississipi. 
Dressee  sur  un  grand  norubre  de  memoires  entrau'tres  sur  ceux  de  mr 
le    Maire.       Par    Guillaume    De'lisle    de    I'Academie    des    Sciences. 

[17181    IX 

1302 


Alphabetical  List 

De  I'IsIe,  Guillaume.  Carte  <3e  la  Louisiana  et  du  cours  du  Mississippi 
dressee  sur  un  grand  nombre  de  Memoires  entr'  autres  sur  ceux  de  M'r. 
le  Maire.  Par  Guillaume  De  I'lsle  de  I'Academie  R'le  des  Science. 
(In  his  Atlas  nouveau.  Amsterdam:  n.  d.  Chez  Jean  Covens  et 
Comeille  Morteir.     No.  98.) IX 

Carte  de  la  Louisicme  et  du  cours  du  Mississippi.      (Grosvenor 

library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Maps   historical    and    miscellaneous.      No. 
80.)    IX 

Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France  et  des  Decouvertes  qui 


y  ont  ete  faites  dressee  sur  plusieurs  Observations  at  sur  un  grand 
nombre  de  Relations  imprimees  ou  manuscrites.  Par  Guillaume  De 
risle  de  I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences  et  Premier  Geographe  du  Roy. 

A  Paris:    I  703 IX 

Carte  du  Canada  ou  de  la  Nouvelle  France  et  des  decouvertes  qui 


y  ont  ete  faites.     A  Paris:   1703.      (Maps  of  Am.      1  :No.   10.) — IX 
Carte  du  Mexique  et  de  la  Floride,  des  terres  Angloises  et  des 


isles  Antilles,  du  course  et  des  environs  de  la  riviere  de  Mississipi. 
Dresse  sur  un  grand  nombre  de  memoires,  principalmt.  sur  ceux  de 
mr  d'Iberville  et  Le  Seur.  Per  Guillaume  Del'Isle.  Geographe  de 
I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences.  A  Paris:  Chez  I'Auteur.  1  703  .  IX 
Carte  du  Mexique  et  de  la  Floride,  des  terres  Angloises  et  des 


isles  Antilles,   au   course  et   des  environs   de  la   riviere  de  Mississipi. 

Paris:  Chez  I'Auteur.      I  703.      (Maps  of  Am.      1  :  No.  8.) IX 

Carta  geografica  del  Canada  neU'America  Settentrionale.    (Atlante 


Novissimo  Del  Sig'r  Guglielmo  de  L'Isle.  Venezia:  Giambatista 
Albrizzi  I.  GiroL  1  740.  [  1  740-1  750]  Vol.  I-II  [No.  40] )  .  IX 
Nouvelle   Carte   particuliere  de   I'Amerique,    ou   sont   exactment 


marquees  une  partie  de  la  Baye  d'Hudson,  le  pays  des  Kilistinons,  la 

Source  de  la  grande  riviere  de  Mississippi,  le  pays  des  Illinois. 

(In   his  Atlas  nouveau.      Amsterdam:   n.   d.      Chez  Jean  Covens   et 

Corneille  Mortler.     No.  92.) IX 

Tabula   geographica   Mexicae  et   Floridae.      .      .      .      Carte  du 


Mexique  et  de  la  Florida.       Dated     I  722      .      .      .       (In    his   Atlas 
nouveau.     Amsterdam:  n.  d.     Chez  Jean  Covens  et  Corneille  Mortier. 

P.  99.)   IX 

[View  of  Niagara  Falls  in  the  early  part  of  the   18th  century.] 


(In   his   Atlas   nouveau.      Amsterdam:    n.    d.      Chez   Jean   Covens   et 

Corneille  Mortier.      P.  96a.) IX 

Delivery    and    distribution    of    Niagara    power    in    Buffalo 
(The).     (Elec.  wld.    Jan.  21.1899.     33:76-82.) 

1303 


Niagara  Falls 

Dember,  George.  Map  of  Niagara  river  or  the  straits  between  the 
lakes  Erie  and  Ontario,  by  Geo.  Dember,  60th  Reg'mt.  (In  O'Cal- 
laghan,  E.  B.,  The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York. 
Albany:    1849.     2:458.) IX 

Deming,  A .     Falls  of  Niagara  in  Canada.     Engraved  by  Scott 

for  the  Gallery  of  nature  and  art.      1  802 IX 

Der  Niagara  Fall.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87—.      Mat.   25.) IX 

Der  Niagara  fluss.  Verlag  d.Englishen  Kunstanstalt  v.  A.  H.  Payne. 
Leipzig   and   Dresden IX 

De  Roos,  F.  F.  American  Falls  of  Niagara.  Printed  by  C.  Hull- 
mandel.      (1827.) 

De  Roos,  F.  F.  (delt.)  American  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Grosvenor 
library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-187—, 
Mat    10.)     IX 

'  The  crescent  seen  from  below  the  circular  ladder.  Printed  by  C. 
Hullmandel.  (1827)  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-187—.     Mat  10.) IX 

River  Niagara.   Cloud  of  the  Falls.    (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—.    Mat  10.) IX 

De   Roos,    John    Frederick    Fitzgerald.      Personal    narrative   of 

travels  in  the  United  States   and   Canada  in    1826.      Lond. :   W.    H. 

Ainsworth.     1827.     Pp.  151-172 Ill 

Desecration    of    Niagara.       (Ladies*    home    jour.      June,     1906. 

23:27.)     XI 

Descent   into  the   rapids   of   Niagara.      An   authentic   narrative. 

(Knicker.   IN.  Y.],  Oct..  1851.     38:414-416.) VIII 

Description  of  a  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     .    .    .     Boston: 

Perkins  &  Marvin,  ptrs.,    1837. 
Descriptions  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Mag.  of  Am.  hist.,  July, 

1880.     5:47-56.) 
Desor,  E.     The  falls  of  Niagara  and  their  retrograde  movement     .     .     . 

tr.   by  J.    D.   Meredith.       (Pottsville  scientific   association.      Pottsville, 

Penn.:  Bulletin.  Jan.  &  Feb.,   1855.     Pp.  5-10.) VII 

(Ueber   Niagara   Falls.)      (Geologische  gesellschaft.     Seitschrift. 

Sept.,  1853.    Ed.  5.    Pp.  643-644.)    lAbstract] VII 

Destruction  of  Niagara  (The).  (Spec.  June  30,  1883.  56:  831- 
832.)     XI 

Destruction  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).    (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.    Dec, 

1912.     10:770.)    XI 

1304 


Alphabetical  List 

Destruction  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).  (R.  of  R..  Apr.,  1905, 
31  :490.)    XI 

De  Tivoli,  J.  A  guide  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  with  a  splendid  litho- 
graphic view  by  A.  Vaudricourt  from  a  daguerreotype  of  J.  Lang- 
heim.     N,  Y. :  Burgess,  Stringer  and  Co.      1846 XII 

Detmers,  Arthur.  The  Devil's  hole  massacre.  (The  Niagara 
frontier  landmarks  ass'n.    Buffalo.    1906.    Pp.  47-52.) V 

Detroit  (Mich.)  board  of  trade.  Niagara  ship  canal.  The 
necessities  of  the  great  west  require  a  depth  of  not  less  than  fourteen  or 
fifteen  feet.   An  unanswerable  argument  on  the  subject.    [Detroit,  1866.] 

Deuther,  Charles  George.  Canticles  of  Niagara,  and  other  poems. 
[Buffalo:    1909.]     VIII 

De  Veaux,  Samuel.  The  Falls  of  Niagara,  or  tourist's  guide  to  this 
wonder  of  nature,  including  notices  of  the  whirlpool,  islands,  etc.,  and  a 
complete  guide  through  the  Canadas.  Buffalo:  William  B.  Hayden. 
1839    XII 

Map  of  Niagara  Falls  and  guide  table.      12   x    16.      (In  his 

The   traveller's   own  book,   to   Saratoga  Springs,   Niagara   Falls   and 
Canada.   .   .   .   Buffalo:   Faxon  &  Read.      1841.) IX 

The  travellers'  own  book,  to  Saratoga  Springs,  Niagara  Falls  and 

Canada,  containing  routes,  distances;   .   .   .   Buffalo:  Faxon  and  Read. 
1841.     Pp.  95-258 XII 

Development   of   electric   power   at   Niagara   Falls    (The). 

(Nature,  Apr.    7,    1910.      83:173-176.) X 

Development  of  Niagara  Falls  power  on  the  Canadian  side 

(The).     (Elec.  rev.     May  12,  1897.     30:223.) 
Devoy,  John,  comp.     A  history  of  the  city  of  Buffalo  and  Niagara 

Falls    .    .     .     Buffalo:    1896 V 

Dewart,   Edward   Hartley.      Songs  of  life;   a  collection  of  poems. 

Toronto:  Dudley  and  Burns.      1869.     Pp.  79-82 VIII 

De  waterval  van   Niagara.      (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,   N.    Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87— .     Mat  3.) IX 

DeWeese,  Truman  A.     How  Niagara  is  "  harnessed."     (R.  of  R., 

July,   1 905.     32 :  58-64.) X 

Dewey,   Mary   E.,   editor.      Life   and  letters  of  Catharine  Sedgwick. 

N.  Y.:  Harper.     1871.     Pp.  130-132 Ill 

Dexter,  Charles.     Niagara.      (In  his  In  memoriam  versions  and  idle 

measures.      Cincinnati:    Robert    Clarke    &    Co.       1891.      P.       186- 

191.)    VIII 

Dickens,   Charles.      American  notes  for  general  circulation.      Lond. : 

Chapman  and  Hall.      1842.      2:176-180 IV 

1305 


Niagara  Falls 

Die  Schnellen  des  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87— .     Mat  22.) IX 

Dilke,  Charles  Wentworth.     Greater  Britain.     A  record  of  travel  in 

English-speaking  countries  during  I  866-7.     Phila. :  Lippincott.     I  869. 

1:69    IV 

Discharge  of  the  Niagara  river  (The).    (Eng.  mag,  April,  1 900. 

19:129-130.)    XI 

Distant  electric  power  transmission.      (Eng.  mag.,  July,   1900. 

19:586-587.) 
Distribution  of  Niagara  energy  in  Auburn.     (Elec.  wid..  May 

2.  1908.    51:899-902.) 
Distribution  of  Niagara  power  at  Buffalo.     (W.  elec.    June  27, 

1896.     18:320.) 
Disturnell,  J.   comp.      (A  trip  through  the  lakes  of  North  America. 

N.  Y.:  Disturnell.     1857.     Pp.  206-217.) XII 

Diversion  of  Niagara  river.      (Sci.  Am.,  Mar.    17,    1906.     94: 

226.) XI 

Dixon,  James.      Personal  narrative  of  a  tour  through  a  part  of  the 

United  States  and  Canada:  with  notices  of  the  history  and  institutions 

of  Methodism  in  America.     N.  Y. :  Lane  and  Scott.  1  849.     Pp.  1  1  0- 

124   IV 

Dog  goes  over  Niagara  Falls  alive  (A).      (Knowledge.      1882. 

1:574.) 
Dollar,  George.     The  Niagara  fools.      (Strand,  Sept.,   1897.      14: 

332-336.) V 

Donohoe,  Thomas.     The  Iroquois  and  the  Jesuits.     The  story  of  the 

labors  of  Catholic  missionaries  among  these  Indians.    Buffalo:  Catholic 

Publication  Co.     1895.     Pp.  32.  207  ff V 

Dore,   Gustave.      Atala   album,   photographs  of  twelve  illustrations  to 

Chateaubriand's  Atala.      Phila. :  Frederick  Leypoldt.      N.  Y. :  F.  W. 

Christem.       1  864 IX 

Dorr,  Eben  P.     Niagara's  historic  environs.      (Four-track  news.     Feb., 

1904.      Pp.    110-113.) V 

Dow,    Charles   Mason.      Address   to    the   international   commissioners 

appointed  to  investigate  concerning  the  conditions  and  uses  of  the  wafers 

adjacent  to  the  boundary  lines  between  Canada  and  the  United  States, 

at  Niagara  Falls,  New  York,  September   14,   1905.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of 

the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara,  22:67—75.) XI 

Tlie  State  Resei-vation  at  Niagara:   a  history.      Albany.      J.   B. 

Lyon  Co.      1914 XI 

1306 


Alphabetical  List 

Do^v,  Charles  Mason.  Hennepin  memorial  address.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of 
the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv,  at  Niagara.     27:10—16.) XI 

How  to  protect  Niagara  Falls.      (Outl.,  Jan.  27,    1906.     82: 

1  79-189.)     XI 

Letter  to  Governor  Odell,  requesting  him  to  veto  the  Niagara, 

Lockport  and  Ontario  power  company  bill.     (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs 
of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21:21  5-229.) XI 

Drake,  Joseph  Rodman.  Niagara.  (In  his  Culprit  fay  and  other 
poems.     N.  Y.:  George  Dearborn.      1836.     Pp.  65-67.) VIII 

Dry  as  Niagara.     (Outl.,  Nov.  24,  1906.     84:  690-691.) XI 

Dudley,  Paul.  An  account  of  the  falls  of  the  river  Niagara,  taken  at 
Albany,  October  10,  1  72  1 ,  from  Monsieur  Borassaw,  a  French  native 
of  Canada.  (Royal  Society  of  London,  Philosophical  transactions. 
April-May,  1  722.     Pp.  69-72.) I 

DufFerin,  The  marchioness  of.  My  Canadian  journal,  1872-78. 
Extracts  from  my  letters  home  written  while  Lord  Dufferin  was  gov- 
ernor-general.    New  York:  1891.     Pp.  39-40;  450 XI 

Dumas,  A.  L'utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara  pour  la  production  de 
I'energie  electrique.  (Le  Genre  civil.  Feb.  8,  1896.  28:225- 
228.)    X 

DuMond,  F.  V.  Niagara  illustrations.  (In  Trumbull,  William, 
Legend  of  the  white  canoe.     N.  Y.  &  Lond.:  Putnam.      1894.)  .  .IX 

Duncan,  John  M.  Travels  through  part  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada  in  1818  and   1819.     Glasgow.      1823.     2:52-57 VII 

— ^—  Travels  through  part  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  in  1818 
and  1819.  N.  Y.:  W.  B.  Gilley;  New  Haven:  Howe  &  Spalding. 
1823.     2:29-58 Ill 

[Duncan,  Mrs.  M.  G.  Lundie.]  America  as  I  found  it.  Lend.: 
Nisbet.     1852.     Pp.  365-380 IV 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.  Accident  to  a  ten  thousand  horse  power  alternator 
at  Niagara.      (Elec.  rev..  May  15.   1908.     62:823.) 

Additional  power  facilities  at  Niagara  Falls.      (W.  elec.      Nov. 

27,  1897.     21:299-300.  301.) X 

Calcic   carbide   plant   at   Niagara   Falls.       (\V.   elec.      Jan.    18, 

1896.       18:28-29.) X 

California  and  Niagara  power  transmission  compared.     (W.  elec. 

Dec.  19.  1903.     33:459-460.) 

Canadian  electric  power  stations  at  Niagara.      (Nature.  Dec.   14, 

1905.      73:161-162.) X 

1307 


Niagara  Falls 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.     The  Canadian  Niagara  Falls  development.     (Elec. 
rev.,  May  5.  1905.    56:737.) X 

Canadian   Niagara    [power  company].      (Elec.   rev.,   Feb.    10, 

1905.     56:233.) 

TTie  Canadian  Niagara  power  development.      (Elec.  rev.     Jan. 


3.  1903.     42:12-15.) 

Conveying  the  roar  of  Niagara  by  telephone  to  New  York.     (W. 


elec.     May  30.  1896.      18:265.) X 

The  crime  against  Niagara.      (Harp,  w.,  Apr.   7,   1906.     50; 


474-476.) X  and  XI 

Curious  engineering  feat  at  Niagara.      (Sci.  Am.,  Nov.   1 1    and 


25,    1905.     93:  382-423.) X 

— —     Developing  power  of  lower  Niagara.    (W.  elec,  June  18,  1898. 
22:360.)    X 

Developments  at  Niagara  Falls  for  the  utilization  of  its  power. 

(Elec.  rev.     Sept.  12,  1903.     43:344-349.) X 

Dynamiting  the  Niagara  ice  jam.      (Sci.  Am.,  May  8,    1909. 


100:  349-350.)    V 

Electric  heaters  in  the  great  Niagara  power  house.      (Elec.  engr.. 


Apr.  14,  1897.    23:39^397.) 

Electric  power  transmission  at   Niagara.      (W.   elec.      Feb.   8, 

1896.      18:61-62.) X 

Electrical  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  Canada.      (Elec.  rev.. 


Feb.  10,  1905.    56:231.) X 

Electrical  matters  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Elec.  wld.,  Jan.  4,  1897. 


27:8-9.) 

Extension  of  the   Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  power  and  manufac- 


turing company's  plant.      (Elec.  engr.,  Nov.  25,   1897.     24:508.) 

Extension  of  the  Niagara   Falls  power  company's  plant.      (W. 


elec.     July  31.  1897.     21:60-61.) 

Extension  of  the  Niagara  power  house.      (Elec.  eng.,  Sept.   16, 

1896.     22:269-271.) 

The  extension  of  the  power  plant  of  the   Niagara  Falls  power 


company.      (Eng.  news,  Oct.  14,  1897.     38:  242.) X 

Foolhardy  attempts  at  passing  the  whirlpool  rapids  of  Niagara. 

(Sci.  Am.,  Sept.  28,  1901.     85:201-202.) V 

The    frost-king   at    Niagara.       (Booklover's    mag.      Dec.    1903. 


2:645-651.) 
A  great   concrete  retaining  wall.      (Sci.   Am.,   May    12,    1906. 


94:  395-396.)    X 

1308 


Alphabetical  List 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.      Heroes  of  Niagara.      (Royal,   May,    1902.      8: 
57-66.) 

The  ice  bridge  in  the  Niagara  gorge.     (Eng.  news,  Feb.  9,  1  899. 

41:82.)    V 

The  ice  condition  at  Niagara  river.      (Sci.  Am.,  Feb.  7,   1903. 


88:  93.)     V 

Illuminating  Niagara  with  its  own  power.      (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.   19, 

1907.      97:  273-274.) X 

Illumination  of  Niagara  Falls.     (W.  elec.     July  24,  1897.     21  : 


43-44. 
Is    Niagara    doomed?      (Tech.    wld.,    July,     1905.     3:557- 


568.) XI 

The  latest  hydro-electric  power  house  at  Niagara  Falls.      (W. 


elec.    Mar.  23.  1907.    40:250.) 

Lightning  strikes  the  Niagara  power  plant.      (Sci.  Am.,  Feb.    14, 

1903.     88:111.) 

Lord  Kelvin  and  the  Niagara  power  transmission.      (Elec.  eng.. 


Aug.  26,   1897.) X 

Making   sodium  peroxide   at   Niagara.      (Elec.    eng.,   June   23, 

1897.     23:701.) 

Manufacture  of  calcium  carbide.      (W.  elec.      May   1 6,    1 896. 


18:233-235.) 
The  manufacture  of  carborundum.      (Elec.  power.     Jan.,  1896. 


9:1-5.)      X 

The  manufacture  of  chemicals  by  Niagara  power.      (Elec.  eng., 


Sept.  9,  1896.     22:  248-249.) X 

More  power  at  Niagara   Falls.       (\V.   elec.      Mar.    21,    1896. 

18:133-134.)     X 

New  concrete  arch  bridges  at  Niagara.      (Sci.  Am.,  Nov.  23, 


1901.     85:327.) XII 

A    new    1 30,000   horse-power   plant    at    Niagara    Falls.       (Sci. 

Am..  Oct.  6,  1906.     95:244-245.) X 

The  new  plant  of  the  Canadian  Niagara  Falls  company.      (Sci. 


Am..  Dec.  6.  1902.     87:375-376.) X 

New  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Cass.     Mar.,  1896. 

Pp.  484-487.) X 

The  new  power  house  at  Niagara.     (Elec.  rev.,  June  12,  1903. 


52:1023.) 

New  power  house  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  June  1  3, 

1903.      55:  22941-22942.) X 

1309 


Niagara  Falls 

Dunlap,   Orrin   E.      The  new  steel  arch  bridge  over  Niagara   Falls. 

(Eng.  news.  Jan.  2.  1896.     35:13-14.) XII 

'      New   wheel-pit   of    the   Niagara    Falls    power   company's   power 

plant   at  Niagara   Falls,   New  York.      (Eng.    news,   Apr.   5,    1900. 

43:229-230.) 
New  work  at  Niagara  Falls  by  the  hydraulic  company.      (Elec. 


eng..  July  28,  1898.     26:73-75.) 

Niagara  and  its  notoriety-seekers.      (Cosmop.,  Mar.   1902.     32: 

333-335.)    V 

Niagara-Buffalo  transmission  line.      (W,  elec.     Dec.  25,   1897. 


21:357.) 

Niagara  Falls  as  an  electrical  center.     (W.  elec,  June  12,  1897. 


20:325-327.) 
(The)    Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  power  and  manufacturing  com- 


pany's new  work.     (Elec.  eng.,  Dec.  4,  1895.    20:  537-539.)  .  .  .  .X 
Niagara  Falls  power  supply  interrupted  by  fire.      (Eng.   news. 


Feb.  5,  1903.     49:129.) 

Niagara  in  winter.      (Cosmop.,  Apr.  1900.     28:  593-604.)  .V 

Niagara   model   for   the  electrical  exposition.      (W.   elec,   Apr. 

18,    1896.      18:181-182.) X 

Niagara  power  development  on  the  Canadian  side,      (W.   elec. 


July  25,  1903.     33:55-56.) 

Niagara  —  the  scene  of  perilous  feats.      (Cosmop.,  Feb,    1902. 

32:  358-370.)    V 

Nikola   Tesla   at   Niagara   Falls.       (W.    elec,   Aug.    1.    1896. 


19:55.)    X 

Novel  features  of  the  Niagara  Falls  lighting  plant.      (W.  elec, 


Aug.  15.  1896.      19:73-74.) 
Old    hydraulic    canal    plant    at    Niagara    Falls    transformed    for 


electric  transmission.      (W.  elec,  Dec.  5.   1896.      19:  273-274.)  .  .X 
One  year  of  electric  power  transmission  at  Niagara  Falls.      (W. 


elec     April  4.   1896.      18:163.) X 

Power    development    on    the    Canadian    side    of    Niagara    Falls. 

(Eng.  news.   Dec.    11.    1902.      48:490-491.) ,  .  .X 

Power   transmission   from   Niagara   Falls.       (Cass..   Jan.,    1897. 

11:197-204.)     X 

Prospects  of  Niagara  power  on  the  Canadian  side  of  the  Falls. 


(Sci.  Am.,  Mar.  7,   1903.     88:176.) X 

The  recent   subsidence  of  Niagara   Falls.      (Sci.  Am.,   Mar.    6, 

1909.     100:181.  187.) V 

1310 


Alphabetical  List 

Dunlap,  Orrin  E.      Remarkable  diversion  of  Niagara's  waters.      (Sci. 
Am..  Apr.  4.  1903.     88:241.) V 

The  romance  of  Niagara  bridges.      (Strand,  mag.     Nov.,   1899. 

18:425.  430-433.)    XII 

I  A    short   circuit    at    Niagara.       (Elec.    rev..    Mar.    31,    1905. 

56:535.) 

Transformer   equipment    for    street   railway   service    at    Niagara 

Falls.      (W.  elec.     Jan.  25.  1896.      18:37.) 

■  Transmission  of  Niagara  power  to  Buffalo.      (Elec.  eng.,  Oct. 

28.   1896.     22:  413-415.) X 

\ (The)    Use  of  Niagara  power  by  the  Buffalo  general  electric 

company.     (Elec.  eng..  Jan.  5.  1899.     27:17-22.) 
Water  supply  of  Niagara.      (W.  elec.     Feb.  8.    1896.      18: 

63.)    XI 

The  wonderful  story  of  the  chaining  of  Niagara.     (Wld's.  work, 

Aug..  1901.     2:1052-1054.) X 

Dunlap,  P.   E.,  cotnp.      Sheldon  and  Hawley's  illustrated  guide  to 

Niagara  Falls  and  points  of  interest.      1890 XII 

Dunlap,  William.      A  trip  to  Niagara;  or.  Travellers  in  America.     A 

farce  in  three  acts.      Written   for  the  Bowery  Theatre,   New  York. 

N.  Y.:  E.  B.  Clayton.     1830 VIII 

Dunlop,   William.      Recollections   of  the  American  war,    1812-14. 

Toronto:   Historical  Publishing  Co.      1905.      Pp.  56-58 V 

Dunn,    E -.      Intermittent   water- fall.       (Sci.    Am.      December   4, 

1915.     1  13:  492-493.) X 

Duty  on  Niagara  curiresit.      (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Jan.    12,   1907. 

49:92.) 
D wight,    Theodore,    Jr.      The    northern    traveller;    containing    tlie 

routes  to  the  springs.  Niagara.  Quebec,  and  the  coal  mines;     .     .     .     6th 

ed.     N.  Y.:  John  P.  Haven.      1841.     Pp.  49-58 XII 

D wight,  Timothy.     Travels;  in  New-England  and  New- York.     New 

Haven:   Timothy  Dwight.      S.  Converse,  printer.      1821-1822.      4: 

80-103    VII 

E.      Falls  of  Niagara.      (Portfolio.     May,   1811.     5  :450-452.)  .  .  .  Ill 
E.   S.   C.      A  legend  of  the  Manitou  rock.      Containing  also   Professor 

Lyell's  lectures  upon  the  recession  of  Niagara  Falls.     Buffalo:  Faxon. 

1843 V 

Early  history  of  the  falls  and  city.      (St.  ry.   rev.,  Oct.,    1897. 

7:634-636.)    V 

131] 


Niagara  Falls 

Eastman,  F.  S.  A  history  of  the  state  of  New  York  from  the  first 
discovery  of  the  country  to  the  present  time.  N.  Y. :  BHss.  1828. 
Pp.  5-6   V 

Eaton,  Amos.  An  index  to  the  geology  of  the  northern  states,  with 
transverse  sections,  extending  from  Susquehanna  river  to  the  Atlantic, 
crossing  Catskill  mountains;  to  which  is  prefixed  a  geological  gram- 
mar.   2ded.    Troy.  N.  Y.:  1820.     Pp.  214-215 VII 

Ebelings,  Christoph  Daniel.  Erdbeschreibung  und  Geschichte  von 
Amerika.  Die  vereinten  Staaten  von  Nordamerika.  Hamburg:  Carl 
Ernst  Bohn.     1  793-1  796.     2:  634-639 V 

Eddy,  I.  H.  Map  of  the  straights  of  Niagara  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario.  15  x  7.  N.  Y.:  Prior  &  Dunning.  1813.  (In  Smith, 
D.  W.,  A  gazetteer  of  the  province  of  upper  Canada.  N.  Y. :  Prior  & 
Dunning.       1813.) IX 

[Editorial  comment  on  Cassier's  Niagara  power  number.] 
Outh,  July  27,  1895.     52:128.) 

Edmands,  I.  R.  and  others.  Niagara  Falls  power  and  American 
industries;  a  symposium.  (Trans.  Am.  electro-chem.  soc.  April, 
1916.    29:59-97.) 

Edwards,  C[harles]  R.  A  story  of  Niagara.  To  which  are  appended 
reminiscences  of  a  custom  house  officer.  Buffalo:  Breed,  Lent.  1870. 
Pp.   1-289   VIII 

Edwards,  E.  Jay.  The  capture  of  Niagara.  (McClure,  Oct.,  1894. 
Pp.  423-435.)    X 

Edwards,  Ernest.  Niagara:  photo-gravures  from  originals.  Troy: 
Nims  and  Knight.     N.d IX 

Effect  of  pow^er  development  on  the  Canadian  Falls  at 
Niagara.      (MetaL  &  chem.  eng.     June,  1913.      11:307.) X 

Effect  of  water  diversion  for  power  purposes  on  Niagara 
Falls.     (Eng.  news.  Mar.  17,  1910.     63:306-307.) XI 

Electric  features  of  Niagara  (The).  (Elec.  wld.  June  5.  1897. 
29:  719-734.)    X 

Electric  machinery  at  Niagara  (The).  (Dub.  rev.  sci.  not.  April 
1.  1894.     114:421.) 

Electric  manufacture  of  sodium  (The).  (Elec.  wld.  June  5, 
1897.     29:733.) 

Electric  power  at  Niagara.  (Harp.  w.  Jan.  3,  1903.  47: 
31-35.). 

(Sci.  Am.  supp.    Jan.  24,  1903.     55:22633.) 

1312 


Alphabetical  List 

Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls  (The).     (Sci. 

Am..  Aug.  12.  1905.     93:117-118.) X 

Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  I.     (Sci.  Am., 

Aug.  12.  1905.    93:125-126.) X 

Electric  pow^er  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  11.     (Sci.  Am., 

Oct.  21.1 905.     93 :320-32 1 .) X 

Electric  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls,  III.     (Sci.  Am., 

Mar.   24.    1906.     94:248-249.) X 

Electric  power  from  Niagara  Falls.     (Elec.  rev.,  Nov.  20,  1896. 

39:673.) 
Electric  power  in  a  nut  and  bolt  factory.     (Elec.  wld.    Jan.  30. 

1897.     29:183.). 
Electric    power    in    Ontario.       (Power.      Nov.    3.    1908.      29: 

754.)    X 

Electric  railway  bridge   in  Queen  Victoria  park  railway. 

(W.  elec.    Sept.  5.  1903.    33:171.) 
Electric  railway  development  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Elec.  rev. 

July  28.  1906.    40:  234.) X 

Electric  railways  of  the  Niagara  river  region   (The).      (St. 

ry.  jour.,  Oct.,    1897.      13:585-611.) X 

Electric  scintillator  may  illuminate  Niagara  Falls.     (W.  elec. 

June  22,  1907.    40:555.) 

Electrical  development  at  Niagara  Falls.     The  new  wheel  pit. 

(Elec.  rev.     April  14,   1897.     30:169-170.) X 

Electrical  features  of  Niagara   (The).      (Elec.  wld.     June  5, 

1897.     29:719-734.) 

Electrical  Niagara.      (Power.     Feb.,   1895.     15:12.) X 

[Electrical  review.]     Editorial  comment  on  the  "  alleged  destruction  " 

of  the  Falls.     (Nov.  3,  1897.     31:216.) XI 

Electrical  transmission  plant  of  the  Niagara,  Lockport,  and 

Ontario  power  company.      (Ry.  &  eng.  rev.     Jan.  4,    1908. 

48:9-12.) 
Electricity  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Am.  elec.    June.  1897.     9:211- 

219.)    X 

— (Elec.  rev.     June  9,   1897.     30:269-270.) 

(Eng.  (Lond.:)  June  26.   1903.     95:646-650.) 

Electro-chemical  industries  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).    (Electro- 

chem.  &  metal,  ind.     July.   1905.     3:  253-255.) X 

83  1313 


Niagara  Falls 

Electro-chemistry  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Pub,  opin.,  July  22,  1897. 
23:111.)     X 

Electrolytic  generators  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  rev.  Nov. 
3.  1897.    31:219.) 

Electrolytic  production  of  chlorate  of  potash  (The).  (Elec. 
wld.     Jan.  14.  1899.     33:46.) 

Eliza.     Niagara.     (Soc.  lit.  miss.,  Jan.,  1837.     3:21-22.) VIII 

Ellicott,  Andrew.  Description  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Columbian 
mag.,  June.   1  790.     4:  331-332.) II 

— —  View  of  tbe  Falls  of  Niagara.  Thackera  8c  Vallancc  (sc). 
1 790  IX 

View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (G)Iumbian  mag.    June.  1  790. 

4:331.)    IX 

View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Mag.  of  Am.  hist.    July.  1 880. 

5:55.)    IX 

■  Viev/  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  3^  x  7.  (S.  Hill,  eng.). 
(Mass.  mag.     Boston:  I.  Thomas.     July,  1  790.     2:387.) IX 

Emily  and  Clara's  trip  to  Niagara  Falls;  by  the  editor  of  "  The 
youth's  casket."  N.  Y. :  Phinney,  Blakeman,  and  Mason.  (c,  a. 
1855.)      Pp.    1  :  43 VIII 

Emmons,  Richard.  TTie  Fredoniad  or  independence  preserved;  an 
epic  poem  on  the  late  War  of  1812.  Best. :  William  Emmons.  1 827. 
3  vol.    Also  2d  ed.     Phila.:  William  Emmons.     1830.     1  vol.  .VIII 

Endicotty  — — .  American  Fall  of  the  Niagara.  (Grosvenor  libr.iry, 
Buffalo.  N.Y.   Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187-.   Mat  23.).. IX 

Engleheart,  Gardner  D.  Journal  of  the  progress  of  H.  R.  H. 
the  Prince  of  Wales  through  British  North  America;  and  his  visit  to  the 
United  States,  10th  July  to  15  th  November.  1860.  Privately  printed. 
1860.     Pp.  63-66 XI 

Ensign,  Bridgman  and  Fanning.  Guide  to  the  western  rivers  and 
lakes  with  engravings  and  railroad  routes.  N.  Y. :  Ensign,  Bridgman 
and   Fanning.      1856 XII 

Enys,  Captain.  Visit  to  Niagara.  Journal  of  Capt.  Enys,  29th  regi- 
ment, 1787.     (Rept.  on  Can.  archives,  1886.     Pp.  ccxxvi— ccxxxiii.).II 

Erosion  at  Niagara.      (Nature.     April  25.  1 907.     75:607.) 

Evans,  Estwick.  A  pedestrlous  tour,  of  four  thousand  miles,  through 
the  western  states  and  territories,  during  the  winter  and  spring  of  1818. 
Concord.  N.  H.:  Joseph  C.  Spear.      1819.     Pp.  76-81.      (Thwaites, 

Early  western  travels.   1748-1846.     8:174-177.) Ill 

1314 


Alphabetical  List 

Evans,  Lewis.  A  general  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies  in 
America;  viz.,  Virginia,  Mariland,  Delaware,  Pensilvania,  New  Jersey, 
New  York,  Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island;  of  Aquanishuonigy, 
the  country  of  the  confederate  Indians  .  .  .  comprehending  their 
beaver  hunting  countries,  of  Lakes  Erie,  Ontario,  and  Champlain  .  .  . 
Carefully  copied  from  the  original  published  at  Philadelphia  .  .  . 
Lond.:  Printed  for  John  Bowles.  (In  Evans,  Lewis,  Geographical, 
historical,  political,  philosophical  and  mechanical  essays  .  .  .  Phila. : 
Printed  by  B.  Franklin  and  D.  Hall.     1  755.     P.  32.) IX 

A  general  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies  in  America  .   .   . 

Carefully  copied  from  the  original  published  at  Philadelphia.     Lond. : 
For  John  Bowles.     1  77L     (American  maps,  V,  No.  16.) IX 

A  general  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies  in  America,  viz.. 


Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware,  Pensilvania;  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
Connecticut,  and  Rhode  Island,  of  Aquanishuonigy,  the  country  of  the 
confederate  Indians  .  .  .  Corrected  and  improved  with  the  addition 
of  the  line  of  forts  on  the  back  settlements  by  Thos.  Jeiferys.  (In 
Jefferys,  Thomas,  General  topography  of  North  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  Lond. :  Printed  for  Robert  Sayer  and  Thomas  Jefferys. 
1  768.     No.  32.) IX 

— —  A  general  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies  in  America  .  .  . 
carefully  copied  from  the  original  published  at  Philadelphia  in  1755, 
with  some  additions  by  J.  Gibson IX 

Everest,  Robert.  A  journey  through  the  United  States  and  part  of 
Canada.     Lond.:  John  Chapman.     1855.     Pp.  40 IV 

Eyre,  John.  The  beauties  of  America.  Buffalo:  Steele.  1836. 
Pp.  59-65 Ill 

Extension  of  the  Niagara  power  plant  (The).  (Eng.  mag., 
Nov.,  1897.     14:305-306.) 

Extract  from  H.  W.  Buck  In  Cassler's  magazine  on  Capture 
and    uses    of    electrical    development    at    Niagara    Falls. 

(Sci.  Am.  sup.     Dec.  19,  1903.     56:23386.). 
Extraordinary  Ice  jams  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Eng.  news,  Apr.  29, 
1 909.      61  :  453.)    V 

F.  C.  H.     Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara.      (Le  Genre  civil.     Aug. 

4.    1894.     25:216-217.) X 

Facts  and  figures  about  Niagara.      (Elec.  wld.     June  5,  1897. 

29:720.) 

1315 


Niagara  Falls 

Fairbanks,  J.  H.  A  map  of  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls.  Drawn 
from  actual  survey  for  Tunis'  guide.  16x21.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  E.  R. 
Jewett  &  Co.      1857 IX 

Fairchlld)  Herman  Leroy.  Glacial  waters  in  central  New  York. 
(N.  Y.  state  museum.     Albany:   1909.     Bull.   127.) VII 

Fairholme,  George.     Geology.     Lond. :  1837 VII 

New   and   conclusive  physical   demonstrations,   both  of  the   fact 

and  period  of  the  Mosaic  deluge,  and  of  its  having  been  the  only  event 
of  the  kind  that  has  taken  place  upon  the  earth.  Lond. :  James  Ridgway 
and  Sons.     1837.    Pp.  157-203 VII 

On  the  falls  of  Niagara  with  some  observations  on  the  distinct 

evidence  which  they  bear  to  the  geological  character  of  the  North 
American  plains.  (London  &  Edinburgh  phil.  mag.  1834.  5:11- 
25.)   VII 

Faith  and  courage  of  the  pioneer  (The).       (Harp,  w.,  June  14, 

1913.    57.  pt.  1 :  24-25.) X 

Faithful!,   Emily.      Three  visits  to  America.      N.   Y. :   Fovv^ler   and 

Wells.     1884.     Pp.  395-396 IV 

Fall  des  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of 

Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  4.) IX 

Fall   of   Niagara,    Canada.      (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  16.) IX 

Falls  harnessed  (The).      (St.  ry.  jour..  Oct.   15,  1897.     7:660- 

668.)    X 

Falls  of  Niagara.     N.  Y. :  Fless  &  Ridge  Printing  Co.     ( 1  89 1  ? ) . 

-  (Leisure  hour.     Sept.  28.  1854.     3:615-619.). 

Falls  of  Niagara   (The).      1764.     From  a  newspaper  of  the  day. 

(Mass.  mag.,   1790.     2:592.) II 

Falls  of  Niagara  and  its  water  pov/er  (The).      (Nature,  Mar. 

22,    1894.     49:482-486.) X 

Falls  of  Niagara    (The)  :   being  a  complete  guide  to   the  points  of 

interest  around  and  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  the  great  cataract; 

with  views  taken  from  sketches  by  Washington  Friend,  Esq.,  and  from 

photographs.     Lend.:  T.  Nelson  and  Sons.      1859 XII 

depicted  by  pen  and  camera  (The).     Buffalo  and  N.  Y. : 

Matthews,   Northrup   and  Co.      N.d XII 

— (The).       (In  Glimpses  of  the  wonderful.      N.   Y. :   Wiley   and 

Putnam.     1847.     Pp.  73-82.) V 

(The).      Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 

Falls.      1697-187-.     Mat   I.) IX 

1316 


Alphabetical  List 

Falls  of  Niagara  (The).  Grosvertor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views 
of  Niagara  Falls.      1 697-1 87-.     Mat  16.) IX 

(The).     (Harp.  w.     Sept.  1 1.  1875.     19:139-141.)  ...  .IV 

(The).     (Home    friend.      Lond.:     1852.       1    no.    22:510- 

511.)    V 

'■  in  Canada.  Engraved  by  Scott  from  a  drawing.  Pub.  by  R. 
Wilkes,  Jan.,  1913.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-.     Mat  8.) IX 

^-  (The).  1820,  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y,  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-.     Mat  26.) IX 

(The).      (Penny  mag..  Oct.  15.  1836.     5:  405-406.) V 

'  ref)rints  of  Flennepin,  Labontan.  newspaper   1  764,   Ellicott.-Rush, 

C.  Williamson.     (Mag.  Am.  hist.     July.  1 880.     5:47-56.) IX 

(Sat.  mag..  Dec.    1832.      1:250-251.) V 

— — —  sketches  by  the  way:  a  poem.     By  an  author  for  the  first 

time.     N.  Y.:  1829. 
— — —   (The).       (Twenty   years    ago.)      Grosvenor    library,    Buffalo, 

N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1 87-.     Mat  9.) IX 

———    (The).      [View.]      3 J/2  x  4'/4.      (In  The  Lumiere,  containing  a 

variety  of  topographical  views  in  Europe  and  America.     N.  Y. :  H.  R. 

Piercy  &  Co.      1831.     P.  52.) IX 

'  [View.]      5|/2  X  11.      [Inset  to  Popple.  Henry.  A  map  of  the 

British  empire  in  America.      Fol.      Lond.:   W.   H.  Toms  &  R.  W. 

Scale.    1733.]    IX 

Farley,  Rev.  Frederick  A.    A  visit  to  Niagara.      (Lynch,  Anna  C, 

The   Rhode    Island   book.      Providence:    Fuller.       1841.      Pp.    69— 

80.)    IV 

Faris,  R.  L.     Digest  of  paper  by  Spencer  on  "  Soundings  under  Niagara 

Falls  and  in  gorge "   later  published   in  his   "  Evolution  of  Falls  of 

Niagara."     (Sci..  Apr.  10.  1908.     27:  587-589.) VII 

Fashionable  tour    (The)  :    a  guide  to  travellers  visiting  the  middle 

and  northern  states  and  the  provinces  of  Canada.     4th  ed.  enl.  and  imp. 

Saratoga  Springs:   G.   M.   Davison;  and  N.   Y.:   G.   and  C.   and  H. 

Carvill.     1830,     Pp.  262,  268-275 XII 

Fashionable  tour  in  1823    (The).     An  excursion  to  the  springs, 

Niagara.    Quebec   and    Boston.      Saratoga   Springs:    G.    M.    Davison. 

1825.     Pp.    119-124 XII 

Fashionable  tour   (The)  ;  or.  A  trip  to  the  Springs,  Niagara,  Que- 

beck,  and  Boston,  in  the  summer  of   1821.     Saratoga  Springs:  G.  M. 

Davison.      1822.     Pp.  99-1  10 XII 

1317 


Niagara  Falls 

Fawcett,  Walden,     The  new  Niagara.      (Am.  mf.  &  Ir.  wld.     Dec. 

25.  1902.     Pp.  717-720.) X 

Faxon's  illustrated  hand-book  of  travel  by  the  Fitchburg,  Rutland  and 

Saratoga  railway  line,     .     .      .      Bost. :   Faxon.      1873.      Pp.    104- 

112    XII 

Featherstonehaugh)    G.   W.      On   the   ancient   drainage  of   North 

America,  and  the  origin  of  the  cataract  of  Niagara.      (Mon.  Am.  jour. 

of  geol.  and  nat.  sci.     July,  1831.     1:13-21.) VII 

Features  of  the  Falls.  (St.  ry.  rev..  Oct.  1897.  7:  644-646.)  .XII 
Fenn,    Alice    Maud.      Niagara.       (Art    jour.       1885.      38:237- 

241.)     IX 

Fenn,  Harry.     Niagara.     S.  V.  Hunt   (sc).     N.  Y. :  D.  Appleton 

&  Co.     1873 IX 

S.  V.   Hunt    (sc).      Niagara.      N.  Y.:   D.  Appleton  and  Co. 

1873.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 

1697-187—.     Mat  15.) IX 

Fenning,  D.,  Collyer,  J.,  and  others.     New  system  of  geography. 

Lond.:    Crowder.      1765.      2:  641 V 

Fer,    N de.      Le   Canada,   ou   Nouvelle   France,   la   Floride,   la 

Virginie,  Pensilvanie,  Caroline,  Nouvelle  Angleterre  et  Nouvelle  Yorck, 

risle  de  Terre  Neuve,  la  Louisiane  et  le  Cours  de  la  Riviere  de  Misisipi. 

Par  N.  de  Fer.     Geographe  de  Monseig.  le  Dauphin.     A  Paris.  Chez 

I'auteur.      1  702 IX 

Ferguson,  William.     America  by  river  and  rail;  or,  Notes  by  the  way 

on  the  new  world  and  its  people.     Lond.:  James  Nisbet.      1856.     Pp. 

441-458 IV  &  IX 

Femald,    Frederick   Atherton.      The  index  guide  to   Buffalo   and 

Niagara  Falls.  .  .  .  Buffalo,  N.  Y. :  F.  A.  Fernald.  1910.  .  .XII 
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States    of   America.      Lond.:    Eflineham   Wilson.       1832.       Pp.    28- 

35    " XII 

Ferree,  J.  W.     The  falls  of  Niagara  and  scenes  around  them.     N.  Y. : 

A.  S.  Barnes  and  Co.      1876 IV 

Fidler,  Isaac.  Observations  on  professions,  literature,  manners,  and 
emigration,  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  made  during  a  residence 
there    in    1832.      Lond.:    Whittaker,    Treacher.       1833.      Pp.    209- 

214    Ill 

Fields,    Annie,    ed.       Life    and    letters    of    Harriet    Beecher    Stowe. 

Bost.  and  N.  Y.:  Houghton.  Mifflin.      [1897.]      Pp.  89-90 Ill 

1318 


Alphabetical  List 

Finch,  I.     Travels  in  the  United  States  of  America  and  Canada.    .    .    . 

Lond. :  Longman.  Rees.     1 833.     Pp.  328-33 1 VII 

Fire  at  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company's  plant.     (Elec.  rev. 

Feb.  7.  1903.    42:202.) 
First  impressions  of  America.     (Leisure  hr.,  June  3,  1871.     20: 

344-346.)    V 

Fisher,  Richard  Swainson.     A  new  and  complete  statistical  gazetteer 

of  the  United  States  of  America.     N.  Y. :  J.  H.  Colton.     1853 V 

Fitzgerald  and  Bennie  laboratories  in  Niagara  Falls  (The). 

(Metal.  &  chem.  eng.     Sept.,  1912.      10:  535-536.) 
Fitzgerald,  Francis  A.    Manufacture  and  development  of  corborun- 

dum  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.,  Feb.,   1897.      143:81- 

96.)    X 

Five  thousand  horse-power  turbines  for  the  Niagara  power 

plant  (The).     (Eng.  news.  Mar.  30.  1893.     29:  294.) X 

Fleming,  William.     Four  days  at  Niagara  Falls,  in  North  America. 

Manchester:  Love  and  Barton.      1  840 Ill 

Flint,   James.      Letters  from  America,  containing  observations  on  the 

climate  and  agriculture  of  the  western  states,  the  manners  of  the  people, 

the  prospects  of  emigrants.    .    .    .    Edinb. :  W.  and  C.  Tait.      1822. 

Pp.  290-294.      (Thwaites,  Early  western  travels,    1748-1846.     9: 

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Flint,  Timothy.     History  and  geography  of  the  Mississippi  valley.    .   .    . 

2d  ed.     Cincinnati:  Flint,  Lincoln.      1 832.      1  :  443-445 V 

■  [Niagara  Falls  in  1  828.]     (Western  monthly  review.    Cincinnati. 

2:  255-260.)    Ill 

Flynne,  P.  C.     Niagara  Falls.     8x15.      1893 IX 

Folly  and  courage  at  Niagara.      (Knowl.     Sept.   7,    1883.     4: 

152-153.)    V 

Food  factory  (A).    Harp  w.    June  14,  1913.    57:pt.  I,  15.) 
"Fool  Killer"  taking  soundings   (The).      (Sci.  Am.,  Oct.  5, 

1901.     85:211.) VII 

Foot,  Lyman.     Notices  of  geology  and  mineralogy  (of  Niagara  Falls 

region.)      (Am.  jour,  of  sci.     1822.     4:  No.  1 ,  35-37.) VII 

Forbes,  George.     Harnessing  Niagara.      (Black.     Sept..  1895.     Pp. 

434-444.)     X 

Harnessing  Niagara.      (Critic.  Oct.,  1 895.      125:507-518.) 

Forbes,  George.      The  utilization  of  Niagara.      (Jour.  soc.  arts,  Dec. 

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1319 


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Forster,  John.  Life  of  Charles  Dickens.  Phila.:  J.  B.  Lippincott. 
1872-1874.      1 :  404-405,  3:  433 IV 

F[oster],  F[anny]  E[liza].  Lines  to  a  friend  at  Niagara.  (In  her 
Pebbles  of  poetry.     Bost. :  Foster.     1  858.     P.  20.) VIII 

Foster,  Horatio  A.  Niagara  power  in  Buffalo.  (W.  elec,  Jan.  8, 
1898.      22:  26-27.) X 

Four  Kings  of  Canada  (The),  being  a  succinct  account  of  four 
Indian  princes  lately  arriv'd  from  North  America,  with  a  particular 
description  of  their  country  .  .  .  with  several  other  extraordinary 
things  worthy  of  observation,  as  to  the  natural  or  curious  productions, 
beauty,  or  fertility  of  that  part  of  the  world.  London.  1710. 
Reprinted  by  J.  E.  Garratt  and  Co.     London.     1891.     Pp.  4 1  -42  ..  I 

Fourth  progress  report  of  the  international  waterways  com- 
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Fowler,  John.  Journal  of  a  tour  in  the  state  of  New  York,  in  the  year 
1830.  .  .  .  Lond.:  Whittaker.  Treacher  and  Arnot.  1831.  Pp. 
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Fowler,  Reginald.  Hither  and  thither;  or,  Sketches  of  travels  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic.     Lond. :  Daldy.     1  854.     Pp.  204-2 13 XII 

Fowler,  Thomas.  The  journal  of  a  tour  through  British  America  to 
the  Falls  of  Niagara  .  .  .  written  during  the  summer  of  1831. 
Aberdeen:  Smith.      1832.      Pp.  214-231 Ill 

Francis  Abhott:  or.  The  hermit  of  Niagara.  A  tale  of  the  old 
and  new  world.  By  the  author  of  Matallak  &c.  Boston:  Gleason's 
Publishing   HalL       1846 VIII 

[Frankenstein,  G.  N.]  Niagara.  (Harp.  Aug..  1853.  7:289- 
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Niagara    Falls.       (Jones    sc.)       E.    Forrett    &    Co.       Phila.: 

(1853.)     IX 

Franquelin,  Jean  Baptiste  Louis.  Carte  de  la  Louisiane  ou  des 
voyages  du  sr.  de  la  Salle  &  des  pays  qu'il  a  decouverts  depuis  la 
Nouvclle  France  jusqu'au  golfe  Mexique,  les  annees  1679,  80,  81  & 
82.  201/2  X  16.  Paris:  1684.  (In  Thwaites,  R.  G.  ed.,  Jesuit 
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Map  of  1  688  of  North  America.      (In  Marshall,  Orasmus  H., 

Fiislorical  writings.     Albany:  Munsell  &  Sons.      1887.     P.  93.)  .  .IX 

Fraser,   J.   Malcoln.      Niagara  in  winter.      (Pearson's  mag.      Dec. 

1897.      4:  599.) V 

1320 


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Fraser,  John.      Canadian  pen  and  ink  sketches.      Montreal:  Gazette 

Printing  Co.     1890.     Pp.   155-156 IV 

Fraser,  John  Foster.     America  at  work.     Lond.:  Cassell.      1903. 

Pp.    177-188    X 

Frechette,  Louis.      Le  Niagara.      (See  Michigan  Central   Railroad 

Company.    From  city  to  surf.    .    .   .   Chicago:  Rand,  McNally.    1888. 

P.  63.) VIII 

Freeman,  L.  R.     Big  four  In  water  power.      (Tech,  world.     March, 

1915.    23:24-27.) 
French,     Benjamin     Franklin.       Louisiana    historical    collections. 

N.  Y.:. Wiley  and  Putnam.     1846.     2:249-250 V 

French,  J.  H.    Gazetteer  of  the  state  of  New  York.    .    .    .    Syracuse: 

Smith.     1860.     Pp.  449-450 V 

Friend,  Washington.     Generiil  view  of  Niagara  Falls.      1846.  .IX 

——     View  of  the  Canadian  Fall IX 

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guide.     .     .     .     T.  Nelson  &  Sons.    Lond.,  Edinb.,  N.  Y.  &  Toronto. 

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Frizell,  Joseph  Palmer.     Water-power,  an  outline  of  the  development 

and  application  of  the  energy  of  flowing  water.      N.  Y. :  J.  Wiley  & 

Sons.     Lond. :  Chapman  &  Hall.      1  900. 
[Frontispiece  of  vicinity  showing  development  and  editorial  on  electrical 

power  development  at  Niagara  Falls.]      (Sci.  Am.,  Aug.   12,   1908. 

93:117-118.) 
Fryer,   Thomas  T.      A  catalogue   of  books,   pamphlets,    engravings, 

etc.,  relating  largely  to  Niagara  Falls.     Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  T.  T.  Fryer. 

1894. 
FuIIerton,  Aubrey.     Repairing  Niagara  Falls.      (Tech.  wld.     June, 

1912.     17:435.) XI 

Fulton,  Mrs.  Linda  de  K.     Nadia*,  the  maid  of  the  mist:  a  story  of 

Niagara.      Buffalo:    1901 VIII 

Fumugalli,  P.  .     Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87—.      Mat  5.) IX 

Further   development  of   Niagara   Falls  power.      (Sci.   Am., 

Oct.  11,  1902.     87:234.) X 

Future  of  Buffalo,  Tonawanda,  Niagara  Falls  and  the  tun- 
nel;  the  great  power    (The).      Buffalo:   Niagara  printing  Co. 

n.d. 

1321 


Niagara  Fails 

G.  A.  G.  C.  Erosion  at  Niagara;  [Review  of  Gilbert's  "  Recession  of 
Niagara  Falls  and  report  of  Carvel  Hall  in  Bull,  of  U.  S.  geol.  surv. 
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G.  H.  Installation  Hydro-electrique  des  chutes  du  Niagara.  Nouveaux 
developpements.     (Le  Genre  civil.  Mar.  3,  1900.     26:  280-302.)  .X 

La  nouvelle  fosse  aux  turbines  de  la  Niagara  Falls  power  com- 
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Galinee,  Ren^  Brehan  de.  Exploration  of  the  Great  Lakes,  1  669- 
1670,  by  Dollier  de  Casson  and  De  Brehan  de  Galinee.  Galinee's 
narrative  and  map,  with  an  English  version,  including  all  the  map 
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Gait,  John.  The  bachelor's  wife.  Edinb. :  Oliver  and  Boyd.  1  824. 
Pp.  285-292    V 

The  early  missionaries ;  or,  The  discoveries  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

(The  museum  of  for.  lit.  and  sci.,  Oct.,  1831.     19:  (new  ser.   12), 
397-400.)    VIII 

Garbelt,  E.  L.  Recession  of  Niagara  Falls  in  one  hundred  thirty-three 
years.      (Nature,  July  16.   1885.     32:  244-245.) VII 

Garczynski,  R.  E.  Niagara  (In  Bryant,  William  Cullen  ed.  Pic- 
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Gaskell,  Mrs.  An  incident  at  Niagara.  (Harp,  w.,  June,  1858. 
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Gazetteer  of  the  province  of  Upper  Canada  (A)  :  to  which  is 
added  an  appendix,  describing  the  principal  towns,  fortifications  and 
rivers  in  Lower  Canada.     N.  Y. :  Prior  and  Dunning.     1813 V 

Gazzetiere  Americano.   .   .   .   Livorno:  Coltellini.    1763.    3:5-6.V 

Geddes,  James.  Observations  on  the  geological  features  of  the  south 
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Geikie,  Cunningham.  Life  in  the  woods.  Lond. :  Strahan.  1873. 
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Geil,  Samuel.  Map  of  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls.  Phila. :  James 
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Geil,  Samuel  and  Delp,  J.  L.  Map  of  the  vicinity  of  Niagara  Falls. 
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1322 


Alphabetical  List 

Gendron,  Le  Sieur.  Qvelqves  Particvlaritez  dv  pays  Des  Hvrons  en 
la  Novvelle  France  Remarquees  par  le  Sieur  Gendron,  Docteur  en  Medi- 
cine, qui  a  demeure  dans  ce  pays-la  fort  long-temps.  Redigees  par  lean 
Baptiste  de  Rocoles,  Conseiller  et  Aumosnier  du  Roy,  &  Historiographe 
de  sa  Majeste.  A  Troyes,  &  A  Paris,  chez  Denys  Bechet,  .  .  .  et 
Lovis  Billaine,  .  .  .  MDCLX.  Pp.  7-8.  Colophon:  Acheve 
d'imprimer  a  Albany,  N.  Y.,  par  J.  Munsell,  ce  25  Aout,  1868.  .  .  .1 

General  electric  company.  The  industrial  value  of  Niagara  Falls. 
[Washington:  1906.]  (United  States. —  Rivers  and  harbors  com- 
mittee. House  doc,  59th  cong.,  1st  sess.  No.  4.) 

Niagara  power  on  the  street  railways   of  Buffalo   and  vicinity. 

Schenectady:    1901     X 

Geographical,  historical,  commercial  and  agricultural  view 

of  the  United  States  of  America.    .    .    .    Lond. :  Edwards  and 

Knibbs.    1820.   Pp.  18-20 V 

Geology   of    Niagara.       (Sci.    Am.    sup.      March    3,    1900.      49: 

20208.)    VII 

Geology   of   Niagara   Falls    (The).      (Chambers'   jour.,   Oct.   9, 

1847.     8:229-231.) VII 

Geyelin,  Emil.     Geyelin-Jonval  turbines  in  the  plant  of  Niagara  Falls 

paper  company.  (Eng.  news,  Apr.  5,  1894.  31  :  278-279.)  .  .  .  .X 
Giacosa,  Giuseppe.    Impressioni  d'America.    Milano:  Cogliati.    1908. 

Pp.    130-157    IV 

Gibbes,  L.  R.     On  some  points  which  have  been  overlooked  in  the  past 

and  present  condition  of  Niagara  Falls.     Charleston:   1857 VII 

Remarks    on    Niagara    Falls.       (Proc.    A.    A.    A.    S.       (Aug., 

1856.)    1857.    10:  pt.  2,  69-78.) VII 

Gibson,    John.       Great   waterfalls,    cataracts,    and    geysers.      Lond. : 

Thomas  Nelson  and  Sons.      1887.     Pp.   16-51 V 

Gignoux's  Niagara.     (Harp,  w.,  July  9,  1 859.     3 :  436.) IX 

Gilbert,  Grove  Karl.  Evolution  of  Niagara  Falls.  Review  of 
Spencer's  book.      (Sci.,  July  31 .   1908.     28:148-151.) VII 

The  history  of  the   Niagara   river.       (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs 

of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:  1890.     6:  61-84.)  .  .  .  .VII 

The  history  of  the  Niagara   river.      (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  Smith. 

inst.     1890.     Gen.  app.     Pp.  231-257.) VII 

Niagara  Falls  and  their  history.      (Nat'l  geographic  monographs. 

Sept..    1895.      l:no.   7.) VII 

Niagara   river   as   a   geologic   chronometer.       (Nature,    May    1  7, 

1894.     50:53.) VII 

1323 


Niagara  Falls 

Gilbert,  Grove  Karl.     The  place  of  Niagara  Falls  in  geologic  history. 

[Abstract]   (Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S.  Aug..  1886.    35:  222-223.)  .  .  .VII 

— — —     The   rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls  —  I.    (Sci.   Am.   sup., 

Apr.  20.  1907.    63:26157-26160.) VII 

■  The  rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls  —  II.  (Sci.  Am.  sup., 
Apr.  27.  1907.     63:  261  79-26183.) VII 

I  Rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls.  Accompanied  by  a  Report 
of  survey  of  crest  line  of  Niagara  Falls,  by  W.  Carvel  Hall.  U.  S. 
geol.  survey,  Bull.  306.  1907.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.  Albany:  J.  B.  Lyon.  1907.  23: 
39-73.)    VII 

■  Recent  earth  movement  in  the  great  lakes  region.  Extract  from 
the  1  8th  annual  report  of  the  United  States  geological  survey.  1  896— 
97.  Pt.  2.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
1 899.      1 5 :  69-1 38.) VII 

Gilbert,  Howard  Worcester.  Niagara.  (In  his  Aldornere  and  two 
other  Pennsylvania  idylls.  .  .  .  Bost. :  Index  Ass'n.  1885.  Pp. 
87-88.)    VIII 

Gilder,  Richard  Watson.  At  Niagara.  (In  his  Poems.  Bost.  & 
N.  Y.:  Houghton  Mifflin  &  Co.     1908.     Pp.  215-216.) VIII 

Giles,  Charles.  Pioneer;  a  narrative  of  the  nativity,  experience, 
travels,  and  ministerial  labors  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Giles.  .  .  .  with 
incidents,  observations,  and  reflections.  N.  Y.  G.  Lane  and  P.  P. 
Sandford.      1844 Ill 

Gillette,  King  C.  The  human  drift.  Boston:  New  era  pub.  co. 
n.d.     (1894).    Pp.  87-89 X 

Gilman,  Caroline.  The  poetry  of  travelling  in  the  United  States. 
With  additional  sketches,  by  a  few  friends;  and  A  week  among  auto- 
graphs, by  Rev.  S.  Gilraan.  N.  Y. :  S.  Colman.  1  838.  Pp.  1  06- 
116   Ill 

Gilpin,  T.  A  northern  tour.  .  .  .  Phila. :  Carey.  1825.  Pp.  145- 
150    XII 

Glover,  H.  J.  The  great  international  railway  suspension  bridge  over 
the  Niagara  river  in  full  view  of  the  Falls,  connecting  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  the  New  York  Central  and  Great  Western  railways. 
(Grosvcnor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697- 
1 87—.     Mat   1  7.) IX 

Goat    Island,    Niagara.       (In   Rhine,   Alice   Hyneman,    Niagara 

park  illustrated.     .     .      N.  Y.:  Niagara  Pub.  Co.     1 885.    c.    P.  77.) 

1324 


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[Gluck,   J.   F.]    A  little  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.    ...    By  an  old 

resident.    Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.    1 890 .  .  XII 
Goat  Island,  Niagara.      (In  Rhine,  Alice  Hyneman.   Niagara  park 

illustrated.     .    .    .     N.    Y.:    Niagara    Pub.    Co.       1885.       c.       P. 

77.) VIII 

Godley,  John  Robert.     Letters  from  America.    Lond. :  John  Murray. 

1844.     1  :132-139 IV 

Goldsmith,  Oliver.     The  traveller,  or  a  prospect  of  society.      (In  his 

Poetical  works.      Bost. :   Houghton,   Mifflin  and  Co.      N.d.      P.  24. 

[British   poets]  )     VIII 

Golovine,  Ivan.     Stars  and  stripes;  or,  American  impressions.     Lond. 

and  N.  Y.:   1856.     Pp.   15-20 IV 

Goodrich,  S.  G.     A  pictorial  geography  of  the  world.    .    .    .    Host.: 

Otis,  Broaders.     1840.     Pp.  231-236 V 

Gordan,  Thomas  F.     Gazetteer  of  the  state  of  New  York.    .    .    . 

Phila.     1836.     Book  I,  Pp.  17-22 V 

Gorge  road  at  Niagara  (The).    (Sci.  Am.    Mar.  28.  1896.    74: 

193-1 99.) X 

Gosman,  Robert.     Narrative  of  John  Vanderlyn's.  tour  to  Niagara  in 

1802.     (Pub.  Buf.  hist.  soc.     15:159-173.) IX 

Gosselnnan,  Karl  August.     Resa  i  Norra  Amerika.     Itvenne  Delar 

Nyk6ping:  (P.  E.  Winge.)   1835.     Forra  Delen.  .Pp.  174-224.  .Ill 
Gould,    Hannah    F.      Flower    of   Niagara.       (In   her   New   poems. 

Best.:  Reynolds.     1850.    Pp.   150-152.) VIII 

Gourlaj'',   Robert   Fleitiing.      Statistical   account  of  upper  Canada. 

.    .    .    Lond.:  Simpkin  and  Marshall.    1822.    Vol.  I,  Pp.  63-77.) 
Government  and  Niagara  Falls  (The).    (Outl.,  Feb.  16,  1907. 

85:335.)     XI 

Government  regulation  of  Niagara  power.      (Sci.  Am.,  Feb. 

16.  1907.     96:146.) XI 

[Governor  Robinson's  message.]     (Nation,  Feb.  6,   1879.    28: 

101-102.)    XI 

Governor    Sulzer    urges    state    control    of    Niagara    water 

power.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Apr.   12,   1913.     61  :  768.) XI 

Grabau,  Amadeus  W.      Guide  to  the  geology  and  paleontology  of 

Niagara   Falls  and  vicinity,   with   a  chapter  on  postpliocene   fossils  of 

Niagara  by  Elizabeth  J.   Letson.      (Bui.  of  the  N.  Y.  state  museum. 

April.    1901.      9:  No.  45.     Also  Bui.  of  the  Buf.  Soc.  of  Nat.  Sci. 

7:1,  p.   284.) VII 

1325 


Niagara  Falls 

.^— —     Guide  to  the  geology  and  paleontology  of  Niagara  Falls  and 

vicinity.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 

Albany:    1901.      18:app.    1-152.) 
Grand  Trunk  Railway.      Excursion  routes  and  rates  from  Buffalo 

and  Niagara  Falls  via  Grand  trunk  railway  and  Richelieu  and  Ontario 

navigation  company's  steamers.     Buffalo:  1886.     Pp.  1-3 XII 

Grand  Trunk  Railway  system.    Across  Niagara's  gorge.     [Battle 

Creek.  Mich,  n.d.] XII 

— — ,      (Gateways    of    tourist    travel.      Pen    and    camera    pictures    of 

scenery  reached  by  the  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  system  and  connections. 

n.d.     1897.     Pp.  9-16.) XII 

(Summer  resorts  reached  by  the  Grand  Trunk  railway  and  its 

connections.    .    .    .     [Buffalo,  1888.]     Pp.  47-51.) XII 

Grand  Trunk  tourists'  guide.     Buffalo:  Matthews,  Northrup  and 

Co.      (1886) XII 

Grande   chute   du   Niagara.      (163   P.    de   Haut.)       (Grosvenor 

library,   Buffalo,   N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara   Falls.      1697-187—. 

Mat   5.)     IX 

Granger,  James  N.  and  Paine,  Barker  R.     The  great  tunnel  at 

Niagara  Falls.    .    .    .    Rochester,  N.  Y. :  Union  and  advertiser  press. 

1893. 
Grant,  G.  C.     Niagara  Falls  as  an  index  of  time.      (Hamilton  Scientific 

Assn.  jour,  and  p'roc.      1 901 .     17:  78-83.) VII 

Grave  of  Washington  (The) ;  villa  of  Mount  Vernon,  and  key  to 

the  Bastille;  and  banks  of  Niagara.     Edinburgh:  William  Whyte  and 

Co.     1846.     Pp.  37-40 VIII 

Gray,   David.     Letters,  poems  and  selected  prose  writings.     Buffalo: 

Courier  Co.     1888.     Pp.  347-351 IV 

Gray,  Hugh.     "  Map  of  Canada,  etc."     (In  his  Letters  from  Canada, 

written  during  a  residence  there  in  the  years  1806,  1807,  1808.    .    .    , 

Lond. :  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  and  Orme.      1809.) IX 

Great  cataract  of  Niagara;   its  w^onders,  past  and  present 

(The).     Buffalo:  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.      1889 XII 

Great  continental  as  well  as  national  enterprise  (A).     Con- 
tinuous water  and  steam  navigation,  from  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 

to  the  Atlantic  ocean.     Des  Moines:  Mills  and  Co.      1871. 
Great  Falls  of  Niagara  (The).    [Engraving  on  map  of  the  northern 

provinces  of  the  United  States   drawn   and   engraved   for  Thompson's 

New  general  atlas,    1817.]       (In  Maps;   historical  and  miscellaneous. 

Fol.  No.  89.     Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.) IX 

1326 


Alphabetical  List 

Great  Gorge  Route.  Niagara  Falls  and  the  Niagara  gorge:  being 
photographs  by  C.  D.  Arnold  and  G.  E.  Curtis;  with  text  explanatory 
of  the  views.     Niagara  Falls:  1899 XII 

Great  Lakes  and  Niagara  (The).  (Geog.  jour.  (Lond.).  Feb., 
1896.     7:  204-205.) VII 

Great  power  house  at  Niagara  (A).  (Sci.  Am.,  June  18,  1898. 
78:  393-394.)    X 

Great  tunnel  at  Niagara  (The).  (Power.  Sept.,  1890.  12; 
1-2.)    X 

Greater  Buffalo  and  Niagara  frontier.  Commercial  and  indus- 
trial. .  .  .  Publicity  committee  of  the  Buffalo  chamber  of  commerce. 
1914  XII 

>  Niagara   Falls,   the   Tonawandas,    Lockport   and    Depew,    com- 

mercial and  industrial.  .  .  .  [Buffalo]  Buffalo  chamber  of  commerce. 
1914.     Pp.  70-72. 

Greater  Niagara.     Niagara  Falls;  Mrs.  S.  D.  Morse.     1896....  IV 

Green,  Andrew  H.  Communication  .  .  .  relative  to  the  state  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara.      [Albany:  1896.] 

-  Last  public  address  of  the  late  Hon.  Andrew  H.  Green,  concern- 
ing the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     20:91-104.) XI 

— —  Letters  concerning  the  diversion  of  waters  from  Niagara  Falls. 
(6th  ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.  Albany: 
1890.     6:  57-60.) XI 

■  Letter  to  J.  W.  Langmuir,  chairman,  commissioners  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria Niagara  Falls  park,  under  date  of  October  1 9,  1  894,  concerning 
the  diversion  of  water  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      12:51.) XI 

Letters  to  Theodore  E.  Hancock,  attorney  general  of  the  state  of 

New  York,  under  date  of  July  1 7  and  1 8,  1 894,  concerning  the 
diversion  of  water  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.   at  Niagara.      12:  52-33.) XI 

Letter  to  Walter  Q.   Greshara,   secretary  of  state,  Washington, 

concerning  the  diversion  of  water  at  Niagara  Falls,  under  date  of 
October  1  7,  1 894.  (Ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at 
Niagara.      (12:49-50.) 

Saving  Niagara.  (In  American  park  and  out-door  art  associa- 
tion. General  addresses  of  the  7th  annual  meeting.  Buffalo,  July, 
1903.     7:pt.  4,   12-18.) XI 

1327 


Niagara  Falls 

Green,  Andrew  H.;  Bogart,  John;  Kibbe,  August  S.     Letters 

concerning  surveys  and  appropriations.      (Ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of 

the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:   1891.     7:81—88.) XI 

Greene,  Charles  E.     The  cantilever  bridge  at  Niagara.     (Sci.     May 

9.  1884.    3:572-574.) 
Greene,  Francis  Vinton.     The  equities  at  Niagara  .  .  .    [Wash.] 

(1908) X 

I  Niagara  Falls  in  1907.    Ontario  power  co,  of  Niagara  Falls.  .X 

Greene,  J.  W.      Free  Niagara.      Buffalo:   Matthews,   Northrup  and 

Co.     (1885.) XI 

Greene,  S.  Dana.     Distribution  of  the  electrical  energy  from  Niagara 

Falls.     (Cass.    July.  1895.    8: 333-362.) X 

Greenleaf,  James  L.     Report  on  the  water-powers  of  the  drainage 

basins  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Erie,  in  the  United  States,   with  report 

on  the  water-power  of  the  Niagara  river.      (Final  reports,  10th  census. 

16:487-512.) 

Also  in  U.  S.  47th  cong.,  2d  sess.     H.  Misc.  docs,,  v.   13,  No.  42, 

Pt.   16;  serial  2146. 
Greenwood,    Francis  William   Pitt.      Falls   of   Niagara.      (The 

monthly  repository  and  library  of  entertaining  knowledge.     Sept.,  Oct., 

Nov..  1832.     3:111-116;  149-152;  186-188.) 
■  Miscellaneous  writings.      Bost. :   Crosby  and  Nichols,      [1846] 

Pp.  290-308 Ill 

Greenw^ood,  Thomas.     A  tour  in  tKe  states  and  Canada.     Out  and 

home  in  six  weeks.     Lond,:  Gill.      1883.     Pp.  69-73 V 

Gregory,    Henry   Ellsworth.      Legal   status   of   the   Niagara   river. 

N.   Y.:    1906 XI 

Gregory,   J.    W.      Niagara   as  a   geological   chronometer.       (Nature, 

Nov.  5.  1908.     79:1 1-12.) VII 

Griffin,  Sir  Lepel  Henry.      Tlie  great  republic.      Lond.:   Chapman 

and  Hall.      1884.     Pp.  22-30 XI 

Grimshaw,   Robert.      Three  million  horse-pov/er  in  winter.      (Cass. 

Jan..  1893.     Pp.   173-179.) X 

Grinfield,   Thomas.      Hymn   on   Niagara.      (In    Barham,    William, 

Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various  travellers;   .   .   .   Grave- 
send:  n.d.     Pp.   176-177.) VIII 

Groome,  W .     Graham,  A.  W.      Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  16,). IX 
Grosvenor  Library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls,  taken 

from  various  sources.      1 697-1 87— IX 

1328 


Alphabetical  List 

Guernsey,  Alfred  H.  Niagara.  (Harp..  Aug..  1853.  7:289- 
305.)     IX 

Guest,  Lady  Theodora.  A  round  trip  In  North  America  .  .  . 
Lend.:   Edward  Stanford.      1895.      Pp.    187-194 VI 

Guide  to  Niagara  Falls  .   .   .   Phila.:  G.  W.  Childs.      1864. 
Another  edition  in  1  868. 

Niagara  Falls:  Niagara  Falls  Gazette,     n.d XII 

historical,    descriptive,    and    short    sketches    from    many    authors. 

Buffalo:  J.  C.  Prescott,  excursion  manager,  Erie  railroad.    N.d.  .  .XII 

Gunning,  W.  D.  The  past  and  future  of  Niagara.  (Pop.  sci.  mo,, 
Sept..    1  872.      1  :  564-573.) VII 

Gurney,  Joseph  John.  A  journey  in  North  America,  described  in 
familiar  letters  to  Amelia  Opie.  Norwich:  Printed  for  private  circula- 
tion.    1841.     Pp.  317-324 III.  VI.  VIII 

Guthrie,  William  Norman.  Niagara  twice  seen,  and  other  verse. 
[Sewanee,  Tenn.]  :  Univ.  Press;  Cincinnati:  Clarke.  [c  1910.] 
Pp.    1-32    VIII 

Gzowski,  Sir  Casimir  S.  Description  of  the  international  bridge 
constructed  over  the  Niagara  river  near  Fort  Erie.  Canada,  and  Buffalo. 
Toronto:  1873. 

H.  E.  D.  The  fugitive  slave's  apostrophe  to  Niagara:.  {In  Buckingham, 
Joseph  T.,  Personal  memoirs  and  recollections  of  editorial  life.  Bost. : 
Ticknor.  Reed,  Fields.      1852.     2:192-194.) VIII 

H.  E.  J.  "A  poem  of  the  elements,"  an  appreciation  of  Niagara: 
August.  1891.     (Critic,  Sept.  22.  1894.    25:181.) VIII 

H.  D.  M.  ITie  Falls  of  Niagara.  (West.  lit.  mess'gr.,  Aug.  1 7, 
1 842.      2:56.)    VIII 

HackstafT's  new  guide  book  of  Niagara  Falls  .  .  .  Niagara 
Falls.  N.  Y.:  W.  E.  Tunis  and  Co.      1853 XII 

Hadfield,  Robert.  Memorial  as  to  the  proposed  Niagara  ship  canal. 
the  course  of  commerce  on  the  lakes,  etc.  See  statistics  and  information 
relative  to  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Buffalo  for  the  year  ending 
December  31,  1871  .  .  .  Repxarted  by  William  Thurstone,  Secretary. 
Buffalo:  Warren,  Johnson  and  Co.      1872.     Pp.   109-120 XII 

Hall,  Captain  Basil.  Travels  in  North  America,  in  the  years  1827 
and  1828.     Edinb.:  CadelL     1829.     1  : 1  77-208;  35 1-354 ....  Ill 

- — —  Forty  etchings,  from  sketches  made  with  the  camera  lucida,  in 
North  America,  in  1827  and  1828.  4th  ed.  Edinb.  and  Lond. : 
1 830.     No.   1  -VI IX 

84  ^^^ 


Niagara  Falls 

Hall,  Captain  Basil.  I.  Niagara  from  below.  II.  Niagara  from 
above.  III.  Niagara  on  the  American  side.  IV.  Bridge  across  the 
rapids  at  Niagara.  V.  A  general  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
VI.  The  river  Niagara  flowing  into  Lake  Ontario.  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo.  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.    Mat  II.).  IX 

Notice  of  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  etc.,  within  the  cataract 

of  Niagara.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.      1827.      5:48-51.) VII 

Hall,  Francis.  The  Niagara  frontier.  7|/2  x  10.  (In  his  Travels  in 
Canada    and   the   United   States   in    1816-1817.      Lond. :    Longman, 

Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  &  Browne.     1818.) IX 

■  Travels  in  Canada  and  the  United  States,  in  1816  and  1817. 
Lond.:  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  &  Brown.  1818.  Pp.  230— 
238   .Ill 

Hall,  James.  Niagara  Falls  and  river.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  fourth 
geol.  dis't  of  N.  Y.     1838.    Pp.  171-173.) VII 

Niagara    Falls;    their    physical    changes,    and    the    geology    and 

topography  of  the  surrounding  country.     Bost. :   1844 VII 

Niagara    Falls  —  their   physical    changes,    and   the   geology   and 


topography  of  the  surrounding  country.      (Bost.  jour.  nat.  hist.,  Jan., 
1842.     4:106-134.) VII 

— —      Niagara  Falls;  its  past,  present  and  prospective  condition.      (Ann. 


rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv,  at  Niagara.     Albany:    1892. 
Pp.  67-89.) VII 

Niagara     Falls,    its     past,     present,     and     prospective     condition. 

(Geology   of   N.    Y.      Pt.    4.      Fourth   geological   dis't.      Pp.    383- 
401.)   VII 

Niagara    Falls;    their    physical    changes,    and    the    geology    and 


topography  of  the  surrounding  country.     Bost. :   1  844. 

Note     Ion    recession    of    Niagara    Falls].       (Proc.    A.A.A.S. 

(Aug..  1856.)     1857.     10:  pt.  2,  76-78.) VII 

[On  the  geology  of  the  region  of  Niagara  Falls.]      (Proc.  Bost. 


Soc.  of  Nat.  Hist.     Boston:   1844.      1:52.) VII 

Trigonometrical  survey  and  map  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Geology  of 


N.  Y.     Pt.  4.     Fourth  geological  dis't.     Pp.  402-404.) VII 

Hall,  Lansing  V.     Ode  to  Niagara.      (In  his  Voices  of  nature.     N.  Y. : 

Gray  and  Green.      1868.      Pp.    192-193.) VIII 

Hall,  W.  Carvel.     Report  of  survey  of  the  crest  line  of  Niagara  Falls. 

(Ann.    rep'ts  of   the  com'rs   of  the  state   reserv.   at   Niagara.       1906. 

23:  67-73.)   VII 

1330 


Alphabetical  List 

Hall  and  Mooney.     Niagara  Falls  from  near  the  head  of  the  ferry 

stairs.     (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 

1 797-I87-.     Mat  17.) IX 

•  View  front  the  pagoda.      (Grosvenor  library,    Buffalo,   N.   Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1 697-1 87-.     Mat  1  7.) IX 

Hallett,   P .      Notes  on   Niagara.      (Brit.   Assn.    for  the  A.   S. 

Report  of  54th  meeting.     1885.     Pp.  774-745.) VII 

Hamilton,   Thomas.      Men  and  manners  in  America.      Edinb.   eind 

Lond.:   1833.     2:314-331 VII 

Hamilton,  .      Niagara  Falls,  American  side.     1  Ix  24.     Eng.  by 

J.  M.  Butler.     Phila.:  (1845.) IX 

■  Niagara  Falls,  Canada  side.      1  1  x  22.     Eng.  by  J.  M.  Butler. 

Phila.:    (1845.)     IX 

Hamilton,   J  Niagara  Falls.      (American  side.)       (Grosvenor 

library.    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views   of    Niagara   Falls.      1 697-1 87-. 

Mat  19.) IX 

i  Niagara  Falls.      (Canadian  side.)      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1 697-1 87-.     Mat  20.) IX 

Hammond,  Clark  H.     State  development  of  water  power.     N.  Y. 

state  conserv.  dep't.     Albany :  1912 XI 

Hanaford,  Mrs.  Phebe  A.     Niagara.      {In  her  From  shore  to  shore 

and  other   poems.      Bost. :    D.    B.    Russell.      San   Francisco:   A.   L. 

Bancroft  &  Co.      1871.     P.  215.) VIII 

Hancock,  R .     The  waterfall  of  Niagara.     Published  by  Laurie  & 

Whittle.  53  Fleet  St..  Lond.:  12  May.  1794 IX 

Hancock,  Theodore  E.     Opinion  concerning  the  diversion  of  water 

at  Niagara  Falls,  under  date  of  November  16.   1895.      (Ann.  rep'ts 

of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      12:53-61.) XI 

Handbook    to   the    Pan-American   exposition,    Buffalo   and 

Niagara    Falls.      Chicago:    Rand,    McNally.       [1899-1901    c] 

Pp.  182-237 XII 

Hands  off  Niagara.  (Out!..  Mar.  29.  1913.  103:  702-703.)  .XI 
Hardie,  James.     A  dictionary  of  the  most  uncommon  wonders  of  the 

works  of  art  and  nature.     N.  Y. :  Samuel  Marks.      1819.     Pp.  275- 

278     V 

Hardy,  Mary  McDowell  Duffus,  Lady.    Between  two  oceans  .   .   . 

Lond.:  Hurst  and  Blackett.     1884.     Pp.  37-55 IV 

Through  cities  and  prairie  lands.     Sketches  of  an  American  tour. 

N.  Y. :  R.  Worthington.     1881.     Pp.  56-58 IV 

1331 


Niagara  Falls 

Harnessing  Niagara.      (Power.      May,    1890.      10:1-2.). 

Harnessing  of  Niagara.  Gassier  imag.  co.  N.  Y.  and  Lond.: 
1895 X 

Harrevelt,  E van.     Carte  de  la  Nouvelle  Angleterre,  Nouvelle 

York  et  Pensilvanie.  {In  his  Histoire  generale  dcs  voyages.  A  Amster- 
dam:  1774.     21:263.) IX 

Carte    des    lacs    du    Canada.       {In    his    Histoire    generale    des 

voyages.     A  Amsterdam:  1  774.     2  1  :  452.) IX 

Cataracte  de  Niagara.      N.v.d.     Meer  jun.s.      7x10.      {In  his 


Histoire  generale  des  voyages.     A  Amsterdam:   1  774.     21  :  456.)  .IX 
Wasserfall  von  Niagara.      7x10.      {In  his  Allgemeine  historic 


des  reisen  zu  wasser  und  lande.     Leipzig:  Arkstee  und  Merkus.      1  758. 

16:684.)     IX 

Harris,   William   Richard.      The   Catholic   church   in   the   Niagara 

peninsula.    1626^1825.      Toronto:    W.    Briggs.      1895.      Pp.    123- 

126    V 

Harris,   William   Tell.      Remarks   made  during  a   tour  through   the 

United  States  of  Arnerica  in  the  years  1817,  1818,  and  1819.     Lond.  r 

Sherwood.  Neely  and  Jones,   1  82  1 .     Pp.   1  64-1  68 Ill 

Harrison,  Jonathan  Baxter.     The  condition  of  Niagara  Falls,  and 

the  measures  needed  to  preserve  them.     N.  Y. :    1882 XI 

The  movement  for  the  redemption  of  Niagara.      (New  Princeton 

rev..  Mar.,    1886.      1:233-245.) XI 

Hartt,  Mary  B.      Passing  of  Niagara.      (Oulh,  May  4,    1901.     68: 

21-28.)     XI 

Hartt,  Rollin  Lynde.     New  Niagara.     (McClure,  May,  1901 .     17:: 

78-84.)     X 

Haskell,  Daniel  C.     A  partial  bibliography  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Ann. 

rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at  Niagara.      Albany,    1913. 

29:49-98.). 
Haskel,  Daniel  and  Smith,  J.  Calvin.     Complete  description  and 

statistical    gazetteer   of   the   United    States   of    America   .   .    .   N.    Y. : 

Sherman  and  Smith.      1843.     P.  472 V 

Haskin,   J.   R.      The  electrical  equipment  of  Mathieson   alkali  works- 

(Elec.  wld..  Nov.  27,  1897.    30:  637-638.) 

The  Niagara  Falls  and  Lewiston  railway.      (Elec.  wld.     June  5, 

1897.     29:725.)   X 

Hatton,  Joseph.      Henry  Irving's  impressions  of  America;  narrated  in 
a    series    of   sketches,    chronicles,    and   conversations.      Bost. :    Osgood. 

1884.     Pp.  366-381 IV 

1332 


Alphabetical   List 

Hatton,    Joseph.       Niagara    illustrated,       (Art    jour.       1885.      37: 

13-14.)     IX 

Hatton,  R.  S.  and  Petavel,  J.  E.     High  temperature  electrochemistry 

■ —  notes  on  experimental  and  technical  electric  furnaces.      (Elec.   rev. 

Jan.  3.  10.  1903.    42:5-7.45.) 
Haupt,    Herman.       Long    distance    transmission    of    power.      2d   ed. 

13  William  St.,  N.  Y.     n.d. 
Haussonville,   Gabriel   Paul  Othenin   de  Cleron,   Comte  d*. 

West  Point  et  le  Niagara.     (Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.      1882.     Per  3. 

Tome  49.    Pp.  821-832.) 
Havell,  Robert.     Niagara  Falls.       Painted  from  the  Chinese  pagoda. 

Point  view  gardens.     Sing  Sing:  1  845 IX 

Panoramic  view  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      1846 IX 

Hawley,    Jesse.      Menaorial   against   ceding   to   the   United   States  the 

right  to  construct  the  Niagara  ship  canal  and  in   favor  of  retaining  it 

as  the  property  of  the  state.      (N.  Y.  state  sen.  doc.    108.     April   1  1, 

1840.)     XII 

Hawthorne,   Nathaniel.      Fragments   from  the  journal  of  a  solitary 

man.      {In  Fanshawe,  the  Dolliver  romance  and  other  pieces.     Boston: 

Osgood.     1 876.     Pp.  93-96.) Ill 

— —      My  visit  to  Niagara.      {In  Fanshawe,  the  Dolliver  romance  and 

other  pieces.      Boston.      Osgood.      1876.      Pp.    105-1  14.) Ill 

Hayes,  George  E.     Remarks  on  the  geology  and  topography  of  western 

New  York.      (Am.  jour,  of  sci..  Jan.,  1839.     35:86-105.) VII 

Hayes,  J.  D.     "  The  Niagara  ship  canal  ";  and  "  Reciprocity,"  papers 

written   for  the  "  Buffalo  Commercial  Advertiser";   together  with  the 

speech  of  Hon.  Israel  T.  Hatch,  in  the  convention  at  Detroit,  July  14, 

1865.     Buffalo:  Matthews  and  Warren.      1865.     Pp.   1-21 XII 

Hayes,    James.      A   note   on    Niagara   literature.       (The   bookworm. 

(Lond.:)       1891.      4:337.) IX 

Head,  Sir  George.     Forest  scenes  and'  incidents,  in  the  wilds  of  North 

America;  being  a  diary  of  a  winter's  route  from  Halifax  to  the  Canadas, 

and  during  four  months*  residence  in  the  woods  on  the  borders  of  Lakes 

Huron  and  Simcoe.     Lond. :  John  Murray.      1829.     Pp.  329-334  .  VI 
Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond.     The  emigrant.     5th  edition.     Lond. :  John 

Murray.      1  847.     Pp.  205-2  18 Ill 

Head  works  of  the  plant  of  the  Toronto  and  Niagara  pow^er 

company,    Niagara    Falls.       (Eng.    rec,    Apr.    8.    1905.      51: 

405-406.) 
Hearing  at  Niagara  Falls  (The).      (Outl..  July  21,  1906.     83: 

632-633.)     XI 

1333 


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Heath,  James.      (Eng.)     TTie  Falls  of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  3.)  .  IX 
Help  to  save  Niagara  Falls.      (Outl.,  Apr.  21,  1906.     82:865- 

866.)     XI 

Hennepin,   Bibliography   of.       (Ann.   rep'ts   of  the   cona'rs   of   the 

state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      Albany:    1893.      9:55-75.) 
Hennepin,    Louis.      Carte    d'une    nouveau    monde    entre    le    nouveau 

Mexique  et  la  Mer  Glaciale.      11    x    18.      (In  his  Nouveau  voyage. 

A    Utrecht.      1698.) IX 

Carte  d'un  tres  grand  pays  entre  le  Nouveau  Mexique  et  la  Mer 

Glaciale.       1 6'/2    x    20.       (In    his    Nouveau    voyage.       A    Utrecht. 
1697.)     IX 

■  Carte  d'  une  tres  grand  pais  nouvellement  decouvert  dans  I'Amer- 
ique  Septentrionale  entre  le  Nouveau  Mexique  et  la  Mer  Glaciale. 
1  4'/2  X  17.      (In  his  Nouveau  voyage.     A  Utrecht.      1  697.) IX 

Chute  d'eau  de  Niagara.     5  x  6 J/2.      (In  his  Nouvelle  decouverte 


d'un  tres  grand  pays  sitae  dans  I'Amerique.      Utrecht:   G.    Broedelet. 

1697.     P.  44.) IX 

Description    de    la    Louisiane,    nouvellement   decouverte   au    Sud 


'Oiiest  de  la  Nouvelle  France,  par  ordre  du  roy  ...  A  Paris.  Chez 
la  Veuve  Sebastien  Hure.      1  683.     Pp.  29-30 1 

Description   of   Louisiana;   translated    from   the  edition   of    1683 

and  compared  with  the  Nouvelle  Decouverte,  the  La  Salle  documents, 
and  other  contemporaneous  papers,  by  John  Gilmary  Shea.  N.  Y. : 
John  G.  Shea.     1880.     Pp.  71-72.  378-381 1 

[Hennepin,  Louis.]  A  fac-simile  view  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Grosvenor 
library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-. 
Mat  1.)    IX 

Hennepin,  Louis.  Hennepin  and  variations.  (Hennepin  —  First 
picture  of  Niagara  Falls.      Utrecht.      1697.) IX 

A  map   of   a  new  world   between   New  Mexico   and  the   frozen 

sea  newly  discovered  by  Father  Louis  Hennepin  .  .  .  (In  his  A  new 
discovery  of  a  country  greater  than  Europe;  situated  m  America,' 
betwixt  New  Mexico  and  the  frozen  sea.  Lond. :  Bentley,  Tonson, 
Bonwick,  Goodwin  &  Manship.      1  698.) IX 

A  new  discovery  of  a  vast  country  in  America,  extending  above 

four  thousand  miles  between  New  France  and  New  Mexico;  ^v•lth  a 
description  of  the  great  lakes,  cataracts,  rivers,  plants,  and  animals 
.    .   .   London.      Printed  for  M.   Bentley.  J.  Tonson,  H.  Bonwick,  T. 

1334 


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Goodwin,  and  S.  Manship.    1689.    Pp.  24-25.  21  6-22 1 .  or,  29-30. 

266-274 1 

Hennepin,  Louis.  A  new  discovery  of  a  vast  country  in  America,  by 
Father  Louis  Hennepin;  reprinted  from  the  second  London  issue  of 
I  698,  with  facsimiles  of  original  title-pages,  maps,  and  illustrations,  and 
the  addition  of  introduction,  notes,  and  index  by  Reuben  Gold  Thwaites 
.  .  .  Chicago:  A.  C.  McClurg.     1903.     1  :  54-55,  317-323.  .  .  .1 

Nouvelle  decouverte  d'un  tres  grand  pays  Situe  dans  TAmerique, 

entre  Le  Nouveau  Mexique,  et  La  Mer  Glaciale,  Avec  les  Cartes,  &  les 
Figures  necessaires,  &  de  I'Histoire  Naturelle  &  Morale,  &  les  avantages, 
qu'on  en  peut  tircr  par  I'etablissement  des  colonies  ...  A  Utrecht. 
Chez  Guillaume  Broedelet.      1  697.     Pp.  44-46,  441-456 I 

Henry,  Georges.  Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara.  Etat  actual 
des  installations  hydro-electriques.  (Le  Genre  civil.  June  1  7,  1  899. 
35:101-105.)     X 

Henry,  Walter.  Events  of  a  military  life;  being  recollections  after 
service  in  the  Peninsular  war,  invasion  of  France,  the  East  Indies,  St. 
Helena,  Canada,  and  elsewhere.  Lond. :  Pickering.  1843.  2:220— 
227   Ill 

Herbertson,  Andrew  J.  The  history  of  the  great  lakes  and  Niagara. 
(Knowl.  Oct.  1.  1896.     19:223-224.) VII 

The  history  of  the  great  lakes  and  Niagara.      (Sci.  Am.  sup., 

Nov.  7,  1896.     42:17398.) VII 

Hereclia,  Jose  Maria.  Address  to  the  Niagara  river.  {In  Barham, 
William,  Descriptions  of  Niagara;  selected  from  various  travellers. 
.    .   .   Gravesend.      N.d.      Pp.    1  74-1  75.) VIII 

Hering,  Carl.  Niagara  Falls  power  plant.  (Elec.  wld.,  Feb.  6, 
1892.     19:85-86.). 

Heriot,  George.  Travels  through  the  Canadas,  containing  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  picturesque  scenery  on  some  of  the  rivers  and  lakes;  with  an 
account  of  the  productions,  commerce,  and  inhabitants  of  those  provinces. 
.   .   .   Lend.:   Richard  Phillips.      1807.      Pp.    159-173 Ill 

View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  from  the  bank  near  Birche's  Mills 

and  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara  from  beneath  the  bank  on  the  Fort 
Schlausser  side.  F.  C.  Lewis  (sc.)  Printed  for  Richard  Phillips, 
London.  (Grosvenor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.      1697-1 87-.     Mat  6.) IX 

Herschel,  Clemens.  Niagara  mill  sites,  water  connections  and 
turbines.      (Cass.      July,    1895.      8:  227-250.) X 

Niagara  turbines.      (Cass.,  Mar.,   1893.     P.  387-389.) X 

1335 


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Herschel,  Clemens.  Utilization  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  (Eng. 
news.  Jan.  23.  1892.     27:  74-76.) X 

Hervieu,  A .  Indians  at  Niagara.  {In  Power.  Tyrone,  Impres- 
sions of  America,  during  the  years  1833,  1834,  and  1835.  Lond. : 
Richard   Bentlcy.      1836.      1  :  391-41  1.) IX 

Hess,  B .     The  falls  of  Niagara,  from  the  Canada  side.     1  859 .  IX 

Hibemicus  (DeWitt  Clinton).  Letters  on  the  natural  history  and 
internal  resources  of  the  state  of  New  York.  N.  Y. :  Bliss  and  White. 
1822.     Pp.   144,   185-186,   198-210 VI 

High  tension  transmission  line  construction.  (Elec.  wid.,  June 
6.  1908.     51:1222-1223.) 

Hill,  J.  Henry.      (Horseshoe  Fall  from  Goat  Island.)      1889 IX 

Hill,  Rowland  F.  Letter  .  .  .  relative  to  the  international  park  or 
state  reservation  at  Niagara  Falls.  Albany:  Weed,  Parsons  &  Co., 
plrs.      1 880. 

Hill,   S .      View   of  the   Falls   of   Niagara.       (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.     Mat  3.)  .IX 

Hine,  E.  Curtiss.  A  night  on  the  Niagara.  (In  his  The  haunted 
barque,  and  other  poems.  Auburn:  Derby.  1848.  Pp.  67- 
70.) VIII 

Historical  writings  of  the  late  Orsamus  H.  Marshall  relating 
to  the  early  history  of  the  west  with  an  introduction  by 
William  S.  Stone  (The).  Albany:  Munsell's  Sons.  1887.  Pp. 
421-425   V 

History  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Chicago:  Beers.  1899.  Vol.  I. 
See  index V 

Hitchcock,  Charles  H.  Story  of  Niagara.  (Am.  antiq.,  Jan.  and 
Feb.,  1901.     23:1-24.) VII 

-— —  The  story  of  Niagara.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.   at  Niagara.      Albany:    1901.      17:  75-107.) VII 

Hodgson,  Adam.  Letters  from  North  America,  written  during  a 
tour  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Lond. :  Hurst,  Robinson  and 
Co.     1 824.     1 :  342-359 Ill 

Hoff,  W.  and  Schwabach,  F.  North  American  railroads.  N.  Y. 
(1906.)     P.  24 V 

Holder,  Thomas.  A  complete  record  of  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinage, 
being  descriptive,  historical  and  industrial  .  .  .  Niagara  Falls:  Pub- 
lished for  the  author.      1  882 XII 

Hole,  Samuel  Reynolds.   A  little  tour  in  America.    Lond.  and  N.  Y. : 

E.Arnold.     1895.    Pp.  171-185 IV 

1336 


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Holland,   Ellhu  G.      Niagara  and  other  poems.      N.   Y. :   Rudd  and 

Carleton.      1861.     Pp.  5-35. 
Holley,  George  W.     The  falls  of  Niagara  with  supplementary  chapters 

on  the  other  famous  cataracts  of  the  world   .    .   .    N.  Y. :  Armstrong. 

1883.     Pp.  1-163 V 

Niagara.      (Scrib.      Aug.,    1876.      12:  462-478.) IV 

Niagara,   its   history   and    geology,    incidents   and   poetry    .     .     . 

N.  Y.:  Sheldon.     1872.     Pp.  125-128 V  and  VI 

The  proximate  future  of  Niagara  in  review  of  Professor  Tyndall's 

lecture   thereon.       (Proc.    A.A.A.S.       (Aug..    1873.)       1874.      22: 
pt.  2,  147-155.) VII 

Holley,  John  Milton.  (Whittlesey,  Charles,  Early  history  of 
Cleveland,  Ohio.  Cleveland :  Fairbanks,  Benedict.  1867.  Pp.  175- 
176.)    II 

Holley,  Orville  Luther.  Chart  of  Niagara  Falls,  the  shores  and 
islands.  4|/2  x  2|/2.  (In  his  The  picturesque  tourists.  N.  Y. : 
Dislurnell.      1^844.     Opp.  p.  1  74.) IX 

•  Map   of   Niagara   strait   and   parts   adjacent.      5x3.      {In   his 

The   picturesque   tourists.      N.    Y. :    J.    Disturnell.       1 844.      Opp.    p. 

176.)    IX 

— — —  The  picturesque  tourist;  being  a  guide  through  the  northern  and 
eastern  states  and  Canada  .  .  .  N.  Y. :  J.  Disturnell.  1844.  Pp. 
174-176    XII 

Holley's   Niagara    and    the   other   cataracts   of   the   world. 

(Cent.     Jan.,   1883.     3:472.) IV 

Holioway,  F.     American  Fall  from  the  ferry,  and  The  Horseshoe  Fall 

from   Table   Rock.       (Grosvenor  library,    Buffalo,    N.   Y.      Views  of 

Niagara  Falls.      1697-187-.     Mat  15.) IX 

Homanno,   J.   B.      Complissimae  P».egion:s   Mississippi;   Seu   Provincrc 

Ludovicianae  a  R.  P.  Ludivico  Hennepin  Francise  Miss,  in  Amerie  que 

Septentrionale  Anno  1  687,  detectae  nunc  Gallorum  Coloniis  et  Actionum 

Negotiis   toto   Orbe   celeberrimae.      Nova  Tabula   edita   a  Jo.      Bant. 

Homanno  S.  C.  M.      Geographo  Norimbergae.      Cum  Privilegis  Sac. 

Cas.     Migi IX 

Hooker,  Samuel.      [Handbill  advertising  himself  as  guide  to  Niagara 

Falls.]       Buffalo:  n.d XII 

Hopkins,  G.  M.     Atlas  of  the  vicinities  of  the  cities  of  Niagara  Falls, 

North    Tonawanda    and    Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Phila. :    G.    M.    Hopkins. 

1893 IX  and  XII 

1337 


Niagara  Falls 

Horner's  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  guide  and  encyclopedia 

of  useful  knoAvledge.  Buffalo:  Horner.  1874.  Pp.  63-86.  .XI 
"Horrible  waste"   at   Niagara    (The).      (Lit.   dig.,   Oct.    12, 

1912.     45:  618.)    XI 

Hottes,  M .     Niagara  Falls IX 

Houghton,    George    W.      Niagara.       (In    his    Niagara,    and    other 

poems.      Bost.:   Houghton  Mifflin.      1882.      Pp.    1-28.) VIII 

Houston,  Mrs.   M.   C.      Hesperos;  or.   Travels  in  the  west.      Lond. : 

Parker.      1850.      1  :122-139 XI 

Houston,   Edwin  J.      Half   a  decade  of  progress  in   electricity  and 

magnetism.     (Cass.,  Feb.,   1 906.     29 :  286-288.) X 

Hovey,  H.  C.      Niagara  river  gorge  and  falls.      (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Sept. 

II.  1886.    22:8917.) VII 

How  the  pow^er  companies  beautify  Niagara.     (Ladies'  home 

jour.    Oct..  1906.     23:39.) XI 

How  to  save  Niagara.     (Sci.  Am.,  July  1 ,  1905.     93:27.). 

How  to  see  Niagara  .    .    .  Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthews,  Northrup 

and  Co.      1876 XII 

Howells,  William  Dean.     Avery.      (In  his  Their  v/edding  journey. 

Boston  and  N.  Y.:  Houghton  Mifflin  and  Co.      1888.      Pp.    139- 

141.)    VIII 

— —     Niagara,  first  and  last.      (The  Niagara  book.      N.   Y.,    1901. 

Pp.  236-269.)    IV 

Their  wedding  journey.      Boston  and  N.  Y. :   Houghton  Mifflin 

and  Co.     1888.     Pp.  119-171,  288-319 VIII 

Niagara    revisited,    twelve    years    after    their    wedding    journey. 


(Atlan.,   May.    1883.     51  :  598-610.) VIII 

Howison,  John.  Sketches  of  Upper  Canada,  domestic,  local,  and 
characteristic:  to  which  are  added,  practical  details  for  the  information 
of  emigrants  of  every  class;  and  some  recollections  of  the  United  States 
of  America.     Edinb..  Lond. :   1  82  1 .     Pp.  91-111 Ill 

Howitt,  Emanuel.  Selections  from  letters  written  during  a  tour  through 
the  United  States  in  the  summer  and  autumn  of  1819  .  .  .  Notting- 
ham: J.  Dunn.     (1820).     Pp.  128-132 VI 

Howland,  Mrs.  Sarah  Hagard.  Extracts  from  the  tour  of  Sarah 
Howland,  and  some  of  the  poetry,  letters,  and  other  papers  preserved  by 
her,  together  with  some  account  of  her  family  compiled  by  her  great 
grandson,    Howland    Pell.       [N.    Y.?]        1890 XII 

Howland,  William  B.     Niagara  Falls  and  the  hundred  years  of  peace. 

(Indep.     June  22.   1914.     78:  522-523.) V 

1338 


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Hubbard,  Elbert.     Power;  or  Tlie  story  of  Niaga/a  Falls  .   .   .   East 

Aurora,  N.  Y.      1914 X 

Hudson,  T.  S.     A  scamper  through  America,  or.  Fifteen  thousand  miles 

of  ocean  and  continent  in  sixty  days.  Lond. :  1 882.  Pp.  230-237  .  XI 
Hughes,  Thomas.     Vacation  rambles.      Lond.:   Macmillan.      1895. 

Pp.  1 46-1 48 IV 

Hulbert,  Archer  Buller.     The  Niagara  river.     N.  Y.  and  Lond. : 

G.  P.  Putnam's  Sons.      1908 VII 

Hulbert,   Charles.      Museum  Americanum;   or.   Select   antiquities   of 

nature    and    art  in   America  .   .   .   Lond.:    Whittaker.       1823.      Pp. 

147-149  V 

Hulett,  T.  G.     Every  man  hi*  own  guide  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  or. 

The  whole  story  in  a  few  words.     By  T.  G.  H.,  a  resident  at  the  Falls. 

3d  ed.  .    .    .  Buffalo:  Faxon  and  Co.     1843 XII 

Humphrey,     James     M.        Sp«ech  in  the  house  of  representatives, 

January  14,    1869,  on  bill  no.    1212,  to  provide  for  the  construction 

of  ship-canal  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara XII 

Humphrey,  Lucy  H.  comp.     The  poetic  new-world.     N.  Y. :  Henry 

Holt  and  Co.    1910.    Pp.  334-342 VIII 

Hunter,  William  S.      Hunter  and  Chrsholm's  panoramic  guide  from 

Niagara  Falls  to  Quebec.  Montreal :  Chisholm.  1867.  Pp.  1-18.. XII 
Hunter,  William  S.,  Jr.     Hunter's  panoramic  guide   from  Niagara 

Falls  to  Quebec.    .    .    .    Boston:  J.  P.  Jewett  and  Co.     1857.    Pp. 

1-18    XII 

Huret,  Jules.    En  Amerique:   de  San  Francisco  an  Canada.     Paris: 

Charpentier.      1905.     Pp.  329-337 IV 

Hyatt,  Alpheus.     Rock  ruins.      [Niagara  Falls]      (Am.  nat.     April, 

1869.      2:  77-85.) VII 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  latest  Niagara  power  plant.    (Eng. 

news.     Nov.  30,  1905.     54:577-578.) X 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power 

company,  I.      (Eng.  rec,  Nov.  21.  1903.     48:  616-619.) X 

Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power 

company,  II.  (Eng.  rec,  Nov.  28.  1903.  48:  652-655.)  .  .  .X 
Hydraulic  features  of  the  plant  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power 

company.  III.  (Eng.  rec,  Dec  5,  1903.  48 :'69 1-693)  ...  .X 
Hydraulic  features  of  the  plafit  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power 

company,  IV.  (Eng.  rec.  Dec.  19,  1903.  48:  763-767.)  .  .  .X 
Hydraulic   features  of    Niagara   power    (The).      (Elec.   wld, 

Jan.   14,   1899.) X 

1339 


Niagara  Falls 

Hydro-electrc  developments  of  the  Ontario  power  company, 

1.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.    Aug.  26,  1905.     46:  343-345.) X 

Hydro-electric  developments  of  the  Ontario  pow^er  company, 

II.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.    Sept.  2.  1905.    46:  387-389.) X 

Hydro-electric  developments  of  the  Ontario  power  company, 

III.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Sept.  9,  I  905.     46:  440-44 1 .) X 

Hymn  of  Niagara.      (Choriamblc.)      (Putnam.     May,   1868.      11: 

538.)    VIII 

Ice  bridge  at  Niagara  (The).     (Harp,  w.,  Feb,  3,  1883.     27:  74, 

76.)    V 

Illuminating  the  Niagara  cataract  by  acetylene.      (Elec.  eng. 

June  30,  1897.     23:747.) 
Illustrated  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.     Chic:  Rand,  McNally  & 

Co.     1 884. 
Importation  of  Electric  pow^er  at  Niagara.      (W.  elec.     Mar. 

2.  1907.    40:  189.) 

Imrie,  John.  Niagara  Falls.  {In  his  Songs  and  miscellaneous  poems. 
Toronto:  Imrie  and  Graham,      1891.     Pp.  26-28.) VIII 

[Industrial  development  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).]  (Sci. 
Am.,  sup..  Mar.  3,  1900.     49:20207-20220.) 

Industrie  (L*)  Americaine  fera-t-elle-disparatrie  les  chutes 
du  Niagara.  (Le  tour  du  monde  —  a  travers  le  monde.  n.s. 
anee   12    [1906].     Paris:   1906.     Pp.  289-292.) XI 

(Ingrahzun,  Duncan.)  Extract  from  a  letter  from  a  gentleman  upon 
his  return  from  Niagara.  (Buff.  hist.  soc.  15:  387-393;  or  O'Cal- 
laghan,  E.  B.,  Doc.  hist,  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Albany:  Weed, 
Parsons  and  Cxi.      1849.      2:1108-1110.) XII 

Extract    from   a   letter    from   a    gentleman   upon   his   return    from 

Niagara.      (Mass.  hist,   soc,    1792.       1:287;  or  O'Callaghan:     Doc. 
hist,  of  state  of  New  York.     Albany.      1  849.     2:1110.) II 

Ingraham,  John  Wentworth.  A  manual  for  the  use  of  visitors  to 
the  Falls  of  Niagara:  Intended  as  an  epitome  of  and  temporary  sub- 
stitute for,  a  larger  and  more  extended  work,  relative  to  this  most 
stupendous  wonder  of  the  world.      Buffalo:  Charles  Faxon.      1834. 

Inspection  of  Niagara  power  tunnel.  (Elec  wld.  June  30,  1908. 
51:1319.) 

Inspection  of  tunnels  of  the  Niagara  Falls  pow^er  company. 
(Elec  rev.     June  20,  1  908.     52:988.) 

1340 


Alphabetical  List 

Institution  of  civil  engineers  at  Niagara  Falls,  September 
29,  1904  (The).  Presented  by  the  local  committee  of  the  Canadian 
society  of  civil  engineers.     Niagara  Falls,  Canada X 

International  Joint  commission.  Rules  of  procedure  of  the  Inter- 
national joint  commission.  Adopted  pursuant  to  article  XII  of  the 
treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  signed  January  1  I . 
1909.  Promulgated  February  2,  1912.  Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off. 
1912    XI 

International  Niagara  commission.  (Eng.  rec,  Feb.  28,  1891. 
23:204.) 

International  protection  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am.,  Apr.  21, 
1906.       94:322.)      XI 

International  topographical  railroad  guide  between  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  and  the  Missouri  river.  W.  E.  Tunis. 
Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y. :  M.  Wallace.  Chicago:  1856.  Pp.  52- 
58    XII 

International  waterways  commission.  Documents  relating  to. 
(Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      19:  app. 

255-261.)     XI 

■  ■  Message  from  the  President  of  the  United  States  transmitting  the 
final  report  of  international  waterways  commission  upon  the  proposed 
dam  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie.  (63d  Cong.,  1st  sess.  Sen.  doc. 
118.)     IX   and   X 

—      Report  of  the  American  section  to  the  secretary  of  war,  December 

I,  1908.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
25:1  7-24.)    XI 

—     Supplementary  report.    .    .    .     1909.    Ottawa:  C.  H.  Parmelee 


printer.     1909.     (Canada   sessional  papers.     No.    19c.     1910.) 

(U.  S.  &  Can.)     Report  upon  the  existing  waterpower  situation 

at  Niagara  Falls,  so  far  as  concerns  the  diversion  of  water  on  the 
American  side,  by  the  American  members  of  the  international  water- 
ways commission  and  Captain  Charles  W.  Kutz,  corps  of  engineers 
U.S.A.     V/ash. :  Gov't  print,  off.      1906 X 

(U.  S.  &  Can.)     Second  interim  report  of  the  Canadian  section 

and  first  joint  report  of  the  commission.    Ottawa:   1906 X 

International  waterways  commission  organized.  (Ann. 
rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  tlie  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     22:16-30.)  .  .  .XI 

Inverted   Geyelin-Jonval  turbines  at   Niagara   Falls.      (Eng. 

rec.  Apr.  7,  1894.     29:  297.) X 

1341 


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Itinerary  to  Niagara  Falls,  in  1809  (An).    (Penn.  mag.  of  hist. 

and  biog.     July,  1900.     24:200-202.) 
Izard,   Ralph.      An  account  of  a  journey  to  Niagara,  Montreal  and 

Quebec,    in    1765;    or    "  Tis   eighty   years   since."      N.    Y. :    Osborn. 

1846.     Pp.  5-13 II 

J.  V.  C.  (del.)  View  of  Niaga^a  river  and  Lake  Ontario  from  the 
top  of  the  mountain  at  Lewiston.  Jewett,  Thomas  &  Co.  printers. 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 

187—.     Mat  16.) IX 

Jackson,   Moses.      To   America   and  back:    a  holiday   run.      Lond. : 

McCorquodale.     1886.   Pp.   121-134 IV 

James,  Henry.     Niagara,  1871.     (/n /jis  Portraits  of  places.     Boston. 

Osgood.     1884.     Pp.  364-376.) XI 

James,  Thomas  Horton.     Rambles  in  the  United  States  and  Canada 

during  the  year   1845    ...    by  Rubio.    Lond.:  John  Olliver.     1846, 

Pp.  87-91. 

James,  William.  Map  of  the  straits  of  Niagara  from  Lake  Erie  to 
Lake  Ontario.  7  x  15.  (/n  /71s  A  full  and  correct  account  of  the 
military  occurrences  of  the  late  war  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  States.     Lond.:  For  the  author.      1818.      1  :  Frontispiece.)  .IX 

Jameson,  Mrs.  A.  B.  M.  Winter  studies  and  summer  rambles  in 
Canada.  Lond. :  Saunders  and  Otley.  1838.  1:82-84.  2:48- 
78   Ill 

JefFeryjj,  Thonraas.  Chart  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  with  the  British, 
French  &  Spanish  settlements  in  North  America,  and  the  West 
Indies;  as  also  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  (/n  his  General  topography  of 
North  America  and  the  West  Indies.  Lond.:  Printed  for  Robert  Sayer 
and  Thomas  Jefferys.      1  768.     No.    13.) IX 

— A  map  of  Canada  and  the  northern  part  of  Louisiana  with  the 

adjacent  countries.  (In  his  Tlie  natural  and  civil  history  of  the  French 
dominion  in  North  and  South  America.  Lond.:  1760.  Pt.  I, 
Front.)      IX 

• A  map  of  Canada  and  the  northern  part  of  Louisiana  with  the 

adjacent  countries.  1  1  J/2  x  15.  (In  Mills,  David,  A  report  on  the 
boundaries  of  Ontario.     Toronto:    1873.) IX 

Johnson,    Clifton.       Highways    and    by-ways    of   the    Great    Lakes. 

N.  Y.:  MacmiUan.      1911.     Pp.  38-54 V 

1342 


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Johnson,  F.  H.  Every  man  his  own  guide  at  Niagara  Falls  without 
the  necessity  of  inquiry  or  possibility  of  mistake;  including  the  sources 
of  Niagara,  and  all  places  of  interest,  both  on  the  American  and  Canada 
side.    .    .    .    Rochester:  D.  M.  Dewey.      (1852)  Pp.  1-93 XII 

A  guide  for  every  visitor  to  Niagara  Falls.    Including  the  sources 

of    Niagara,    and    all   places   of   interest,    both   on   the   American    and 
Canada  side.    .    .    .    Buffalo:  Phinney  &  Co.     (1852) XII 

Guide  to  Niagara  Falls  and  its  scenery.    .    .    .    Phila. :  Childs. 

1863    XII 

— — -     Statistics  of  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity.    .    .    .    Buffalo:  E.  A. 

Maynard  &  Co.  ptrs.      1848. 
Johnson,  Guy.     Map  of  the  country  of  the  six  nations,      (/n  Pouchot, 

M.  ,  Memoir  upon  the  late  war  in  North  America.    .    .    .   Rox- 

bury.  Mass. :  W.  Elliot  Woodward.      1  866.     2 : 1 48. ) IX 

-^—      Map  of  the  frontiers  of  the  northern  colonies  with  the  boundary 

line  established  between  them  and  the  Indians  at  the  treaty  held  by  S. 

Will    Johnson    at    Fort    Stanwix    in   nov.    1 768.       (In    O'Callaghan, 

E.    B.,    Documentary   history   of   the   state   of   New   York.      Albany: 

1850.     1:376.)   IX 

—      Map  of  the  frontiers  of  the  northern  colonies  with  the  boundary 

line  established  between  them  and  the  Indians  at  tfie  treaty  held  by  S. 

Will    Johnson    at    Ft.    Stanwix,    in    nov.     1  768,       (In    Mills,    David, 

A  report  on  the  boundaries  of  Ontario.     Toronto:   1873.) IX 

«— —      The  country  of  the  six  nations  proper,  with  part  of  the  adjacent 

colonies.      (In  O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  Documentary  history  of  the  state  of 

New  York.     Albany:   1849.     4:  660.) IX 

Johnson,  H.  G.     A  map  of  Niagara  river,  four  miles  above  and  three 

miles  below  the  Falls.      (  1  849  c.) IX 

Johnson,  Richard  Lewis.    Apostrophe  to  Niagara.    (In  his  Niagara; 

its  history,  incidents  and  poetry.     .     .    .    Wash. :   Neale.     1 898.     Pp. 

35-41.)    VIII 

— Niagara:  Its  history,  incidents,  and  poetry.    Wash.:  Walter  Neale. 

1898 V 

Johnson,   Wallace   C.      A   new   development   of   power   at   Niagara. 

(Cass.  Feb.,   1894.     5:32^330.) X 

:«"-".—      Power    development    at    Niagara    Falls    other    than    that    of   the 

Niagara  power  company.      (Jour,   ass'n  eng.   soc,  Aug.,    1899.      23: 

78-90.)    X 

1343 


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Johnson,  Wallace  C.  The  pulp  mill  of  the  Cliff  paper  company  of 
Niagara  Falls,  New  York,  and  discussion.  (Trans.  Am.  S.  C.  E. 
Aug.,  1894.     32:214-230.) X 

Johnston,  Charles.  A  narrative  of  the  capture,  detention,  and  ransom 
of  Charles  Johnston  of  Botetout  county,  Virginia,  who  was  made  pris- 
oner by  the  Indians  on  the  river  Ohio,  in  the  year  1  790:  together  with 
an  interesting  account  of  the  fate  of  his  companions,  five  in  number,  one 
of  whom  suffered  at  the  stake.  To  which  are  added,  sketches  of  Indian 
character  and  manners,  with  illustrative  anecdotes.  New  York:  J.  and 
J.Harper.     1827.     Pp.  87-88 V 

Johnston,  James  Finlay  Weir.  Notes  on  North  America;  agri- 
cultural, economical  and  social.  Bost. :  C.  C.  Little  and  J.  BrowTi, 
Edinb.  and  Lond. :  W.  Blackwood  and  Sons.  1  85  1 .  1  :  247- 
258    VII 

Johnston,    W.    and    A.    K.       Quebec,    Niagara,    Montreal. 

10  X  7Y2.  (In  their  World-wide  atlas  of  modern  geography,  etc. 
5th  ed.  fol.  Edinb.  and  Lond.:  W.  and  A.  K.  Johnston.  1900. 
P.    116    IX 

Johnstone,  C.  L.  Winter  and  summer  excursions  in  Canada.  Lond. : 
Digby,  Long,  and  Co.    I  894.    Pp.  206-207 IV 

Joinville,  F.  F.  P.  L.  M.  d'O.,  Prince  de.  Memoirs,  vieux 
souvenirs,  of  the  Prince  de  Joinville;  tr.  from  the  French,  by  Lady  Mary 
Loyd.     N.  Y.:  Macmillan.      1895.     P.    1  1  6 Ill 

Joliet,  Louis.  Nouvelle  decouverte  de  plusieurs  nations  dans  la  Nouvelle 
France  en  Tannee  1673  et  1674.  Gaston  Morel  lith.  (Reduction 
facsimile).  Imp.  E.  Cagniard  a  Rouen.  16x21  Yz-  (^"  Mag.  of  Am. 
hist.  Ed.  by  John  Austin  Stevens.  N.  Y. :  A.  S.  Barnes.  1882.  9: 
273.) IX 

Nouvelle  decouverte  des  plusieurs  nations  dans  la  Nouvelle  France, 

en  I'annee  1  673  et  1  674.  21  x  153/^.  (In  Thwaites,  R.  G.,  Jesuit  rela- 
tions.   Cleveland:    Burrows  Bros.     1900.    59:86.) IX 

Jordan,  C.  W.  An  account  of  a  visit  to  the  power  plant  of  the  Ontario 
power  company  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Proc.  inst.  of  mechanical  engi- 
neers.   January  7,    1910.    61:53-87.) 

— —  The  development  of  electrical  power  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Nature. 
April  7,  1910.    83:173-176.) 

Joutel,  Henri.  Carte  nouvelle  de  la  Louisiane,  et  de  la  riviere  de 
Mississippi,  decouverte  par  feu  mr.  de  la  Salle.  .  .  .  Dressee  par  le 
S'r.  Joutel,  qui  etoit  de  ce  Voyage.  1713.  (In  his  Journal  of  La 
Salle's  last  voyage.    .    .    .    Chicago:    i  he  Caxton  Club.     1896.)  .  .  TX 

1344 


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Joutel,  Henri.  Carte  nouvelle  de  la  Louislane,  et  de  la  riviere  de 
Mississippi,  decouverte  par  feu  mr.  de  la  Salle.  Dressee  par  le  S'r. 
Joutel  qui  etoit  de  ce  Voyage.  1713.  {In  his  Journal  of  La 
Salle's  last  voyage,  1684-7.  .  .  .  New  ed.  Albany:  J.  McDonough. 
1906.)    IX 

— — —  A  new^  map  of  the  country  of  Louisiana  and  of  ye  river  Missisipi 
in  North  America,  discover'd  by  monsr  de  la-  Salle  in  ye  years  1681 
and  1  686,  as  also  of  several  other  rivers  before  unknown.  .  .  .  By 
the  Sr.  Joutel,  who  perform'd  that  voyage.  1713.  (/n  his  Journal  of 
the  last  voyage  perform'd  by  Monsr,  de  la  Salle.  .  .  .  Lend. :  Printed 
for  A.  Bell,     [etc.]     1714.) IX 

Judah,  T.  D.  (Civil  engineer.)  Map  of  the  villages  of  Bellvue, 
Niagara  Falls  and  Elgin.  30  x  42.  Buffalo,  N.  Y, :  Lith.  of  Compton 
and  Gibson.     [1854.] IX 

Judson,  William  Pierson.  From  the  west  and  northwest  to  the  sea 
by  the  way  of  the  Niagara  ship  canal.     N.  Y. :  1890 XII 

— — ^  History  of  the  various  projects,  reports,  discussions  and  estimates 
for  reaching  the  Great  Lakes  from  tide-water,  1768-1901.  N.  p. 
N.  d.    Pp.  10-12 XII 

Kalm,  Peter.  Fac-simile  from  Kalm,  A.  D.  1 750.  "  XX  '* 
Engraved  for  Ingraham's  "  Description  of  Niagara." IX 

■  '  A  letter  from  Mr.  Kalm,  a  gentleman  of  Sweden,  now  on  his 
travels  in  America,  to  his  friend  in  Philadelphia  containing  a  particular 
account  of  the  great  fall  of  Niagara,  September  2,  1  750.  (Gentle- 
man's mag..  Jan..  1751.     21:15-19.) H.  VI  and  IX 

A  letter  from  Mr.  Kalm,   a  gentleman  of  Sweden,  now  on  his 

travels  in  America,  to  his  friend  in  Philadelphia,  containing  a  particular 
account  of  the  great  fall  of  Niagara.  (In  Bartram,  John,  Observa- 
tions on  the  inhabitants,  climate,  soil,  rivers,  productions,  animals,  and 
other  matters  worthy  of  notice  .  .  .  Lond. :  Whiston  and  White. 
1751.     Pp.   79-94.) II 

[Kalm,  Peter.]  A  view  of  the  famous  cataract  of  Niagara  in  North 
America.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y,  Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 
1 697-1 87— .     Mat  2.) IX 

Keller,  Majcr  Charles.  Niagara  river  from  above  the  Falls  to  Lake 
Ontario;  prepared  under  the  direction  of  Major  Charles  Keller,  Corps 
of  Engr's.,  U.  S.  Army,  in  1  909 IX 

Kellogg,  E.  B.  and  E.  C.  Niagara  and  its  wonders.  (Grosvenor 
library,    Buffalo.    N.    Y.      Views   of   Niagara    Falls.       1697-187—. 

Mat  26.)    IX 

85  1345 


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Kelsey,  Richard.  Niagara.  Jephthah.  Remarks  upon  the  defense  of 
Wessex  by  Alfred  the  Great;  with  other  compositions,  in  verse  and 
piose.      Lond.:    1848 VIII 

Kelly,  Christopher.  A  new  and  complete  system  of  universal  geogra- 
phy.    Lond.:  Kelly.     1819-1822.     1:548-549 V 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne.  Records  of  a  girlhood.  N.  Y.r  Holt. 
1879.     Pp.  579-585 Ill 

Kennedy,  William,  Jr.  Canadian  water  powers.  With  special 
reference  to  the  utilization  for  electrical  purposes.  (British  association 
for  the  advancement  of  science,  Toronto  meeting,  1897,  Handbook  of 
Canada.)    Toronto:   1897.    Chap.  8:385-387.) X 

Kent,  William.  Memoirs  and  letters  of  Jajnes  Kent,  late  chancellor  of 
the  state  of  New  York.  Bost. :  Little,  Brown  and  Co.  1898.  Pp. 
154-156    Ill 

Kenyon,  O.  A.  Utilization  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng. 
June  3,  1905.     46:1038.) X 

Ketchum,  William.  An  authentic  and  comprehensive  history  of 
Buffalo.  .  .  .  Buffalo:  Rockwell,  Baker,  and  Hill.  1864-1865. 
1:51-55 V 

Keyes,  Monroe  James.  Tourists'  illustrated  guide  book  to  the 
islands,  peninsulas,  and  cities  of  Lake  Erie  and  Niagara  Falls.  Bucyrus, 
O.:  News  pub.  CO.    1899.    Pp.  78-79 XII 

Kibbe,  August  S.  Report  of  the  survey  to  determine  the  crest  lines  of 
the  Falls  of  Niagara  in  1  890,  made  under  the  direction  of  John  Bogart, 
state  engineer  and  surveyor.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.  at  Niagara.    Albany.     1891.    7:195-102.) VII 

Kingsbury,  J.  Addison.  Pleasure  and  travel  made  easy.  A  better 
way  to  see  old  sights  or  new  .  .  .  Vol.  I,  Pittsburgh:  Kingsbury. 
1884    XII 

Pleasure  travel   made  easy.      A  better  way  to  see  old  sights  or 

new.  .  .  .  Pittsburgh:  (Allegheny  Valley  railroad  company.) 
1885. 

Kingsmill,  Thomas  W.  Time  gauge  of  Niagara.  (Nature.  Aug. 
9.  1894.     50:  338.) VII 

Kingston,  William  H.  G.  Western  wanderings,  or,  A  pleasure  tour 
in  the  Canadas.    Lond.:  Chapman  and  Hall.     1856.     1  :  265-31  I  .XI 

Kirkpatrick,  John  Ervin.  Timothy  Flint,  pioneer,  missionary, 
author,  editor,  1780-1840.  .  .  .  Cleveland:  Arthur  H.  Clark  Co. 
1911.      Pp.    198-199 Ill 

1346 


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Kitchin,  Thomas.  A  map  of  the  French  settlements  in  North  America. 
7x7.  {In  the  London  mag.  Lond. :  for  R.  Baldwin.  Dec,  1  747. 
I6:opp.  543.) IX 

North  America,  wherein  are  particularly  distinguished  the  British 

dominions,  the  United  States,  and  the  adjacent  Spanish  territories.  {In 
Mills,  David,  A  report  on  the  boundaries  of  Ontario.  Toronto: 
1873.)     IX 

Knight,  S.  S.  The  new  twenty-live  hundred  horse  power  turbines  at 
Niagara.     (Sci.  Am.,  Dec.  10,  1898.     79:  373-374.) X 

Koch,  Felix  J.  Fleecing  tourists  on  the  grand  tour  at  much-threatened 
Niagara.      (Overland  mo..  May.   1  907.     49:417-419.) XI 

Koester,  Frank.  Hydro-electric  developments  and  engineering.  .  .  . 
N.  Y.:  D.  Van  Nostrand  Co.    1909.     (See  index.) X 

Kohl,  J.  G.  Travels  in  Canada,  and  through  the  states  of  New  York 
and  Pennsylvania.  Tr.  by  Mrs.  Percy  Sinnett.  Rev.  by  the  author. 
Lond.:  Manwaring.      1861.     2:128-178 IV 

Kollner,  August.  Rapids  of  Niagara,  drawn  from  nature.  Paris: 
Goupil. 

Krausse  and  Eltiner  (sc).     Eisenbahn  Hangerbriicker 

iiber  den  Niagara.  [I860?]  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87— .     Mat  1  7.) IX 

Kroupa,  B.  An  artist's  tour;  gleanings  and  impressions  in  North  and 
Central  America  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Lond. :  Ward  and 
Downey.     1890.     Pp.  327-330 XI 

Kutz,  Capt.  Charles  W.  Reports  upon  the  existing  water  power 
situation  at  Niagara  Falls,  so  far  as  concerns  the  diversion  of  water  on 
the  American  side,  by  the  American  members  of  the  International 
waterways  commission  and  Captain  Charles  W.  Kutz,  Corps  of  Engi- 
neers, U.  S.  A.     Wash. :  Gov't  print,  off.      1  906 XI 

La  France,  Joseph.  A  new  map  of  part  of  North  America  from  the 
htitude  of  40  to  68  degrees.  12|/2  x  18|/^.  {In  Dobbs,  Arthur. 
Remarks  upon  capt.  Middleton's  defence.  Lond. :  1 744.  Opp. 
P.   I.)    IX 

La  Franchise,  de.  Le  Sievr  de  la  Franchise  av  discovrs  Dv  Sievr 
Champlain.  {In  Champlain,  Samuel  de,  Des  sauvages.  .  .  .  Paris. 
1604.)    VIII 

La  Lande,  M.  de  la.  Memoire  sur  la  vie  de  M.  Picquet,  missionaire 
au  Canada.  (Lettres  edifiantes  ct  cuneuses,  ecrites  des  missions 
etrangeres.    Nonvelle  edn.    Paris:  J.  P.  Merigot.    1783.    Tome  XXVI, 

p.  32.)   I 

1347 


Niagara  Falls 

La  nouvelle  fosse  aux  turbines  de  Tusine  hydro-^lectrique 
de  la  Niagara  Falls  power  company  a  Niagara  Falls.     (Le 

Genre  civil.     June  16.  1900.     37:123.) X 

La  nouvelle  usine  hydro-electrique  des  chutes  du  Niagara. 

Le  Genre  civil.    Jan.  3.  1903.    42:149-153.) X 

La  Salle,  Bibliography  of.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  slate 
reserv.  at  Niagara.    Albany.     1893.    9:76-80.) 

Lachian,  Major  R.  Account  of  an  extraordinary  sudden  fall  in  the 
waters  of  the  Niagara  river.  (Can.  jour.  [Can.  inst.,  ser.  1  ]  Apr. 
1855.     3:  204-205.) V 

Lahontan,  Louis  Armand  de  Lorn  d'Arce,  baron  de.  Nouveaux 
voyages  de  Mr.  le  Baron  de  Lahontan,  dans  I'Amerique  Septentrionale; 
qui  contienjient  une  Relation  des  differens  Peuples  qui  y  habitant;  la 
nature  de  leur  gouvernement ;  leur  commerce,  leurs  coutumes,  leur 
religion  &  leur  maniere  de  faire  la  guerre  ...  A  la  Haye,  Chez 
les  Freres  I'Honore,  1  703.      1  :107 1 

Nev/  voyages  to  North  America.     Containing  an  account  of  the 

several  nations  of  that  vast  continent  .  .  .  the  several  attempts  of 
the  English  and  French  to  dispossess  one  another  .  .  .  and  the 
various  adventures  between  the  French,  and  the  Iroquese  confederates 
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ada .  .  .  Written  in  French  by  the  Baron  Lahontan 
Done  in  English.  ...  A  great  part  of  which  was  never  printed  in 
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Wotton.  B.  Tooke,  and  S.  Manship.     1  703.     P.  82 1 

—      New   voyages   to   North-America,    by   the    Baron    de   Lahontan; 


reprinted  from  the  English  edition  of  1  703,  with  facsimiles  of  original 
title-pages,  maps,  and  illustrations,  and  the  addition  of  introduction, 
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.    .    .    Paris:  Levy.  1885.    Pp.  70-86 IV 

Langheim,  F .     Daguerreotypes  of  Niagara.      (1840?)  .  .  .  .IX 

Langhorne,  Maurice.    Water  power  at  Buffalo.    N.  Y. :  &  [Wash.:] 

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134« 


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Langslow,   Richard.      A   Niagara   Falls  tourist  of  the  year    1817. 

(Pub.  Buff.  Hist.  Soc.     5:  111-133.) XII 

Lanier,  Robert  S.     International  aid  for  Niagara.      (R.  of  R.,  Apr., 

1906.     33:  432-439.) XI 

[Large    view    of    Terrapin    tower    and    Horseshoe    FalL] 

(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 

187-.     Mat  27.)    IX 

Largest  waterfall  in  the  world  (The).      (R.  of  R.,  Apr.  1905. 

31:491.)    V 

Latest  foolhardy  feat  (The).     (Spec,  July  17.  1886.     59:950- 

951.)    V 

Latham,   Henry.      Black  and  white.     A  journal  of  a  three  months' 

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231    IV 

Latrobe,     Charles     Joseph.        Niagara.        (/n  Barham,     William, 

Descriptions  of  Niagara,  selected  from  various  travellers;  with  original 

additions.    Gravesend.    n.  d.    Pp.   105-1  11.) XI 

Lattimore,  S.  A.      lA  letter  on  the  advantages  of  state  ownership.] 

(1st  ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.    Albany: 

1886.    Pp.   18-21.) XI 

Laugel,  Auguste.     Les  Etats-Unis  pendant  la  Guerre  (1861-1865). 

Paris:  Germer  Bailliere.      1866.     Pp.   132-137. 

Le  Beau,  C.  Avantures  du  Sr.  C.  Le  Beau  .  .  .  ou  voyage  curieux 
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Le  Clerc,  Sebastian.  Chute  de  la  Riviere  de  Niagara.  Elie  enleve 
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(Elie  enleve  dans  un  Char  de  Feu.)    Grosevenor  library,  Buffalo, 

N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-1  87-.      Mat   1.) IX 

Le  Clercq,  Chretien.  Etablissement  de  la  Foy  dans  le  Nouvelle 
France,  contenant  I'Histoire  des  Colonies  Fran'^oises  &  des  Decouvertes 
qui  s'y  font  faites  jusque  a  present:  avec  une  relation  exacte  des  Expedi- 
tions &  Voyages  entrepris  pour  la  Decouverte  du  Fleuve  Mississippi 
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First  establishment  of  the  faith  in  New  France   .    .    .    Translated 

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Le  Sueur,  Ernest  A.  Commercial  power  development  at  Niagara. 
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Professor   Forbes   on   "  Harnessing  Niagara."      (Pop.   sci.   mo., 

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League  of  American  wheelmen.  Eleventh  annual  meet,  Niagara 
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club.     Pp.    1  7-24 XII 

Legend  of  the  whirlpool.  Buffalo.  N.  Y. :  Press  of  Thomas  & 
Co.      1840   VIII 

Lescarbot,  Marc.  Histoire  de  la  Nowelle  France,  contenant  les 
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Lespinasse,  R.  The  great  cataract  illustrated,  and  complete  guide  to  all 
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Lessons  from  the  Niagara  power  plant.      (Eng.  rec,  Jan.   14, 

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Lewris,  George.      Impressions  of  America  and  the  American  churches: 

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Pp.  334-341   IV 

Liancourty    la   Rochefoucault,   Duke   de.      Travels   through  the 

United  States  of  North  America,  the  country  of  the  Iroquois,  and  upper 

Canada,  in  the  years  I  795,  1  796,  and  1  797;  with  an  authentic  account 

of  Lower  Canada.     2  vols.     Lond. :  R.  PhiHips.     1  799.     1  :  22  L  223, 

224,  225 II,  VI  and  X 

Lieber,  Francis,  ed.     Letters  to  a  gentleman  in  Germany,  written  after 

a  trip  from  Philadelphia  to  Niagara.      Phila.:  Carey,  Lea  and  Blan- 

chard.     1834.     Pp.  333-356 VII 

Life  history  of  Niagara  (The).      (Engineering,  March  22,   1889. 

47:269-271.) 
Light   on   the   age   of   Niagara.      (Pub.    opin.,   Oct.   20,    1898. 

25:496.)     VII 

Lighting  of  the  gorge  at  Niagara  Falls   (The).      (Elec.  rev., 

Sept.  22,  1897.     31:141.) 
Lillie,  A.     Canada:  physical,  economic,  and  social.     Toronto:  Maclear 

and  Co.     1855.    Pp.  65-67 V 

Limits  to  the  profitable  development  of  water  power.     (Eng. 

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Lincoln,   Benjamin.      Journal  of   a  treaty  held  in    1 793,   with   the 

Indian  tribes  north-west  of  the  Ohio,  by  commissioners  of  the  United 

States.      (Mass.   Hist.  Soc.   collec.      3d  ser.      5:122-125.) II 

Lincoln,  P.  M.      [Effects  of  lightning  on  the  Niagara  Falls  and  Buffalo 

transmission  line.]      (Eng.  news,  June  12,  1902.     47:487-488.). 
Lines  written  immediately  on  first  beholding  Niagara  Falls, 

July,    1815.       {In    Western    review    and    miscellaneous   imagazine. 

Lexington.       1819.       1:127-128.) V 

Liston,  James  Knox.     Niagara  Falls;  a  poem  in  three  cantos  .   .   . 

Toronto:  Author.      1843 VIII 

Local   distribution   at   Niagara   Falls.       (Elec.   wld.      Feb.    20, 

1897.     29:267.) 

Local  distribution  of  the  cataract  power  at  Niagara  Falls. 

(Elec.  eng.     Feb.   10.   1897.     23:153.) X 

Logan,  James.     Notes  of  a  journey  through  Canada,  the  United  States 

of  America,  and  the  West  Indies.  Edinb. :  1  838.  Pp.  1  38-1  40  .  .  Ill 
Logan,  John  D.      Over-song  of  Niagara.      (Can.  mag.,  Sept.,    1907. 

29:  440.)    VIII 

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LombardO)  Alberto.  Los  Estados-Unidos.  (Notas  y  Episodios  de 
Viaje.)     Mexico.     1 884.     Pp.  1  76-1 82 XI 

Long  and  Long.  Niagara  power.  Niagara  shore  real  estate.  [Buf., 
N.  Y.    cl891.] X 

Long,  Elias  A.  An  acre  in  the  city.  A  brief  treatise  on  land,  million- 
aires, fortunes  in  real  estate,  Buffalo,  Niagara  power.  No  pub.  n.d. 
Pp.  24-30 X 

Niagara  as  it  is.     A  complete  guide.     N.  Y. :  Rural  publishing 

CO.      1892    XII 

Niagara  power;   the  utilization  of  the  world's  greatest  waterfall 

for  power  purposes  .  .  .  Buffalo:  The  Wemborne-Sumner  Co. 
(1889.)    X 

Long  distatnce  transmission  record  (The).  (Elec.  wld..  May  2, 
1908.  51 :  888-889.)    X 

Long  transmission  line  in  Ontario.  (Power.  Oct.  13,  1908. 
29:615.) 

Longfellow,  Henry  W.  Poems  of  places.  Boston:  James  R. 
Osgood  and  Co.     1876-1879.     27:152-167 VIII 

Longfellow,  S.  Under  the  bridge  at  Niagara.  (In  his  Hymns  and 
verses.      Bost. :    Houghton  Mifflin.      1894.      Pp.    1  00-1  01 .)  .  .  .  VIII 

Lord,  John  C.  The  genius  of  Niagara.  (In  his  Occasional  poems. 
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Lord  Kelvin's  view^s  on  Niagara  development.  (W.  elec. 
Aug.  21.  1897.     21:109.) X 

Lome,  John  George  Edw^ard  Henry  Douglas  Sutherland 
Campbell,  Marquis  of.  Canadian  pictures  drawn  with  pen  and 
f)encil;  with  numerous  illustrations  from  objects  and  photographs  in  the 
possession  of  and  sketches  by  the  Marquis  of  Lome,  Sydney  Hall,  etc., 
engraved  by  Edward  \^Tiymper.     N.  Y. :  n.d.     Pp.  66-69 XI 

The  governor-general's  reply  to  addresses  from  the  royal  academy 

and  the  Ontario  society  of  artists,  Toronto,  June,  1883.  (In  Memories 
of  Canada  and  Scotland:  speeches  and  verses.  Montreal:  Dawson 
Brothers.     1884.     Pp.  334-335.) XI 

— • —  Niagara.  (In  his  Memories  of  Canada  and  Scotland;  speeches 
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Lotter,  Matthieu  Albert.  Carte  nouvelle  de  I'Amerique  Angloise 
contenant  tout  ce  que  les  Anglois  possedent  sur  le  Continent  de  I'Amer- 
ique Sepientrionale  savoir  le  Canada,  la  Nouvelle  Ecosse  ou  Acadie, 
les  treize  Provinces  unies  .  .  .  avec  la  Floride.  Gravee  exactement 
d'apres  les  determinations  geographiques  dernierement  faites  par  Matthieu 

Albert  Lotter  a  Augsburg IX 

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Loveman,  Robert.     Niagara.      (In  his  Poems.     Tuscaloosa:  Burton, 

1893.     P.   17.) VIII 

Lovett,  Richard.     United  States  pictures  drawn  with  pen  and  pencil. 

Lend..  N.  Y..  and  Chicago.     1891.     Pp.  130,  138-144 V 

Lowry,  Augustus  N.     Niagara.     Revised  edition.      [1886  c]  .  .VIII 

Luken,  Caspar.     Niagara.      ( 1 697) IX 

Lutard,    Auguste.       Aux    £tats-Unis.       Deuxieme    edition.       Paris: 

Societe  d'editions  scientifiques.     N.  Y. :  Brentano.      1  896.      Pp.   1  96- 

205    XII 

Lyell,  Sir  Charles.      Life,  letters  and  journals  of  Sir  Charles  Lyell, 

Bart.     Lond.:  Murray.      1881.     2:61 XI 

A  memoir  on  the  recession  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Proc.  Geol. 

Soc.  of  London.     1842.     3:  595-602.) VII 

Principles  of  geology.    Phila. :  J.  Kay.     1837.     1  : 1  76-1  78  .VII 

— —     Travels  in  North  America,  in  the  years  1841—2;  with  geological 

observations  on  the  United  States,  Canada,  and  Nova  Scotia.     N.  Y. : 

Wiley  and  Putnam.     1845.     1  :  22-43 VII 

M.  A.      Niagara:   a  poem.      N.  Y. :  Seymour.      1822 VIII 

M.    K.      Shooting    the    Falls.        (MacmiU..    Nov.,     1882.       47:42- 

47.)    VIII 

McCann,    John    Earnest    and    Saltus,    Francis    S.      Niagara. 

(McClure.     Oct.,   1894.     3:436.) VIII 

Macaulay,  James.     Across  the  ferry:  first  impressions  of  America  and 

its  people.  Lond. :  Hodder  and  Stoughton.  1871.  Pp.  186-1  97. XI 
Macauley,   James.      Tlie  natural,   statistical   and  civil  history  of  the 

state  of  New  York.      N.  Y. :  Gould  and  Banks.      1829.      1:212- 

217 V 

McCausIin,  Robert.  An  account  of  an  earthy  substance  found  near 
the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  \ailgarly  called  the  spray  of  the  falls:  together 
with  some  remarks  on  the  falls.  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  1  793. 
3:17-24.)    VII 

McEIroy,  Samuel.     Water  power  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Sci.  Am.  sup. 

Nov.  14,  1883.     20:8217-8218.) X 

McFarland,   J.   Horace.      Shall  we  make  a   coal  pile  of  Niagara? 

(Ladies'  home  jour.,  Sept.,   1905.     22:19.) XI 

McGuire,  Michael.  Thoughts  on  Niagara.  (In  Artman,  William 
and  Hall,  L.  V.,  Beauties  and  achievements  of  the  blind.  Dansville, 
N.  Y.:  Pub.  for  the  authors.     1854.     P.  363-365.) VIII 

1353 


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Mackay,  Alexander.  The  western  world;  or.  Travels  in  the  United 
States  in  1846—1847:  exhibiting  them  in  their  latest  development 
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1849.     3:116-131    IV 

Mackay,  Charles.  Life  and  liberty  in  America;  or.  Sketches  of  a  tour 
in  the  United  States  and  Canada  in  1  85  7—8.  Lond. :  Smith,  Elder. 
1859.     1:75-99 IV 

Mackenzie,  Eneas.  An  historical,  topographical,  and  descriptive  view 
of  the  United  States  and  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada.  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne:  Mackenzie  and  Dant.      (1819.).     Pp.  49-52 V 

McKenney,  Thomas  L.  Sketches  of  a  tour  to  the  Lakes  .  .  . 
Bait.:  F.  Lucas.     1827.    Pp.  93-99 Ill 

McKinnon,  Daniel.  A  tour  through  the  British  West  Indies  in  the 
years  1 802  and  1 803,  giving  a  particular  account  of  the  Bahama 
Islands.  2d  ed.  with  an  eipp.  Lond. :  for  J.  White  by  S.  Woolrner. 
1812.     Pp.  282-286 II 

Maclay,  William.  Journal,  ed.  by  Edgar  S.  Maclay.  N.  Y. : 
D.  Appleton  and  Co.      1 890.     P.  1 90 VII 

Madan,  H.  G.  Complementary  colors  at  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
(Nature.     Dec.  21.  1882.     27:174.) VII 

Maginn,  M.  E.  Can  the  power  of  the  Niagara  Falls  be  economically 
and  effectively  utilized?  If  so,  what  inducement  is  there  for  capital? 
(Chicago.      1889.) 

"  Maid  of  the  mist  "  shooting  the  Niagara  rapids.  (Harp,  w., 
June  22,  1861.     5,  no.  234:389.) V 

Maitland,  Frederic  William.  Life  and  letters  of  Leslie  Stephen. 
N.  Y.:  Putnam.     1906.     Pp.  124-125 IV 

Mansfield,  Lewis  W.  and  Hammond,  Samuel  H.  Country 
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Phillips.  Sampson  and  Co.      1855.      Pp.  278-281 IV 

Manufacture  and  development  of  carborundum  at  Niagara 
Falls.      (Jour,  soc.  chem.  ind.,  Mar.  31,  1897.      16:246.) 

Map  and  section  of  canals  and  tunnel  proposed  by  Cataract 
construction  company.  (Eng.  news.  May  17,  1890.  23: 
462.     May  24.  1890.     24:  484.) X 

Map  of  North  America  with  Niagara  Falls  inset  of  Kalm- 
Hennepin  type.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of 
Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  22.) IX 

1354 


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Map  of  the  British  and  French  settlements  in  North  Amer- 
ica (A)  (part  the  first).  Containing  Canada,  Nova  Scotia, 
Newfoundland,  New  England,  part  of  New  York,  with  the  lakes,  six 
nations,  and  all  the  countries  westward  in  the  same  parallels  so  far  as 
discover'd;  exhibiting  the  just  boundaries,  and  the  French  encroachments: 
laid  down  from  authentic  surveys.  [1753]?  (American  maps,  II, 
No.    10.)    IX 

Map  of  the  British  and  French  settlements  in  North  Amer- 
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17:145.) IX 

Map  of  the  five  great  lakes  with  part  of  Pensilvania.  New 
York,  Canada  and  Hudson  bay  territories,  etc.  [anon.] 
8J/2  X  10.  (/rt  the  London  mag.  Lond.:  For  R.  Baldwin.  Sept., 
1755.     24:opp.  432.) IX 

Marcou,  Jules.  Le  Niagara  quinze  ans  apres.  (Extrait  du  Bulletin 
de  la  Societe-Geologique  de  France.  2e  serie.  XXII.  P.  1 90. 
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Marjoribanks,  Alexander.  Travels  in  South  and  North  America. 
Lond. :  Simpkin,  Marshall,  and  Co.     1 853.     Pp.  266-275 IV 

Marryat,  Frederick,  Captain.  Diary  in  America,  with  remarks 
on  its  institutions.  Lond. :  Longman,  Orme,  Brown,  Green,  and 
Longman.       1839.       1  :159-165 Ill 

Marsh,  Luther  R.  Niagara's  emancipation.  Remarks  of  Mr.  Luther 
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on  reporting  to  it,  as  one  of  its  committee,  appointed  to  attend  the 
opening  ceremonies  at  the  inauguration  of  the  Niagara  Reservation, 
July  15,1  883.     New  York :  Martin  B.  Brown.     1885 XI 

Marshall,  Charles.  The  Canadian  dominion.  Lond. :  Longmans 
Green.      1871.     Pp.  76^92 IV  and  XI 

Marshall,  Orsamus  H.  First  visit  of  de  La  Salle  to  the  Senecas 
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Marshall,  O.  H.  Tlie  Niagara  frontier,  embracing  sketches  of  its 
early  history,  and  Indian,  French  and  English  local  names;  read  before 
the  Buffalo  historical  club,  Feb.  27,  1865.  {In  Buffalo  Hist.  Soc. 
pub.,    1 880.     2 :  395-429.) V 

Marshall,  W.  G.  Through  America;  or,  Nine  months  in  the  United 
States.  Lond. :  Sampson,  Low,  Marston,  Searle,  and  Rivington.  1881. 
Pp.    71-84    XI 

[Marston,   Frank.]      Frank's  rauiche  .   .   .   Bost. :   Houghton  Mifflin. 

1886.     Pp.  76-81    VIII 

1355 


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Martin,  Robert  Montgomery.  British  colonies;  their  history,  extent, 
condition  and  resources.  Lond.  and  N.  Y. :  J.  and  S.  TaUis. 
(1850?).     Div.  I,  pp.  74-75 V 

Martin,  Thomas  Commerford.  Niagara  on  tap.  (Jour.  Frank, 
inst.,  Oct..  1896.     142:287-302.) X 

Niagara  on  tap.      (Jour.  Frank,  inst.,  Nov.,    1896.      142:354— 

366.)    X 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.      (Ann.   rep'ts  Smith,   inst.,    1896. 

51 :  pt.  1,  223-232.) X 

The  utilization  of  Niagara.      (Printed  in  Proc.  of  Royal  inst. 

of  Gt.  Br.     15:269-279.) X 

Martineau,  Harriet.     Retrospect  of  western  travel.     Lond. :  Saunders 

and  Otley.      1838.      1  :96-109 Ill 

Mather,  J.  H.  and  Brockett,  L.  C.     A  geographical  history  of  the 

state  of  New  York.     Utica :  Fuller.     1851.     Pp.  348-349 V 

[Mathews.]      A  summer  month;   or.    Recollections  of   a  visit  to   ihe 

Falls  of  Niagara,  and  the  lakes.      Phila. :   H.  C.   Carey  and  I.   Lea. 

1823.     Pp.  65-81 Ill 

Mathews,  Catharine  van  Cortlandt.     Andrew  Ellicott,   his  life 

and  letters.     N.  Y. :  Grafton.      1  908.     Pp.  72-76 IX 

Matthews,   Northrup    &   Company.      A   little  guide  to   Niagara 

Falls  .   .   .   and  a  program  for  a  two  weeks'  visit,  by  an  old  resident. 

Buffalo:  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co.      1890. 
Maude,    John.      Visit   to  the   Falls   of   Niagara,    in    1800.      Lond.: 

Longman,    Rees,    Orme,    Brown    and    Green.       1826.       Pp.     131  — 

165 II,  IX  and  XII 

Maverick,  Peter   (sc.)      Niagara  from  below.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1  697-1  87-.     Mat  8.)  .  IX 
Maxwell,   Archibald    Montgomery.      A  run   through   the  United 

States  during  the  autumn  of   1840.      Lond.:   Henry  Colburn.      1841. 

1:260-287;  2:1-10 Ill 

Meadows,  J.     From  the  stone  tower  at  Niagara.     (Lit.  liv.  age.     Aug. 

11.   1855.     46:351.) V 

Meagher,  William.      A  visit  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara.      (Irish  mo. 

May,  1879.     7:271-274.). 
Medley,  Julius  George.     An  autumn  tour  in  the  United  States  and 

Canada.     Lond. :  H.  S.  King.      1  873.     Pp.  86-88 XI 

Meister,  Wilhelm.     Creation's  pride.      (In  Johnson,  R.  L.,  Niagara, 

its   history,    incidents,    and   poetry.      Wash.:    W.    Neale.       1898.      P. 

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1356 


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Melish,  John.  Travels  in  the  United  States  of  America,  in  the  years 
1806  &  1807.  and  1809,  1 810,  &  1811.  .  .  .  Phila.:  T.  and  G. 
Palmer.      1812.     2:318-323 Ill  and  XII 

View  of  the  country  round  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     J.  Vallance. 

(sc.)  6}/2  X  4.  {In  his  A  military  and  topographical  atlas  of  the 
United  States,  including  the  British  possessions  and  Florida:  (etc.) 
Phila. :  G.  Palmer.      1813.     Opp.  p.   11.) IX 

View   of   the   country   round  the  Falls   of   Niagara.      6|/2    x   4. 

(In  his  Travels  through  the  United  States.     Phila.:  G.  Palmer.      1815. 

2:  opp  p.  318 IX 

View  of  the  country  round  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     6^/2  x  4.     (In 

his  Geographical  description  of  the  United  States  with  the  contiguous 
countries  including  Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.  New  ed.  Phila.: 
By  the  author.      1  822.     P.    1  38.) IX 

Mellen,  Greenville,  ed.  Book  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  N.  Y. : 
Smith.      1839.     Pp.  63-67 V 

Memorandum  concerning  the  jurisdiction,  powers  and  pro- 
ceedings of  the  commissioners  of  the  state  reservation  at 
Niagara  with  respect  to  the  preservation  of  the  Falls  and 
scenery  of  Niagara.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv. 
at    Niagara.       21  :  59-80.) XI 

Meredith,  E.  A.  The  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park.  (Can. 
mag.,  July.    1897.      9:228-239.) XI 

Merrill,  Frederick  J.  H.  A  guide  to  the  study  of  the  geological 
collections  of  the  New  York  state  museum.  (Bui.  of  the  N.  Y.  state 
museum.     Nov.,  1898.     4:  No.  19.     Albany:  1898.     See  index)  .VII 

Merritt,  J.  P.  Canada  seventy  years  ago,  or  Prince  Edward's  visit 
to  Niagara.     3d  ed.     St.  Catharines,  Ont. ;   1  860 VIII 

Mershon,  Ralph  D.  High  voltage  measurements  at  Niagara.  (Trans. 
Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.,  Atlantic  City.  June  30.  1908.  27,  pt.  II: 
845-929.) 

Losses    and   critical   voltages   of   high    tension   transmission   lines. 

(Eng.  dig.,  Sept..  1908.    4:  256-257.) X 

The   transmission   plant   of   the   Niagara,    Lockport   and   Ontario 

power   company.       (Trans.    Am.    inst.    elec.    engrs.,    N.    F.      June  26, 

1907.     26  pt.  11:1273-1317.) " X 

Metz,  .    (del.)    The  Falls  of  Niagara.     Heath,    (sc.)     Published 

as  the  act  directs  by  Harrison  &  Co,     April,  1  783 IX 

1357 


Niagara  Falls 

Meurslum,  Jacobum.  Novissima  et  accuratissima  totius  Americae 
descriptio  per  Jacobum  Meursium.  1  7  x  20.  (/n  Montanus,  Arnaldus, 
De  nieuwe  en  onbekende  wereldt.  Amsterdam:  J.  Meurs.  1671. 
Frontispiece.)    IX 

Michigan  Central  Railroad  company.  From  city  to  surf  .  .  . 
"The  Niagara  Falls  route."  Chicago:  Rand,  McNally.  1888. 
Pp.  1-78 XII 

General  passenger  department.     Niagara  Falls.     Chicago:  Rand, 

McNally.      1901     XII 

Niagara  Falls.     Chicago.      1902 XII 

Niagara  Falls  from  different  points  of  view.     Chicago:  Knight 


Leonard  and   Co.       1895 XII 

Niagara    Falls    from    many   points   of  view.      Chicago:    Knight 


Leonard  and  Co.     N.d XII 

Niagara     Falls     in     miniature.       Chicago:     Rand,     McNally. 


1896    XII 

Middle  States:  a  handbook  for  travelers  (The).   .  .   .   Bost, : 

Osgood.     1881.     Pp.  177-184 XII 

Middleton,  Charles  Theodore.  The  great  cataract  or  waterfall  of 
Niagara  in  North  America.  6!/?  x  10'/2.  (In  his  A  new  and  com- 
plete   system    of    geography.       fol.      Lond. :    For    J.    Cook.       1779. 

2:505.)     IX 

Mignot,  Louis  R.      Niagara.      (A  painting.)      1893 IX 

Milbert,  J.  Chute  du  Niagara  prise  du  cote  Americain.  Deroy,  Lith. 
(In  Milbert  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hudson  et  des  parties 
laterales  I'Amerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux  pris  sur  les 
lieux.     Paris:     chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.     Editeurs.     No.  36.)  .  .IX 

Chute  general  du  Niagara,  cote  du  Canada.     Adam  et  Jacottet 

Lith.  (In  Milbert,  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hudson  et  des 
parties  laterales  I'Amerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux  pris 
sur  les  lieux.  Paris:  chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.  Editeurs.  No. 
35.)    IX 

Fer  a  cheval  de  la  chute  du  Niagara  cote  de  Canada.     Sabatier, 

Lith.  (In  Milbert,  J.,  Itineraire  pittoresque  du  Fleuve  Hudson  et  des 
parties  laterales  I'Amerique  du  Nord  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux  pris 
sur  les  lieux.  Paris:  chez  Henry  Gaugain  et  Cie.  Editeurs.  No. 
34.)     IX 

Itineraire  pittoresque  du  fleuve  Hudson  et  des  parties  laterales  de 

I'Araerique  du  Nord,  d'apres  les  dessins  originaux  pris  sur  les  lieux. 
Paris:  Henri  Gaugam  et  Cie.      1  :187-204 Ill 

1358 


Alphabetical  List 

Milbert,  Jacques-Girard.  Cascata  del  Niagara  and  Saut  du  Niagara. 
Myon.  (sc.)  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara 
Falls.  I697-I87-.    Mat  8.) IX 

Miles,  Hiram.  Address  before  the  assembly  committee  on  commerce. 
March  6,   1866 XII 

Miller,  Crosby.  Niagara  Falls,  No.  2.  View  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall 
from  Goat  Island.     Published  by  O.  G.  Steele.     Buffalo :  1 838 IX 

[Minot,  Afrs.].  Sketches  of  scenery  on  Niagarra  river.  (N.  Am.  rev. 
Mar.,   1816.     2:  320-329.) V 

Misner,  Charles  E.  My  experience  on  the  great  ice  bridge  in  the 
gorge  of  the  Niagara  river  at  Niagara  Falls,  January  22,  1 899. 
(Home  mag..  Mar..    1899.      12:  239-242.) V 

Mitchill,  Samuel  L.  A  summary  of  remarks  made  on  the  Falls  of 
Niagara,  by  the  Hon.  Samuel  L.  Mitchill,  as  gathered  from  his  con- 
versations cmd  display  of  mineriJ  specimens.  (The  Portfolio,  Sept., 
1809.    2:231-237.) VII 

Mix,  Ebenezer.  Tragedy  of  the  Devil's  Hole.  (Seaver,  life  of  Mary 
Jemison,  De-he-wa-mis.  4th  ed.  N.  Y.  and  Auburn.  1856.  App. 
I,  pp.  273-277.) V 

M'Jilton,  J.  N.  Niagara.  (In  his  Poems.  Bost. :  Otis,  Broaders. 
1840.     Pp.    112-115.) VIII 

Moll,  Herman.  A  catalogue  of  a  new  and  compleat  atlas  or  set  of 
twenty-six  two-sheet  maps.  All  composed  and  done  according  to  the 
newest  and  most  exact  observations,  by  Herman  Moll,  geographer. 
(Buf.    Hist.   Soc.) IX 

A  map  of  New  France  containing  Canada,  Louisiana,  etc.,  in 

North  America  according  to  the  patent  granted  by  the  King  of  France 
to  Monsieur  Crozat,  dated  the  14th  of  September,  1712,  N.  S.  and 
registered  in  the  Parliament  of  Paris  the  24th  of  the  same  month.  (In 
his  Atlas  geographicus :  or  compleat  system  of  geography  (ancient  and 
modern),  for  America.  Savoy.  Eli  Nutt  for  John  Nicholson.  1717. 
5:676.)    IX 

Map  of  North  America  according  to  ye  newest  and  most  exact 

observations   .    .    .    [1712.]       (Maps  of  America.    1:  No.   26.).. IX 

A   new  &  correct   map  of  the  whole   world.       1719.       (In  his 

The  world  described,     fol.     Lond. :   1710-1  720.     No.  2.) IX 

A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the  King  of  Great 

Britain  on  ye  continent  of  North  America  .  .  .  according  to  the  newest 
and  most  exact  observations.  (In  his  The  world  described.  fol. 
Lond.:  1710-1720.    No.  8.) IX 

1359 


Niagara  Falls 

Moll,  Herman.  A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the  King  of 
Great  Britain  on  ye  continent  of  North  America,  containing  New  Found- 
land,  New  Scotland,  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsil- 
vania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  Carolina.  According  to  the  newest  and 
most  exact  observations.  Dedicated  to  the  Honourable  Walter  Douglas. 
1715   IX 

A  new  and  exact  map  of  the  dominions  of  the  King  of  Great 

Britain  on  ye  continent  of  North  America  .  .  .  according  to  the  newest 
and  most  exact  observations.  [1730]?  (Maps  of  America.  1: 
No.  12.)   IX 

■  To  the  Right  Honourable  John  Lord  Sommers,  Baron  of  Evesham 
in  ye  county  of  Worcester,  President  of  Her  Majesty's  most  honourable 
Privy  Council,  etc.  This  map  of  North  America  according  to  ye 
newest  and  most  exact  observations  is  most  humbly  dedicated  by  your 
lordship's  most  humble  servant.      (Buf.  hist,  soc.) IX 

Monck,  Frances  Elizabeth  Owen  Cole.  My  Canadian  leaves,  an 
account  of  a  visit  to  Canada  in  1864-1865.  Lond. :  Bentley.  I  89 1. 
Pp.  159-1  70 IV 

Money-making  power  of  Niagara.  (Outlook.  June  23,  1906. 
83:483-484.). 

Montule,  Edouard  de.  A  voyage  to  North  America,  and  the  West 
Indies  in   1817.      Lond.:   Phillips.      1821.      Pp.  92-95..  Ill  and  IX 

Moodie,  Mrs.  Susanna  Strickland.  Life  in  the  clearings.  Lond.: 
R.   Bentley.      1853.     Pp.  330-371 XI 

Moore,  George.  Journal  of  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic;  with  notes 
on  Canada  and  United  States  ...  in  1844.  Lond.:  Printed  for 
private  circulation,  I  845.     Pp.  59-62 IV 

Moore,  Thomas.  Memoirs,  journal  &  correspondence  of  Thomas 
Moore;  ed.  by  Lord  John  Russell.  Lond.  Longman,  Brown,  Green 
and  Longman's.      1 853.      1:1 69-1  73 Ill 

Life  and  death  of  Lord  Edward  Fitzgerald.      Lend.:  Longman, 

Rees,  Orme,  Brown  and  Green,   1  831 .     Pp.   1  44-1  45 II 

To   the   honourable   W.    R.    Spencer.       (In   his   Poetical   v/orks. 

N.  Y.:  D.  Appleton  andCo.      10  vol.      1853.     2  :  3  1  3-3  1  9.)  .  .  VIII 

To  the  Lady  Charlotte  Rawdon.    (In  his  Poetical  works.    N.  Y. : 

D.  Appleton  and  Co.      1  0  vol.      1  853.     2  :  325-335.) VIII 

More  aspects  of  conservation.     (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.     Mar.,  1913. 

11:117-118.)     X 

1360 


Alphabetical   List 

More  leaves  from  Mr.  Keeley's  journal.      (Colbum's  new  mo. 

mag..   1838.     53:191-197 Ill 

[Moreton,  Mrs.  C.  J.]     Niagara  above  the  cataract.     (In  her  Mis^ 

cellaneous  poems    .     .     .     [Phila. :]    Porter  Eind  Coates.      1875.     Pp. 

1 65-1 69.)    VIII 

Niagara  below  the  cataract.      (In  her  Miscellaneous  poems   .   .   . 

[Phila.:]    Porter  and  Coates.      1875.      Pp.    165-169.) VIII 

Morley,    John.      Life   of    Richard   Cobden.      Lond. :    Chapman    and 

Hall.      1882.     Pp.  6-7 Ill 

Morpeth,  George  William  Frederick  Howard,  Lord.     Niagara 

Falls.      (In  Holley,  G.  W.,  Niagara;  its  history  and  geology,  incidents 

and  poetry   .    .   .   N.  Y.     Buffalo,  Toronto:   1872.     P.   172.)  •  -VIII 
Morris,  Charles.      Niagara  Falls  and  the  Thousand  Islands,      (Half 

hours    of   travel    at   home    and    abroad.      Phila.:    Lippincott.       1896. 

1:27-31.)    V 

Morris,  William.      Letters  sent  home.     Out  and  home  again  by  way 

of  Canada  and  the  United  States;  or.  What  a  summer's  trip  told  me  of 

the  people   and  the  country   of  the  great  West,      Lond. :    F.   Wame. 

N.    Y.:    Scribner.   Welford    and   Armstrong.       (1875).      Pp.    202- 

235 IV  and  XI 

Morse,  Jedidiah.    The  American  gazetteer    ...     2d  ed.,  corrected. 

Bost.:  S.  Halh      1797 V 

—  and  Richard   C.      A  new  universal  gazetteer,  or  geographical 

dictionary   .    .    ,    3d  ed,  rev.  and  corrected.     New  Haven:  S,  Converse. 

1821.    P.  531, V 

The  traveler's  guide  or  pocket   gazetteer   of   the  United  States. 

New  Haven:  Nathan  Whiting.      1823, 
—  and  Morse,  Sidney  Edwards.     Geography  made  easy  .   .  , 

22d  ed,     Bost. :  Richardson  and  Lord.      1890.     P.  84. 
Morse,   Mrs.  S.   D.      Greater  Niagara.      Tourist's  edition,      Niagara 

Falls:    1896    XII 

Most    surprising    cataract    of    Niagara    in    Canada    (The). 

Engraved    for    Millar's    New   and    complete    and    universal    system   of 

geography,      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.      Views  of  Niagara 

Falls,     1697-187-,    Mat  3,) IX 

Muilin,  E.  H.    The  city  of  the  future.     (Cass.     Nov.,  1897.     13:27- 

30.). 
Munger,    Gilbert.      Niagara   Falls,       (Painting.) 
Munro,    J.      Electricity   from   Niagara,       (Chambers'   jour.,    Mar.    25, 

1893.     70:1  77-180.) X 

86  1^1 


Niagara  Falls 

Munro,  J.  Electricity  from  Niagara.  (Liv.  age.  May  27,  1893. 
197:567-571.). 

MunrOy  Robert.  A  description  of  the  Genesee  country  in  the  state 
of  New  York.  New  York;  Printed  for  the  author.  1804.  (O'Cal- 
laghan,  Doc.  hist,  of  the  state  of  New  York.     2:11  7/.) Ill 

Murray,  Amelia  M.  Letters  from  the  United  States,  Cuba,  and 
Canada.     New  York:     Putnam  &  Co.      1856.     Pp.   1  09-1  1  5  .  .  .XI 

Murray,  Charles  Augustus.  Travels  in  North  America  during  the 
years  1834,  1835,  and  1836.  Including  a  summer  residence  with  the 
Pawnee  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  remote  prairies  of  the  Missouri,  and  a 
visit  to  Cuba  and  the  Azore  Islands.  Lond. :  Richard  Bentley.  1 839. 
1:81-87     Ill 

Murray,  Hugh.  The  encyclopedia  of  geography  .  .  .  revised,  with 
additions,  by  Thomas  G.  Bradford.  Phila. :  Cary,  Lee  and  Blanchard. 
1837.     3:366 V 

Music  of  Niagara.  (Scribner's  mo.  June,  1881.  22:307- 
308.)    VIII 

Nash,  Wallis.  Oregon;  there  and  back  in  1877  .  .  .  Lond.: 
Macmillan  and  Co.      1878.     Pp.  264-271 IV 

National  commercial  convention,  Detroit,  Mich.  Dec.  1 3, 
1871.  Proceedings  of  the  National  commercial  conventicm  to  con- 
sider the  question  of  increased  transportation  facilities  from  the  West 
to  the  seaboard,  held  in  Detroit,  December  15  (i.  e.  13),  1871.  Pub- 
lished by  order  of  the  convention.  Detroit:  The  Daily  Post  book  and 
job  printing  establishment.      1  872 XII 

National  society  of  colonial  dames  of  America.  Preservation  of 
Niagara  Falls.      (Washington:   Gov't  print,  off.      1906.) XI 

National  ship-canal  convention.  Proceedings  of  the  convention 
held  at  the  city  of  Chicago,  June  2  and  3,  1863.  Chicago:  Tribune 
Co.     1863.     Pp.  111-114 XII 

Natural  scenery  and  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls. 
(W.  elec.  July  18,  1903.     33:38.) 

Neal,  John.  (O'Cataract,  Jehu.)  Battle  of  Niagara,  a  poem,  with- 
out notes,  and  Goldau,  or  the  Maniac  harper.  Baltimore:  N.  G. 
Maxwell.     1818.     Pp.  67,  72-73 VIII 

Wandering  recollections  of  a  somewhat  busy  life;  an  autobiog- 
raphy.    Bost.     Roberts  Bros.      1  869 V 

Nelson,  T.  and  Sons.  The  Falls  of  Niagara;  being  a  complete  guide 
to  all  the  points  of  interest  around  and  in  the  immediate  neighborhood 

1362 


Alphabetical  List 

of  the  great  cataract;  with  views  taken  from  sketches  by  Washington 
Friend  and  from  photographs.     Lond. :  Nelson.      I860 XII 

Nethercut,  Mary  Bell.  Niagara  Falls;  a  bibliography.  (University 
of  Wisconsin,  Library  School.     Madison,  Wis.:  June,   1913.) 

New  album  of  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  Portland,  Me.:  Chisholm 
Bros.      (1891?) 

New  aluminum  producing  plant  for  the  Pittsburgh  reduc- 
tion company.      (Eng.  news,  Oct.  24,  1895.      34:275.) 

New  and  accurate  map  of  the  English  empire  in  North 
America  (A),  representing  their  rightful  claim  as  confirm'd  by  chart- 
ers, and  the  formal  surrender  of  their  Indian  friends;  likewise  the 
encroachment  of  the  French,  with  several  forts  they  have  unjustly 
created  therein.  By  a  Society  of  anti-gallicans.  Sold  by  W.  Herbert 
and  Robert  Sayer.     Lond.:  1  755.     (American  maps,  II,  No.  21.)  .IX 

New  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls  as  it  looks  now^  (The).  (Illus. 
Am.     Sept.  23.   1898.     24:233.) XII 

New  cave  of  the  winds  (A).  (Eng.  (Lond.:)  April  3,  1903. 
95:345.)    V 

New  guide  to  Niagara,  with  descriptions  of  its  scenery, 
casualties,  narrow  escapes,  etc.  Niagara  Falls:  Gazette  print- 
ing establishment.       1 877 XII 

New  hydraulic  works  at  Niagara  Falls  (The).  (R.  R.  gaz. 
Dec.  23.   1892.) X 

New  installation  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  rev..  Mar.  26,  1897. 
40:427.) 

New  map  of  North  America  from  the  latest  discoveries  (A). 
1763.  (anon)  11  x  15.  (In  the  London  mag.  Lond.:  For  R. 
Baldwin.     Feb.,  I  763.     32:  opp.  64.) IX 

New^  map  of  North  America,  with  the  West  India  islands 
(A).  Divided  according  to  the  preliminary  articles  of  peace,  signed 
at  Versailles,  2  Jan.  1  783,  wherein  are  particularly  distinguished 
ihe  United  States  and  the  several  provinces,  governments,  etc.  which 
compose  the  British  dominions,  laid  down  according  to  the  latest  sur- 
veys, and  corrected  from  the  original  materials,  of  Governor  Pownall, 
member  of  Parliament.     Lond. :  Laurie  &  Whittle.     May  1  2.  1  794  .  IX 

New  map  of  North  America,  with  the  West  Indies  (A)  .  .  . 
Laid  down  according  to  the  latest  surveys,  and  corrected  from  the 
original  material  of  Governor  Pownall.  Lond. :  Laurie  and  Whittle. 
1794.      (American  maps,  II.  No.  3^39.) IX 

1363 


Niagara  Falls 

New  Niagara  (The).     Harp,  w.,  Jan.  3,  1903.     47:11,  31.).  .X 

New  Niagara  power  canal.    (Sci.  Am.,  June  13,  1903.   88:  444.) 

New  power  transmission  line  (The).  (Eng.  news,  Jan.  17, 
1901.      45:41.) X 

New  projects  at  Niagara.     (W.  elec.     Nov.  6,  1897.     21  :  260.) 

New  railroad  bridge  at  Niagara  (The).  Railroad  gaz.  April 
24,  1896.    28:281-282.) 

New  turbines  for  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company  (The). 
(Eng.  rec,  Nov.  23,  1901.     44:500-501.) 

New  uses  for  Niagara  power.  (Elec.  eng.  June  23,  1897.  23: 
729.)    X 

New^  w^ater  pow^er  development  below^  Niagara  Falls  (The). 
(Eng.  news.  Mar.  26,   1896.      35:201.) X 

New^  w^heelpit  of  the  Niagara  Falls  pow^er  company  (The). 
(Eng.  rcc.  Feb.  16,  1901.     43:150-151.) X 

New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad  Company. 
Two  days  at  Niagara  Falls.     [Four  track  ser.,  no.  9.] XII 

New^  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad,  passenger 
department.  Health  and  pleasure  on  "America's  greatest  railroad." 
("  Four-track  series.")    Pp.    159-162 XII 

New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River  Railroad  Company. 
What  can  I  see?  and  how  much  will  it  cost  me  in  two  days  at  Niagara 
Falls?   .   .   .   N.  Y.,  N.  Y.  C.  and  H.  R.  R.  R.  Co.,  [1894]  .  .XII 

New  York  Central  Railroad.  Two  days  at  Niagara  Falls.  Pub- 
lished by  the  passenger  department  of  "America's  greatest  railroad." 
1896    XII 

New^  York  hydro-electric  development.  (Metal.  &  chem.  eng. 
June,   1913.       11:306.) X 

New^  York  hydro-electric  development  and  Niagara  Falls. 
(Metal.  &  chem.  eng.     July,  1913.      11:370-371.) X 

New  York  (State)  —  Citizens.  Petition  of  citizens  of  the  state  of 
New  York  in  relation  to  Niagara  Falls.  (New  York  State.  Assembly 
doc.     1883.    3:  No.  47.) 

New^  York  (State). —  Commissioners  of  the  state  reserva- 
tion at  Niagara  Falls.  Application  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
state  reservation  at  Niagara,  on  behalf  of  the  state  of  New  York,  to 
acquire  lands  in  the  ^'illage  of  Niagara  Falls.  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. ; 
Gazette  ofTice.      1  884. 

1364 


Alphabetical  List 

New  York  (State).  Supplemental  report  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
state  reservation  at  Niagara.  I  ransmited  to  the  Legislature  Jan.  31, 
1887.     Albany:  Argus  Co.      1887. 

New  York  (State)  constitutional  convention,  1894.  Revised 
record  of  the  constitutional  convention  of  .  .  .  New  York,  May  8, 
1 894.  to  September  29,  1 894.  Rev.  by  W.  H.  Steele.  Albany.  N. 
Y.:  The  Argus  Printing  Co.      1900 XI 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  concerning  the  Niagara 
Falls  power  company.  (Laws  of  1893.  116th  sess.  Chap.  477: 
973.)     XI 

An    act    confirming    and    defining    certain    riparian   rights    of    the 

Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  power  and  manufacturing  company.  (Laws 
of  1896.     119th  sess.     Chap.  967:1393.) XI 

An  act  for  opening  the  navigation  between  Lake  Erie  and  Lake 


Ontario,  passed  April  5.   1  798.      (Laws  of  1  798.     Chap.  93.)  .  .XII 
An  act  to  amend  chapter  707  of  the  laws  of  1893  entitled  "An 


act  to  incorporate  the  Model  town  company,  to  define  its  rights, 
powers  and  privileges  and  for  other  purposes."  (Laws  of  1 894. 
1  1  7th  sess.      Chap.   605  :  1  370.) XI 

An  act  to  amend  the  public  lands  law.  by  including  certain  lands 


of  the  state  as  a  part  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.      (Laws  of 

1905.     128th  sess.     Chap.  508:1166.) .XI 

An  act  to  amend  the  public  lands  law,  in  relation  to  sewer  through 


lands  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara.       (Laws  of    1908.       131st 

sess.      Chap.   243:  702.) XI 

An  act  to  amend  the  public  lands  law  relative  to  constructing  and 


operating  water  main  along  the  lands  of  the  state  reservation  at  Niagara. 

(Laws  of  1912.     135th  sess.     Chap.  236:  45 1 .) XI 

An  act  to  authorize  the  selection,  location  and   appropriation  of 


certain  lands  in  the  village  of  Niagara  Falls  for  a  state  reservation  and 
to   preserve  the   scenery  of  the  Falls  of   Niagara.       (Laws  of    1 883. 

1  06th  sess.     Chap.   336:  603.) XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  power  and  drain- 


age company.      (Laws  of  1889.      1  12th  sess.     Chap.  366:  484.)  .  .XI 
An   act   to   incorporate    the   Lewiston   water   supply   company   in 


Niagara  county.  New  York.      (Laws  of   1888.      I  1  1  th  sess.      Chap. 
561:918.)     XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Lockport  water  supply  company.    (Laws 


of  1886.      109th  sess.     Chap.   106:187.) XI 

1365 


Niagara  Falls 

New  York  (State)  Legislature.  An  act  to  Incorporate  the  lower 
Niagara  river  power  and  water  supply  compamy,  (Laws  of  1902, 
125th  sess.     Chap.  539:  1288.) XI 

An   act  to   incorporate  the   Model   town   company,   to   define   its 

rights,  powers  and  privileges  and  for  other  purposes.  (Laws  of  1  893. 
1  16th  sess.     Chap.  707:1  753.) XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Niagara  canal  company.      (Laws  of 

1823.     Chap.   132.) XII 

An   act   to  incorporate  the  Niagara  county   irrigation   and  water 

supply  company.  (Laws  of  1891.  114th  sess.  Chap.  259.  P. 
483.)     XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Niagara,  Lockport  and  Ontario  power 

company.     (Laws  of  1894.      1  1  7th  sess.     Chap.  722.     P.  1806.).  XI 

-^—  An  act  to  incorporate  the  Niagara  river  hydraulic  company. 
(Laws  of   1853.      Chap.    116.) XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Niagara  river  hydraulic  tunnel  power 

and  sewer  company  of  Niagara  Falls,  New  York.  (Laws  of  1  886. 
109th  sess.     Chap.  83.    P.  123.) XI 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Niagara  ship  canal  company.      (Laws 

of   1853.     Chap.   595.) XII 

An  act  to  provide   for  the  maintenance  and  management  of  the 

state  reservation  at  Niagara.  (Laws  of  1885.  108th  sess.  Chap. 
286.     P.  490.) XI 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  payment  of  the  awards  made  for  the 

lands  selected  and  located  by  the  commissioners  of  the  state  reservation 
at  Niagara.    (Laws  of  1885.    1  08th  sess.    Chap.  182.    P.  337.)..  XI 

' An  act  relating  to  the  Niagara  Falls  power  company.      (Laws  of 

1892.     11  5th  sess.    Chap.  513.    p.  1041.) XI 

Joint  committee  on  conservation   and  utilization  of  water  power. 

Report  transmitted  to  the  legislature  Jan.  30,  1912.  Albany:  the 
Argus  Co.      1912.      (See  index.) 

• Water  supply  commission.     .     .     .     Studies  of  water  storage  for 

flood  prevention  and  power  development  in  New  York  state  under 
public  ownership  and  control.  Progress  report  under  chap.  569,  Laws 
of  1 907,  transmitted  to  the  governor  and  legislature  Feb.  1 ,  1 908. 
.     .     .     Albany:  J.  B.  Lyon.      1908. 

New  York  (State).  Memorial  of  the  citizens  of  New  York,  in  favor 
of  a  canal  navigation  between  the  great  western  lakes  and  the  tide- 
waters of  the  Hudson.  (Pub.  Buf.  Hist.  Soc,  Vol.  XIII.  1909. 
See    index    for    references.) XII 

1366 


Alphabetical  List 

New  York  (State).     Memorial  of  the  citizens  of  New  York  in  favor 

of  a  canal  navigation  between  the  great  western  lakes  and  the  tide-waters 
of  the  Hudson.     N.  Y. :  Samuel  Wood  and  Sons.      1816 XII 

■"  Report  of  the  committee  on  commerce  and  navigation  on  the  bill 
for  the  incorporation  of  the  Niagara  ship  canal  company,  transmitted 
to  the  legislature  January  22,  1864.  Albany:  Comstock  and  Cassidy. 
1 864.      (Sen.  doc.  2 1 .     January  22.  1-864.) XII 

Nev^  York  state  reservation  at  Niagara.  By-laws  of  the  com- 
missioners, together  with  the  ordinances,  rules  and  regulations  for  the 
government  of  the  reservation.  2d  ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the 
state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:  1887.     Pp.  25-28.) XI 

■■  Extracts  from  annual  reports.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of 
the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21:81-1  16.) XI 

i'  Official  correspondence  and  opinions.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs 
of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     21  : 1  17—1  48.) XI 

>  Resolutions  and  correspondence  relating  to  a  roadway  from  the 
state  reservation  at  Niagara  to  Lake  Ontario.  (5th  ann.  rep't  of  the 
com'rs.     Albany:  1889.     Pp.  51-55.) XI 

New    York    State.      Reservation    Commission    at    Niagara. 

Map   and    guide   of   the   New   York   State   Reservation    at   Niagara. 

Buffalo:    (188—?)    IX 

New  York  (State).  Surveys  of  the  crest  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Ann. 
rep'ts  of  the  state  engineer  and  surveyor  (1890).  Albany:  J.  B. 
Lyon.     1891.     Pp.  29-31.) VII 

New  York  state  survey.  Special  report  on  the  preservation  of  the 
scenery  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  fourth  annual  report  on  the  triangulation 
of  the  state  for  the  year  1879.  James  T.  Gardner,  Director.  Albany: 
Charles  Van  Benthuysen  and  Sons.      1880.     Pp.  1-42 XI 

■■  ■  Special  report  on  the  preservation  of  the  scenery  of  Niagara  Falls, 
and  fourth  annual  report  on  the  triangulation  of  the  state  for  the  year 
1879.  James  T.  Gardner,  Director.  Albany:  Charles  Van  Benthuy- 
sen and  Sons.     1880.     Pp.  27-31 VI 

New  York  state  tourist  (The).  Descriptive  of  the  Mohawk  and 
Hudson  rivers.     N.  Y. :  Goodrich.      1840.      Pp.   75-82 XII 

New  world  in  1859  (The),  being  the  United  States  and  Canada, 
illustrated  and  described.  .  .  .  Lond. :  n.d.  (1859)  Pp.  72- 
76    XII 

News  for  bibliophiles.      (Nation,  Oct.  20.  1910.     91  :  360-361.) 

1367 


Niagara  Falls 

[Newton,  Samuel  B.]  Niagara  and  Chaulauqua.  Compliments  of 
Western  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  Railroad.  Buffalo:  Wenborne- 
Sumner.        [1891  ] XII 

Niagara.     (Harp..  Aug..  1853.     7:289-305.) 

(Hist.  mag..  Jan..  1871.     2d  sec.     9:  79.) V 

(Mag.  Am.  hist.     April.  1887.     17:  349-350.) V 

Niagara!.     (Nation.  Oct.  12,  1871.     13:238-239.) XI 

Niagara  II.      (Nation.  Oct.  19.  1871.     13:254-255.) XI 

Niagara.      (In  Billardon  de  Sauvigny,  Edme  Louis.      Hirza,  on  Les 

Illinois,    tragedie.       Paris:    Le    veuve    Duchesne.       1780.       Frontis- 
piece.)     IX 

Niagara.  (In  Longfellow,  H.  W.,  Poems  of  places.  Boston:  James  R. 
O";sgood  and  Co.      27:158-159.) VIII 

Niagara.  (In  Porter.  P.  A.,  Goat  Island.  (Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.:) 
1900 VIII 

Niagara  a  great  workshop.     (Can.  eng.     Oct.,  1906.     13:360.) 

Niagara:  a  mischievous  bill.  (Outl.,  Feb.  23,  1907.  85: 
388.)     XI 

Niagara.      [A  poem.]   N.p.    N.d. 

Niagara.  A  poem,  by  a  member  of  the  Ohio  bar.  N.  Y. :  Edward  O. 
Jenkins.      1848    VIII 

Niagara  again.     (Outl.    May  19.  1906.     83:106-107.) XI 

Niagara  again  in  danger.    (Cent.,  May,  191  3.   86:150-151.)  .XI 

Niagara  and  beyond.  .   .  .   Chicago:   Rand,  McNally  &  Co.    1887. 

Niagara,  and  how  to  see  it.  Meetings  of  the  S.  A.  F.  and  O.  H. 
1907.      Pp.  33-34 XII 

Niagara  and  Shawenegan.  (Sat.  rev.,  Dec.  6,  1884.  58:719- 
720.) 

Niagara  and  the  nation.    (Outl.,  Apr.  1 4,  1 906.  2 :  828-830.)  .  XI 

Niagara  and  Victoria.    (Sci.  Am..  Sept.  2.  191  1.    105:  203.)  .  .V 

Niagara  as  an  industrial  center.  (Sci.  Am.  May  27,  1899.  80: 
343-344.) 

Niagara  book  (The),  a  complete  souvenir  of  Niagara  Falls;  contain- 
ing sketches,  stories  and  essays  ...  by  W.  D.  Howells,  Mark  Twain, 
Prof.  Nathaniel  S.  Shaler,  and  others.  Buffalo:  Underbill  and  Nichols. 
1893    XII 

Niagara  break-down  (The).  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.  Feb.  7.  1903. 
41:224;) 

Niagara-Buffalo  transmission  (The).  (Elec.  rev.,  Jan.  1,  1897. 
40:6-7.) 

1368 


Alphabetical  List 

Niagara-Buffalo  transmission  line  (The).    (Elec.  rev.  June  23, 
30.  1897.   30:298,  310.) X 

.      (Elec.  rev.   July  7,  14,  1897.    31:4,16-17.) X 

Niagara  by  moonlight.      (In  Rhine,  Alice  Hyneman  ed.,  Niagara 

park    illustrated.     .     .     .     N.    Y.     Niagara    Pub.    Co.      1885c.    P. 

60.)    VIII 

Niagara  by  night.    (Leisure  hr..  May  12,  1866.    15:  301.) V 

Niagara  campaign  (The).  (Out!.,  Jan.  27,  1906.  82:150.).. XI 
Niagara  dispute  (The).     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Jan.  5,  1907.     49: 

13.)    X 

Niagara  Falls.     [Buffalo:  Mathews,  Northrup.     1890] V 

— [  Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Mathews,  Northrup.    1  890.] XII 

(Elec.  (Lond.:)  Sept.  13,  1907.   59:865.) 

A  guide  and  souvenir  with  a  new  series  of  views  from  photographs 

taken  on  the  spot.     Buffalo:  Sage  Sons  and  Co.      1864 XII 

Niagara  Falls  companion,  and  fashionable  miscellany  (The) 

.     .     .    Opinions  and  remarks  of  Capt.   Basil  Hall,   Don  Jose  Maria 

Heredia,  and    .    .    .    other  person.    .    .    .    N.p.     1834. 
Niagara  Falls  convention;  the  cataract  and  city  of  its  name, —  Their 

early   history   and   world-wide   fame  —  Romantic  legend,   etc.     .     .     . 

(St.  ry.  rev.    Sept.  1897.     7:633-669.) 
Niagara  Falls  accident  (The).     (Elec.  rev.     Feb.  7,  1903.     42: 

185.) 

Niagara  Falls  again.     (Out!.,  Feb.  25.  1911.    97:  381.) XI 

Niagara  Falls  again  threatened.      (Sci.  Am.,  May  27,    191  1. 

104:518.) XI 

Niagara    Falls    and    Buffalo    electric    power    transmission 

(The).     (Eng.  news,  Dec.  10,  1896.    36:389-390.) 
Niagara  Falls  as  a  source  of  energy.      (Am.  jour,  sci.,  Nov., 

1 88 1 .     1 22 :  397.) X 

Niagara  Falls  as  an  electro-chemical  center.      (Cur.  lit.,  June, 

1902.     32:  728-729.)    X 

Niagara    Falls    association.      Report    of    the   executive    committee. 

Jan.,    1885.      Privately  printed.      1885 XI 

Niagara    Falls  —  Buffalo    transmission    (The).       (Elec.    rev. 

Dec.  I,  1897.     31:260.) 
Niagara    Falls  —  Buffalo    po^ver    transmission    line    (The). 

(Elec.  wld.     June  5.   1897.     29:724.) X 

Niagara  Falls.       (Chutes  du  Niagara)   Paris:   1837 , IX 

1369 


Niagara  Falls 

Niagara  Falls  dry  for  a  day.    (Canadian  naturalist.    Montreal. 

1883.    2d  ser.,  10:  63.) V 

Niagara  Falls  electric  power  plant  (The).    (Sci.  Am.   Jan.  25, 

1896.      74:  55.) X 

Niagara  Falls  electrical  handbook   (The).    Being  a  guide  for 

visitors  from  abroad  attending  the  international  electrical  congress,  St. 

Louis,  Mo.,  September,    1904.      Published  under  the  auspices  of  the 

American  institute  of  electrical  engineers,  Niagara  Falls.      1904.  .  .  .X 
Niagara  Falls  from  a  new  point  of  view.     (Sci.  Am.,  Sept.  9, 

1911.       105:227.) XI 

I.     Niagara  Falls  from  the  Ferry.     II.  Aus  fluss  des  Niagara.     III. 

Outlet  of  the   Niagara.      IV.     Below  Table  Rock    (Niagara).     V. 

Niagara    Falls     (central    view    from    Clifton    House).       (Grosvcnor 

library,   Buffalo.   N.   Y.      Views  of  Niagara   Falls.      1697-187—. 

Mat    14.)     IX 

Niagara   Falls.      (General    view    from    Clifton    House).      Pub.    for 

Hermann  J.  Meyer.     N.  Y.      [1854] IX 

Niagara  Falls  guide   (The),    With  full  instructions  to  direct  the 

traveler  to  all  the  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls  and  vicinity    .    .    . 

Buffalo:   Burke.      1848 XII 

Niagara  guide  book   (The),  being  a  synopsis  of  Steele's  Book  of 

Niagara  Falls.     2d  ed.     Buffalo,  N.  Y. :  Steele's  press.     1846. 
Niagara   Falls   guide   with    full   instructions   to   direct   the 

traveller  to  all  points  of  interest  at  the  Falls  and  vicinity 

(The)  ;    .    .    .    5th  ed.  rev.    Buffalo:  James  Faxon.    1851 XII 

Niagara   Falls   hydraulic   power  and   manufacturing   com- 
pany's plant.     (Eng.  rec.     January  20,  1900.     41:53-56.) 
Niagara   Falls   hydraulic    power   and    manufacturing    com- 
pany.     (Elec.  wld.     June  5.  1897.    29:  730-731.) X 

Niagara   Falls  hydraulic   power  plant.      (Sci.   Am.      April   4, 

1896.       74:215.) X 

Niagara  Falls  hydraulic  tunnel  (The).     (.Am.  architect.     April 

16,  1887.     21:189-190.) 

Niagara  Falls  illustrated.     N.  Y. :  Albertype  Co.  1 1 888] XII 

Niagara  Falls  in  winter:  its  scenery  and  ice  bridge.    [Buffalo. 

n.d]     V 

Niagara  Falls  industrial  number.     (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Mar.  3,  1900. 

49:  20207-20220.)    X 

Niagara  Falls  marine  railway.     Report  [of  the  chief  engineer]   on 

a  marine  railway  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     1864.    N.  Y. :    1864 

1370 


Alphabetical  List 

Niagara  Falls  paper  company's  power  plant  (The).     (Eng. 

news.  Apr.  26.  1894.     31  :  350-351.) 
Niagara  Falls  park  and  river  railway.     Niagara  river  from  the 

rapids  above  the  falls  to  Lake  Ontario.      [Buffalo:  Matthews,  North- 

rup.        1895.] XII 

Niagara    Falls    pow^er.       Its    application    and   use    on   the    Niagara 

frontier.      Buffalo:  Courier  Co.      1901. 
Niagara    Falls    power    company.       (Annual    reports.      N.    Y.?: 

1906-19—.) 

(Elec.  wld.    June  5.  1897.     29:721-723.) X 

-  (Eng.  news.     Nov.  8.   1 890.     24:418.) X 

— Information  for  visitors.     Sept.   1 .   1  906.     no.  imp. 

Niagara     Falls     power     company     and     Canadian-Niagara 

power  company.  Information  for  visitors.  April  1,  1910.  ..  .X 
Niagara  Falls  power  company's  new  turbines.      (Eng.   rec, 

Oct.  18,  1903.    68:  443-444.) X 

Niagara  Falls  pow^er  developments.     (Elec.  rev.,  Aug,  I  7.  1906. 

59:265.)    X 

Niagara   Falls   pow^er  plant.       (Elec.   wl'd.      February   6,    1892. 

19:85-86.) 

(Eng.  news.  May  24,  1894.     31  :  426-428.) 

(Eng.  news.  May  31.   1894.     31:447.) 

Niagara  Falls  power  question  (The).  (W.  elec.  Jan.  26, 
1907.      40:93.) X 

Niagara  Falls  power  tunnel  (The).  (Eng.  news,  Dec.  29,  1892. 
28:614.) 

Niagara  Falls;  quotation  from  the  Report  of  Luther  R.  Marsh  on  the 
Reservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Mag.  Am.  hist.  Dec,  1885.  14: 
610-611.)     XI 

Niagara  Falls  runs  dry.  (Harp,  w.,  Apr.  4.  1903.  47:  Pt.  I. 
543.)     V 

Niagara  Falls  sketch  book.     Buffalo:  Sumner.     l888c.IV  and  XII 

Niagara  Falls  the  great  manufacturing  village  of  the  West; 
being  a  statement  of  the  operations  of  the  Niagara  Falls  hydraulic 
company,  with  an  appendix  containing  the  charter  and  by-laws  of  the 
company,  letters  from  distinguished  engineers.    .    .    .    Boston:   1853. 

Niagara  Falls  tunnel  (The).  (Elec.  rev..  Feb.  20.  1892.  19: 
352.)     X 

Niagara  Falls  turbines  (The).  (Eng.  news,  Apr.  6,  1893.  29: 
331.) 

1371 


Niagara  Falls 

Niagara  Falls  water  volume.     (Eng.  rec.  Mar.  21,   1891,     23: 

256.) 
[Niagara  frontispiece]  and  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Ameri- 
can shore.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara 

Falls.     1697-187—.     Mat  15.) IX 

Niagara  gorge   (The).     [A  review  of  Taylor  on  "Origin  of  the 
gorge  of  the  whirlpool  rapids  at  Niagara."]    (Science.    May  6,   1898. 

New  ser.      7:  627.) VII 

Niagara  gorge  railway.  (Eng.  mag.  Nov.  1900.  20:284-286.) 
Niagara  in  danger  again.    (Outl.,  May  20,  191  1 .    98:  88.).. XI 

Niagara  in  summer  and  winter,    no  imp XII 

[Niagara  in  winter]   (Harp.  June,  1852.     5:127.) V 

(Harp,  mo.,  Feb..   1855.     10:410-411.) V 

Niagara  in  winter.  (Lit.  liv.  age,  Mar.  1  7,  1866.  88:  799.)  ...  .V 
Niagara  in  winter  dress.  (Harp,  w..  Mar.  5,  1881.  25:158.)  .  .V 
Niagara,  its  falls  and  scenery,  etc.    N.  Y. :  Alexander  Hubbell 

&Co.   1848. 
Niagara;  its  falls  and  scenery   ....  N.  Y. :  Harthill  [1859  c] 

Pp.  1-17 XII 

Niagara  mastered.    (Eng.  (Lond.:)  Oct.  14,  1892.   74:319.).  .X 

Niagara  on  tap.     (Lit.  digest.    April.  1916.    52:963-964.) X 

Niagara:    [photographic  views]  no  imp XII 

Niagara  plant  of  the  Ontario  power  company.      (Elec.  wld. 

&eng.    Mar.  4,  1905.     45:423.) 

Niagara  power.      (Cur.  lit.,  Aug.,  1900.     29:127-128.) X 

(Elec.  rev.    July  7.  1897.    31:10.) X 

(Elec.  rev.,  July  13.  1906.     59:80.) XI 

(Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Mar.  23,  1907.     49:  586.) 

(Elec.  wld..  June  13.   1908.     51:1721.) X 

Niagara  power  at  Syracuse.     (Ry.  &:  eng.   rev.    June    1,    1907. 

47:458-459.)    X 

Niagara  power  banquet.     (Elec.   wld.     Jan.    16,    1897.     29:83, 

85-86.) 
Niagara  power  for  Canada.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.    Feb.  2,   1907. 

49:223.) 
Niagara  pow^er  for  Canadian  cities.    (W.  elec.    Dec.  26,  1903. 

33:483.) 
Niagara  power  for  the  Buffalo  railway.    (St.  ry.  rev.    Aug.  15, 

1896.     6:50f^507.) 

(St.  ry.  rev.  Dec.  15.  1896.     6:  757-758.) 

1372 


Alphabetical  List 

Niagara  power  for  the  Buffalo  railway  system.  (St.  ry.  jour., 
Dec.  1896.     12:  772-775.) X 

Niagara  power  in  Buffalo.  (Elec.  rev.  Dec.  29,  1897.  31: 
309.)    X 

(Elec.  rev.    Jan.  20,   1897.    30:26.) 

(Elec.  wld.  &  eng.    Nov.  4,   1905.    46:  771-773.) 

Niagara  power  in  the  gorge.     I.    (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     Nov.   18, 

1905.     46:  837-839.)    X 

II.    (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.   Nov.  25,  1905.   46:  899-900.) X 

Niagara  pow^er  in  Toronto.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.    June  24,   1905. 

46:1 1 67-1  1  70.)     X 

Niagara  power  plant.     I.    (Eng.  rec,  Sept.  24,   1892.     26:266- 

268.)     X 

Niagara  power  plant  of  the  electrical  development  com- 
pany of  Ontario  (The).  I.  Description  of  design  and  structures. 
(Eng.  news,  Nov.  9,   1905.     54:475-478.) 

II.     Methods    of   construction.     (Eng.    news,    Nov.    30,    1905. 

54:561-564.) 

Niagara  power  privileges.     (W.  elec.    April  18,  1896.     18:187.) 
Niagara   power    schemes.       (Eng.      Feb.    16,    1906.      81:218- 

220.)     X 

Niagara  power  transmission,  the  electrical  exposition,  and 

Mr.  Johnson's  libel  suit.    (W.  elec.    May  30,  1896.    18:271.) 
Niagara  preservation  number.      (Chaut.,  Aug.,  1907.     47:260, 

277-379.)     XI 

Niagara  problem  under  legislation.    (Pop.  sci.  mo..  May,  1906. 

68:  473-475.)     XI 

Niagara  railway  arch  (The).    (Eng.  mag.    June,  1898.    15:475- 

476.) 
Niagara  railway  suspension  bridge  (The).    (Engineering.   Dec. 

9.  1887.     44:595-598.) 
Niagara    reservation    (The).       (Critic,    Mar.    21,     1896.      28: 

203.)     XI 

Niagara  river.     (Sci.  Am.  sup.    Jan.  31,   1882.     13:5045.) 
Niagara  river  development.      (Sci.   Am.,   Oct.    12,    1901.      85: 

230.)    X 

Niagara    river    from    the   rapids    above   the    Falls   to   Lake 

Ontario  (The).     Buffalo  and  N.  Y. :  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co. 

N.d XII 

1373 


Niagara  Falls 

Niagara  ship  canal,  its  military  and  commercial  necessity* 

N.  Y.:  1863. 

Niagara  the  majestic   .   .   .   Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  C.  D.  Arnold.    1901. 

Niagara.  The  Niagara  Falls  power  company,  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y., 
and  the  Canadian  Niagara  power  company,  Ontario,  April  1,  1907. 
Bensler  Press  Co.     Buffalo:  n.d X 

Niagara*s  industrial  beauty.  (Lit.  dig.,  Dec.  7,  1912.  45: 
1060-1061.) 

Niagara's  oldest  power  plant.  (Harp,  w.,  June  14,  1913.  57, 
pt.   1:16.)    X 

Nichols,  T.  L.  Forty  years  of  American  life.  2d  ed.  Lond. :  Long- 
mans, Green.     1 874.     Pp.  204-205 IV 

Nikola  Tesia  and  the  electrical  outlook  —  the  new  develop- 
ment in  power  transmission.  (R.  of  R.  Sept.,  1895.  12: 
293-294.)    X 

Noble,  Louis  L.  The  course  of  empire.  Voyage  of  life,  and  other 
pictures  of  Thomas  Cole,  N.A. ;  with  selections  frora  his  letters  and 
miscellaneous  writings;  illustrative  of  his  life,  character  and  genius. 
N.  Y.:  Cornish.  Lamport,  and  Co.  1853.  Pp.  104-106;  375- 
377   IX 

Noel,  J.  (del.)  Outhwaite  (sc.)  Les  cataracts  du  Niagara.  [I860?] 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697— 
187-.     Mat  16.) IX 

— —  (del.)  Outhwaite  (sc.)  Pont  suspender  sur  le  Niagara  [I860?] 
(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697— 
187-.     Mat  22.)    IX 

[Norman,  Henry.]  The  preservation  of  Niagara.  (Nation,  Sept. 
1,   1881.     33:170-171.) XI 

Norris,  Henry  H.  Electric  progress  in  United  States  in  1906.  (W. 
elec.     Jan.  5,  1907.     40:7.) 

North  America  according  to  the  latest  observations.  {In 
Gordon,  Patrick,  Geography  anatomiz'd:  or  the  geographical  grammar. 
Lond.:  Knapton,  Knaplocke  and  Co.      1  733.     Opp.  p.  343.)  .  ,  .  .IX 

North  American  tourist  (The).  N.  Y. :  Goodrich,  N.d.  Pp. 
85-82    XII 

Northern  tour  (A)  ;  being  a  guide  to  Saratoga,  Lake  George,  Niagara, 
Canada,  Boston,  etc.  .  .  .  Phila. :  Carey  and  Lea.  1825.  Pp. 
147-150    XII 

1374 


Alphabetical  List 

Northern  traveler  (The) ;  containing  the  routes  to  Niagara,  Quebec, 

and  the  Springs,  with  the  tour  of  New  England,  and  the  route  to  the 

coal   mines   of   Pennsylvania.      2d  ed.   imp.   &  ext.      N.   Y. :   A.   T. 

Goodrich.      1826.     Pp.  80-95 XII 

Northern  traveller  and  northern  tour  (The)  ;  with  the  routes  to 

the  Springs,  Niagara,  and  Quebec.     N.  Y. :  J.  and  J.  Harper.      1830. 
Norton,  Thomas  H.      Niagara  on  tap,      (Pop.  sci.  mo.      February, 

1916.     88:180-184.)    X 

Notes  on  electric  transmission  of  power  from  Niagara  Falls. 

(Eng.  rec,  Sept.  14.  1901.     44:247.) 
Notice  of  map  of  Niagara  gorge.      (Am.  Geog.  Soc.      N.  Y.: 

Nov..  1913.     BulL  45:  849.) VII 

Notice   of  new   calcium  carbide   w^orks  at   Niagara   Falls. 

(Eng.  news.  Apr.  30.  1896.     35:280.) 
Nunn,    Paul   N.      The  development  of  the  Ontario  power  company. 

(Presented  at  22d  ann.  conv.  of  the  Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.     Asheville, 

N.  C..  June  19-23,   1905.) X 

i  The  development  of  the  Ontario  power  company,     Niagara  Falls: 

The  Ontario  power  company,     n.d. 

Hydro-electric  enterprise  in  Canada.      (Can.  eng..  Mar.,   1905. 

13:72-88.)    X 

Oakley,    G .      Rapids   and   bridge   above   the    Falls   of   Niagara. 

(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697- 

187-.     Mat  23.) IX 

O'Bryan,  William.  A  narrative  of  travels  in  the  United  States  .   .   . 

Lond.:  Printed  for  the  author.     1836,     Pp.  192-196 Ill 

Observation   tow^er,   Niagara   Falls.      (Eng.    (Lend.:)    May   8. 

1903,     95:470,)    V 

O'Callaghan,  E.  B.      The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New 

York.    Albany.     1849.     1:155.157 V 

The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany. 

1 849.     1:201.  203,  232 V 

'  The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany. 

1849.     2:  792    , V 

! The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany. 

1849.     2:868    V 

The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany. 

1849.     2:871    V 

The  documentary  history  of  the  state  of  New  York.      Albany. 

1 849.     2 : 1 1 65-1 1 68 V 

1375 


Niagara  Falls 

O'Ferrall,  Simon  Ansley.  A  ramble  of  six  thousand  miles  through 
the  United  States  of  America.  Lond. :  Effingham  Wilson.  1832. 
Pp.  27-33. 

Offenbach,  Jacques.  America  and  the  Americans,  Lond. :  William 
Reeves.     (1877).     Pp.  74-75 IV  and  XI 

Ogden,  John  Cosens.  A  tour,  through  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 
By  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  Litchfield.  1  799.  Pp.  I  1 0- 
112    XII 

Olmstead,  Frederick  Law,  and  Vaux,  Calvert.  General  plan 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Niagara  reservation.  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. : 
1887   XI 

One  hundred  tons  of  calcium  carbide.  (Eng.  news.  May  4, 
1899.  41:29L) 

Ontario  and  St.  La^vrence  steamboat  company  (The).  Hand- 
book for  travellers  to  Niagara  Falls,  Montreal  and  Quebec,  and 
through  Lake  Champlain  to  Saratoga  Springs.     Buffalo:  Jev/ett,  Thomas 

and  Co.     Pp.  36-49 XII 

'■      Inset  of  Horseshoe  Fall.      (Grosvenor  library,   Buffalo,   N.   Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1 697-1 87-.     Mat  22.) IX 

Ontario  —  Hydro-electric  po^ver  commission.  Annual  reports 
1-5. 

Ontario-New  York.  Topographic  map  of  the  Niagara  gorge,  (U.  S. 
geol.  surv.,  G.  O.  Smith,  Dir.  and  Geol.  surv.  of  Can.,  R.  W.  Brock, 
Dir.       1913.       1:12,000.) VII 

Ontario  110,000-voIt  pow^er  transmission  system  (The). 
(Eng.  news,  Mar.  18,  1909.     61:301.) 

[Ontario  power  company.]  (Elec.  rev,,  May  12,  1905.  56: 
778.) 

Ontario  power  company  begins  operations  (The).  (Elec. 
wld.  &eng.     July  15.  1905.     46:91.) 

Ontario  power  company's  development  at  Niagara  Falls. 
(W.  elec.     Dec.  26,  1903,     33:481.) 

Ontario  power  company's  plant  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am., 
Feb.  11,  1905.     92:126.) X 

Ontario  power  plant  at  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld,  &  eng.  Mar.  18, 
1905.     45:508.)    X 

Opening  of  the  Niagara  Canadian  power  company's  plant. 
(Sci.  Arn.,  Feb.  4.  1905.     92:104-105.) X 

Orbigny,  Alcide  Dessalines  D.'  Voyage  pitloresque  dams  les  deux 
Ameriques  .   .   .   Paris:  chez  L.  Tenre.      1836.     Pp.  477-479. 

1376 


Alphabetical  List 

[Original  resolution  describing  the  proposed  limits  of  the 

Niagara  reservation.]     (1st  Ann.  rep't  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 

reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:   1886.     Pp.   1  1-15.) XI 

Ossoli,  Sarah  Margaret  Fuller.     At  home  and  abroad;  or.  Things 

and  thoughts  in  America   and   Europe.      (Arthur   B.   Fuller,   editor.) 

3ded.     Bost.,  and  Lond.:  1856.     Pp.  3-10 IV 

Marchesa    d*.      Summer    on   the    lakes,    in    1843   .    .    .    Bost.: 

Little  and  Brown;  N.  Y. :  Francis.      1844.      Pp.    1-13 IV 

Other  uses  of  Niagara  power.      (Elec.  wld.     June  5,   1897.  29: 

734.) 
Ottens,  R.  and  J.      Carte  des  possessions  Angloises  et  Francoises  du 

continent  de   I'Amerique   Septentrionale.      Kartt  van   de   Englesche  en 

Fransche   bezittingen   in   hets  vaste   land  vem   Noord  America,    1  755. 

A  Amsterdam:  Chez  R.  et  J.  Ottens IX 

Over  Niagara  Falls.    (Harp,  w.,  Sept.  29.  1  866.    10:  612.)  .  .VIII 
Overbury,  Frederick.      Electro-chemistry  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Cass. 

July.    1897.      12:227-230.) X 

Overton,  Henry.     A  map  of  the  British  plantations  on  the  continent 

of   North   America,    according  to  the  notes   and   improvements  of  mr. 

Bolton,  made  in  the  original  of  mr.   Danville  w^ith  the  history  of  each 

colony  in  the  margin   ...    [1755-1  760.  ] IX 

Owahyah.     Birch  bark  legends  of  Niagara,  founded  on  traditions  among 

the  Iroquois,  or  Six  nations;  a  story  of  the  lunar-bow.  which  brilliantly 

adorns  Niagara  Falls  by  moonlight;  or  Origin  of  the  totem  of  the  wolf. 

St.  Cath..  Ont.;  Jour.  Printing  Co..  1884 VIII 

Oxley,  J.  Macdonald.     Niagara  under  yoke.      (Wld.  today,     Sept., 

1907.     8:298-306.)    X 

Paasche,    Hermann.       Kulture-und    Reiseskizzen    aus    Nord  —  und 

Mittel-Amerika.     Magdeburg:  Albert  Rathke.      1894.     Pp.  24-31. 
Palacio,   Don   Vicente  Riva  and  Mateos,   Don   Juan   A.    La 

cataracta    del    Niagara.       {In    their    Dramatic   works.      Mexico   City. 

1871.)    VIII 

Palairet,  I .  Carte  des  possessions  Angloises  et  Francoises  du  con- 
tinent de  I'Amerique  Septentrionale.  Londres:  1  759.  (Am.  maps. 
2:    No.   23.) IX 

Palmer,  B.  Frank.  Apostrophe  to  Niagara.  {In  Porter,  Peter  A., 
Official  guide.  Niagara  Falls,  river,  frontier  .  .  .  Buffalo:  The 
Matthews  Northrup  Works.      1901.      Pp.   289-290.) VIII 

Panoramic  view  of  Niagara,     c.    1 852 IX 

87  1377 


Niagara  Falls 

Panton,   J.    Hoyes.      Flora   of  Queen  Victoria   Niagara  Falls  park. 

(Ann.   rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  for  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park. 

1889.    4:17-31.)   VI 

Park,  Rev.  Roswell.     Niagara  Falls,      (/n  his  Jerusalem;  and  other 

poems,    juvenile    and    miscellaneous  .   .   .   N.    Y. :    Stanford.       1857, 

Pp.  172-175.)   ...VIII 

Niagara  Falls.      {In  his  Selections  of  juvenile  and  miscellaneous 

poems.     Phila.:  Desilver,  Thomas.     1836.     Pp.  70-73.) VIII 

Parker,  John  C.  Niagara  power  at  the  Lackawanna  steel  plant. 
(Elec.  jour.     Jan.,   1907.     4:32-42.) 

Parkman,  Francis.  Historic  handbook  of  the  northern  tour.  Lakes 
George  and  Champlain.  Niagara,  Montreal,  Quebec.  Bost. :  Little, 
Brown.     1885.     Pp.  93-101 V 

[Parrolt,  Caryl  S.]  A  descriptive  reading  on  Niagara  Falls  .  .  . 
Phila.:  W.  H.  Rau.      1890 IV 

Parsons,  Horatio  A.  The  book  of  Niagara  Falls.  3d  ed.  Care- 
fully rev.  and  enl.,  and  accompanied  by  maps.  Buffalo:  Oliver  G. 
Steele.     1 836 XII 

■  A  guide  to  travelers  visiting  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  containing  much 
interesting  and  important  information  respecting  the  Falls  and  vicinity, 
accompanied  by  maps.  2d  ed.  greatly  enl.  Buffalo:  Oliver  G.  Steele. 
1835    XII 

Part  of  the  fall  of  Niagara,  on  the  side  of  Canada.  (Grosve- 
nor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-187- 
Mat    8.)     IX 

Passenger  department  of  the  Richelieu  and  Ontario  Navi- 
gation Company.  Official  guide,  1  900.  From  Niagara  to  the  sea 
.   .   .   n.p.     Pp.  5-9 XII 

Passing  of  the  Niagara  observation  tower.  (W.  elec.  Dec. 
5.   1903.     33:430.) V 

Patton,  Edmund.  A  glimpse  at  the  United  States  and  the  northern 
states  of  America,  with  the  Canadas,  comprising  their  rivers,  lakes  and 
falls  during  the  autumn  of  1852  .  ,  .Lond. :  Eifingham  W'ilson. 
1853.     Pp.  91-96 IV  and  VI 

Paul's  dictionary  of  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls,  Tonawanda,  and 
vicinity.  Buffalo:  Peter  Paul  Book  Co.  (1896).  Pp.  170- 
256    XII 

Payne,  J.     Universal  geography  .   .   .   Lond.:   1792.     2:657 V 

1378 


Alphabetical  List 

Peck's    tourist's    companion    to    Niagara    Falls,    Saratoga 

Springs,  the  Lakes,   Canada,  etc.   .   .   .   Buffalo:   William   B. 

and   Charles   E.    Peck.      I  845 XII 

Pen  and  sunlight  sketches  of  scenery  reached  by  the  Grand 

trunk  railway  system  and  connections,  with  routes  and 

rates  for  summer  tours.     1896.     Pp.   18-25 XII 

Pendelton    .      Niagara;    Niagara    Falls.       (Grosvenor    library, 

Buffalo.    N.    Y.      Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1697-187—.       Mat 

12.)    IX 

Pennell,   Joseph.      Niagara  Falls.      (Cent..   May.    1 91  1 .      82:77- 

82.)     IX 

People's  guide  to  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls  and   Chautauqua 

lake.     Buffalo.      1880.     Pp.   71-82 XII 

Perkins,    Frank   C.      Canadian   Niagara   power   for   Buffalo.       (W. 

Elec.    June  19,  1907.    40:57.) 
— The    great   ice   jam   at    Niagara.       (Sci.    Am.,    May    1.    1909. 

100:339.)    V 

The   Niagara  power  transmission  plant.      (Elec.   wld.      Feb,   9, 

1 895.     25 : 1  65-1 67.) X 

Niagara  power  transmission  up  to  date.      (Elec.  wld.,  Nov.  21, 


1896.    28:621-622.) 
Six   Niagara   power   installations   under   way  —  a   million   horse- 
power to  be  developed  at  Niagara  Falls.      (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     April 

11,    1903.     41:601-604.) X 

Two  proposed  methods  of  transmitting  power  from  Niagara  Falls 


to  Chicago.     (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.,  Feb.  20,  1892.     29:121-122.) 
Person,  C.  W.     Air  route  over  the  whirlpool.     (Illus.  wld.     June  16, 
1916.     25:479-480.) 

Nerviest    man;    untangling   cables    over    the    Niagara    whirlpool. 

(St.  Nicholas.    March,  1917.    44:459-460.) 

Over  the  whirlpool  by  aerial  cable.     (Sci.  Am.     March  25,  1916. 

114:330.)     XII 

Petite  chute  du  Niagara  (162  P.  de  Haut. )  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—.    Mat  5.)  .IX 

Pfeiffer,  Ida  Reyer.  A  lady's  second  journey  round  the  world. 
Lend.:  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans.  1855.  2:337- 
344   IV 

Philoppoteaux,  Paul.  Cyclorama  of  Niagara.  400  x  50. 
(1888.)     IX 

1379 


Niagara  Falls 

Pictorial  guide  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara:  a  manual  for  visitors  .   .   . 

Buffalo:  Salisbury  and  Clapp.      1842 XII 

Pidgeon,  Daniel.      An  engineer's  holiday;  or.  Notes  of  a  round  trip 

from  longitude  o°  to  o°,     Lond. :  Keegjm  Paul,  Trench  &  Co.     2v. 

1882.  1:93-106 IV 

Pierie,  William.     View  of  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  from  a  drawing 

taken  on  the  spot  by  Lt,  Pierie  of  the  Royal  Artillery.     Richard  Wilson 

Pinx.     William  Byrne  (sc.)    1  768 IX 

Pinkerton,  John.     A  general  collection  of  the  best  and  most  interesting 

voyages  and  travels  in  all  parts  of  the  world.    .    .    .    Lond. :  Longman. 

1812.     13:296. 
Pioneer  work  at  Niagara.     (Am.  elec.     Jan.,  1900.     12:  38.)  .X 
Plea  for  the  conservation  of  Niagara  Falls  (A).     (Eng.  news, 

Dec.  21,  1905.     54:668.) 
Pocket  guide  to  Niagara  Falls.     The  complete  illustrated  guide  to 

Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity,    no  imp XII 

Pohlman,  Julius.      The  life  history  of  Niagara.      (Trans.  Am.  inst. 

mining  engrs.    Buffalo  meeting.     1888.     1  7:  322-338.) VII 

Life  history  of  the  Niagara  river.      (Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S.     Aug., 

1883.  32:202.)     [Abstract] VII 

— — ^     Niagara  Falls.      (In  EncyclojDedia  Americana,     ed.   by  F.  C. 

Beach  &  others.     Americana  Co.     N.  Y.:  1904.     Vol.  II.) VII 

The   Niagara   gorge.       (Pre-glacial   erosion   along   the   course   of 

the  Niagara.)    (Proc.   A.   A.   A.   S.   Aug..    1886.     35:221-222.) 
[Abstract]     VII 

Pond,  Chester  E.  The  Falls  of  Niagara.  Our  school  of  sublimity 
.    .  ..    Topeka,  Kan.:   1888 IV 

Poole,  Stanley  Lane.  The  life  of  the  Right  Hon.  Stratford  Canning, 
Viscount  Stratford  de  Redcliffe.  .  .  .  Lond. :  Longmans,  Green. 
1888.     1  :  331-334 XII 

Pope,  Franklin  Leonard  and  Pope,  Ralph  R.  The  distribution 
of  electric  power  at  Niagara.  (Eng.  mag.,  Dec,  1895.  10:407- 
417.)    X 

Popham,  William  Lee.  Niagara  Falls  romance.  Louisville,  Ky. : 
The  World  Supply  Co.      (c  191  1.) VIII 

Popple,  Henry.  America  Septentrionalis.  A  map  of  the  British 
empire  in  America  with  the  French  and  Spanish  settlements  adjacent 
thereto.     By  Henry  Popple.      (Am.  maps.     II,  No.  8.) IX 

■  I  Map  of  America;  Mariland,  Pensilvania,  New  Jersey,  New 
York,  and  the  western  part  of  Connecticut.      N.d IX 

1380 


Alphabetical  List 

Popple,  Henry.  A  map  of  the  British  empire  in  America,  fol.  Lond. : 
W.  R  Toms  &  R.  W.  Seale.     I  733 IX 

—^  A  map  of  the  British  empire  in  America  with  the  French  and 
Spanish  settlements  adjacent  thereto.  (Maps  of  America  I,  No. 
17.)     IX 

—     A  map  of  the  British  empire  in  America  with  the  French,  Spanish 

and  Dutch  settlements  adjacent  thereto.  Certified  by  Edmund  Halley. 
Amsterdam:  Covens  and  Mortier.      N.d IX 

Porter,  Albert  H.  Reminiscences  of  Niagara  from  1806  to  1872, 
with  a  list  of  the  early  settlers.  By  an  old  resident.  Printed  for 
private  circulation.     Niagara  Falls:  Pool.      1872 V 

— — ^—  Some  details  of  the  Niagara  tunnel.  (Cass.  July,  1895.  8: 
203-210.)    X 

Porter,  Peter  Augustus.  A  catalogue  of  books,  pamphlets,  engrav- 
ings, etc.,  relating  largely  to  Niagara-  Falls.     N.p.    N.d. 

'  Champlain  not  Cartier  made  the  first  reference  to  Niagara  Falls 
in  literature.      Niagara  Falls.      1  899 V 

The    complete   illustrated    gukle    to    Niagara    Falls   and   vicinity. 

(Niagara  Falls:  Gazette  Printing  Office.      1883.) XII 

— —  The  first  buildings  ever  erected  by  white  men  at  Niagara  Falls, 
in   1  745.      (Niagara  Front.  Hist.  Soc.  leaf.)  n.d V 

— —  The  first  reference  to  Niagara  Falls  in  literature.  [Niagara 
Falls,  N.  Y.:  Gazette  Pub.  Co.       1899.] 

Goat  Island.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at 

Niagara.       16:75-128.) V 

Goat  Island.      [Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y. :]    1  900. 

Historic  Niagara.      (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  th'e  state  reserv. 

at  Niagara.      Albany.      1894.      10:57-71.) V 

- — - —  How  lake  commerce  began;  La  Salle's  visits  to  the  Niagara. 
Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. :  n.d.   P.    11 V  and  IX 

A   legend   of  Goat   Island   ascribed   to   Father  Louis   Hennepin, 

who  visited  Niagara  in  1678.     .     .     .     Niagara  Falls:  (  1  900)  .  .VIII 

[Lines  in  a  young  lady's  album.]    (In  Johnson,  R.  L.,  Niagara, 

its  history,  incidents  and  poetry  .  .  .  Wash. :  W.  Neale.  1 898.  Pp. 
49-50.)    VIII 

Niagara  an  aboriginal  center  of  trade.    Niagara  Falls.     1906.  .V 

Niagara  county  in  that  souvenir  history.     1902.     P.  1  ff. 

Porter,  Peter  A.     The  Niagara  region  in  history.      (Cass.  July,  1895. 

8:365-384.)    V 

138? 


Niagara  Falls 

Porter,  Peter  A.  Official  guide.  Niagara  Falls,  river,  frontier:  scenic, 
electric,  historic,  geologic,  hydraulic.  With  illustrations  by  Charles  D. 
Arnold.      [Buffalo:    The  Matthews  Northrup  Works.     1901.]  .  .XII 

Porter's  Niagara  Falls  collection.  (Nation.  Oct.  20.  1910. 
91:360-361.) 

Potter,  Alvah  K.  Address  to  the  international  commissioners  appointed 
to  investigate  concerning  the  conditions  and  uses  of  the  waters  adjacent 
to  the  boundary  lines  between  Canada  and  the  United  States,  at  Niagara 
Falls,  New  York,  September  14,  1905.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs 
of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     22:  77-81.) XI 

Pouchot,   M.  .      Memoir  upon  the  late  war  in  North  America, 

between  the  French  and  English,  1755-60;  followed  by  observations 
upon  the  theatre  of  actual  war,  and  by  new  details  concerning  the  man- 
ners and  customs  of  the  Indians;  with  topographical  maps.  Translated 
and  edited  by  Franklin  R.  Hough.  Roxbury,  Mass.:  W.  Elliott 
Woodward.      1866.     2:153-156 I  and  XII 

Powell,  Ann.  Journal  of  a  tour  from  Montreal  to  Detroit,  1  789, 
with  notes  by  Eliza  Susan  Quincy.  (Mag.  Am.  hist.,  July,  1880. 
5:37-46.)     II 

Power  development  of  the  Toronto  and  Niagara  power  com- 
pany.    (Eng.  rec,  Feb.  13.  1904.    49:180-183.) X 

Power  developments  at  Niagara.  (Eng.  mag.,  Feb.,  1900.  18: 
776^777.) 

Power  from  Niagara.     (Can.  eng.     April,  1902.     9:91.) 

(Current  lit.     August,    1900.     29:127.) 

Power  houses  at  Niagara.      (Sci.  Am.  sup.     Dec.  19,  1903.     56: 

23386.) 
Power  interests  at  Niagara  Falls.     (W.  elec.     Mar.  14,  1896. 

18:127.)     X 

Power  of  Niagara  (The).     Niagara  Falls  power  co.     Niagara  Falls, 

N.  Y.:   1906 X 

(Pub.  opin..  Sept.  7.  1899.     27:303.) X 

•^——     Taking  stock  of  the  energy  utilized.      (Sci.  Am.  sup.     Sept  23, 

1911.      72:208.) X 

Power  of  the  flood.     (Cur.  lit.,  Aug..  1900.     29:127-1  28.)  ...  .X 
Power   plant    of    the    Niagara    Falls   hydraulic    power    and 

manufacturing  company  (The).     (Elec.  wld.     Jan.  14,  1899. 

33:43-46.) 

1382 


Alphabetical  List 

Power   plant   of   the    Niagara    Falls   hydraulic   power  and 

manufacturing    company.       (Power.      Dec.     17,    1895.       15: 

17.)    X 

Power  stations  at  Niagara  (The).  (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Feb.  3,  1894.X 
Pow^er,  Tyrone.      Impressions  of  America,  during  the  years   1834  and 

1  835.      Lond. :  Richard  Bentley.      1  836.      1  :  39  1  -4 1  1 XI 

Prentice,  Archibald.     A  tour  in  the  United  States.     Lond. :    1 848. 

Pp.  73-74 IV 

Prescott,   William   H.      Letter  to   the   Earl   of  Carlisle  regarding  a 

Niagara  picture  by  Lebron,  under  date  of  January  27,   1851.      (Pub. 

Buf.  Hist.  Soc.     15:141-143.) IX 

Present  condition  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power  plant  (The). 

(Jour.  Frank,  inst.,  Mar.,  1895.      139:228.) 
Preservation   of   Niagara   Falls.       (Ann.   rep'ts   of  the  com'rs  of 

the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.      28:10-15.) XI 

[Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]    (Critic,   Feb.    17,    1883.      3: 

71-72.)     XI 

—     (Eng.  news.  Apr.  16,  1903.     49:347.) XI 

Preservation  of  Niagara   Falls    (The).      (Harp.  w.     May    15. 

1880.       24:315.) XI 

[Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]    (Harp.  Dec,  1882.     66:151  — 

152.)     XI 

Preservation  of  Niagara  (The).      (Nature,  June  11,   1885.     32: 

131-132.)     XI 

Preservation   of   Niagara    Falls.       (Outl.,   Apr.    7,    1906.      82: 

772.)     XI 

(Outl..  July  21,  1906.     83:632-633.) XI 

Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls   (The).      (Outl..   Feb.   3,    1912. 

100:257-258.)     XI 

Preservation   of   Niagara    (The).      (Sci.,    May    15,    1885.      5: 

398-399.)     XI 

Preserve  Niagara.     (Oud.,  Oct.  14,  1905.     81  :  348.) XI 

Preston,  T.  R.     Three  years'  residence  in  Canada,  from  1837  to  1839, 

with  notes  of  a  wmter  voyage  to  New  York,  and  journey  thence  to  the 

British  possessions.     Lond. :  Richard  Bentley.      1840.     2: 1  1-20..  Ill 
Priest,   William.      Travels   in   the   United   States   of   North  America, 

commencing  in  the  year   1793.  and  ending  in   1797.    .    .    .    Lond.:  J. 

Johnson.       1  802.      P.   200 VII 

Prieto,  Guillermo.     Viaje  a  los  Estados-Unidos.     Por  Fidel.     3  vols. 

Mexico  :  Dublan  y  Chavez.     1  878.    2  :  285-3 12 VIII 

1383 


Niagara  Falls 

Princess  Louise  at  Niagara  (The).  (Harp.  w.  Mar.  22,  1879. 
23:237.) 

Pringle,  J.  F.  Lunenburgh  or  the  old  eastern  district,  its  settlement  and 
early  progress:  with  personal  recollections  of  the  town  of  Cornwall, 
from   1824     .     .     .     Cornwall.      1890.     Pp.   II 2,   1 65 XII 

Prior,  Samuel.  Niagara  Falls  woodcut.  (In  his  The  universal  travel- 
ler   ..    .    Lond.:    1823.     Pp.  579-582.) IX 

The  universal  traveller,  containing  the  popular  features  and  con- 
tents of  the  best  standard  modern  travels  in  the  four  quarters  of  the 
world.     London.     1823.     Pp.  579-582 V 

Pritchard,  F.  E.  Power  transmission  at  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld.,  Apr. 
16,   1892.      19:  258.) X 

Pritchard,  Myron  T.,  comp.  Poetry  of  Niagara  .  .  .  compiled 
by  M.  T.  Pritchard.     Bost.:  Lothrop  Pub.  Co.     (1901  ) VIII 

Proctor,  Richard  A.  Niagara.  (Knowl.  Aug.  3,  1883.  4:72- 
74.)    V 

Production  of  chlorate  of  potash  at  Niagara  Falls.     (Jour,  soc, 

chem.  ind.,  Oct.  31,   1896.      15:753.) 
Progress  on  Niagara  Falls  tunnel.     (Eng.  news,  Jan.  9,    1892. 

27:  33.) 

Progress  on  power  station  no.  2  of  the  Niagara  Falls  power 
company.     (Eng.  news,  Oct.  2,  1902.     48:  250.) 

Projects  for  the  utilization  of  Niagara.  (Engineering.  Oct.  23, 
Nov.  13,  Nov.  20,  1891.    52:468-469;  559-562;  589-591.) 

Projects  for  water-power  development  about  Niagara  Falls. 

(Eng.  news,  Nov.  24,   1892.     28:489.) X 

Pulszky,  Francis  A,  and  Theresa  W.  White,  red,  black;  sketches 
of  society  in  the  United  States  during  the  visit  of  their  guest  (Kossuth). 
Lond.:  Triiebner.      1853.      3:1  12-127 IV 

Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park;  official  documents 
1894    XI 

Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  Park  commissioners.     Annual 

reports,    1  885  to  date XI 

R.  C.     An  account  of  the  English  and  French  colonies  in  North  America. 

(Universal  mag.      Nov.    1755.      17:218-221.) V 

Rafinesque,  Constantine  Samuel.     A  life  of  travels  and  researches 

in  North  America  and  the  south  of  Europe.      Phila. :   For  the  author 

by  F.Turner.      1836.     P.  81. 

1384 


Alphabetical  List 

Rafter,  George  W.   Water  resources  of  the  state  of  New  York.    Pt. 

1.      (Water-supply  and  irrigation  papers  of  the  United  States  geological 
survey.  No.  24.     Wash.:  1899.     Pp.  24-25,  48.  58-63.)  .  .  .  .Vll 

Water  resources  of  the  State  of  New  York,  pt.  2.  '  (Water- 
supply  and  irrigation  papers  of  the  United-  States  geological  survey.  No. 
23.     Wash.:  1899.     Pp.  135-143.) X 

Ragueneau,  Paul.  Relation  of  what  occurred  in  the  mission  of  the 
Fathers  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  the  Huron  country  in  New  France 
in  the  years  1  64  7  and  1  648.  Sent  to  Rev.  Father  Estienne  Charlet, 
Provincial  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  the  Province  of  France.  By 
Father  Paul  Ragueneau  of  the  same  Society.  Superior  to  the  Huron 
naission.      (Thwaites,  Jesuit  Relations.  23:  63.) I 

Railway  time  tables  and  traveler's  guide  through  Central 
New  York,  Niagara  Falls,  Saratoga  Springs,  etc.  Buffalo: 
Felton  and  brother.      1866.     Pp.  91-100 XII 

Ramsay,  Sir  Andrew  C.  On  some  of  the  glacial  phaenomena  of 
Canada  and  the  northeastern  provinces  of  the  United  States  during  the 
drift  p)eriod.  (Proc.  Geol.  Soc.  of  London.  Quarterly  jour.  1859. 
1 5 :  200-2 15.)   VII 

Rand-McNally.  Hand-book  to  the  Pan-American  exposition,  Buffalo 
and  Niagara  Falls  .  .  .  Chicago  and  N.  Y. :  Rand,  McNally. 
[1901  ].    Pp.  182-237 XII 

Randolph,  Isham.  Review  of  the  rep>ort  of  William  Spencer,  M.A., 
Ph.D.,  F.G.S.,  On  the  physics  of  the  Niagara  river.  (Ann.  rep't  of 
the  com'rs  for  Queen  Victoria  Niagara  Falls  park.  1908.  23: 
5059.)     XI 

Rankine,  William  B.  The  accomplished  utilization  of  Niagara. 
(Elec.  eng.     Jan.  6,   1897.     23:21.) X 

The  accomplished  utilization  of  Niagara.      (Sci.  Am.  sup.     July 

10.  1897.     44:17945.) 

National    cyclopedia    of   American   biography     .     .     .     N.    Y. : 

White.     1906.     Vol.  XIII.     Pp.  28^287 X 

Rapids  of  the  Niagara  above  the  Falls  for  the  proprietor  Hermann 

J.  Meyer.     Pub.  for  Paul  Bernard.     N,  Y.      [1  854]  .  .' IX 

Rapids  of  the  Niagara  Falls.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  25.) IX 

Raumer,    Friedrich    Ludwig    George    von.      America,    and   the 

American  people.     Tr.  by  William  W.  Turner.     N.  Y. :  J.  and  H.  G. 

Langley.      1846.     Pp.  453-456 IV 

1385 


Niagara  Falls 

Raun,  George  E.     A  tour  around  the  world.      N.  Y.t  Gottsberger. 

1895.     Pp.  412-413 IV 

Rawdon,  Clark  &  Co.     Niagara,  and  engraving IX 

Rebridging    Niagara.       (Harp,    w.,    July    31,    1907.      41:756, 

762.)   XII 

Rebuilding  Niagara's  reservation  bridges.  (Sci.  Am.  Sept.  22, 
1900.    83:187.)   XII 

Recent  additions  in  the  power  house  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
hydraulic  power  and  manufacturing  company.  (Am.  elec. 
Dec.  1899.     11:547-551.) 

Recent  changes  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am.  April  6,  1 889. 
60:216.)     VII 

Recent  w^ork  of  the  Cataract  construction  company.  (Nature. 
May  3.  1894.     50:1  1.) X 

Recession  of  Niagara.  (Elec.  wld.  &  eng.  Mar.  2,  1907.  49: 
421.)     XI 

Recession  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Sept.  8,  1906.  62: 
25651-25653.)    VII 

Recession  of  the  Falls.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state 
reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:    1889.     5:56-64.) VII 

Recollections  of  a  ramble  from  Sydney  to  Southampton,  via 
South  America,  the  West  Indies,  the  United  States,  and 
Niagara.     Lond. :  R.  Bentley.     1 85 1 .     Pp.  320-330 IV 

Redempton  of  Niagara  (The).  (Harp,  w.,  July  18.  1885.  29: 
460-461.) 

Reed,  Andrew^  and  Matheson,  James.  A  narrative  of  the  visit 
to  the  American  churches  by  the  deputation  from  the  Congregational 
union  of  England  and  Wales.  Lond.:  Jackson  6c  Walford.  1835. 
1:116^129    XI 

Regulation  of  Niagara  Falls  approved  (The).  (Elec.  w^ld.  & 
eng.     Feb.  8,   1913.     61:281.) XI 

Reid,  Robert  A.  One  hundred  views  of  the  Pan-American  Exposition, 
Buffalo,  and  Niagara  Falls   .    .    .    Buffalo:   1901 XII 

Relation  des  descouv^rtes  et  des  voyages  du  sieur  de  la 
Salle,  seigneur  et  gouvemeur  du  fort  de  Frontenac,  au 
delk  grands  lacs  la  Nouvelle-France,  faits  par  I'ordre 
de  Monseigneur  Colbert. —  1679-1680-1681.  (Margry, 
Decouvertes  et  etablissements  des  Fran^ais  dans  .  .  .  I'Amerique  Sep- 
tentrionale.     Tome  I,  p.  44 1 .) I 

1386 


Alphabetical  List 

Remarkable  phenomenon  at  Niagara  (A).  (Cur.  lit.  May, 
1 903.     34:  538-539.)    V 

Remington,  Cyrus  K.  Bibliography  of  Niagara  Falls,  (Ann.  rep'ts 
of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.  Albany:  1894.  10: 
72-107.) 

List  of  publications,   paintings,   maps   and  engravings   relating  to 

Niagara  Falls.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at 
Niagara.      1895.      11:75-83.) 

Replogle,  Mark  A.  Electricity  and  water  power  and  their  inter- 
relations ;  a  popular  treatise.  N.  Y. :  Elec.  Rev.  Pub.  Co.  1  896.  Pp. 
132-146 X 

Report  by  the  international  waterways  commission  on  Ni- 
agara Falls.     (Eng.  news,  Apr.  5.  1906.     55:394-395.)  ...  .XI 

Report  of  the  survey  to  determine  the  crest  lines  of  the 
Falls  of  Niagara  in  1890,  errata  and  additional  monu- 
ments. (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
Albany:  1892.     8:64.)   VII 

[Report  on  Niagara  Falls  (A)].  (Eng.  news.  May  17,  1906. 
55:555.)     XI 

Report  on  the  location  and  expense  of  a  ship  canal  around 
Niagara  Falls;  also,  from  the  Illinois  river  to  Lake  Michi- 
gan. With  a  report  of  a  select  committee  to  the  assembly  April  1 4, 
1  834,  relating  to  the  connection  from  Oswego  to  the  Hudson.  N.  Y. : 
Office  of  the  R.  R.  jour.     1  834.     Pp.  1-7 XII 

Resume  of  legislation  concerning  Niagara  power  corpora- 
tions. (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara. 
21:185-213.)    XI 

Retrocession  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).  (Eng.  news,  Dec.  15, 
1888.    20:462.)   VII 

[Review  of  "Another  episode  in  the  history  of  Niagara 
Falls,"  by  Joseph  William  Winthrop  Spencer.]  (Nature, 
Dec.  29.  1898.     59:214.) VII 

Review  of  article  of  J.  W.  Spencer  -— "  The  Spoliation  of 
the  Falls  of  Niagara."     (Nature.     Nov.  5,  1908.     79: 18.).  XI 

[Review  of  Bolton,  Reginald  Pelhani;  An  expensive  experi- 
ment.]     (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.     July.   1913.      II:  302.) X 

[Review  of  George  Frederick  Wright's  article  on  "  The  Ni- 
agara gorge  as  a  chronometer."]  (Sci..  May  2.  1884.  3: 
556.)    VII 

1387 


Niagara  Falls 

Review  of  G.  W.  Holley's  "  The  falls  of  Niagara  with  sup- 
plementary chapter  on  the  other  famous  cataracts  of  the 
world."      (Nat.,  Jan.  4.    1883.     36:  32.) V 

[Review  of  Gilbert's  "  Rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls."] 

(Eng.  news.    Feb.  28.  1907.    57:  248.) VII 

[Review^  of  Holley's  "  Niagara  —  its  history  and  geology."] 

(Pop.  sci.  mo..  Oct..  1872.     1 :756-757.) 
Review    of    projects    submitted    for    Niagara    competition. 

(Eng.  (Lond.).  Oct.  23.  1891.     52:468-469.) 

(Eng.  (Lend.).  Nov.  13.  1891.    52:559-562.) 

(Eng.  (Lend.),  Nov.  20.  1891.    52:589-591.) 

[Review  of  **  The  age  of  Niagara  Falls,  as  indicated  by  the 

erosion  at  the  mouth  of  the  gorge,"  a  paper  by  Prof.  G. 

Frederick   Wright,   read    at   the   meeting   of   the   A.   S., 

Boston,  1898.]      (Nature.  Nov.  3.  1898.     59:16.) VII 

[Review^  of  "  The  battle  of  Niagara,  a  poem  w^ithout  notes, 

and  Goldau,  or  thr   mianiac  harper."]     (N.  Am.  rev..  Dec, 

1818.    8:142-149.) VIII 

Rhine,  Alice  Hyner  ,an,  ed.     Niagara  park  illustrated;  original  and 

selected   descriptions,   poems,    and    adventures  .   .   .   N.    Y. :    Niagara 

Pub.  Co.     1885  c XII 

Rhodes,  Benjamin.     Electrical  transmission  from  Niagara.      (Trans. 

A.  S.  C.  E.    May.  1885.    14:205-211.) X 

Rice,  Roswell.     The  Falls  of  Niagara.      (In  his  Orations  and  poems. 

Springfield:  1883.    Pp.  645-646.) VIII 

Richard,    John.      The   conversion  of   Mr.   John   Richard   related  by 

himself.      (U.  S.  Cath.  hist.  mag..   1887.      1  :  94.) Ill 

Richards,  W.   C.      Niagara  in  spring.      (Harp.     Sept.,    1865.      31: 

428.)    VIII 

Richardson,  Alex.     Niagara  Falls  and  water-power.      (Good  words. 

(Lond.)     Mar.,  1896.    Pp.  183-189.) X 

Richardson,  Major  John.     Eight  years  in  Canada   .   .   .   Montreal: 

H.  H.  Cunningham.      1847.     Pp.  22-25 VIII 

Richardt,     Ferdinand.       TTie    great    international    railway    bridge. 

Engraved  by  D.  E.  Glover.      1859 IX 

Niagara   Falls.       (From   the  American   shore.)      A.    H.    Payne 

(sc.).     [1859] IX 

The  Tower.     A.  H.  Payne  (so.).      [1859] IX 

Richmond,  A.  E.     Where  to  invest.     Prospect  of  profit.     Is  it  safe? 

A  treatise  on  Niagara  Falls  power  as  a  city  builder.     Buffalo:   1895. 

1388 


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Ricker,   George   A.      Building  the   Niagara   gorge  railway.      (Pro., 

engrs.  club,  Phila.,  July.  1899.     16:  248-271.) 
Rider,    Alex.       Geisler,    Fr,       (sc.)       Niagara    Wasserfall    in    seinem 

gagenwartigen  Zustande,  von  der  Seite  von  Canada  angesehen.      Von 

Alex.    Rider   nach   der   Natur.       (Grosvenor   library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  8.) IX 

Ridgely,  A.  S.     (Poem)      (In  Holley,  G.  W.,  Niagara;  its  history  and 

geology,  incidents  and  poetry    .    .    .    N.  Y.,  Buffalo,  Toronto.     1872. 

Pp.   164-165.)    VIII 

■  (Poers).     (In  Johnson,    R.    L.,   Niagara,   its  history,   incidents, 

and  poetry.     Wash. :  W.  Neale.     1898.     Pp.  54-55.) VIII 

Rise  of  Niagara  power.      (Elec.  wld.   &  eng.      Oct.,    14,    1905. 

46:  654-656.)    X 

Robb,   J.    Hampden.     Buying  Niagara.     (Cent.,   Dec,    1886.     20: 

815-823.)     XI 

Robert,  Sr. .     A  part  of  North  America  comprehending  the  course 

of  the  Ohio,  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pensilvania, 
Maryland,  Virginia,  Carolina  and  Georgia.  From  the  Sr.  Robert 
with  improvements.  (In  Brookes,  R.,  Tlie  general  gazetteer.  Lond. : 
For  J.  Newberry.      1  766.) IX 

Robertson,  Felix.  Additional  observations  on  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 
(In  Phila.  medical  and  physical  jour.      1  :  pt.  2,  pp.  61—68.)  .  .  .  .VII 

Robertson,  William  Parish.  A  visitor  to  Mexico,  by  the  West 
India  islands,  Yucatan  and  United  States,  with  observations  and 
adventures  by  the  way.  Lond.:  Simpkin,  Marshall  and  Co,.  1853. 
2:437-441    IV 

Robinson,  Charles  Mulford.  The  life  of  Judge  Augustus  Porter, 
a  pioneer  in  western  New  York.  (Buf.  Hist.  Soc,  pub.,  1904.  Vol. 
VII.     See  index.) V 

Robinson,  William.  [Description  of  Niagara].  (In  N.  Y.  (state) 
survey.— Special  report  for  1879.  Albany,  N.  Y. :  Van  Benthuysen. 
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Rochefort,  Henri.  The  adventures  of  my  life.  Arranged  for  English 
readers  by  the  author  and  Ernest  W.  Smith.  Lond.  and  N.  Y. : 
E.Arnold.       1896.     2:154-155 IV 

Roebling,  John  A.  Final  report  of  .  .  .  civil  engineer  to  the  presi- 
dents and  directors  of  the  Niagara  Falls  suspension  and  Niagara  Falls 
international  bridge  companies.  May  1,  1855.  Rochester,  N.  Y. : 
Lee,  Mann.  &  Co.      1855. 

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Roebling,  John  A.  Rqx)rt  on  the  condition  of  the  Niagara  railway 
suspension  bridge,  I860.  (Jour.  Frank,  inst.  Dec,  1860.  70:  361- 
372.) XII 

Roebling,  W.  A.  A  reply  to  the  recent  criticism  made  by  Edward 
Wasell  upon  the  Niagara  railway  suspension  bridge.  N.  Y.:  S.  B. 
Leverich.      1877. 

Rogers,  H.  A,  Niagara  Falls.  Bibliography.  (New  York  state 
library.  Albany,   N.  Y.      1904.) 

Rogers,  Henry  D.  On  the  Falls  of  Niagara  and  the  reasonings  of 
some  authors  respecting  them.  (Am.  jour,  sci.,  1835.  27,  No.  2: 
326-335.)    VII 

Rogers,  Robert,  Major.  A  concise  account  of  North  America:  con- 
taining a  description  of  the  several  British  colonies  on  that  continent. 
.  .  .  Also  of  the  interior,  or  westerly  parts  of  the  country,  upon  the  rivers 
St.  Lawrence,  Mississipi,  Christino,  and  the  Great  Lakes  .  .  .  Lond. : 
J.  Millan.     1765.     Pp.   172-174 II 

Rohr,  Mathias.  Am  Niagara.  (In  his  Gedichte.  Miinchen.  [  1 905  ] 
Pp.  6-8.)    VIII 

— Auch    am    Niagara.       {In   his   Gedichte.      Miinchen.    [1905.] 

P.  92.) 

— —  Das  Opfer  des  Niagara,  (/n /zis  Gedichte.  Miinchen.  [1905.] 
Pp.  56-59.)   VIII 

Rolph,  Thomas.  A  brief  account,  together  with  observations  made 
during  a  visit  in  the  West  Indies,  and  a  tour  through  the  United  States 
of  America,  in  parts  of  the  years,  1  832-3 ;  together  v/ith  a  statistical 
account  of  upper  Canada.  Dundas,  U.  C.:  Hackstaff.  1836.  Pp. 
193-204   XI 

Rose,  A.  The  emigrant  churchmzin  in  Canada.  Lond. :  Rev,  Henry 
Christmas.      1849.      1:131-167 IV 

Rose,  George.  The  great  country,  or.  Impressions  of  America.  Lond. : 
Tinsley  Bros.      1868.     Pp.  266-271 IV 

Rossi,  L.  A.  (inc.)  A.  Biasoli  (acq.)  Two  views  —  one  of  Horse- 
shoe and  one  of  American  Fall.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
1697-187-.     Mat  5.) IX 

Rouillard,    I .      Carte    generalle   de   la   Nouvelle    France   oil    est 

compris  la  Louisiane,  Gasf>esie  et  le  Nouvcau  Mexique  avec  les  memoires 
les  plus  nouveau  1 692.  I.  Rouillard  delineavit.  L.  Boudan  sculp. 
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Roy,  Camille,  Uahhe.  Etude  sur  I'histoire  de  la  litterature  canadienne, 
1800—1820.  (Proc.  and  trans,  of  the  Roy.  Soc.  of  Can,  2d  ser. 
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Roy,  Jennet.  History  of  Canada  .  .  ,  Montreal;  Ramsey.  1854. 
Pp.  226-229   V 

Russell,  Sir  William  Howard.  Canada;  its  defences,  condition,  and 
resources;  being  a  third  and  concluding  volume  of  "My  diary,  north 
and  south."     Lond. :  Bradbury  and  Evans.      1865.     Pp.  28—52.  .IV 

My  diary  north  and  south.     Lond. :  Bradbury  and  Evans.     1  863. 

Vol.   II.     Pp.  98-106 IV 

Sagard-Theodat,  Gabriel.  Histoire  du  Canada  et  voyages  que 
les  Freres  Mineurs  recollects  y  ont  faicts  pour  la  conversion  des 
Infidelles     ...     A  Paris,  Chez  Claude  Sonnius.      1 636.     4  vols. 

Sagra,  Ramon  de  la.  Cinco  meses  en  los  Estados-Unidos  de  la 
America  del  Norte  desde  el  20  de  Abril  al  23  de  Setiembre  de  1835. 
Diario  de  viaje.     Paris:  Pablo  Renourd.      1836.     Pp.  255—267.  .Ill 

Sainson,  de,  (del.)    Chute  du  Niagara.     [1836]     (Grosvenor 

library.  Buffalo.  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.  1697-1 87-. 
Mat    16.)     IX 

Sala,  George  Augustus.  My  diary  in  America  in  the  midst  of  war. 
Lond.:    Tinsley.       1865.       1:163-213 IV 

Salem  (Mass.)  public  library.  Reading  list  on  Niagara.  Bulletin, 
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Sangster,  A.  W.  Niagara  river  and  Falls  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake 
Ontario:  a  series  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  original  etchings,  etched 
on  copper,  from  his  own  drawings;  ed.  by  James  W.  Ward.  Buffalo: 
Fryer.      1 886-89    IX 

Sansom,  Joseph.  Sketches  of  Lower  Canada,  historical  and  descrip- 
tive; with  the  author's  recollections  of  the  soil,  and  aspect;  the  morals, 
habits,  and  religious  institutions,  of  that  isolated  country;  during  a  tour 
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1817.     P.  294 ' Ill 

Sanson,  N .    Le  Canada,  ou  Nouvelle  France   .    .    .    Par  N.  Sanson 

d'Abbeville  Geographe  ordinaire  du  Roy.  A  Paris:  Chez  Pierre 
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vingt  ans.      1  656 IX 

Le   Canada,    ou    Nouvelle   France      .      .      .      Tiree   de   diverses 

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1391 


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Sanson,    N.      Canada   of    Niew   Vrankryk.      Getroken   mit   verscheide 

Fransche,    Engelsche  en   Hollandische  Beschryvingen  enz.      Door   N. 

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Par.    G.    Sanson.       13^    x   22.      A   Paris:    Chez    Pierre   Marietta. 

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L'Amerique  Septentrionale  et  Meridionale  divisee  en  ses  principales 

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vertes  .  .  .  aux  observations  astronomiques,  par  le  sr.  Robert.  1  749. 
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Sanson's  map  of  Canada.  (Ann.  archaeological  rep't,  1897-1898, 
being  part  of  appendix  to  the  report  of  the  minister  of  education, 
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Saron,  Pseud.  A  sporting  excursion  to  Niagara  and  the  Canadian 
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Sault  du  Niagara  de  135  pieds  de  haut.  Vue.  [From 
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Saunders,  J.  E.     Niagara.     Lond.:  Partridge.      1903 VIII 

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Savage,  James.     The  whistling  swan  on  Niagara  river.      (Bull,  of  the 

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Sayer,   Robert.      An  accurate  map  of  North  America,  describing  and 

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1763    IX 

1392 


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Scandal  at  Niagara  (The).       (Sat.  rev..  July  28.  1883.    56:106- 

107.)    V 

Scanlan,  Wallace.     "  Dirty";  a  story  of  Niagara.     (The  reminder. 

Lockport.  N.  Y.:  August.  1896.     Vol.  I.  No.  1.) VIII 

Scene    at    Niagara    Falls — Buying    mementos.       (Harp.    w. 

June  9.   1877.     21:441.) V 

Scener  i  Nord-Amerika  ur  en  Svensk  Resndes  Minnes-Bok. 

Stockholm:  Hos.  L.  J.  Hjerta.      1  8*36.     P.   1  63-1  90 Ill 

Scenic  Niagara  Falls.     (Elqc.  wI'cK  &  ewg.,  Feb.  22,   1908.    51: 

1908.)     XI 

Scheme  for  the  electrical  utilization  of  Niagara  (A).     (Elec. 

wld.    Feb.  9.  1889.     13:71-72.) X 

Schenk,  M.     Report  'on  roadway  from-  the  reservation  to  Lake  Ontario. 

(Ann.  rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  "at  Niagara.     Albany: 

1894.     10:  55-56.)    XI 

Scheufelen,    A.      The    Niagara    Falls    hydraulic   power    and    manu- 

facturin-g    company.       (Zeitschr.    d.    Ver.    Deutschering.      Mar.     1 7, 

1900.    44.  Pt.  1:  346-349.) 
Schlitzer,  Frank  Cecil.     Two  views  of  the  Falls  from  the  American 

shore  below.     Lithographed  by  Sage.  Sons  &  Co.     Buffalo:  1870.  .IX 
Schneider,  Charles  C.      The  cantilever  bridge  at  Niagara  Falls  and 

the   discussioi>.      (Trans.    Am.    S.    G.    E.      Nov..    1885.      14:499- 

606.)    ." XII 

Schoolcraft,   Henry  Rowe.      Niagara,   an  allegory.      (In  his  The 

American    Indians.   .   .   .   Rochester:     Wanzer.     Foot.        1851.       P. 

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travels  through  the  northwestern  regions  of  the  United  States  extending 
from  Detroit  through-  the  great  chain  of  American  lakes!  to  the  sources 
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Horsford.     1821.     Pp.  33-47.) VI 

[Schoolcraft,  Henry  Rowe.]  Western  scenes  and  reminiscences; 
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Mulligan,    1853.     P.  407 VIII 

Schultz,  Christian.  Travels  on  an  inland  voyage  through  the  states 
of  NeVki-.York,  Pennsylvania.  Virginia,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee, 
and  through  the  territories  of  Indiana,  Louisiana,  Mississippi  and  New- 
Orleans;  performed  in  the  years  1807  and  1808;  including  a  tour  of 
nearly    six    thousand   miles.      N.    Y. :    Isaac    Riley.       1810.       1:54, 

58-83 Ill  and  XII 

„ ,  1393 


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Schumann,  I.  .  sc.    Total  Anblick  des  Niagara  Falls.   (Grosve- 

nor  library.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—. 

Mat  3.)    IX 

Schuster,  S.  .      Niagara  Falls.      [1870?]     (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.  Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—.   Mat21.).IX 
Scott,   C.   F.      The  installation  of  the  Niagara   Falls  power  company. 

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Scovell,  J.  T.   An  old  channel  of  the  Niagara  river.    (Proc.  A.  A.  A.  S. 

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Seale,  R.  W.     (del.  and  sc.)    An  accurate  map  of  Canada,  with  the 

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(sc.)    A  new  and  accurate  map  of  North  America  laid  down 

according  to  the  latest  and  most  approved  observations  and  discoveries. 

(anon.)    10  x  13.     (In  the  Universal  mag.    Lond.:  J.  Hinton.    Mar. 

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Season  at  Niagara  Falls  (The).   (Photographic  visitors.)     Drawn 

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646.)     IX 

Seaver,  James  E.     A  narrative  of  the  life  of  Mrs.  Mary  Jemison. 

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Secretary  of  war's  decision  on  Niagara  Falls  (The).     (Elec. 

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Sectional  view  of  one  of  the  13,000  horse-power  turbines 
at  the  125,000  horse-pow^er  plant  of  the  electric  develop- 
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Seeing  the  Falls  in  company.  (Outlook.  May  27,  1911.  98: 
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Sellers,  Coleman.  How  Niagara's  power  will  be  utilized.  (Eng. 
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Senex,  John.  A  new  map  of  the  English  empire  in  America  .  .  . 
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^—^—  North  America.  Corrected  from  the  observations  communicated  to 
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John  Senex.      1710 IX 

1394 


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Senex,  John.  North  America,  corrected  from  the  observations  com- 
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Severance,  Frank  Hayward.  The  achievements  of  Captain  John 
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"  Adventures  of  M.  Bonnefons,  1753.  (In  Severance,  Studies 
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'  Tlie  Columbian  year  book.  Niagara  Falls  and  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
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1893    XII 

Historical  sketch  of  the  board  of  trade,  the  merchants  exchange, 

and  the  chamber  of  commerce  of  Buffalo.  (Pub.  Buf.  Hist.  Soc. 
1909.      13:  31  1-313.)    XII 

—      How  to  see  Niagara.      Railway  guide  and  illustrated  hand-book 

of  Buffalo,  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity,  Matthews,  Northrup  and  Co. 
June  1888.     Pp.  35-37 XII 

■ A  new  guide  to  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity.    .    .    .    Chicago  and 

N.  Y.:  Rand,  McNally.     1892.     P.  1-124 XII 

■ Niagara    in    London:     a    brief    study    from    many    standpoints. 

Buffalo:     1887 XII 

— —  Niagara  and  the  poets.  (In  his  Old  trails  on  the  Niagara 
frontier.  1  st  ed.  Buffalo:  1899;  2d  ed.  Cleveland:  1903.  Pp.  221- 
260.)     VIII 

■  The  story  of  Joncaire,  his  life  and  times  on  the  Niagara.  Buffalo: 
1906.     Passim XII 

Seyrig,  William.     L'utilisition  du  Niagara.      (Le  Genre  civil.     Feb. 

4,    1893.     22:  224-226.) X 

Shaler,    Nathaniel    Southgate.      Aspects    of   the   earth.      N.    Y. : 

Scribner.      1889.      Pp.    161-163 VII 

Sharan,    James.      The   adventures   of   James   Sharan:    compiled    from 

the  Journal,  written  during  his  voyages  and  travels  in  the  four  quarters 

of  the  globe.  Bait. :  Dobbin  and  Murphy.  1  808.  Pp.  I  08-1  1  6  .  .  II 
Sharpe,  WilHam.     Niagara  and  Khandalla,  and  other  poems.     Lond. : 

H.  A.  Copley.      1902 VIII 

■  The  mternalional  temple  of  Niagara.  Reprinted  from  Modern 
thought.    March.    1882.    Lond.:  Modern  press.    N.d V  and  XI 

Shaw,   John.      A  ramble  lhrou<?h  the  United  States,   Canada,   and  the 

West  Indies.     Lond.:  J.  F.  Hope.      1856.      Pp.  32-36 IV 

1395 


Niagara  Falls 

[Shelton,  F.  W.]  Verses  written  during  a  thunder  storm  in  the  album 
at  the  Falls.  {In  his  The  trollopiad;  or.  Travelling  gentlemen  in 
America;  a  satire  by  Nil  Admirari,  esq.  N.  Y. :  Shepard.  1836. 
Pp.  79-81.)   VIII 

ShirrefF,  Patrick.  A  tour  through  North  America;  together  with  a 
comprehensive  view  of  the  Canadas  and  United  States  as  adapted  for 
agricultural  emigration.     Edinb. :   1835.     Pp.  88-94 XII 

Shooting  Niagara  Falls.  (Critic.  Jan.  1883.  100:122- 
127.)    VIII 

Eclec.  mag.    Jan.  1883.    New  ser.    37:122-127 VIII 

Shooting  the  rapids.     (Harp,  w.,  Sept.  15,  1883.     27:  584.)  .  .  .V 
Shrade (sc.)  Chute  du  Niagara.     [I860?!     (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,    N.    Y.       Views    of    Niagara    Falls.       1697-187—.      Mat 

18.)     IX 

Siemens,  Sir  Carl  Wiihelm.      Inaugural  address;  delivered  at  the 

annual  general  meeting  of  the  Iron  and  steel  institute  held  in  London, 

March,    1877.      Newcastle-upon-Tyne.:   Lambert.      1877.      Pp.    12- 

13 X 

Significance  of  the  hydro-electric  developments  at  Niagara 

Falls.     (Elec.  rev.  Feb.  11,  1905.     46:  224-225.) X 

Sigourney,   Mrs.   Lydia   H.      Farewell  to  Niagara.       (In   Barham, 

William,    Descriptions    of    Niagara;    selected    from   various    travellers. 

....     Gravesend:  n.  d.     Pp.   1  79-1  80.) VIII 

— —     The  hermit  of  the  Falls.       (In  her  Illustrated  poems.      Phila. : 

Lindsay  and  Blakiston.      1860.     Pp.   143-149.) VIII 

'  The  hermit   of  the   Falls.       (In   Barham,   William,    Descriptions 

of  Niagara;   selected  from  various  travellers.    .     .     .    Gravesend:   n.d. 

Pp.  1 42-1 46.) VIII 

The  hermit  of  Niagara.    (Graham's  Am.  mo.  mag.,  Feb.   1  848. 

32:127-128.)     VIII 

—      Niagara.       (In    her    Illustrated    poems.       Phila.:    Lindsay    and 

Blakiston.     1 860.     Pp.   1  34-1  36.) VIII 

Niagara,     (/n  /ler  Select  poems.    5th  ed.    Phila.:  Biddle.     1847. 

Pp.  88-90.)   VIII 

Niagara.        (In    Barham,    William,     Descriptions    of    Niagara; 

selected   from  various  travellers;    .     .     .    Gravesend:   n.d.      Pp.    Ill- 
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Niagara.        (In    Barham,    William,    Descriptions    of    Niagara; 

selected   from  various   travellers.    .     .     .    Gravesend:   n.d.      Pp.    159- 
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1396 


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Silliman,  Augustus  E.  A  gallop  among  American  scenery;  or. 
Sketches  of  American  scenes  and  military  adventure.  N.  Y.:  D. 
Appleton.      1843.     Pp.   148-154 IV 

Simcoe,  Mrs.  E.  P.  G.  Niagara  paintings.  (In  her  Diary  of  Mrs. 
John  Graves  Simcoe.    .    .    .    Toronto:  Briggs.     191  1.)  ...  .II  and  IX 

Sinclair,  John.  Sketches  of  old  times  and  distant  places.  Lond.: 
Murray.      1875.     Pp.  244-255 IV 

Sketches  of  scenery  on  Niagara  river  for  the  North  Ameri- 
can journal.      (N.  Am.  rev..  Mar.   1916.     2:320-329.) V 

Sladen,  Douglas  Brooke  Wheelton.  To  the  American  Fall  at 
Niagara.  (In  Sladen,  Douglas,  ed.,  Younger  American  poets  1830— 
1890.  .  .  .  With  an  appendix  of  younger  Canadian  poets;  ed.  by 
G.  B.  Roberts.  Lond.  and  Sydney:  Griffith,  Farran,  Okeden  and 
Welsh.       1891.      Dedicatory   sonnet.) VIII 

(Small,  H.  B.  comp.)  The  Canadian  handbook  and  tourist's  guide. 
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Smith,  Cecil  B.  Construction  of  Canadian  Niagara  power  company's 
one  hundred  thousand  horse-power  hydro-electric  plant  at  Niagara 
Falls,  Ont.     (Trans.  Can.  Soc.  C.  E.    Jan.   1905.     19:62-82.  .  .  .X 

.■  Hydro-electric  power  plants  in  the  Canadian  Niagara  district. 
(Eng.  mag.     Feb.   1905.     28:  727-752.) X 

Smith,  Erminnie  A.  A  Seneca  legend  of  Hinu^  and  Niagara.  (In 
her  Myths  of  the  Iroquois.  Pp.  54—55.)  (Second  ann.  rep't  of  the 
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Smith,  Michael.  A  geographical  view  of  the  British  possessions  in 
North  America.    .    .    .    Bait. :  P.  Mauro.      1814.      Pp.  62-74 ...  Ill 

Geographical  view  of  the  province  of  Upper  Canada;   and  pro- 

miscious  remarks  on  the  government ;  in  two  parts ;  with  an  appendix, 
containing  a  complete  description  of  the  Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y.  Pelsue 
and  Gould.    1813.    Pp.  72-82 V 

Smith,  Thomas.  The  wonders  of  nature  and  art;  or,  A  concise  account 
of  whatever  is  most  curious  and  remarkable  in  the  world:  .  .  .  Lon- 
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Smith,  William.  A  Yorkshireman's  trip  to  the  United  States  and 
Canada.     Lond.:  Longmans,  Green.      1892.     Pp.  230—247 IV 

1397 


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Smith,  William  Henry.  Canada:  past,  present  and  future;  being  a 
historical,  geographical,  geological  and  statisical  account  of  Canada 
west.      Toronto:    (1851).       1:198-204 VII 

Southesk,  James  Carnegie,  Earl  of.  Saskatchewan  and  the  Rocky 
mountains;  a  diary  and  narrative  of  travel,  sport  and  adventure,  during 
a  journey  through  the  Hu'dson's  Bay  company's  territories  in  1859  and 
1  860.     Edinb. :  Edmonton  &  Douglas.      1  875.     Pp.  3-4 IV 

Southack, .    A  new  chart  of  the  British  empire  in  North  America; 

with  the  distinct  colonies  granted  by  letters  patent  from  cape  Canso  to 
St.   Matthias   river.       1  746 IX 

Souvenir  of  Niagara  Falls.  N.p.  [18* — ?]  (Fourteen  folded 
plates.) 

Souvenir  of  Niagara  Falls,  with  a  series  of  views  in  oil 
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Sage.      1864 XII 

Souvenir  history  of  Niagara  county.  New  York;  commfemora- 
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SpafFord,  Horatio  Gates.  Gazetteer  of  the  State  of  New  York. 
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Spectator  (The).    (Outl,  May  27,  191  1 .   98:147-152.) TV 

Spencer,  Caroline.  Journal  —  A  trip  to  Niagara  in  1835.  (Mag. 
Am.  hist..  Oct..    1889.     27:231-242.) Ill 

Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop.  Age  of  Niagara  Falls. 
(Am.  geologist.     August.  1894.     14:135-163.) VII 

Age    of    Niagara    river.        (Am.     nat.,     March,     1887.-       21: 

269-270.)   VII 

An   account    of   researches    relating   to   the    great    Jakes.       (Ann. 

rep'ts  of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.  N.  Y.  and  Albany: 
1899.       15:139-159.) VII 

Another  episode  in   the  history   of  Niagara   Falls.       (Am.    jour. 

sci..  Dec.   1898.      156  (ser.  4.  6):  no.  36,  439-450.) VII 

Changes  in  the  recession  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Science.     New 

ser.     Sept.    18,   1908.     28:  283-284.') VII 

TTie  duration  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Am.  n'at.      Oct.    1894.     28: 

859-862.)    VII 

Duration  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Am.  jour.  sci.     Dec.   1894.      148 

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1398 


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Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop.  Duration  of  Niagara  Falls 
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of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:    1895.      126  pages.)  .  .VII 

The  duration  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  history  of  the  great  lakes. 

(In  N.  Y.  (state)  Assembly  docs.  118th  sess.  1895.  No.  90 
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Falls   of   Niagara:    their   evolution   and   varying   relations   to   the 

Great  Lakes;  characteristics  of  the  power  and  the  effects  of  its  diver- 
sion. (Can.  dep't  of  mines,  geol.  survey  branch.  Ottawa:  S.  E. 
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— — —      Interruption   in   the   flow   of  the  Falls   of   Niagara   in   February, 

1909.  (Geol.  Soc.  of  Am.  bull.  Aug.  10,  1910.  21:447- 
448.)     VII 

-^-^      L'evolution  des  chutes  du  Niagara.      (La  Geographic.     5  Aout. 

1910.  tome  22.  No.  2.     Pp.   105-118.) VII 

A  map  of  the  gorge  of  the  Niagara  river,  to  accompany  a  report 

on  New  discoveries  in  the  physics  of  the  Falls.  1905.  (In  back  of 
his  "Outline  of  the  evolution  of  the  falls  of  Niagara:  contrast  with 
the  falls  of  Zambesi;'    for  the  International  Zoological  Congress.)  .  .IX 

Niagara    Falls    as    a    chronometer    of    geological    time.       (Proc. 

Royal      Soc.      of     London.        March     6,      1894.        56:145-148.) 

[Abstract.]     VII 

Niagara   as   a  time-piece.       (Pop.   sci.   mo.      May,    1896.      49: 

1-19.)     VII 

Niagara  as  time-piece.     (Proc.  of  the  Can.  inst.,  new  ser.     May 

1898.     l:pts.  4and5.     101-103.) VII 

—      On  the    relationship    of    Niagara    river    to    the    glacial    world. 

(Science,  n.s.  Aug.  5,    1910.      32:191.)       [Abstract.] VII 

On  the   relative  work   of   the  two   falls   of   Niagara.      (Science. 

n.s.  Aug.  5,  1910.     32 : 1 87-1 88.) VII 

— —  Outline  of  the  evolution  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara;  contrast  with 
the  falls  of  Zambesi;"  for  the  International  Zoological  Congress.)  .  .IX 
inc.      1913    VII 

Partial  drainage  of  Niagara  river  to  the  glacial  period.      (Science. 

n.s.  Aug.   5,    1910.      32:191.)       [Abstract.] VII 

Recession  of  the  Niagara  Falls.      (Brit.  Assn.  for  A.  S.     Report 

77th  meeting.      1908.      Pp.   572-575.)       [Abstract.] VII 

Recession  of  the  Niagara  Falls.      (Geol.  mag.  Decade  5.      1907. 

4 :440-44 1 .)    VII 

Relationship  of  Niagara  river  to  the  glacial  period.      (Geol.  Soc. 

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1399 


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Spencer,  Joseph  William  Winthrop.  Relative  work  of  the  two 
Falls  of  Niagara.  (Geol.  See.  of  Am.  bul.  Aug.  10.  1910.  21: 
441-446.)    VII 

— —  (Report  on)  Niagara  Falls  and  Niagara  district.  (Can.  geol. 
survey.     Summary  report.     1905.     Pp.  87-91.) VII 

Review  of  the  history  of  the  great  lakes.      (Am.   geol.      Nov. 


1894.      14:  289-301.)    VII 

Revision  of  the  age  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Science,      n.s.     June 

1 2.   1 908.     27:  925-926.) VII 

^—     Side  issues  bearing  on  the  age  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Science,     n.s. 
Nov.  27.   1908.    28:754-759.) VII 

Soundings  in  Niagara  gorge  and  under  the  Falls.     (Sci.   Am. 

Aug.  1.  1908.    99:  76-77.) VII 

-  Soundings  under  Niagara  Falls  and  in  the  gorge.     (Science,     n.s. 
April   10.    1908.     27:587-589.) VII 

Spoliation  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.    (Pop.  sci.  mo.    Oct.   1 908. 


73:  289-305.)    XI 

Spencer,  O.  M.  Narrative  of  O.  M.  Spencer;  comprising  an  account 
of  his  captivity  among  the  Mohawk  Indians,  in  North  America. 
Revised  from  the  original  papers  by  the  author  of  "  Moral  and  scien- 
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Springs,  water-falls,  sea-bathing  resorts  and  mountain 
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J.  DisturnelL     1855.    Pp.  106-113 XII 

Stansbury,  Philip.  A  pedestrian  tour  of  two  thousand  three  hundred 
miles,  in  North  America.  To  the  Lakes, —  the  Canadas. —  and  the 
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Meyers  and  Smith.      1822.     Pp.    100-1  14 Ill 

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boundaries  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Albany:  Argus.  1874. 
1:104-105    V 

State  reservation  at  Niagara  Falls;  testimony  in  appraise- 
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Status  of  the  Niagara  Falls  bill.  (Elec.  wld.  Feb.  15,  1913. 
61  :  336.)     XI 

Steamer  goes  safely  past  Niagara  whirlpool  (A).  (Knowl. 
Aug.  10.  1883.    4:90-91.) 

Steele,  Eliza  R.  A  summer  journey  in  the  West.  N.  Y.:  S.  Taylor. 
1 84 1 .     Pp.  54-65 IV 

1400 


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Steele's  Niagara  Falls  port-folio,  containing  eight  new  views 
of   Niagara   Falls  taken   from   the   most  striking   points. 

Also   a    facsimile  of   a   view   taken   by   Father   Hennepin,    in    1 678. 

Lithographed  by  Hall  and  Mooney.  Buffalo:  Steele's  press.  I  844  .  IX 
Steele's  book  of  Niagara  Falls.     7th  ed.     Carefully  rev.  and  imp. 

Buffalo:  Oliver  G.  Steele.      1840 XII 

Steele's  Niagara  guide  book;   being  a  synopsis  of  Steele's 

book  of  Niagara  Falls  .   .   .   Buffalo:  Steele.      1840 XII 

Steele  &  Co.     Lithographs  of  the  American  Fall  from  Goat  Island  and 

of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  from  Goat  Island.      1  838 IX 

Steinwehr,  A.  W.  A.   F.,  Baron  von.     The  centennial  gazetteer 

of  the  United  States  .   .   .   Phila.:   McCurdy.      (1873)      Pp.  646- 

647 V 

Stetson,  Francis  Lynde.     Private  rights  in  Niagara  Falls.      (Outl. 

Feb.  16.  1907.     85:378-379.) XI 

'  The   use  of  the   Niagara  water  power.      (Cass.      July,    1895. 

8:1  73-192.)     X 

Stevens,   Abel.      Life  and  times  of  Nathan  Bangs,   D.D.      N.   Y. : 

Carlton  and  Porter.      [  1  863] .     P.  35 V 

Stillwell,   Lewis  Buckley.      Electric  power  generation  at  Niagara. 

(Cass.     July,  1895.     8:253-304.) X 

— The  electric  transmission  of  power  from  Niagara  Falls.      (Trans. 

Am.  inst.  elec.  engrs.  Buffalo:  Aug.  23.  1901.  17:445-544.).  .X 
Stoddard,  John  L.     Lectures.      Bost. :   Balch.      1902.     Suppl.     2: 

131-143   V 

Stone,  William  Leete.      From  New  York  to  Niagara.     Journal  of 

a  tour,  in  part  by  the  Erie  canal,  in  the  year  1829.      (Pub.  Buf.  Hist. 

Soc.     1910.     14:238-250.) Ill  and  XII 

Stonebridge,   G.   E.      Through  Niagara  whirlpool  rapids  in  a  boat. 

(Sci.  Am.,  July  28.  1900.     83:59.) V 

Strathesk,  John,  pseud.      Bits  about  America.      Edinb. :  Oliphant, 

Anderson  and  Ferrier.      1887.      Pp.    116-129 XI 

Stratemeyer,   Edward.    Marching  on  thd  Niagara,  or.  The  soldier 

boys  of  the  old  frontier.      Boston:  Lee  and  Shepard.     (Colonial  series 

II)    1902 VIII 

Street,  Alfred  Billings.  Frontenac;  a  poem.  Lond. :  Richard 
Bentley.     1849.     Pp.  157-158 VIII 

Strengthening  the  cantilever  bridge  at  Niagara.  (Sci.  Am. 
Oct.  20.  1900.     83:249-250.). XII 

1401 


Niagara  Falls 

Strickland,  Agnes,  ed.  Twenty-seven  years  in  Canada  west;  or 
The  experience  of  an  early  settler.  By  Major  Strickland.  Lond. : 
R.  Bentley.     1853.     2:247-258 IV 

Strother,  French.  Shall  Niagara  be  saved.  (Wld's  work.  May, 
1906.     12:  7524-7535.)    XI 

Stuart,  Charles  Beebe,  and  Serrell,  E.  W.,  Engineers'  report  on 
the  Niagara  ship  canal,  made  to  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the 
legislature  of  New  York  .  .  .  N.  Y. :  Baker,  Goodwin  &  Co.  ptrs. 
1854. 

Stuart,  James.  Three  years  in  North  America.  TTiird  edition,  revised. 
Edinb.:  Robert  Cadell;  Lond.:  Whittaker  and  Co.,  1833.  1:138- 
145 Ill  and  XII 

Stuart-Wortley,  Lady  Emmeline  Charlotte  Elizabeth  (Man- 
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Lond.:  Bentley.     1851.     Pp.  18-30 IV 

Sturge,  Joseph.  A  visit  to  the  United  States  in  1 84 1 .  Lond. : 
Hamilton.  Adams.      1842.      P.    Ill IV 

Sullivan,  Sir  Edward  Robert.  Rambles  and  scrambles  in  North 
and  South  America.  Lond.:  Richard  Bentley.    1852.    Pp.  42-45.  .IV 

Suite,  Benjamin.  Le  Fort  de  Frontenac,  1668-1678.  (Royal  Soc. 
of  Can.  proc.  and  trans..  May,  1901.     2d  ser.  sec.  I,  7:95-96.)  .  .V 

— — —  Le  Haute-Canada  avant  1615.  (Royal  Soc.  of  Can.  June, 
1904.     2d  ser.,  sec.  I.  10:  64,  67.  68,  73-83.) V 

■  The  valley  of  the  Grand  river.  1600-1650.  (Royal  Soc.  of 
Can.  proc.  and  trans.,  May,  1898.     2d  ser.  4:109.) V 

Summary  of  conclusions  of  Sir  William  Thompson  in  his 

British  association  address.    (Nature.  Sept.,  8,  1881.    P.  435.) 

[Summary  of  electrochemical  industry  at  Niagara  Falls. — 

Fitzgerald  in  Electro-chem.  &  metal,  ind.     July,   1905.]       (Elec.  wld. 

andeng.     July  15,  1905.     46:108.) 
Summary  of  Mr.  Lyell's  memoir  on  the  Falls  .  .  .  (Proc.  Geol. 

Soc.  of  London.     1842-43.     4:19-22.) VII 

Suplee,   Henry   H.      An   interesting  hydraulic  power  p!ant.      (Cass. 

Nov.,  1894     7:85.) X 

Suspension   bridge   at   Niagara   Falls.    (Grosvenor  library,   Buf- 
falo. N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-187—.    Mat  16.)  .  .IX 
SutcIifF,    Robert.      Travels   in    some  parts   of  North   America   in   the 

years     1804.     1805.    &     1806.      Phila. :    B.    and    T.    Kite.      1812. 

Pp.  149-155    VII 

1402 


Alphabetical  List 

Sweetser,  M.  F.,  ed.  The  middle  states;  a  handbook  for  travellers 
.  .  .  4th  ed.     Bost.:  Osgood.     1881.     Pp.  177-186 XII 

Symons,  Thomas  W.  The  United  States  government  and  the  New 
York  state  canals.  (Pub.  Buf.  Hist.  Soc.    1909.    13:  1  3  1-1  33.)  .  XII 

System  of  the  Interne^tional  traction  company  of  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     (St.  ry.  rev.    Dec.  15.  1899.     1  :  815-822.) 

Szuts,  Bela.  The  utilization  of  Niagara  Falls;  scheme  by  Messrs. 
Ganz.     (Eng.  (Lond.).  Feb.   19,  1892.     53:  228-230.) X 

T.  C.  A  ride  to  Niagara.  (The  portfolio.  July,  Aug.,  Sept. 
1810.)    XII 

T.  R.  H.  Electrically  utilized  power  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Science,  n.s. 
1903.     17:236-237.) 

Tabb,  JohnB.     Niagara.     (Atlantic.     Sept..  1896.     78: 403.)  .VIII 

Table  rock  album  and  sketches  of  the  Falls  and  scenery  ad- 
jacent.    3d  ed.     Buffalo:  Jewett,  Thomas  and  Co.      1850.  .  .  .VIII 

'  Buffalo:  Thomas  and  Lathrops.      1855 VIII 

Buffalo:  E.  R.  Jewett.      1859 VIII 

Talbot,  Edward  Allen.     Five  years  residence  in  the  Canadas;  a  tour 

through  part  of  the  United  States  of  America,  in  the  year  1  823.     Lond. : 

Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown,  and  Green.      1824.      1:123- 

140    VI 

Tanner,    Henry    S.      The   American    traveler    or   guide    through    the 

United  States.     Phila. :  Author.      1  834.     Pp.  86-87 XII 

Tappan,   William   B.      Niagara.      (In  his   Poet's  tribute;   poems  of 

William   B.    Tappan,      Bost.:   King.   Crocker   and    Brewster.       1840. 

P.   30.)    VIII 

Tattersall,  O.      The  destruction  of  the  Caroline    steamboat    by  fire, 

at  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  Upper  Canada,  on  the  night  of  Friday,  the 

29th   Dec.    1837.     Engraved  by  J.    Harris.     Lond.;   R.   Ackermann. 

1838   IX 

Taylor,  Bayard.     The  chiropodist:  a  story  of  the  watering  places  — 

III  —  Niagara.      (Harp.  w..  24:465-466.) VIII 

'■■  Home    and    abroad;    a    sketch-book    of   life,    scenery,    and    men. 

N.  Y. :  G.  p.  Putman.     1 860.     P.  483 IV 

Taylor,  Frank  Bursley.     Changes  of  level  in  the  region  of  the  great 

lakes  in  recent  geological  time.      (Am.  jour,  sci.    Jan.,    1895.    Ser.  3. 

49:69-71.)    VII 

Niagara   and  the  Great  Lakes.       (Am.   jour,   sci.,   Apr.,    1895, 

149:  249-270.)    VII 

1403 


Niagara  Falls 

Taylor,  Frank  Bursley.  Origin  of  the  gorge  of  the  whirlpool  rapids 
at  Niagara.      (Bull.  Geog.  Soc.  Amer.      1898.     9:59-840.)  .  .  .VII 

Taylor,  Isaac,  Rev.  Scenes  in  America,  for  the  amusement  and 
instruction  of  little  tarry-at-home  travelers.  Lond. :  Harris.  1  82 1 . 
Pp.    101-103    V 

Temporary  shut-down  of  Niagara  Falls  power.  (Elec.  wld., 
June  13.  1908.    51:1268.) 

Terreni,  G.  M.  Caduta  de  Niagara.  9|/2  x  7.  (In  Atlante  dell' 
America,  [anon.l  Liverno:  Presso  Gio  Tomasso  Masi,  e  comp.  con 
approvazione.      1  777.     No.  6.) IX 

Caduta  di  Niagara.     G.  M.  T.      (sc.)      91/2  x  7!4.      (In  II 

Gazzettiere  Americano.     Liverno.     M.  Coltellini.     1763.     3:5.)..  IX 

'  Caduta    di    Niagara.      G.    M.    T.    fecit.       (Grosvenor    library, 

Buffalo.  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87-.     Mat  2.)  .  IX 
Test  of  the  maximum  capacity  of  the  Niagara  Falls  tunnel. 

(Sci.  Am..  Dec.  6.  1902.    87:372.) 
Thayer,  Eugene.     Music  of  Niagara.      (Scribner  mo.     Feb.,    1881. 

21 :  583-586.)    VIII 

— — —     Music   of    Niagara.       (Sci,    Am.    sup..    Mar.    7,    1896.      41: 

16837.)    VIII 

Thomas,    Rev.   Abel    C.      Autobiography.      Boston:    J.    M.    Usher. 

1852.     Pp.  211-213 Ill 

Thompson,  Sylvanus  Phillips.     Life  of  William  Thompson,  baron 

Kelvin   of   Largs.      Lond.:    Macmillan.       1910.    2    vol.       (See   index 

to  volume  2  under  Niagara.) X 

Utilizing    Niagara.       (Sat.    rev.,    Aug.    3,     1895.       80:134- 

135.)    X 

Thompson,  Edward  William.     John  Bedell,  United  States  loyalist. 

(In  his  Old  Man  Savarin  and  other  stories.    N.  Y.  and  Boston:  T.  Y. 

Crowell&Co.     [c  1895]     Pp.  251-270.) VIII 

Thornton,  John,  Major.    Diary  of  a  tour  through  the  northern  states 

of  the  Union  and  Canada.     Lond.:    1850.      Pp.  26-36 IV 

Thorold,  /?ei;.  A.  W.     To  Niagara.     Pt.   1 .      (Good  words.      1875. 

16:63-69.)     IV 

To   Niagara  and  back.      Pt.   2.      (Good   words.      1875.      16: 

125-131.)  IV 

Thoughts  at  Niagara.     (Knicker.,  Sept..  1843.     22:193-195.) 
Thoughts  on  visiting  Niagara.      (In  Holley,  G.  W.,  Niagara;  its 
history    and    geology,     incidents    and    poetry   .    .    .    N.     Y.,     Buffalo, 
Toronto.     1872.     Pp.   157-158.) VIII 

1404 


Alphabetical  List 

Three  sisters,  Niagara  river  above  the  Falls  (The).     (Grosve- 

nor  library,  Buffalo,  N,  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls,      1697-1 87-. 

Mat  23.)    IX 

Three  views  in  colors  from  "  The  Falls  of  Niagara  "  (guide- 
book)    1860.        (Grosvenor    library,    Buffalo,    N.    Y.       Views    of 

Niagara   Falls.      I867-187-.      Mat    15.) IX 

Through    Niagara   whirlpool    rapids   in   a   boat.      (Sci.    Am. 

July  28,   1900.     83:59.) 
Through  the  gorge  of  Niagara.     Photo-gravures.     N.  Y. :  The 

Albertype  Co.     1896. 
Thunstrom,  Louis  L.      How  to  save  Niagara.      (Scl.  Am.,  July  8, 

1905.     93:27.)    XI 

Ticknor,    George.      Life,    letters,    and   journals   of   George   Ticknor. 

...    12th  ed.      Bost.:  Houghton.  Mifflin.      1:386.     2:221.  225. 

277,  281    IV 

To  save  the  Horseshoe  fall.      (Lit.   dig.     Jan.  20.    1917.     54: 

123-124.) 
Tonty,  Henri  de.      Entreprises  de  M.  de  la  Salle  de   1678  a   1683. 

Relation  ecrite  de  Quebec,  le  1  4  novembre  1  684,  par  Henri  de  Tonty. 

(Margry,  Decouvertes  et  etablissements  des  Fran^ais  dans     .     .     .     de 

I'Amerique  Septentricnale.     Tome  I,  p.  577.) 

Tour  through  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.     By 

a  British  subject.     Lond. :  Longman,  Rees,  Orme,  Brown,  and  Green. 

1828.     Pp.  96-103 Ill 

Tourist  or  pocket  manual  for  travellers  on  the  Hudson  river, 

the  w^estern  canal,  and  stage  road,  to  Niagara  Falls  (The) 

...   2d   ed.    enl.    and   imp.      N.    Y. :    Ludwig   and   Tolefree.      Pp. 

59-61     XII 

Tourist's   guide   to   Niagara   Falls,    Lake   Ontario,   and   St. 

Lawrence  river  .  .  .  N.  Y. :  Disturncll.  1857c.  Pp.  1-26.  .XII 
Townsend,    Frederick    Trench.      Ten    thousand    miles    of    travel, 

sport,    and    adventure.       Lend.:    Hurst    and    Blackett.       1869.       Pp. 

57-59    IV 

Transatlantic  rambles;  or,  A  record  of  twelve  months'  travel 

in  the  United  States,  Cuba,  and  the  Brazils.     By  a  Rugbean. 

Lond. :  George  Bell.      1851.     Pp.  20-23. 
Transformation    of    Niagara    power    into    three-^vire    direct 

current  by  the  Buffalo  general  electric  company   (The). 

(Am.  electn.,  Feb.,   1900.      12:59-67.) 

1405 


Niagara  Falls 

Transformers  for  the  Niagara  Falls  —  Buffalo  transmission. 

St.  ry.  rev.     Dec.    15,    1896.     6:784-785.) 
Transmission  of  electricity  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Buffalo. 

(Eng.  news.  Aug.   13.  1896.     36:96.) 
Transmission  of  power  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Buffalo  com- 
pleted.    (Pub.  opin..  Dec,  1896.     21:723.) 
Traveler's  guide,  and  illustrated  description  of  central  New 

York,    Niagara    Falls,    Saratoga    Springs,    etc.,    together 

with  railroad  time  tables.     Buffalo:  Felton  and  Brother.     1866. 

Pp.   43-52    XII 

Travels  in  North  America.      Dublin:   Brett  Smith.      1824.      Pp. 

122-125   VIII 

Treaty    for    the    control   of    international    waterways    (A). 

(Eng.  news.  June  9,    1910.      63:661-662.) XI 

Trip  through  the  lakes  of  North  America  (A)    .   .   .   N.  Y. : 

J.  Disturnell.     1857.     Pp.  206-217 XII 

Trip  to  Niagara    (A).      By  a  Washingtonian.      (So.  lit.  messenger, 

Nov.,  1827.     3:657-664.) V  and  XII 

Trolley-car  bridge  at  Niagara.      (St.  ry.  rev.     Mar.    15,    1896. 

6:169.) 
Trolley   to  cross   Niagara.      (St.   ry.   rev,      Feb.    15,    1896.      6: 

109.)    X 

Trollope,  Anthony.      North  America.     Lond. :   Chapman  and  Hall. 

1 862.     1  : 1  36-1 52    IV 

Trollope,    Frances   Milton.      Domestic   manners   of   the  Americans. 

Lond.:  Whittaker,  Treacher.      1832.      Pp.   302-309 Ill 

[Trotter,    Isabella  Strange.]      First  impressions  of  the  new  world 

on  two  travelers  from  the  old  in  the  autumn  of   1858.      Lond.:  Long- 
man, Brown,  Green,  Longmans,  Roberts.      1859.     Pp.  50—61  .  .  .  .V 
Trowbridge,  John.     Niagara  Falls  considered  as  a  source  of  electrical 

energy.      (Sci.,  May   1  5,   1  885.     5:401-403.) X 

Niagara,  the  motor  for  the  World's  Fair.      (Chaut.  Jan.,    1892. 

14:441-445.)    X 

Trudell,    Irvington.      The   seven  wonders   of  the   New  World.      1 . 

Niagara  Falls.      (Nat.  mag.      Boston:  August,   1897.      6:461-468.) 
True  and  wonderful  story  of  Paul  Gasford  at  the  Falls  of 

Niagara   (The).      N.  Y. :  Mahlon  Day.      1830. 
Trumbull,    William.      The   legend   of   the  white   canoe.      N.    Y.    & 

Lond.:    Putnam.       1894 Vlli 

1406 


Alphabetical  List 

Tudor,  Henry.  Narrative  of  a  tour  in  North  America  comprising 
Mexico,  the  mines  of  Real  del  Monte,  the  United  States,  and  the 
British  colonies,  with  an  excursion  to  the  Island  of  Cuba.  In  a  series 
of  letters  written  in  the  years  1831  —  1832.  Lond. :  James  Duncan. 
1 834.     1 :  235-266 Ill 

Tugby's  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara  Falls  .  .  .Niagara  Falls, 
N.  Y.:  Thomas  Tugby.     1885 XII 

Tunis*  illustrated  guide  to  Niagara.  Rev.  and  pub.  by  H.  T. 
Allen.      Buffalo:   Courier.      1879 XII 

Tunis's  topographical  and  pictorial  guide  to  Niagara;  con- 
taining, also,  a  description  of  the  route  through  Canada,  and  the  great 
northern  route,  from  Niagara  Falls  to  Montreal,  Boston,  and  Saratoga 
Springs  .    .    .  Niagara  Falls:  W.  E.  Tunis.     1855 XII 

Tupper,  Martin  Farquhar.  Niagara.  (In  Holley,  George  W., 
Niagara;  its  history  and  geology,  incidents  and  poetry  .  .  .  N.  Y., 
Buffalo,  Toronto.      I  872.     P.  1  63.) VIII 

Turbines  of  the  Ontario  power  company,  Niagara  Falls. 
(Elec.  wld.  &  eng.     April  1  1 .  1  905.     45:652.) X 

Tuttle,  W.  E.  Electricity  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld..  Mar.  7, 
1896.     27:  256.)   X 

Twain,  Mark.  Extracts  from  Adam's  diary  translated  from  the 
original  Ms.     N.  Y.  and  Lond.:  Harper  and  Brothers.      1904.  .  .VIII 

Two  aspects  of  "  conservation."  (Metal.  &  chem.  eng.  Sept. 
12,   1912.      10:574.) X 

(Two  letters  to  the  editor  on  the  Niagara  problem.)  (Sci. 
Am.    Mar.  31,1906.    94:271.) XI 

Tyndall,  John.  Fragments  of  science;  a  series  of  detached  essays, 
addresses,  and  reviews.  6th  ed.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.  N.  Y. :  1  889, 
Pp.  218-245. 

Niagara.      (Every  Sat..  May  31 ,   1 873.      14:595-601.)  .VII 

Niagara.      (Lit.  liv.  age,  June  7.  1  873.     1  1  7:  609-619.)  .  .VII 

Niagara.      (Macmill.     May,   1873.     28:49-62.) IV 

Some  observations  on  Niagara.      (Royal  inst.   of  Great  Britain. 

Proc.     1873.     7:73-91.) 

Niagara  Falls.      (Critic.  July.   1873.      81  :  24-35.) VII 

Niagara   Falls:  past  and   future.      (In  Williams,  J.   David,  ed., 

America    illustrated.      N.    Y. :    The   Arundel   print.      n.d.      Pp.    81- 

85.)  vir 

'     Some   observations   on   Niagara.       (Pop.    sci.    mo.,   June,    1873. 

3:210-226.)   VII 

1407 


Niagara  Falls 

Underwood  and  Underwood.  Map  of  Niagara  Falls.  8  x  9'/2. 
1901    IX 

U.  S.  Congress  —  Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  Hearing; 
Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Jan.  16,  18,  19,  20.  23.  26.  and  27. 
1912.     Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.      1912 XI 

U.  S.-—  Foreign  relations  committee  (Senate.)  .  .  .  Preservation  of 
Niagara  Falls  .  .  .  Hearings  before  the  committee  on  foreign  rela- 
tions .  .  .  [April  11.  1906.]  Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.  1906. 
U.  S.  59th  Cong..  1st  sess.   Senate  doc.  393.   Serial  4015.) XI 

U.  S.  Congress.  House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.  Diversion  of 
water  from  the  Niagara  river  .  .  .  Hearings  before  the  committee 
Jan.  24.  Feb.  15.&  17,  1  9 1  3  ...  Wash. :  Gov't  print,  off.    191  3.. X 

U.  S.—  Forest  reservations  and  protection  of  game  committee  (Senate.) 
Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Report  by  Mr.  Brandagee  from  the 
committee  on  forest  reservations  and  protection  of  game,  favoring 
H.  J.  Res.  83,  similar  to  S.  J.  Res.  24.  for  report  upon  the  preservation 
of  the  Falls.  March  9.  1906.  (U.  S.  59th  Cong..  1st  sess.  Senate 
rep't  161  1  ;  serial  3904.) XI 

U.  S.  Congress.  House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.  Diversion  of 
water  from  the  Niagara  river.  Hearings  before  the  committee  on  foreign 
affairs  Jan.  22-(24)  1913.  on  bill  proposed  by  the  sub-committee 
on  Niagara  Falls  legislation  dated  Jan.  15,  1913.  Pt.  I  [-2]  Wash.: 
Gov't  print,  off.      1913 X 

— — —  House  committee  on  foreign  affairs.  Diversion  of  water  from  the 
Niagara  river.  Hearings  .  .  .  63d  Cong.,  2d  sess.  Jan.  16,  1914. 
Wash. :  Gov't  print,  off.      1914 X 

■■  House   committee  on    foreign   affairs  .   .   .  Diversion   of 

water  from  Niagara  river.  63d  Cong.,  2d  sess.  .  .  .  Report  to 
accompany  House  report  16542.     Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.    1914.  .X 

U.  S. —  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  conference  committee.  Preserva- 
tion of  Niagara  Falls.  Conference  report  on  H.  1 8024,  for  control 
and  regulation  of  waters  of  Niagara  river  [and]  preservation  of  the 
Falls.  (June  25,  1906.  U.  S.  59th  Cong.,  1st  sess.  House  rep't 
5005  ;  serial  4908.) XI 

U.  S.  Congress.  Report  of  the  deep  waterways  commission  prepared 
at  Detroit,  Michigan,  December  18-22,  1896,  by  the  commissioners, 
James  B.  Angell,  John  E.  Russell,  Lyman  E.  Cooley,  accompanied  by 
a  report  on  technical  work  and  several  topical  reports  and  drawings  per- 
taining  thereto.      Wash.:    1897.      H.    R.    doc.    92.      54th   Cong.. 

2d  sess XI 

1408 


Alphabetical  List 

U.  S. —  Rivers  and  harbors  committee.  (House.)  Control  and  regula- 
tion of  waters  of  Niagara  river,  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls,  etc. 
Report  by  Mr.  Burton  from  the  committee  on  rivers  and  harbors, 
amending  by  substitute  H.  18024,  for  control  and  regulation  of  waters 
of  Niagara  river  [and]  preservation  of  the  Falls.  June  2,  1906. 
U.  S.  59th  Cong..  1st  sess.     House  rep't  4654;  serial  4908.) XI 

■  Rivers  and  harbors  committee.  (House.)  Control  and  regula- 
tion of  the  waters  of  Niagara  river,  etc.  Report  by  Mr.  Burton  from 
the  committee  on  rivers  and  harbors  to  accompany  H.  J.  Res.  262. 
Feb.  23,  1909.  (U.  S.  60th  Cong..  2d  sess.  House  rep't  2265;  serial 
5384.) XI 

Rivers    and    harbors       committee.       (House.)       Preservation    of 


Niagara  Falls.      (H.  R.   16086  and  H.  R.   16748.)      Hearings   .   .   . 

(Feb.  1  7,  1  908,  and  appendix.)     Wash. :  Gov't  print,  off.    1 908  .  .  XI 

Rivers    and    harbors    committee.        (House.)       Preservation    of 


Niagara  Falls  (H.  R.   18024).     Hearings  (April  1 2-May  8)  before 
the  committee   .    .    .   Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.      1906.      (U.  S.  59th 

Cong.,    1  st  sess. ) XI 

—      Rivers    and    harbors    committee.        (House.)       Preservation    of 


Niagara  Falls.  Hearings  on  the  subject  of  H.  R.  26688,  Sixty-first 
Congress,  second  session,  relating  to  the  control  and  regulation  of  the 
waters  of  Niagara  river  and  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls,  held 
before  the  committee  on  rivers  and  harbors  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  United  States,  61st  Cong.,  3d.  sess.     Wash.:  Gov't 

priaf.  off.      191  I XI 

Rivers    and    harbors    committee.        (House.)       Preservation    of 


Niagara  Falls.  Report  by  Mr.  Burton  from  the  committee  on  rivers 
and  harbors,  favoring  H.  J.  Res.  83,  for  report  upK>n  the  preservation 
of  the  Falls.     Jan.  31,   1906.      (U.  S.  59th  Cong..    1st  sess.     House 

rep't  695 ;  serial  4906.) XI 

War  Department.     Hearings  in  the  matter  of  the  granting  of  per- 


mits for  the  transmission  from  the  Dominion  of  Canada  into  the  United 
States  of  power  from  the  Niagara  river,  before  the  secretary  of  war 
at  Washington,  D.  C.      Nov.  26  &  27,   1906.     Wash.:  Gov't  print. 

off.       1906 X 

War  Department.     National  park  at  Niagara  Falls.     Letter  from 


the  secretary  of  war,  submitting,  with  copy  of  a  report  of  a  special 
committee,  a  recommendation  for  the  establishment  of  a  national  park 
at  Niagara  Falls.  Dec.  21,  1909.  (U.  S.  61st  Cong.,  2d  sess. 
House  doc.  431  ;  serial  5834.) RI 

89  1409 


Niagara  Falls 

U.  S. —  War  Department  .  .  .  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Message 
from  the  President  .  .  .  transmitting  a  letter  from  the  secretary  of  war, 
submitting  additional  information  concerning  the  operation  of  the  United 
States  Lake  Survey  from  June  29,  1906,  to  June  29,  1911.  Wash.: 
Gov.  print,  off.  1911.  (U.  S.  63d  Cong.  2d  sess.  House,  doc. 
246.)     XI 

War  Department  .   .   .   Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.     Message 

from  the  President  .  .  .  transmitting  a  letter  from  the  secretary 
of  war,  submitting  additional  information  concerning  the  operation  of 
the  United  States  Lake  Survey  from  June  29,  1  906,  to  June  29,  1911. 
Wash.:  Gov't  print,  off.  1911.  (U.  S.  Cong.,  2d  sess.  House 
doc.  246.) 

.  War  Department  .  .  .  Preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.  Message 
from  the  President  .  .  .  transmitting  information  relative  to  scientific 
investigations  made  by  certain  officers  of  the  War  Department,  for  the 
preservation  of  Niagara  Falls  .  .  .  Wash. :  Gov't  print,  off.  1911. 
(U.  S.  62d  Cong.,  1st  sess.     Sen.  doc.   105.) XI 

Unonius,  Gustaf.  Minnen  fran  en  Sjuttonarig  vistelse  i  Nordvestra 
Amerika.  Andra  Upplagan.  Upsala:  W.  Schultz.  1862.  Pt.  II, 
pp.  405-412   IV 

United  States  and  Canada,  as  seen  by  two  brothers  in  1858 
and  1861.     Lond.:  Edward  Stanford.      1862.     Pp.  84-89. 

Unwin,   W.   Cawthorne.       [Discussion  of  Prof.   Forbes's  paper  on 

the  Niagara  project.}      (Jour.  soc.  arts,  Dec.  16,  1892.     41  :97-98.) 

■     Mechanical  energy  and  industrial  progress.     (Cass.     July,  1895. 

8:195-200.)     X 

The  Niagara  Falls  power  stations.      (Proc.  Inst.  M.  E.   (Lond.:) 


1906.     Pp.   135-148.) X 

Upham,  Warren.  The  age  of  Niagara  Falls  as  indicated  by  the 
erosion  at  the  mouth  of  the  gorge.  (Scl.,  Oct.,  1898.  n.s.  8: 
502.)   VII 

Geological  history  of  the  Great  Lakes  and  Niagara  Falls.      (Inter- 

natl.  q.,  July,  1905.     1  1  :  248-265.) VII 

Niagara  as  a  measure  of  post-glacial  time.      (Rec.   past,  Sept., 


1908.      7:  244-246.) VII 

Niagara  gorge  and  St.  David's  channel.         (Geol.  Soc.  of  Am. 


bulletin.     Jan.  25.  1898.     9:101-110.) VII 

The  Niagara  gorge  as  a  measure  of  the  post-glacial  period.     (Am. 


geol.    July,  1894.     14:62-65.) VII 

Niagara    river    since    the    ice    age.      (Nature,    June    28,     1894. 

50:198-199.)    Vll 

141G 


Alphabetical  List 

Upham,  Warren.  Origin  and  age  of  the  Laurentian  lakes  and  of 
Niagara  Falls.      (Am.   geol.      Sept..    1896.      18:169-177.) VII 

The  past   and   future  of  Niagara   Falls.      (Ann.   rep'ts  of  the 

com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.   at  Niagara.      Albany:    1903.      19:229- 
254.)   VII 

Urban,   Henry.      Utilisation  des  chutes  du  Niagara.      (Societe  Beige 

d'electriciens.      Feb..    1907.      24:  33-48.) X 

Use  of  Niagara  Falls  power   (The)  —  Interesting  facts  about  a 

great  and  growing  power  district.      (Elec.  rev.     May  12,  1897.     30: 

217-218.) 
Use  vs.  beauty  at   Niagara.      (Lit.   dig.,   Jan,    11,    1913.      46: 

71.)     XI 

Utilization  of  Niagara.     (Eng.  news.     Nov.  29,  1890.     24:493.) 
Utilization  of  Niagara  (The).      (Dub.  rev.  sci.  not.     April,  1893. 

112:435.)    X 

I.     (Eng.  (Lond.),  Sept.  26,  1890.    50:  355-258.) X 

.     II.     (Eng.  (Lond.),  Oct.  17.  1890.     50:449-451.) X 

III.     (Eng.  (Lond.).  Oct.  24,  1890.     50:  473-475.)  ...  .X 

(Eng.  (Lond.),  Dec.  23,  1892.    54:  787.) X 

VII.  (Eng.  (Lond.),  Jan.  2.  1891.    51:14,  19-2  1 .)  .X  and  XI 

VIIL         (Eng.       (Lond.).      Feb.      27.       1891.         51:235- 

236.) X   and  XI 

(Elec.  wld.,  Sept.  24,  1892.     20:193-194.) X 

(Am.  architect.    Sept.  1  7.  1 904.    85:93-94.) 

(Sci.  Am.  sup.,  Oct.  22,  1904.     58:24081-24082.) 

Utilization  of  the  power  of  Niagara  Falls  (The).     (Eng.  rec, 

Aug.  8.  1891.    24:152.) 

(Eng.  rec.  Aug.   15.   1891.     24:  174-175.) X 

(R.  R.  gaz.    July  17.  1891.     23:501-502.) 

and  notes  on  engineering.      (Elec.  rev.     Aug.  29,   189L 

19:10-11.) 

Utilizing  Niagara  .  .  .  (Industries  of  Buffalo.  Buffalo:  Elstner 
Pub.  Co.     1887.     Pp.  66-71.) X 

Utilizing  Niagara  Falls.  (Elec.  wld.,  Aug.  10,  1889.    14:88.)  .  .X 

Utilizing  the  pow^er  of  Niagara.  (Nation,  Aug.  8,  1889.  49: 
104-105.)    X 

Valero,  Fernando.  Bosqejo  de  la  republica  de  los  Estados  Unidos  de 
Norte-America.  Escrito  en  Washington  por  el  C.  L.  Fernando  Valero 
el  ano  de  1825;  i  publicado  en  Guatenaala  en  el  de  1830.  (Guate- 
mala)     Impr.     de  la  Union  (1830)      Pp.   1-15 Ill 

1411 


Niagara  Falls 

Van  Cleve,  A.  Howell.  Utilization  of  water  power  at  Niagara  Falls. 
(Bulletin  of  the  Buf.  soc.  of  nat.  sci.     8:  No.   1.) X 

Vandalism  at  Niagara  Falls.  (Sci.  Am.,  Apr.  15.  1905.  92: 
298.)    XI 

Vander  Aa,  Pierre.  Canada  ou  Nouvelle  France,  suivant  les  nouvelle 
observations  de  Messrs.  de  I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences,  .  .  . 
Augmentees  de  Nouveau.  A  Leide:  Chez  Pierre  Vander  Aa.  (/n 
La  Galerie  agreable  dti  Monde.  Leide:  P.  Vander  Aa.  [1729?] 
Vol.  L  Amerique.) IX 

Nouvelle  carte  de  rAmerique     .     .     .     dressee  suivant  les  plus 

nouvelles  decouvertes  par  les  plus  habiles  geographes,  et  tout  nouvelle- 
ment  mise  en  lumiere  par  Pierre  Vander  Aa.  {In  La  Galerie  agreable 
du  Monde.     Leide:  P.  Vander  Aa.   [1  729?1  Vol.  I.  Amerique.)  .  IX 

L* Amerique    selon    les    Nouvelles    observations    de    Messrs    de 

I'Academie  des  Sciences.  ...  A  Leide.  Chez  Pierre  Vander  Aa. 
[I.   Georee,  delin.     J.   Baptist  sculp.]       (In  La  Galerie  agreable  du 

Monde.    Leide:  P.  Vander  Aa.   [1  729]  Vol.  I.  Amerique.) IX 

'         L* Amerique  septentrionale  suivant  les  nouvelles  observations  de 

Messrs.  I'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences.  .  .  .  Augmentees  de  nouveau. 
8%  X  1  1  %.  A  Leide:  Chez  Pierre  Vander  Aa.  (In  Hooge,  Romein 
de,  Les  Indes  orientales  et  occidentales  et  autres  lieux.  Leide:  Pierre 
Vander  Aa.    [1680?]    PI.  9.) IX 

Vanderburch, — - — .  (del.)  Voute  sons  la  Chute  du  Niagara.  Boreda 
por  debajo  de  la  Catarata  del  Niagara.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     I  697-1  87—.     Mat  8.) IX 

Vanderlyn,  John.  View  of  Niagara  Falls  from  the  Canadian  side. 
1804   IX 

A  view  of  the  western  branch  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  taken 

from  the  Table  Rock,  looking  up  the  river,  over  the  rapids.  Engraved 
by  F.  C.  Lewis.     1802 IX 

[Vanderwater,  Robert  J.]  The  tourist  or  pocket  manual  for  travel- 
lers.   .    ,    .    4th  ed.    N.Y.:  Harper.     1835.    Pp.  67-74 Xli 

Van  Duzee,  L.  D.  Niagara.  (In  his  By  the  Atlantic,  later  poems. 
Bost.:  Lee  and  Shepard.    1892.    Pp.  247-250.) VIII 

Van  Rensselaer,  Mrs.  Schuyler.  Niagara.  (Cent.,  June,  1899. 
36:184-202.)   IV 

Niagara.       (In  Stories   of   the    Great    Lakes;    retold   from    St. 

Nicholas.     N.  v.:  Century.     1907.     Pp.  59-71.). 

Vanuxem,  Lardner.  Second  annual  report  of  the  geological  survey 
of  the  third  district  of  the  state  of  New  York.     1 838.     P.  27 1  ...  VII 

1412 


Alphabetical  List 

Variations  in  the  level  of  the  lakes.      (Can.  jour.     Jan.,   1854. 

2:129.)    VII 

Vaudricourt,  A .    Views  of  the  cataract.     1845-6 IX 

Veduta    Generale   della   Cascata   di    Niagara.      Berniere,   inc. 

(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697— 

187—.     Mat  5.) IX 

Veduta    Generale    della    Cascata    di    Niagara.      Bernieri,   inc. 

(Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697- 

187—.     Mat  5.) IX 

Vespucius,  pseud.      Geological  phaenomena  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

(Christian  observ.,  Sept.,    1841.      41  :  530-538.) VII 

— —      Geological  phaenomena  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.     (Mus.  for.  lit., 

1841.     43  (n.  sen     1 5)  :435-440.) VII 

Vie'w  of  Niagara  Falls.      (/n  Engleheart,  Gardner  D.,  Journal  of 

the  progress  of  H.  R.  H.  the  Prince  of  WzJes  through  British  North 

America;  and  his  visit  to  the  United  States,   10th  July  to  15th  Novem- 
ber,  1  860.     Privately  printed.      1  860.     Pp.  63-66.) IX 

View  of  Niagara  as  it  may  be  a  few  years  hence  (A).    (Harp. 

w..  Jan.  13,  1883.     27:32.) XI 

View  of  the  Fall  of  Niagara.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1697-187 — .     Mat  2.) 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity,  1887.      [photographs]  n. 

imp XII 

Views  of  Niagara  Falls,   New^  York.       [Columbus,  O. :   Ward. 

1890.] 
Vigne,   Godfrey   T.      Six   months  in  America.      Lond. :    Whittaker, 

Treacher.      1832.     2:123-134 Ill  and  IX 

Visit  to  Niagara  (A).      (Lit.  liv.  age,  Nov.  2,  1844.     3:37.)  .  .  .V 
Vivian,  Hussey  H.     Notes  of  a  tour  in  America,  from  August  7th  to 

November  I  7th,  1877.     Lond. :  Stanford.      1878.     Pp.  36-40.  ..  IV 
Vivian,  W .     American  Fall  from  a  ravine  opposite.      Engraved 

on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes.     Published  by  C.  Hullmandel.      183 — .IX 
.     British  or  Horseshoe  Fall.     Engraved  on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes. 

Printed  by  C.  Hullmandel.      I  83— IX 

. .      Horseshoe  Fall  from  the  Canada  bank.      Engraved  on  stone  by 

T.  M.  Baynes.     Printed  by  C.  Hullmandel.      183— IX 

•      Niagara.      Engraved  on  stone  by  T.   M.   Baynes.      Printed  by 

C.    Hullmandel.       1  83— IX 

1413 


Niagara  Falls 

Viviaui,  W.  Side  of  the  American  Fall  and  Horseshoe  Fall  in  the 
distance.  Engraved  on  stone  by  T.  M.  Baynes.  Printed  by  C.  Hull- 
mandel.      1 83 — IX 

Volney,  Constantin  Francois  Chasseboeuf,  Comte  de.  Section 
of  Niagara  at  the  middle  of  the  stream  and  course  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
at  Niagara  taken  from  "  Views  of  the  climate  and  soil  of  the  United 
States  of  America"  in  1804.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Fails.      1  697-1  87— .      Mat  6.) IX 

"     .  A  view  of  the  soil  and  climate  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

.    .    .    Tr.  by  C.  B.  Brown.     Phil. :  J.  Conrad  and  Co.      1 804.     Pp. 

80-94    VII 

Vrooman,  Frank.     The  all-Canadian  falls  question.      (Arena.     Sept. 

1908.    40:129-136.) 
Wakefield,    Priscilla.      Excursions   in   North  America,   described  in 

letters  from  a  gentleman  and  his  yoking  companion,  to  their  friends  in 

England.     3d  ed.     Lond. :  Darton,  Harvey  and  Darton.      1819.     Pp. 

260-275 VIII 

Waldron,  Holman  D.     Niagara  Falls  in  half-tone.     Text  by  Holman 

D.  Waldron.    ...    Portland,  Me.,  Chisholm.    1901 JV 

With  pen  and  camera  at  Niagara  Falls;  text  by  H.  D,  Waldron, 

Portland,  Me.:   Chisholm.      1898 V  and  XI 

Wall,  — .     Niagara  Falls  as  seen  from  below.      (Grosvenor  library, 

Buffalo,    N.    Y.      Views   of   Niagara   Falls.       1697-187—.      Mat 

12.) IX 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russell.     My  life;  a  record  of  events  and  opinions. 

Lond. :   Chapman  and  Hall.      1  905.      2  : 1  27-1  28 IV 

Warburton,  George  Drought.     Hochelaga;  or,  England  in  the  new 

world.      Lond.:   Colburn.       1847.      1  :230-244 XI 

Ward,  Mrs.  Humphrey.     Marriage  a  la  mode.     N.  Y. :  Doubleday, 

Page  and  Co.     1909.     Pp.  247-291 VIII 

Ward,  James  W.     To  Niagara.     Buffalo,  N.  Y VIII 

Ward,   James  W.   ed.      Niagara  river  and  Falls   from  Lake  Erie  to 

Lake  Ontario.      A  series  of  one  hundred   fifty-three  original  etchings. 

Etched    on    copper    by   Ames    W.    Sangster    from   his    own   drawings. 

Buffalo:  Fryer.      1886. 
Wardwell,  G.  T.     Gorge  of  the  Niagara;  read  before  the  Buffalo  field 

club,   Dec.   3.    1880.      n.  imp VII 

Warner,    Charles    Dudley.      Their    pilgrimage.       N.    Y.:    Harper 

Brothers.       1897.      Pp.    300-315 VllI 

Their  pilgrimage.     Harp.     Oct.,   1886.     76:677 VIII 

1414 


Alphabetical  List 

Warner,  Susan.      The  rapids  of  Niagara.      N.  Y. :   R.   Carter  and 

Brothers.      1876.      P.   211 VIII 

Warren,  H .     Falls  of  Niagara.     Inset  to  map  of  West  Canada; 

engraved  by  Robert  Wallis.      {In  Martin,  R.  M.,  The  British  colonies. 

Lond.  and  N.  Y. :  J.  F.  Tallis.     [1829]   Div.  I.) IX 

Waste  of  Niagara   (The).      (Indep..  Mar.   16,   1905.     58:618- 

620.)     X 

Water  power  at  Niagara  Falls  to  be  successfully  utilized. 

The  Niagara  river  hydraulic  tunnel,  power  and  sewer  co.     Its  objects, 

facilities  and  resources,  inducements  for  manufacturers,  etc.    n.d. 
Waterpower  canal  for  the  Niagara  power  and  development 

company.     (Eng.  news,  Oct.  4,  1894.     32:  272-273.) 
Waterton,   Charles.      Wanderings  in  South  America,  the  north-west 

of  the  United  States,  and  the  Antilles,  in  the  years  1812.  1816,   1820, 

and  1824.  Lond.:  B.  Fellowes.  1828.  Pp.  264-269,  278.  .  .VI 
Waterways  treaty;  the  Burton  law,  etc.   (The).     Ann.  rep'ts 

of  the  com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     26:16-41 XI 

Watson,  Winslow  C,  editor.     Men  and  times  of  the  Revolution; 

or.    Memoirs   of    Elkanah    Watson,    including    journals    of    travels    in 

Europe  and  America,  from  1777  to  1842.    .    .    .    N.  Y. :  Dana  and 

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Watts,    H.    F.      The   Hamilton   plan    for   utilizing    Niagara.       (Elec. 

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Waylen,  Rev.   Edward.      Ecclesiastical  reminiscences  of  the  United 

States.     Lond. :  Straker.        1  846.     Pp.  28 1  -283 Ill 

Webb,  C.  H.      The  cave  of  the  winds.       (Harp.  mag.      Nov,    1 867. 

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Weeks,  Arthur  B.      Canadian  power  development  at  Niagara  Falls. 

(Elec.  rev.,  June  6,   1903.     41:961.) X 

Recent  developments  at  the  Niagara  Falls  power  plant.      (Sci. 

Am.,  Apr.  13,  1901.     84:229.) X 

Weidemeyer,  J.  W.     Niagara.      (In  his  Real  and  ideal;  by  John  W. 

Montclair.  Phila. :  Frederick  Leypoldt.  1865.  Pp.  49-5  1 .).  .VIII 
Welch,  Jane  Meade.      The  neighborhood  of  the  international  park. 

(Harp.,  Aug..  1887.     75:  327-343.) XII 

Welch,  Thomas  V.     How  Niagara  was  made  free.     The  passage  of 

the  Niagara  reservation  act  in   1885.      (Pub.  Buf.  hist.  soc.     5:325- 

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1885   XI 

1415 


Niagara  Falls 

Weld,  Charles  Richard.  A  vacation  tour  in  the  United  States  and 
Ceinada.  Lond. :  Longman,  Brown,  Green,  and  Longmans.  1855. 
Pp.  1 59-1  79 XI 

Weld,  Isaac.  An  eye  sketch  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  (In  his  Travels 
through  the  4tates  of  North  America  emd  the  provinces  of  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada,  during  the  years  1795,  1796,  and  1797.  Lond.: 
Stockdale.     I  799.     P.  303.) IX 

Travels  through  the  states  of  North  America,  and  the  provinces 

of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  during  the  years  I  795,  1  796,  and  1  797. 
Lond. :  Stockdale.      1  799.     Pp.  308^323 II  and  XII 

View  of  the  Horseshoe  Fall  of  Niagara.  Neagle,  (sc.)  Pub- 
lished by  I.  Stockdale.     Picadilly,  Dec.  3,  1  798 IX 

View   of  the   Falls  of   Niagara.      Published   by   I.    Stockdale, 

Picadilly,  Dec.  22,  I  798 IX 

View  of  the  lesser  fall  of  Niagara.      I.  Scott,    (sc.)   Published 

by  I.  Stockdale.    Picadilly,  Dec.  22,  1  798 IX 

Manage,     (sc.)    Vue    de    la    Chute    du    Fer    a    Cheval,    also 

Ensemble  du  Saut  de  la  Riviere  de  Niagara  [scarce]  and  Vue  de  la 
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Weld,  Isaac  (delt.)  View  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara.  Pub.  Dec.  22, 
1  798,  by  I.  Stockdale.  Piccadilly.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-187—.    Mat  4.) IX 

Neagle,   (sc.)  View  of  the  Horse-Shoe  Fall  of  Niagara.     Pub. 

Dec.  5,  1 798,  by  I.  Stockdale,  Piccadilly.  (Grosvenor  library, 
Buffalo.  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.    1697-187—.  Mat   4.)  .IX 

I.    Scott,     (sc.)    View    of    the    Horse-Shoe    Fall    of    Niagara. 

Lond.:  Jones  and  Co.  Sept.  1,  1824.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-187—.    Mat  4.) IX 

I.  Scott,    (sc.)   View  of  the  lesser  fall  of  Niagara.      Pub.   Dec. 

22,  1  798,  by  I.  Stockdale,  Piccadilly.  (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls.      1  697-1  87— .     Mat   4.) IX 

Wells,  H.  G.     "  The  end  of  Niagara."      (Harp.  w.     July  21.  1906. 

50:  pt.  2.     1018-1020.) X 

Wellsteed,   J.      The  Falls  of  Niagara.      (West.  lit.  raess'gr.     July, 

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Wendell,  Harvey.     Niagara  in  winter.     (Leslie's  w.     Mar.  24,  1898. 

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Wentworth,    T.    H.      View    in    1820.      "XXI."      Engraved    for 

Ingraham's  "  Description  of  Niagara." IX 

1416 


Alphabetical  List 

Werner,  Charles  H.  The  Niagara  Falls  tunnel.  (Cass.,  June,  1892. 
2:  73-94.)    X 

Wesson,  Edward.  Niagara  Falls:  the  rate  at  which  they  recede 
southwards.      (Nature.  July  9,   1885.     32:  229-230.) VII 

West,  John.  The  substance  of  a  journal  during  a  residence  at  the  Red 
River  Colony,  British  North  America:  and  frequent  excursions  among 
the  north  west  American  Indians,  in  the  years  1  820,  1  821 ,  1  822,  1  823. 
Second  edition,  enlarged  with  a  journal  of  a  mission  to  the  Indians  of 
New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  Mohawks  on  the  Ouse  or 
Grand  river.  Upper  Canada,  1825,  1826.  Lond. :  L.  B.  Seeley  and 
Son.     1827.     P.  273 Ill 

Western  New  York  in  1809.  (In  OlCallaghan,  E.  B.,  Docu- 
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Western  traveller's  pocket  directory  and  stranger's  guide 
(The)  ;  exhibiting  distances  on  the  principal  ccinal  routes  in  the  states 
of  New  York  and  Ohio,  in  the  territory  of  Michigan,  and  in  the 
province  of  Lower  Canada,  etc.  Schenectady:  S.  S.  Riggs,  Ptr.  1834. 
Pp.  32-34 XII 

Westinghouse  generators  at  Niagara  (The).  (Power.  Nov. 
8,  1895.      15:8-9.) 

Whetham,  J.  W.  Boddam.  (Western  wanderings:  a  record  of 
travel  in  the  evening  land.  Lond.:  Bentley.  1874.  Pp.  20- 
27.) V  and  XI 

White,  Arthur  V.  TTie  water-powers  of  Ontario.  (In  the  Commis- 
sion of  conservation,  Canada,  Report  on  the  water-powers  of  Canada. 
Ottawa:  Mortimer  co.      191  I.     P.  35-100,  113,  354-361.)  .  .  .XI 

White,  Eugene  R.  Niagarics,  the  new  force.  (Munsey,  Apr.,  1903. 
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White,  J.  G.  The  electric  power  transmission  line  between  Niagara 
Falls  and  Buffalo.     (St.  ry.  jour.,  July.  1897.     1  3:  425-427.)  .  .  .X 

The  Niagara   power  transmission  line.      (Elec.   eng.,   June    16, 

1897.     23:674-676.) 

White,  John.  Sketches  from  America.  Lond. :  Sampson  Low,  Son, 
and  Marston.     1870.     Pp.  187-199 IV 

Whitman,  Walt.  November  boughs.  Phila.:  D.  McKay.  1888. 
P.  104 IV 

Seeing  Niagara   to  advantage.       (In  his   Complete  prose  works. 

Phila.:  David  McKay.      1897.     Pp.   160-161.) IV 

1417 


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Wied-Neuwied,  Maximilian  Alexander  Philipp,  Prinz,  von. 

Reise  in  das  innere  Nord-America  in  den  Yahren  1832  bis  1834. 
Coblenz:  1 839.     Bei  J.  Hoelscher.     2 :  398-405 Ill 

Travels  in  the  interior  of  North  America,  with  numerous  engrav- 
ings on  wood  and  a  large  map ;  translated  by  H.  Evans  Lloyd.  Lond. : 
Ackermann  &  Co.     1 843.     Pp.  493-496 VI 

Voyage  dans  I'interieur  de  I'Amerique  du  Nord,  execute  pendant 

les  aiinees  1832,  1833  et  1834,  par  le  prince  Maximilian  de  Neuwied. 
Ouvrage  accompagne  d'un  atlas  de  80  planches  environ,  format  demi- 
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Wilkes,  George.  The  fall  of  Table  Rock:  by  the  last  man  that  stood 
on  it.     (Lit.  liv.  age.  May  25.  1861.     69:  472.) V 

Wilkie,  D.  Sketches  of  a  summer  trip  to  New  York  and  the  Canadas. 
Edinb.     1837.     Pp.  1 00-1 02 Ill 

Wilkinson,  James.  Map  of  the  straights  of  Niagara  from  Lake  Erie 
to  Lake  Ontario.  7x15.  {In  his  Diagrams  and  plans  illustrative  of 
the  principal  battles  and  miHtary  affairs  treated  of  in  "  Memoirs  of  my 
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Wilkinson,  Florence.  Niagara.  (Cur.  lit.,  May.  1906.  40: 
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Niagara.     (Outl.,  Feb.  24.  1906.    82:  432-433.) VIII 

Niagara.     (Wld's.  work.  May,   1906.      12:  7479.) VIII 

Willday,    George.      Map  of  North  America.      H.   Terasson.   delin. 

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Williams,  Archibald.  How  it  is  done,  or  Victories  of  the  engineer. 
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— — —  The  romance  of  modern  engineering.  ...  2d  ed.  Phila. : 
Lippincott;  Lend.:  Pearson.      1904.     Pp.   1  1-33 X 

— The  wonders  of  modern  engineering.    .    .    .    Phila.:  Lippincott. 

Lond. :  Seeley,  Service.     1912.     Pp.  1  1-33 X 

Williams,  C.  T.  [Letter  on  the  preservation  of  Niagara  Falls.]  (Sci. 
Am..  June  24,   1911.     104:619.) XI 

Williams,  Edv^ard  T.  Niagara  in  romance  and  commerce.  (Harp, 
w..  June  14.   1913.     57:pt.   1.  29.) X 

Niagara   Falls  and  the  electrical   age,      Niagara  Falls,   N.   Y. : 

1914. 

1418 


Alphabetical  List 

Williams,  Edward  T.  Niagara,  queen  of  wonders;  a  history  of  the 
big  events  in  three  centuries  along  the  Niagara  frontier.  .  .  .  Bost. : 
Chappie  Pub.  Co.      1916. 

The  power  of  Niagara  Falls.      (Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  Industrial 

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— Using  Niagara's  power.      (Harp,  w.,  June   14,    1913.      57:  pt. 

1.  28.)    X 

Williams,  Espy.     Niagara.      (In  his  Dream  of  art,  and  other  poems. 

N.  Y.:  Putnam.     1892.     P.  70.) VIII 

Williams,  J.  David,  ed.     America  illustrated.     N.  Y. :  The  Arundel 

Print,    n.d.    Pp.  37-41 V 

Williams,  W.   G.      Report  of  a   survey  around  the  Falls  of  Niagara 

with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  ship  canal,  made  during  the  year 

1835.     (H.  R.  doc.  214,  24th  Cong..  1st  sess.) XII 

Williamson,   Charles.      The  F'alls  of  Niagara.      1 799.      (Mag.  of 

Am.   hist.      July.    1880.      5:54-56;    or  O'Callaghan,   E.    B.,   Doc. 

hist,  of  the  state  of  New  York.     Albany:   Weed,   Parsons  and  Co. 

1 849.      2 : 1  1 65- 1  1 67.) XII 

Williamson,    Peter.      The   travels   of   Peter  Williamson,    among   the 

different  nations  and  tribes  of  savage  Indians  in  America   .    .    .    likewise, 

an  accurate  description  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara    .    .    .    Edinb. :  Printed 

for  the  author.   1  763.     Pp.  28-37 II 

Willis,   Bailey.      Changes  in  the  recession   of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

(Science  n.s.  Sept.  18,  1908.     28:  381-384.) VII 

V/illis,  Nathaniel  Parker.     Inklings  of  adventure.     N.  Y. :  Saunders 

and  Otley.      1836.      1  :  25-36 Ill 

-•- American  scenery.      Lond. :    I  840.      See  index Ill 

[Wilson,    Alexander.]       Tlie    foresters;    a    fwem,    descriptive   of   a 

pedestrian  journey  to  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  in  the  autumn  of  1  803.     By 

the   author  of  the  American  Ornithology.      (The  Portfolio.     March, 

1810.     3:182-187.) VIII 

The  foresters;  a  poem,  descriptive  of  a  pedestrian  journey  to  the 

Falls  of  Niagara,  in  the  autumn  of  1  804,  by  the  author  of  the  Americart 
ornithology.  Pub.  by  Samuel  Tomlinson,  Bucks  County,  Pa.  Phila. : 
John  Boyle.      1853.      Pp.    71-78 VIII 

General    view    of    the    Falls    of    Niagara.       (Grosvenor    library, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.    Views  of  Niagara  Falls.     1697-187—.    Mat  7.).  IX 

View  of  the  great  pitch  taken  from  below  and  General  view  of 


the  Falls  of   Niagara,   eng.   by   George    Cooke.        (Portfolio,   March, 
1810.      3:  No.    3,    182-187.) IX 

1419 


Niagara  Falls 

Wilson,  Alexander  and  Bonaparte,  Charles  Lucien.    American 

ornithology;  or  the  natural  history  of  the  birds  of  the  United  States. 

Ed.  by  Robert  Jameson,     4  voL     Edinb. :  Constable  and  Co.      1831. 

1:23 VI 

Wilson,  Robert.     Niagara  Falls  —  Horseshoe.      15  x  2 1 .     Eng.  by 

William   Byrne.    1  768 IX 

Wilson,  Thomas.     Transatlantic  sketches;  or.  Traveling  reminiscences 

of  the  West  Indies  and  United  States.     Montreal:  John  Lovell.     1860. 

Pp.    1  74-1  79 IV 

Winchell,    Alexander.      Walks   and   talks   in   the   geological   field. 

N.  Y. :  Chaut.  Press.     1886.     P.  43 VII 

Winckelniann, and  Schue .     Aussichfc  auf  den  Niagara 

Fall.      (Grosvenor  library,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.     Views  of  Niagara  Falls. 

1697-187—.     Mat  17.) IX 

Wines,   Mary  J.      Niagara  Falls.      (In  her  Infant  harper  and  other 

poems.   Cambridge,  Mass.:  Hurd  &  Houghton.    1874.    P.  193.)  .VIII 
Winter  scenery  for  Niagara  roads.     (St.  ry.  rev.     Feb.  15,  1896. 

6:94.) 
Winterbotham,    W.      An    historical,    geographical,    commercial    and 

philosophical  view  of  the  United  States  of  America,  and  of  the  European 

settlements    in   America   and    the   West   Indies.      The   first   American 

edition,    with    additions    and    corrections.      New   York:    Tiebout    and 

O'Brien  for  Thomas  Stephens.      1  796.      1  : 1 83-1 84 V 

Wise  decision  (A).     (OutL,  Feb.  2,  1907.     85:  236.) XI 

Withrow,    William    H.      Our   own    country.      Canada    scenic    and 

descriptive.  .    .    .Toronto.     Wm.  Briggs.     1889.     Pp.  31  7-341  ..  IV 
Witteman,  Adolph.      New  bond  paper  map  of  Niagara   Falls  and 

vicinity.     7K2  X  1  3.     N.  Y. :  A.  Witteman.      1  886 IX 

Witmer,  Tobias.     Map  of  the  town  of  Niagara.     Drawn  from  surveys 

and  authentic  records  by  Tobias  Witmer,  surveyor,    1854.      24x50. 

Buffalo,  N.  Y.:  Lith.  by  W.  Berggoetz.     [1854.] IX 

Wonders   of   Canada    (The).      A  letter   from  a   gentleman  to  the 

Antigua  Gazette,  New  York,  August  21,    1768.      (Mag.  Am.  hist., 

April.  1877.    Vol.  I,  pt.  I,  243-246.) II 

Wood,   De  Volson.      Five  thousand  horse  power  turbines  at  Niagara 

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A  turbine  of  the  Niagara  power  company.      (Am.   mach.,  Jan. 

23,  1896.     19:106-107.) X 

Wood,    Eugene.       Niagara,       (McClure.    Sept..     1906.       27:475- 

490.)     V 

1420 


Alphabetical  List 

Wood,  M.  Elva.  Songs  of  the  noon  and  night,  N.  Y.  1866.  P. 
44 VIII 

Woodbridge,  J.  E.  The  development  and  extension  of  the  Niagara 
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■  The  Niagara  Falls  power  plant.  (Elec.  wld.,  Jan.  7,  1899. 
33:  3-13.)    X 

'  Power    developments    at    Niagara.       (Eng.    mag.,    Feb.,     1900. 

18:776-777.) 

Woodbridge,  William  C.  Rudiments  of  geography  on  a  new  plan. 
...    1  1  th  ed.     Hartford:  Cooke.      1  829.     P.  62 V 

Woodman,  Charles  C.  Argument  in  favor  of  a  marine  railway 
around  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  addressed  to  the  committee  on  military 
affairs  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States.     February,   1865 XII 

Woods,  Nicholas  A.  The  Prince  of  Wales  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States.  Lond. :  Bradbury  &  Evans.  1861.  Pp.  235— 
252   IV 

Woodward,  Robert  Simpson.  List  of  co-ordinates  used  and  deter- 
mined in  a  survey  of  Niagara  Falls,  made  in  .  .  .  1886  for  the 
United  States   geological   survey.       (Ann,   rep'ts   of  the  com'rs  of  the 

state  reserv.  at  Niagara.     Albany:   1891,     7:103-116.) VII 

'  On  the  rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls,  (Am,  jour,  of  set, 
1886.     28:  383-384.) VII 

On  the  rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls  as  shown  by  the  results 

of  a  recent  survey,     [Abstract]     (Proc,   A.  A.   A.   S,     Aug.,    1886. 
35 :  222-223.)   VII 

On  the  rate  of  recession  of  Niagara  Falls,      (Sci,     Sept,  3,  1886. 

8:205.)   VII 

Worcester,  James.  Cataract  of  Niagara.  (Literary  souvenir;  a 
weekly  journal  of  literature,  science  and  the  arts.  Lowell.  June  19, 
1841.      3:183-186.) IV 

Work  of  the  Tonawanda  power  company  (The).  (Am.  elec. 
April  1900.     12:155-163.) 

Works  of  the  Ontario  pow^er  company  (The)  —  I.  (Eng.  rec, 
Oct.  8,   1904.     50:420-422.) X 

II    (Eng.  rec,  Oct.  15,  1904.     50:460-462.) X 

Ill,  (Eng.  rec,  Oct.  22,  1904.    50:480-482.) X 

IV.  (Eng.  rec,  Oct.  29.  1904.    50:504-505.) X 

Wrestle  with  Niagara   (A).      (Every  Sat.,  Aug.   12,   1871,      11: 

167.)     V 

(Lit.  liv.  age.  Aug.  19.  1871.     110:509-511.) V 

1421 


Niagara  Falls 

Wright,  Frances.  Views  of  society  and  manners  in  America;  in  a 
series  of  letters  from  that  country  to  a  friend  in  England,  during  the 
years  1818,  1819  and  1 820,  Lond. :  Longman,  Hurst,  Rees,  Orme 
and  Brown.  1821.  Pp.  237-246;  also  N.  Y.:  E.  Bliss  and  E. 
White.     1821.     Pp.  173-180 XII 

Wright,  George  Frederick.  The  age  of  Niagara  Falls  as  indicated 
by  the  erosion  at  the  mouth  of  the  gorge.  (Sci.,  Oct.  14,  1898.  8: 
502.)   VII 

Chronology  of  the  glacial  epoch  in  North  America.      (Gaol.  Soc. 

of  London.     Quarterly  jour.     1908.     64: 1  49-1  5  1 .)    [Abstract]  .VII 

■  Extract  from  Man  and  the  glacial  period.  (Ann.  rep'ts  of  the 
com'rs  of  the  state  reserv.  at  Niagara.  Albany.  1 893.  Pp. 
84-87.)     VII 

■  The  ice  age  in  North  Aunerica  and  its  bearings  ujwn  the 
antiquity  of  man.  5th  ed.  Oberlin:  Bibliotheca  Sacra.  1911. 
P.  532-552   VII 

'  A  new  method  of  estimating  the  age  of  Niagara  Falls.  (Pop. 
sci.  mo.,  June  1899.    55:145-154.) VII 

The    Niagara    gorge    as    a   chronometer.       (Bibliotheca    Sacra., 

Apr..    1884.     41 :  369-376.) VII 

'  Niagara    gorge    as    a    chronometer.       (Sci.,    May    15,     1885. 

5 :  399-401 .)    VII 

— —     The    Niagara   river    emd   the    glacial   period.       (Am.    jour,    sci., 

July,  1884.     128  (ser.  3.  28) :  32-35 VII 

The   rate  of   lateral  erosion   at   Niagara.       (Am.   geol.,   March, 

1902.     29:140-143.)   VII 

Wyatt,     Edith.       Niagara.       (Lit.    dig.       Sept.    27,     1913.       47: 

544.)    VIII 

Wyld,   James.      Sketch  of  the  Niagara  river.      11x7.      Lond. :  J. 

Wyld.      1838 IX 

Wyse,  Francis.     America,  its  resources.    .   .    .   Lend.:  T.  C.  Newby. 

1846.    Vol.  III.    Pp.  179-183. 
Yeigh,    Frank.      The   Queen   Victoria   Niagara   Falls   park.       (Can. 

mag..  Oct..  1912.     39:  541.) XI 

Young,  David.     Historical  facts  and  thrilling  incidents  of  the  Niagara 

frontier.      Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.:    (1895) VIII 

[Young,  David.]    The  humbugs  of  Niagara  Falls  exposed.      With  a 

complete  tourists'  guide,  giving  hints  that  will  enable  the  visitors  to  avoid 

imposition.     Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y. :   [  1884] V 

1422 


Alphabetical  List 

Young,  Mrs.  Julia  Ditto.  Adrift:  a  story  of  Niagara.  Phila.: 
Lippincott.      1889 VIII 

Young,  Rev.  W.  Montgomery.  Rushing  waters  and  deep  sea 
pearls.     2d  ed.     Buffalo.     Ulbrich.      1 908 VIII 

Zangwill,  Israel.  Noah's  ark.  {In  his  They  that  walk  in  darkness. 
N.  Y.:  Macmillan  Co.      1899.) VIII 

Zaremba,  Edward.  Niagara  captive;  a  poem.  (Metal.  &  chem. 
eng.      Mar.,    1913.      11:120.) VIII 

Zavala,  Lorenzo  de.  Viage  a  los  Estados-Unidos  del  Norte  de 
America.      Paris:   de  Decourchant.      1834.      Pp.   97-98 Ill 

Zincke,  F.  Barham.  Last  winter  in  the  United  States,  being  table 
talk  collected  during  a  tour  through  the  late  Southern  Confederation, 
the  far  west,  the  Rocky  mountains.  .  .  .  Lond. :  John  Murray, 
1868.     Pp.  263-268 IV 


1423 


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